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StasiThis article is about the secret police of East Germany. For its other common meaning, see Stasi Commission. Forthe regular police in East Germany, see Volkspolizei.

Ministerium fr Staatssicherheit

Seal of the Ministry of State Security of the GDR

Agency overview

Formed 8February1950

Dissolved 3October1990 (end of GDR)

Headquarters East Berlin, East Germany

Employees 91,015 (1989)

Agency executives Wilhelm Zaisser (19501953)Ernst Wollweber (19531957)Erich Mielke (19571989)Wolfgang Schwanitz (19891990)

The Ministry for State Security (German: Ministerium fr Staatssicherheit, MfS), commonly known as the Stasi(IPA: [tzi]) (abbreviation German: Staatssicherheit, literally State Security), was the official state security serviceof the German Democratic Republic or GDR, colloquially known as East Germany. It has been described as one ofthe most effective and repressive intelligence and secret police agencies to ever have existed.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The Stasiwas headquartered in East Berlin, with an extensive complex in Berlin-Lichtenberg and several smaller facilitiesthroughout the city. The Stasi motto was "Schild und Schwert der Partei" (Shield and Sword of the Party), that is theruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED).One of its main tasks was spying on the population, mainly through a vast network of citizens turned informants, andfighting any opposition by overt and covert measures including hidden psychological destruction of dissidents(Zersetzung, literally meaning decomposition). It also worked as an intelligence agency abroad, the respectivedivision Hauptverwaltung Aufklrung was responsible for both espionage and for conducting covert operations inforeign countries. Under its long-time head Markus Wolf it gained a reputation as one of the most effectiveintelligence agencies of the Cold War. Numerous Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes after 1990. AfterGerman reunification, the surveillance files that the Stasi had maintained for millions of East Germans were laidopen, so that any citizen could inspect their personal file on request; these files are now maintained by the FederalCommissioner for the Stasi Archives.

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CreationThe Stasi was founded on 8 February 1950. Wilhelm Zaisser was the first Minister of State Security of the GDR, andErich Mielke was his deputy. Zaisser tried to depose SED General Secretary Walter Ulbricht after the June 1953uprising,[7] and after this was removed by Ulbricht and replaced with Ernst Wollweber. Wollweber resigned in 1957after clashes with Ulbricht and Erich Honecker, and was succeeded by his deputy, Erich Mielke.In 1957, Markus Wolf became head of the Hauptverwaltung Aufklrung (HVA) (General ReconnaissanceAdministration), the foreign intelligence section of the Stasi. As intelligence chief, Wolf achieved great success inpenetrating the government, political and business circles of West Germany with spies. The most influential casewas that of Gnter Guillaume, which led to the downfall of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt in May 1974. In1986, Wolf retired and was succeeded by Werner Grossmann.

Relationship with the KGBSee also: Eastern Bloc politics, Eastern Bloc information dissemination and Active measuresAlthough Mielke's Stasi was superficially granted independence in 1957, until 1990 the KGB continued to maintainliaison officers in all eight main Stasi directorates, each with his own office inside the Stasi's Berlin compound, andin each of the fifteen Stasi district headquarters around East Germany. Collaboration was so close that the KGBinvited the Stasi to establish operational bases in Moscow and Leningrad to monitor visiting East German touristsand Mielke referred to the Stasi officers as "Chekists of the Soviet Union". In 1978, Mielke formally granted KGBofficers in East Germany the same rights and powers they enjoyed in the Soviet Union.

OrganizationThe Ministry for State Security also included the following entities: Administration 12 was responsible for the surveillance of mail and telephone communications. Administration 2000 was responsible for the reliability of National People's Army (NVA) personnel. Admin 2000

operated a secret, unofficial network of informants within the NVA. Administration for Security of Heavy Industry and Research and Main Administration for Security of the

Economy: protection against sabotage or espionage. Division of Garbage Analysis: was responsible for analyzing garbage for any suspect western foods and/or

materials. Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment: the armed force at disposal of the ministry, named for the founder of the

Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police. The members of this regiment, who served at least three years, wereresponsible for protecting high government and party buildings and personnel. The regiment was composed of sixmotorized rifle battalions, one artillery battalion, and one training battalion. Its equipment included PSZH-IVarmored personnel carriers, 120mm mortars, 85mm and 100mm antitank guns, ZU-23 antiaircraft guns, andhelicopters. A Swiss source reported in 1986 that the troops of the Ministry of State Security also had commandounits similar to the Soviet Union's Spetsnaz forces. These East German units were said to wear the uniform of theairborne troops, although with the violet collar patch of the Ministry for State Security rather than the orange oneof paratroopers. They also wore the sleeve stripe of the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment.

Main Administration for Reconnaissance: focused its efforts primarily upon West Germany and the NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization, but it also operated East German intelligence in all foreign countries.

Main Administration for Struggle Against Suspicious Persons was charged with the surveillance of foreigners particularly from the West legally traveling or residing within the country. This included the diplomaticcommunity, tourists, and official guests.

Main Coordinating Administration of the Ministry for State Security: coordinated its work with Sovietintelligence agencies.

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Main Department for Communications Security and Personnel Protection: provided personal security for thenational leadership and maintained and operated an internal secure communications system for the government.

Penal System: to facilitate its mission of enforcing the political security of East Germany, the Stasi operated itsown penal system, distinct from that of the Ministry of the Interior. This system comprised prison camps forpolitical, as opposed to criminal, offenders.

OperationsFurther information: Eastern Bloc politicsSee also: Censorship in East Germany

Personnel

Stasi Headquarters in Berlin

Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in aneffort to root out the class enemy. In 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 personsfull-time, including 2,000 fully employed unofficial collaborators, 13,073soldiers and 2,232 officers of GDR army,[8] along with 173,081 unofficialinformants inside GDR[9] and 1,553 informants in West Germany.[10] As of 1995some 174,000 inoffizielle Mitarbeiter(IMs) Stasi informants have been identified,almost 2.5% of East Germany's population between the ages of 18 and 60.10,000 IMs were under 18 years of age. From the volume of material destroyedin the final days of the regime the office of the Federal Commissioner for theStasi Archives (BStU) believes that there could have been as much as 500,000informers. A former Stasi colonel who served in the counterintelligencedirectorate estimated that the figure could be as high as 2 million if occasionalinformants were included.

InfiltrationFull-time officers were posted to all major industrial plants (the extensiveness of any surveillance largely dependedon how valuable a product was to the economy) and one tenant in every apartment building was designated as awatchdog reporting to an area representative of the Volkspolizei (Vopo). Spies reported every relative or friend whostayed the night at another's apartment. Tiny holes were drilled in apartment and hotel room walls through whichStasi agents filmed citizens with special video cameras. Schools, universities, and hospitals were extensivelyinfiltrated.The Stasi had formal categorizations of each type of informant, and had official guidelines on how to extractinformation from, and control, those who they came into contact with. The roles of informants ranged from thosealready in some way involved in state security (such as the police and the armed services) to those in the dissidentmovements (such as in the arts and the Protestant Church). Information gathered about the latter groups wasfrequently used to divide or discredit members. Informants were made to feel important, given material or socialincentives, and were imbued with a sense of adventure, and only around 7.7%, according to official figures, werecoerced into cooperating. A significant proportion of those informing were members of the SED; to employ someform of blackmail, however, was not uncommon. A large number of Stasi informants were trolley conductors,janitors, doctors, nurses and teachers; Mielke believed the best informants were those whose jobs entailed frequentcontact with the public.The Stasi's ranks swelled considerably after Eastern Bloc countries signed the 1975 Helsinki accords, which Erich Honecker viewed as a grave threat to his regime because they contained language binding signatories to respect "human and basic rights, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and conviction." The number of IMs

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peaked at around 180,000 in that year, having slowly risen from 20,00030,000 in the early 1950s, and reaching100,000 for the first time in 1968, in response to Ostpolitik and protests worldwide. The Stasi also acted as a proxyfor KGB to conduct activities in other Eastern Bloc countries, such as Poland, where the Soviets were despised.The Stasi infiltrated almost every aspect of GDR life. In the mid-1980s, a network of IMs began growing in bothGerman states; by the time East Germany collapsed in 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 employees and 173,081informants.[11] About one of every 63 East Germans collaborated with the Stasi. By at least one estimate, the Stasimaintained greater surveillance over its own people than any secret police force in history.[12] The Stasi employedone full-time agent for every 166 East Germans. The ratios swelled when informers were factored in: countingpart-time informers, the Stasi had one informer per 6.5 people. By comparison, the Gestapo employed one secretpoliceman per 2,000 people. This comparison led Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal to call the Stasi even moreoppressive than the Gestapo. Additionally, Stasi agents infiltrated and undermined West Germany's government andspy agencies.In some cases, spouses even spied on each other. A high-profile example of this was peace activist Vera Lengsfeld,whose husband, Knud Wollenberger, was a Stasi informant.

ZersetzungSee also: GaslightingThe Stasi perfected the technique of psychological harassment of perceived enemies known as Zersetzung (pronounced[z]) a term borrowed from chemistry which literally means "decomposition".By the 1970s, the Stasi had decided that methods of overt persecution which had been employed up to that time,such as arrest and torture, were too crude and obvious. It was realised that psychological harassment was far lesslikely to be recognised for what it was, so its victims, and their supporters, were less likely to be provoked into activeresistance, given that they would often not be aware of the source of their problems, or even its exact nature.Zersetzung was designed to side-track and "switch off" perceived enemies so that they would lose the will tocontinue any "inappropriate" activities.Tactics employed under Zersetzung generally involved the disruption of the victim's private or family life. This oftenincluded psychological attacks such as breaking into homes and messing with the contents moving furniture,altering the timing of an alarm, removing pictures from walls or replacing one variety of tea with another. Otherpractices included property damage, sabotage of cars, purposely incorrect medical treatment, smear campaignsincluding sending falsified compromising photos or documents to the victim's family, denunciation, provocation,psychological warfare, psychological subversion, wiretapping, bugging, mysterious phone calls or unnecessarydeliveries, even including sending a vibrator to a target's wife. Usually victims had no idea the Stasi wereresponsible. Many thought they were losing their minds, and mental breakdowns and suicide could result.One great advantage of the harassment perpetrated under Zersetzung was that its subtle nature meant that it was ableto be plausibly denied. That was important given that the GDR was trying to improve its international standingduring the 1970s and 80s, especially in conjunction with the Ostpolitik of West-German chancellor Willy Brandtmassively improving relations between the two German states.Zersetzung techniques have since been adopted by other security agencies, particularly the Russian Federal SecurityService (FSB).

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International operationsSee also: Hauptverwaltung AufklrungOther files (the Rosenholz Files), which contained the names of East German spies abroad, led American spyagencies to capture them. After German reunification, it was revealed that the Stasi had secretly aided left-wingterrorists such as the Red Army Faction, even though no part of the RAF had ever been ideologically aligned withthe GDR.Wikipedia:Citation neededDirectorate X was responsible for disinformation. Rolf Wagenbreth, director of disinformation operations, stated"Our friends in Moscow call it 'dezinformatsiya'. Our enemies in America call it 'active measures,' and I, dearfriends, call it my favorite pastime'".[13]

Examples Stasi experts helped to build the secret police of Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia.[14]

Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba was particularly interested in receiving training from Stasi. Stasi instructors workedin Cuba and Cuban communists received training in East Germany.[15] The Stasi chief Markus Wolf describedhow he set up the Cuban system on the pattern of the East German system.[16]

Stasi officers helped in initial training and indoctrination of Egyptian State Security organizations under theNasser regime from 195758 onwards. This was discontinued in 1976.

The Stasi's experts worked with building secret police systems in the People's Republic of Angola, the People'sRepublic of Mozambique, and the People's Republic of Yemen (South Yemen).[]

Stasi organized and extensively trained Syrian intelligence services under the Assad regime and Baath Party from1966 onwards and especially from 1973.[17]

Stasi experts helped to set up Idi Amin's secret police.[18]

Stasi experts helped Kwame Nkrumah to build his secret police. When Nkrumah was ousted by a military coup,Stasi Major Jurgen Rogalla was imprisoned.[19]

The Stasi sent agents to the West as sleeper agents. For instance, sleeper agent Gnter Guillaume became a senioraide to social democratic chancellor Willy Brandt, and reported about his politics and private life.

The Stasi operated at least one brothel. Agents were used against both men and women working in Westerngovernments. "Entrapment" was used against married men and homosexuals.[20]

Martin Schlaff According to the German parliament's investigations, the Austrian billionaire's Stasi codenamewas "Landgraf" and registration number "3886-86". He made money by supplying embargoed goods to EastGermany.

Sokratis Kokkalis Stasi documents suggest that the Greek businessman was a Stasi agent, whose operationsincluded delivering Western technological secrets and bribing Greek officials to buy outdated East Germantelecom equipment.[21]

Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Group)A terrorist organization which killed dozens of West Germans andothers.Wikipedia:Citation needed

The Stasi ordered a campaign in which cemeteries and other Jewish sites in West Germany were smeared withswastikas and other Nazi symbols. Funds were channelled to a small West German group for it to defend AdolfEichmann.[22]

The Stasi channelled large amounts of money to Neo-Nazi groups in West, with the purpose of discrediting theWest.[23]

The Stasi worked in a campaign to create extensive material and propaganda against Israel. Murder of Benno Ohnesorg A Stasi agent (Karl-Heinz Kurras) carried out the murder, which stirred a whole

movement of left-wing protest and violence. The Economist describes it as "the gunshot that hoaxed ageneration".[24][25] The surviving Stasi archives contain no evidence that Kurras was acting under their orderswhen he shot Ohnesorg.[26][27]

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Operation InfektionThe Stasi helped the KGB to spread HIV/AIDS disinformation that the United States hadcreated the disease. Millions of people around the world still believe in these claims.[28][29]

Sandoz chemical spillThe KGB reportedly ordered the Stasi to sabotage the chemical factory to distractattention from the Chernobyl disaster six months earlier in Ukraine.[30][31][32]

Investigators have found evidence of a death squad that carried out a number of assassinations (includingassassination of Swedish journalist Cats Falck) on orders from the East German government from 1976 to 1987.Attempts to prosecute members failed.

The Stasi attempted to assassinate Wolfgang Welsch, a famous critic of the regime. Stasi collaborator Peter Haack(Stasi codename "Alfons") befriended Welsch and then fed him hamburgers poisoned with thallium. It tookweeks for doctors to find out why Welsch had suddenly lost his hair.[33]

Documents in the Stasi archives state that the KGB ordered Bulgarian agents to assassinate Pope John Paul II,who was known for his criticism of human rights in the Communist bloc, and the Stasi was asked to help withcovering up traces.

A special unit of the Stasi assisted Romanian intelligence in kidnapping Romanian dissident Oliviu Beldeanufrom West Germany.[34]

In 1975, Stasi recorded a conversation between senior West German CDU politicians Helmut Kohl and KurtBiedenkopf. It was then "leaked" to the Stern magazine as a transcript recorded by American intelligence. Themagazine then claimed that Americans were wiretapping West Germans and the public believed the story.[35]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it [36].

Fall of the Soviet UnionRecruitment of informants became increasingly difficult towards the end of the GDR's existence, and after 1986,there was a negative turnover rate of IMs. This had a significant impact on the Stasi's ability to survey thepopulation, in a period of growing unrest, and knowledge of the Stasi's activities became more widespread. The Stasihad been tasked during this period with preventing the country's economic difficulties becoming a political problem,through suppression of the very worst problems the state faced, but it failed to do so.Stasi officers reportedly had discussed re-branding East Germany as a democratic capitalist country to the West, butwhich would be in practice taken over by Stasi officers. The plan specified 2,587 OibE officers who would take overpower (Offiziere im besonderen Einsatz, "officers on special assignment") and it was registered as Top SecretDocument 0008-6/86 of 17 March 1986. According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, the chief intelligence officer in communistRomania, other communist intelligence services had similar plans.[] On 12 March 1990, Der Spiegel reported that theStasi was indeed attempting to implement 0008-6/86.[] Pacepa has noted that what happened in Russia and how KGBColonel Vladimir Putin took over Russia resembles these plans. See Putinism.On 7 November 1989, in response to the rapidly changing political and social situation in the GDR in late 1989,Erich Mielke resigned. On 17 November 1989, the Council of Ministers (Ministerrat der DDR) renamed the Stasi asthe "Office for National Security" (Amt fr Nationale Sicherheit AfNS), which was headed by GeneralleutnantWolfgang Schwanitz. On 8 December 1989, GDR Prime Minister Hans Modrow directed the dissolution of theAfNS, which was confirmed by a decision of the Ministerrat on 14 December 1989.As part of this decision, the Ministerrat originally called for the evolution of the AfNS into two separateorganizations: a new foreign intelligence service (Nachrichtendienst der DDR) and an "Office for the Protection ofthe Constitution of the GDR" (Verfassungsschutz der DDR), along the lines of the West German Bundesamt frVerfassungsschutz, however, the public reaction was extremely negative, and under pressure from the "Round Table"(Runder Tisch), the government dropped the creation of the Verfassungsschutz der DDR and directed the immediatedissolution of the AfNS on 13 January 1990. Certain functions of the AfNS reasonably related to law enforcementwere handed over to the GDR Ministry of Internal Affairs. The same ministry also took guardianship of remainingAfNS facilities.

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When the parliament of Germany investigated public funds that disappeared after the Fall of the Berlin Wall, itfound out that East Germany had transferred large amounts of money to Martin Schlaff through accounts in Vaduz,the capital of Liechtenstein, in return for goods "under Western embargo".Moreover, high-ranking Stasi officers continued their post-DDR careers in management positions in Schlaff's groupof companies. For example, in 1990, Herbert Kohler, Stasi commander in Dresden, transferred 170 million marks toSchlaff for "harddisks" and months later went to work for him. The investigations concluded that "Schlaff's empireof companies played a crucial role" in the Stasi attempts to secure the financial future of Stasi agents and keep theintelligence network alive. The Stern magazine noted that KGB officer Vladimir Putin worked with his Stasicolleagues in Dresden in 1989.[]

In the Soviet Union, about 50 billion U.S. dollars were transferred out of the country (see FIMACO).WP:TOPIC

Recovery of the Stasi filesDuring the Peaceful Revolution of 1989, Stasi offices were overrun by enraged citizens, but not before the Stasidestroyed a number of documents (approximately 5%) consisting of, by one calculation, 1 billion sheets of paper.

Storming the Stasi headquartersAs the German Democratic Republic began to fall, so too did the Stasi. They began to destroy the extensive files thatthey had kept, both by hand and with the use of shredders.

Citizens protesting and entering the Stasi buildingin Berlin; the sign accuses the Stasi and SED of

being Nazistic dictators.

When these activities became known, a protest erupted in front of theStasi headquarters.[37] In the evening of 15 January 1990, a largecrowd of people formed outside the gates in order to stop thedestruction of personal files. In their minds, this information shouldhave been available to them and also have been used to punish thosewho had taken part in Stasi actions. The large group of protesters grewand grew until they were able to overcome the police and gain entryinto the complex. The protesters became violent, unruly anddestructive as they smashed doors and windows, threw furniture, andtrampled or burned portraits of Erich Honecker, leader of the GDR.Among the destructive public were officers working for the WestGerman government, as well as former Stasi collaborators seeking todestroy documents.

Controversy of the Stasi filesWith the German Reunification on 3 October 1990, a new government agency was founded called the FederalCommissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic (German:Der Bundesbeauftragte fr die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen DemokratischenRepublik, officially abbreviated "BStU".[38] There was a debate about what should happen to the files, whether theyshould be opened to the people or kept closed.Those who opposed opening the files cited privacy as a reason. They felt that the information in the files would lead to negative feelings about former Stasi members, and, in turn, cause violence. Pastor Rainer Eppelmann, who became Minister of Defense and Disarmament after March 1990, felt that new political freedoms for former Stasi members would be jeopardized by acts of revenge. Prime Minister Lothar de Maizire even went so far as to predict murder. They also argued against the use of the files to capture former Stasi members and prosecute them, arguing that not all former members were criminals and should not be punished solely for being a member. There were also some who believed that everyone was guilty of something. Peter Michael Diestel, the Minister of Interior, opined

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that these files could not be used to determine innocence and guilt, claiming that "there were only two types ofindividuals who were truly innocent in this system, the newborn and the alcoholic". Other opinions, such as the oneof West German Interior Minister Wolfgang Schuble, believed in putting the Stasi behind them and working onGerman reunification.Others argued that everyone should have the right to see their own file, and that the files should be opened toinvestigate former Stasi members and prosecute them, as well as not allow them to hold office. Opening the fileswould also help clear up some of the rumors that were floating around. Some also believed that politicians involvedwith the Stasi should be investigated.The fate of the files was finally decided under the Unification Treaty between the GDR and Federal Republic ofGermany (FRG). This treaty took the Volkskammer law further and allowed more access and use of the files. Alongwith the decision to keep the files in a central location in the East, they also decided who could see and use the files,allowing people to see their own files.In 1992, following a declassification ruling by the German government, the Stasi files were opened, leading peopleto look for their files. Timothy Garton Ash, an English historian, after reading his file, wrote The File: A PersonalHistory while completing his dissertation research in East Berlin.[39]

Between 1991 and 2011, around 2.75 million individuals, mostly GDR citizens, requested to see their own files.[40]

The ruling also gave people the ability to make duplicates of their documents. Another big issue was how the mediacould use and benefit from the documents. It was decided that the media could obtain files as long as they weredepersonalized and not regarding an individual under the age of 18 or a former Stasi member. This ruling not onlygave the media access to the files, but also gave schools access.

Tracking down former Stasi informers with the filesEven though groups of this sort were active in the community, those who were tracking down ex-members were, aswell. Many of these hunters succeeded in catching ex-Stasi; however, charges could not be made for merely being amember. The person in question would have had to participate in an illegal act, not just be a registered Stasi member.Among the high-profile individuals who were arrested and tried were Erich Mielke, Third Minister of State Securityof the GDR, and Erich Honecker, head of state for the GDR. Mielke was sentenced to six years prison for the murderof two policemen in 1931. Honecker was charged with authorizing the killing of would-be escapees on theEast-West frontier and the Berlin Wall. During his trial, he went through cancer treatment. Because he was nearingdeath, Honecker was allowed to spend his final time in Chile. He died in May 1994.

Reassembling the destroyed filesDocument shredding is described in Stasiland. Some of it is very easy due to the number of archives and the failureof shredding machines (in some cases "shredding" meant tearing paper in two by hand and documents could berecovered easily). In 1995, the BStU began reassembling the shredded documents; 13 years later the three dozenarchivists commissioned to the projects had only reassembled 327 bags; they are now using computer-assisted datarecovery to reassemble the remaining 16,000 bags estimated at 45 million pages. It is estimated that this task maybe completed at a cost of 30 million dollars.[41]

The CIA acquired some Stasi records during the looting of the Stasi archives. The Federal Republic of Germany hasasked for their return and received some in April 2000.[42] See also Rosenholz files.

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Museum in the old headquarters

Statue of workers and Police officer in front ofthe Stasi archives, Mitte district, Berlin.

The Anti-Stalinist Action Normannenstrae (ASTAK), an associationfounded by former GDR Citizens' Committees, has transformed theformer headquarters of the Stasi into a museum. It is divided into threefloors: Ground floorThe ground floor has been kept as it used to be. The decor is original,with many statues and flags. Between the ground and first (upper) floor:

Surveillance technology and Stasi symbols: Some of the toolsthat the Stasi used to track down their opponents. During aninterview the seats were covered with a cotton cloth to collect theperspiration of the victim. The cloth was placed in a glass jar, which was annotated with the victim's name, andarchived. Other common ways that the scents would be collected is through breaking into a home and takingparts of garments. The most common garment taken was underpants, because of how close the garment is tothe skin. The Stasi would then use trained dogs to track down the person using this scent. Other tools shownhere include a tie-camera, cigarette box camera, and an AK-47 hidden in luggage.

Display gallery of Directorate VII. This part of the museum tells the history of the Stasi, from the beginning ofthe GDR to the fall of the Berlin Wall.

First (upper) floor Mielke's offices. The decor is 1960s furniture. There is a reception room with a TV set in the cafeteria. Office of Colonel Heinz Volpert Lounge for drivers and bodyguards Office of Major-General Hans Carlsohn, director of the secretariat Secretariat The Cafeteria Kitchen The Minister's Workroom The Conference Room with a giant map of Germany on a wallone of the most impressive rooms. The cloakroom

Second (upper) floor RepressionRebellionSelf-Liberation from 1945 to 1989

Photo gallery:

Kitchen Surveillance Secretariat Prison

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Stasi officers after the reunification

Recruitment by Russian state-owned companiesFormer Stasi agent Matthias Warnig (codename "Arthur") is currently the CEO of Nord Stream.[43] Germaninvestigations have revealed that some of the key Gazprom Germania managers are former Stasi agents.[44][45]

LobbyingFormer Stasi officers continue to be politically active via the Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und HumanitrenUntersttzung e. V. (Society for Legal and Humanitarian Support) (GRH). Former high-ranking officers andemployees of the Stasi, including the last Stasi director, Wolfgang Schwanitz, make up the majority of theorganization's members, and it receives support from the German Communist Party, among others.Impetus for the establishment of the GRH was provided by the criminal charges filed against the Stasi in the early1990s. The GRH, decrying the charges as "victor's justice", called for them to be dropped. Today the group providesan alternative if somewhat utopian voice in the public debate on the GDR legacy. It calls for the closure of themuseum in Hohenschnhausen and can be a vocal presence at memorial services and public events. In March 2006in Berlin, GRH members disrupted a museum event; a political scandal ensued when the Berlin Senator (Minister) ofCulture refused to confront them.[46]

Behind the scenes, the GRH also lobbies people and institutions promoting opposing viewpoints. For example, inMarch 2006, the Berlin Senator for Education received a letter from a GRH member and former Stasi officerattacking the Museum for promoting "falsehoods, anticommunist agitation and psychological terror againstminors".[47] Similar letters have also been received by schools organizing field trips to the museum.[48]

Alleged informants

Vic Allen Richard Clements Gwyneth Edwards Football club Dynamo Dresden had more than 18 agents[49]

Ingo Steuer, figure skater and now trainer[50]

Robin Pearson (Lecturer at the University of Hull) John Roper, Baron Roper of Thorney Island Bernd Runge, CEO of Phillips de Pury auction house Holm Singer,

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it [36].

Footnotes[1] Chambers, Madeline, No remorse from Stasi as Berlin marks fall of Wall (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ 2009/ 11/ 04/

us-germany-wall-stasi-idUSL118487020091104), Reuters, 4 Nov 2009.[2] Angela Merkel 'turned down' job from Stasi (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ worldnews/ europe/ germany/ 5351229/

Angela-Merkel-turned-down-job-from-Stasi. html), The Daily Telegraph, 14 November 2012.[3] Connolly, Kate, 'Puzzlers' reassemble shredded Stasi files, bit by bit (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2009/ nov/ 01/ world/ fg-germany-stasi1),

The Los Angeles Times, 1 November 2009.[4] Calio, Jim, The Stasi Prison Ghosts (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ jim-calio/ the-stasi-prison-ghosts_b_359690. html), The Huffington

Post, 18 November 2009.[5] Rosenberg, Steve, Computers to solve Stasi puzzle (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 6692895. stm), BBC, 25 May 2007.[6] New Study Finds More Stasi Spooks (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/ international/ germany/

east-german-spies-new-study-finds-more-stasi-spooks-a-540771. html), Der Spiegel, 11 March 2008.[7] (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=vzmNb84n7sUC& printsec=frontcover& dq="The+ East+ German+ leadership"+ "Peter+ Grieder"&

source=bl& ots=Ozz34v8Uji& sig=DhozUCiQr298zYVvDYyXqvMM4xs& hl=en& ei=sct_S_zhCpqk_QbyvtWABw& sa=X&oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4& ved=0CBAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=& f=false) pp. 5385

[8] Gieseke 2001, pp. 8687[9][9] Mller-Enbergs 1993, p. 55[10][10] Gieseke 2001, p. 58

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[11][11] Gieseke 2001, p. 54[12] Computers to solve stasi puzzle (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 6692895. stm)-BBC, Friday 25 May 2007.[13] Translated from paragraph 6 of the German article "Einmal in der Stalinallee", Der Spiegel 29/1991. P. 32. Online version (http:/ / www.

spiegel. de/ spiegel/ print/ d-13488813. html) (or (http:/ / wissen. spiegel. de/ wissen/ image/ show. html?did=13488813& aref=image036/2006/ 05/ 12/ cq-sp199102900320034. pdf& thumb=false|PDF)) viewed on May 29, 2013.

[14] A brave woman seeks justice and historical recognition for past wrongs (http:/ / www. economist. com/ node/ 9867981). 27 September 2007.The Economist.

[15] Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's Spy-Tech World. Kristie Macrakis. P. 166171.[16] The Culture of Conflict in Modern Cuba. Nicholas A. Robins. P. 45.[17] Rafiq Hariri and the Fate of Lebanon (2009). Marwn Iskandar. P. 201.[18] Gareth M. Winrow. The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa, p. 141[19] Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police (1999). John O. Koehler.[20] Where Have All His Spies Gone? (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9C0CE5D6123CF931A2575BC0A966958260&

pagewanted=5). New York Times. 12 August 1990[21] Olympiakos soccer chief was 'spy for Stasi' (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ world/ europe/

olympiakos-soccer-chief-was-spy-for-stasi-661893. html). The Independent. 24 February 2002.[22] E. Germany Ran Antisemitic Campaign in West in '60s (http:/ / www. paulbogdanor. com/ left/ eastgermany/ nazis1. html). Washington

Post, 28 February 1993.[23] Neo-Nazism: a threat to Europe? Jillian Becker, Institute for European Defence & Strategic Studies. P. 16.[24] The Truth about the Gunshot that Changed Germany (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/ international/ germany/ 0,1518,627342,00. html). Spiegel

Online. 28 May 2009.[25] The gunshot that hoaxed a generation (http:/ / www. economist. com/ node/ 13745822?story_id=E1_TPSQVRNN). The Economist. 28 May

2009.[26] Spy Fired Shot That Changed West Germany (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 05/ 27/ world/ europe/ 27germany. html)[27] Bild.de with photo gallery of the event as well as of Kurras and Ohnesorg (http:/ / www. bild. de/ BILD/ politik/ 2009/ 05/ 24/

karl-heinz-kurras-schiessbefehl/ benno-ohnesorg-stasi. html)[28] Koehler, John O. (1999) Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police ISBN 0-8133-3409-8.[29] Operation INFEKTION - Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/

center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/ csi-publications/ csi-studies/ studies/ vol53no4/ soviet-bloc-intelligence-and-its-aids. html). ThomasBoghardt. 2009.

[30][30] "KGB ordered Swiss explosion to distract attention from Chernobyl." United Press International. 27 November 2000.[31] Stasi accused of Swiss disaster (http:/ / www. irishtimes. com/ newspaper/ world/ 2000/ 1123/ 00112300085. html). The Irish Times. 23

November 2000.[32][32] Sehnsucht Natur: kologisierung des Denkens (2009). Johannes Straubinger.[33] Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's Spy-Tech World. Kristie Macrakis. P. 176.[34] The Kremlin's Killing WaysA long tradition continues (http:/ / www. nationalreview. com/ articles/ 219342/

kremlins-killing-ways-ion-mihai-pacepa). 28 November 2006. National Review.[35] Stasi: Shield and Sword of the Party (2008). John C. Schmeidel. P. 138.[36] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Stasi& action=edit[37] The Stasi Headquarters (http:/ / www. stasimuseum. de/ en/ enindex. htm) The former headquarters of the Stasi is now a museum that is

open to the public.[38] Functions of the BStU (http:/ / www. bstu. bund. de/ cln_029/ nn_710332/ EN/ Office/ office__node. html__nnn=true), from the English

version of the official BStU website[39] The File (http:/ / www. timothygartonash. com/ books. html), Information about "The File"[40] The Guardian, "Germans piece together millions of lives spied on by Stasi", 13 March 2011 (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ 2011/

mar/ 13/ east-germany-stasi-files-zirndorf)[41] Wired: "Intel Inside" (http:/ / www. wired. com/ politics/ security/ magazine/ 16-02/ ff_stasi)[42] BBC: "MfS files return to Germany." (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ europe/ 703303. stm)[43] Nord Stream, Matthias Warnig (codename "Arthur") and the Gazprom Lobby (http:/ / www. jamestown. org/ single/ ?no_cache=1&

tx_ttnews[tt_news]=35128) Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 6 Issue: 114[44] Gazprom's Loyalists in Berlin and Brussels (http:/ / www. jamestown. org/ single/ ?no_cache=1& tx_ttnews[tt_news]=35034). Eurasia

Daily Monitor Volume: 6 Issue: 100. 26 May 2009[45] Police investigate Gazprom executive's Stasi past (http:/ / www. thelocal. de/ money/ 20080507-11753. html)[46] Stasi Offiziere Leugnen den Terror. Berliner Morgenpost 16 March 2006. (http:/ / www. morgenpost. de/ printarchiv/ berlin/ article266203/

Stasi_Offiziere_leugnen_den_Terror. html)[47] Backmann, Christa. Stasi-Anhnger schreiben an Bildungssenator Bger. Berliner Morgenpost 25 March 2006. (http:/ / morgenpost.

berlin1. de/ content/ 2006/ 03/ 25/ berlin/ 818994. html)[48] Schomaker, Gilbert. Ehemalige Stasi-Kader schreiben Schulen an. Die Welt, 26 March 2006. (http:/ / www. welt. de/ print-welt/

article205864/ Ehemalige_Stasi_Kader_schreiben_Schulen_an. html)

Stasi 12

[49] H-Soz-u-Kult / Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft (http:/ / hsozkult. geschichte. hu-berlin. de/ REZENSIO/ buecher/ 2001/ SpGi1201. htm)[50] Court Decision Paves Olympics Way for Stasi-linked Coach (http:/ / www. dw-world. de/ dw/ article/ 0,2144,1893878,00. html)

References Gary Bruce: The Firm: The Inside Story of Stasi, The Oxford Oral History Series; Oxford University Press,

Oxford 2010 ISBN 978-0-19-539205-0. Fulbrook, Mary (2005). The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker. London: Yale

University Press. ISBN978-0-300-14424-6.. Gieseke, Jens (2014). The History of the Stasi. East Germany's Secret Police 1945-1990. Berghahn Books.

ISBN978-1-78238-254-6.; translation of 2001 book Harding, Luke (2011). Mafia State. London: Guardian Books. ISBN978-0-85265-247-3. Koehler, John O. (2000). Stasi: the untold story of the East German secret police. Westview Press.

ISBN0-8133-3744-5.. Macrakis, Kristie (2008). Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's Spy-Tech World. New York: Cambridge

University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88747-2. Pickard, Ralph (2007). STASI Decorations and Memorabilia, A Collector's Guide. Frontline Historical

Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9797199-0-5. Pickard, Ralph (2012). STASI Decorations and Memorabilia Volume II. Frontline Historical Publishing. ISBN

978-0-9797199-2-9.

The controversy of the Stasi files Serge Schmemann, "Angry Crowds of East Germans Ransack Offices of Spy Service", The New York Times, 16

January 1990. Serge Schmemann, "East Berlin Faults Opposition on Raid", The New York Times, 17 January 1990. Glenn Frankel, "East Germany Haunted by Stasi Legacy; Secret Police Files Stir Allegations", The Washington

Post, 31 March 1990. John Gray, "Secret Police Gone but not Forgotten East Germans Agonize over Where all the Informers and

Massive Files are", The Globe and Mail, 8 September 1990. The Economist's Berlin Reporter "East Germany's Stasi; Where have all the Files Gone", The Economist, 22

September 1990. Stephen Kinzer, "Germans anguish Over Police files", The New York Times, 12 February 1992. Derek Scally, "Kohl Wins Court Battle on Stasi Files", The Irish Times, 9 March 2002. Garton Ash, Timothy. The File, New York: Random House, 1997. David Childs (David H. Childs) and Richard Popplewell. The Stasi: East German Intelligence and Security

Service, Washington Square, NY: New York University Press, 1996. Childs, David. The Fall of the GDR, Essex, England: Pearson Learning Limited, 2001. Koehler, John. Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,

1999. Dennis, Mike. The Stasi: Myth and Reality, London, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2003. Colitt, Leslie. Spymaster, Reading, Massachusetts: AddisonWesley Publishing Company, 1995.

Stasi 13

External links

German Information about Stasi victims (http:/ / www. stasiopfer. de) Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic

Official site (http:/ / www. bstu. de) Museum in the former Stasi headquarters, Berlin-Lichtenberg (http:/ / www. stasimuseum. de) Homepage of the Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitren Untersttzung (http:/ / www. grh-ev. org) Interview with a Stasi victim, blog by amadelio (http:/ / www. amadelio. de/ amadelio_vlog/ archiv/

archiv_vlog_rel/ vlog_2006_zahn. htm)

English Official website of the award winning film The Lives of Others (http:/ / www. thelivesofothers. com/ ) Photos of Stasi Headquarters in Berlin (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ query?url=http:/ / www. geocities. com/

isanders_2000/ stasi. htm& date=2009-10-26+ 00:34:55) Read about the Defection of a Stasi Agent (http:/ / www. myspystory. com/ ) "Support Group For Spies: From East German Spooks to West German Victims" (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/

international/ germany/ 0,1518,486390,00. html) by Khu Pham, Spiegel Online, 11 June 2007. Official website of the award winning film The Burning Wall (http:/ / www. theburningwall. com/ ) The documentary film Germany's Records of Repression (https:/ / www. youtube. com/

watch?v=Wy8J37X7umY) on YouTube

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsStasi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607902623 Contributors: 1exec1, 84user, @pple, Adam Zivner, Adashiel, Ade1982, Ahangar-e-Gaz, Al3xil, Alan Liefting, Aldis90,Alexb102072, Allemandtando, AlphaRed3, Altenmann, AmiDaniel, Amizener, Anarchivist, AndreasPraefcke, AndrewHowse, Anti-Nationalist, Araignee, Arsmoriendi, ArtVandelay13, Ashmoo,Austin5000, Bachrach44, Ballack81, Barbro Luder, Bbb23, Bcaulf, Bender235, Benjicharlton, Beyond My Ken, Biruitorul, Bistropha, Bletch, Blunt., Blusts, Boson, Brumski, Bruneniels,CJCurrie, Calistemon1, Caltas, Cannstatt, Carabinieri, Chochopk, Chris the speller, Chris troutman, Conversion script, Craigy144, Credema, Curved out, Cvieg, Cyde, Cygnea2008, DO'Neil,Danielkreuzner, David1955, Deadworm222, Deanrogers, Debresser, Defender of torch, Degen Earthfast, DerHexer, Deville, Devon Hoyt, Dewritech, Dl2000, DocWatson42, Domino theory,Donarreiskoffer, DublinDilettante, Duke Ganote, EamonnPKeane, Ebnielsen, Ed Dadoo, EdJohnston, Edgarde, Edoecohen, Ehrentitle, EikwaR, Endet, EneMsty12, Enviroboy, Esperant,Fabbricante di gattini, FactoProphyl, Fahrenheit451, Fastily, Favonian, Feliks Edmundovich, Fibonacci, Flix11, Freerick, Frogdul, Fyrael, Fys, GDonato, GRAHAMUK, Gazpr, Gegik, Geni,Genie of the beercan, GeorgeLouis, Georschm, Gilderien, Gilliam, Gob Lofa, Grandpallama, Grilledegg, Gryffindor, Gwern, Gyrofrog, Gzornenplatz, Haldraper, HangingCurve, HappyCamper,Harry the Dirty Dog, Hbar.cc, Hecht, Hmains, Hobartimus, Howcheng, Hur9378, Husnock, Iamcuriousblue, Icedwater, Ich, Impaciente, Iner22, Ingolfson, Iste Praetor, JAF1970, Jan1nad,Japanese Searobin, Jarble, Jasont, Java13690, Jemesouviens32, Jenafalt, Jim1138, JingleJim, John, John Nevard, JohnKDavid, Jondumitru, Jonesey95, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josh Gorand,Jpfagerback, Jprg1966, Jsnx, Junes, Ka Faraq Gatri, Kaizeler, Kaliz, Kareeser, Karl-Henner, KarlFrei, Kate, Kay Krner, Kayhan, Kbdank71, Kdar, Khanada, Khirad, Kikodawgzzz,Kirachinmoku, Koavf, Kobalt64, Kolja21, Konstantin, Korrawit, Kostisl, Kpjas, Kusma, Kwertii, Lapsed Pacifist, LeCire, Letdemsay, Lfh, Lightmouse, LikeLakers2, LilHelpa, Liquidcat, Ljean,Lokpest, Lord Emsworth, Lotje, LtNOWIS, Lucy-marie, Luisa Sousa, MacRusgail, Magioladitis, Magnus Manske, Makyen, Marcus Cyron, Markjeff, Marshall, Martarius, Mauls, MauriceCarbonaro, Maximus Rex, Maxmidget, Mdriver1981, Mean as custard, Meco, Meehawl, Metalello, Michael Hardy, Michaelbusch, Mikko Paananen, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miller17CU94, Morwen,Mosedschurte, Motor, Ms2ger, Mtaylor848, Mtmoore321, N328KF, Naddy, Nanobear, NawlinWiki, Nazgul02, Necrothesp, Neo-Jay, Neutrality, Nikkimaria, Ninetyone, Nkcs, Nnemo,Noneforall, Obey, Olathe, Olivier, Orbmc101, Ori.livneh, Paddingtonbaer, Paith, Pantelejmon, Payam81, Penbat, Petiatil, Petri Krohn, Phish66, Pigsonthewing, PnP, R0mulus, RBBrittain, RJFF,Raven in Orbit, Rettetast, Rich Farmbrough, Rjensen, Rmwtsou, Roeme, Roland1989, Rufus210, Russavia, Russianpotato, Ryanluck, Rybec, S.BULLET., Saddhiyama, SarahStierch,Sardanaphalus, Scarlet Lioness, Schoasch, Schutz, Scott Gall, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sfan00 IMG, Shaddack, Shoeofdeath, Sj, Slarre, Slowness, Smuglife, Specijala, Sperling, Spitfire,Stagehand, Stbalbach, Stefanomione, Stemonitis, Stephen G. Brown, StillTrill, Str1977, Sugeesh, SummerPhD, Sun Creator, Sushant gupta, SvenskaJohannes, SymlynX, Sznax, Tabletop,Tataral, Tbhotch, The Interior, The Madras, The Mummy, ThePartyVan, TheTimesAreAChanging, Thelostlibertine, Thomas Blomberg, Tim!, Tnyl, Trusilver, Trust Is All You Need, Tulandro,Turzh, Twsx, Ubxer, Unyoyega, Vampire moth, Vanis, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Vladimirg, Vuo, Webgembaseballstar, Welsh, Werddemer, Wiggy!, Wik, Witan, Wouterhagens,X-Flare-x, XerKibard, Yintan, Yohan euan o4, Yosy, Zinnmann, Zloyvolsheb, , 489 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Emblema Stasi.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emblema_Stasi.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: jgaray, based onNickel Chromo's raster design (see Source and Other versions sections) from the original .jpg by en:User:Wiggy! 3 December 2005File:Stasihq.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stasihq.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Daniel MottFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0116-013, Berlin, Strmung Stasi-Zentrale.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0116-013,_Berlin,_Strmung_Stasi-Zentrale.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 GermanyContributors: Edward, Effeietsanders, Gorgo, Lotse, Mate2code, 1 anonymous editsFile:Stasi-statue.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stasi-statue.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: en-wp-user Kwertii Original uploaderwas MARK at de.wikipediaFile:Stasi kitchen.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stasi_kitchen.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: user:PnPFile:Guard post.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guard_post.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Darwinius, Denniss, Kilom691, Man vyi, PnPFile:Stasi secretariat.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stasi_secretariat.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Denniss, Kilom691, Nickel Chromo, PnPFile:Jail stasi.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jail_stasi.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Nickel Chromo, PnP

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

StasiCreation Relationship with the KGB Organization Operations Personnel Infiltration Zersetzung

International operations Examples

Fall of the Soviet Union Recovery of the Stasi files Storming the Stasi headquarters Controversy of the Stasi files Tracking down former Stasi informers with the files Reassembling the destroyed files

Museum in the old headquarters Stasi officers after the reunification Recruitment by Russian state-owned companies Lobbying

Alleged informants Footnotes References The controversy of the Stasi files

External links German English

License