Starting a Herb or Bush Tucker Business · 2016. 6. 28. · STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS...
Transcript of Starting a Herb or Bush Tucker Business · 2016. 6. 28. · STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS...
Starting a Herb or Bush Tucker
Businessa guide for indigenous communities
DISCLAIMER: The information in this document is provided for information purposes only. Independent research should be undertaken to provide the basis of individual business or investment decisions. Events subsequent to the release of this document may render some information incorrect or redundant.
INDEX
Opportunities for Aboriginal Communities page 4
Herb and Bush Tucker Production page 5
Getting to Market page 6
Things to do Before You Start Planting Market Research page 7 Business Planning page 8 Land Management Plans page 8 Soil Testing page 9 Site Inventory page 10 Site Preparation and Maintenance page 10
Resources and Information What to Plant page 11 Business Support page 12 Contacts for Business Development page 13
Training page 13
Case Study page 14
Plant Identification Guide page 16
Page 4
STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
Page 5
Opportunities for
Aboriginal CommunitiesThe non-native Herb and Spice Industry in Australia is growing at the rate of 20% per year. It is driven by significant investment by a few industry leaders as export markets continue to expand at around the same rate. There are increasing opportunities for growing, processing and exporting in this industry.
There is even greater potential for a substantial and sustainable Herb and Spice industry based on the idea of a ‘Creative Native Australian Cuisine’ as there continues to be great interest internationally in all things Australian. Australia enjoys a reputation for being a ‘clean country’ for the export of produce and for international tourism. An increasing range of native plant foods are already commercially available, or capable of being developed commercially, and a small but expanding native food industry already exists. In 2004, the native food industry was estimated to have an annual commercial income of between approximately $15-$20 million.
Native and non-native culinary seeds, herbs, plants and fruit provide value in a variety of forms: fresh, dried, frozen and made into sauces and other products for the culinary, medicinal and fragrance markets. With careful planning and thorough market research, the commercial growing of herbs and plants offers communities an opportunity to manage their land effectively and derive income from it. It also provides an opportunity for employment for small community groups.
The majority of bush foods are utilised as ingredients in chutneys, preserves, sauces, bread, flour and a variety of condiments, although some products are used as fresh foods particularly in the restaurant and catering industries. Fresh native foods are also sold throughout the community store network in Central Australia where Aboriginal communities are developing an industry.
Specialty restaurants are thriving in Adelaide, Cairns, Sydney and Melbourne and there is a growth in raw produce collection and distribution networks. To date, harvesting from the wild has been the main form of supply. Demand now outstrips supply for many native foods. To meet this demand, and to reduce harvesting pressure on native plants and animals in the wild, there is a need to ensure supply through farming.
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STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
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HERB AND BUSH TUCKER PRODUCTION
Herb and Bush Tucker
ProductionGrowing bushfoods, including bush herbs is quite different from growing most currently available fresh herbs, like parsley or basil. Non-native foods are often annuals that need to be replanted after each season. Bushfoods mainly produce for many years and grow as ground covers, shrubs and trees with leaves or fruits that can be used in flavouring food.
Although some species of herbs require specific climatic conditions, most grow well in a range of climates. Nearly all herb varieties (including trees) like deep, well drained fertile soils protected from the wind. They may be grown conventionally with artificial fertilisers, organically or hydroponically. Some herb producers use hot houses to allow production all year round. Some herbs and plants are fast growing, but others will take several years before they reach their full potential.
In lower rainfall areas, irrigation will be essential and access to water will be needed in all areas. Most herbs are frost tolerant, but do not like wind, so protection should be provided.
In order for the Herb and Bush Tucker industry to continue to expand, growers must produce a reliable supply of consistently high quality produce. However, the choice of which plants to grow will depend on where communities are located and the markets they wish to supply.
It is generally best to start with a number of smaller plots as it will take several years to establish full scale production. Most herb growing enterprises start by growing a range of five or six herbs. Rather than produce an oversupply of any one herb, the aim should be to meet the demand for each herb in the range. This will also allow labour to be spread through the seasons, and seasonal and market fluctuations will be easier to average out.
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STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
Page 7
Getting to
MarketThere are a number of marketing issues that need to be considered if you are to be successful in selling herbs. These include such things as how you plan to process, package and price your product and whether or not you plan to sell directly or through a wholesaler who specialises in organic herbs or makes a value-added product.
Determining a sale price for your product needs to take into account a number of issues, one of which depends on the type – or grade – of the product you produce as there are three main grades of herbs:
• Trade quality herbs are widely used for culinary and medicinal purposes and for teas.
• Manufacturing grade organic herbs are used mainly by the herbal medicine industry for the production of extracts, tinctures, ointments, capsules and some herbal teas.
• Premium grade dried herbs are usually grown by small scale operations where they can be grown and dried under ideal conditions. These are best used in herbal teas and some growers package and distribute their own through health food shops. There is some demand for premium dried culinary herbs but this is largely met by the fresh market. Some premium grade herbs are also used in the herbal medicine market. Growers need to sell direct to herbalists who want a quality product as most manufacturers will not pay extra for the quality.
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STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
Page 7
Things To Do
Before You Start PlantingMARKET RESEARCH
New enterprises need to do thorough market research. This includes researching existing and potential markets. It also includes testing the viability of planting on a small scale, before establishing a commercial operation. To be successful, the growth of the non-native herb and the bush tucker industries must be market-driven. If supply exceeds market demand, it will be difficult to operate a profitable business.
Collecting and analysing relevant information about how to grow and market herbs and spices will help you clarify your business objectives. The more research you do the better your chances of establishing a successful project or business.
Market research needs to: • Examine current trends within the industry• Address seasonal factors that could influence the project• Look at strategies to access and locate stock • Identify target markets• Evaluate the size of market segments• Look at the competition• Evaluate risk factors – both internal and external – that might effect your project or business proposition• Identify how to manage the business
Operating a horticultural enterprise is not just about planting and growing, it is also about having the necessary management skills, industry expertise, technical skills, finance and a long-term vision to grow and succeed. Therefore it is necessary to first identify what expertise lies within the community and also identify any other expertise required to bring the project to success. Start by seeking advice from people in the industry and industry experts. Talk to your competitors and Government and gather all the data you can to make an informed decision.
THIINGS TO DO BEFORE YOU START PLANTING
Page 8
STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
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BUSINESS PLANNING
Planning a business or project is essential prior to investing in the idea. It allows you to test your idea on paper before making a large investment. By documenting your research and analysis you are able to develop and examine your ideas carefully. This will help you to decide whether your investments of time, effort and expense to make the business successful will be worthwhile.
A Business Plan is a summary and evaluation of your business idea. Business plans help to provide information on a business or project to a third party and also indicate your understanding of the business and commitment to achieve.
A typical Business Plan will include the following: • Statement of business goals• Analysis of the project’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats • Marketing strategy • Financial projections• An action plan
For more information on how to develop a business plan go to www.smallbiznsw.gov.au
LAND MANAGEMENT PLANS
Preparing a thorough Land Management Plan guarantees a better financial return and helps you to manage the land in the best possible way, so that the land remains productive in the long term. A land management plan includes a careful assessment of existing vegetation productivity, soils and water supply. It also ensures that species are planted in the positions in which they will thrive. It may recommend leaving some vegetation intact or planting of windbreaks or species which contribute nutrients to the soil. Research indicates that leaving 10% of land unfarmed, increases the productivity of the remaining 90% of the land.
Communities use Enrichland Polyculture in Central Australia. This is the agricultural blend of Aboriginal land management methods, agronomy and ecology needed for sustainable bushfood production.
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STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
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THIINGS TO DO BEFORE YOU START PLANTING
This system of land management is made up of:• Organic growing methods• Integration of the existing bushland • Focus on the local indigenous species growing in mixed stands• Use of Aboriginal resource management techniques• Water harvesting or wastewater management and • Some incorporation of exotic species
For more information see Cultivation and Sustainable Harvest of Bush Foods by Aboriginal Communities in Central Australia at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/NPP/04-124sum.html
For a great soil management tool developed by farmers for farmers, the Northern Rivers Soil Health Card go to www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/soil-testing
Natural Resources, Mines and Water in Queensland have fact sheets on land use planning, testing, interpreting soil tests and irrigation. Available online at www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/groups.php?group=Land
Greening Australia is an excellent source of information on growing native plants and managing land. See www.greeningaustralia.org.au
SOIL TESTING
Past use of persistent organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT and dieldrin has produced residues in some agricultural soils. It is essential to test land to determine if present levels are a risk to crops or to determine whether land can be organically certified.
Information on what to do and how to take a soil sample for testing is available from Wollongbar Environmental Laboratories in Agnote DPI 380. They also do a wide range of testing and analysis. Phone: 02 6626 1103
The National Association of Testing Authorities can also provide you with details of registered laboratories. Phone: 02 9736 8222
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STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
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SITE INVENTORY
When selecting sites and species of plants for farming, careful choice of the site means the difference between success and failure.
Check for the following:• Is there a satisfactory water supply for irrigation?• Is the land frost free (more tropical varieties of plants would require this)?• Is it sheltered from strong winds?• Are the soil type and drainage suitable for the plants you want to grow?• Is the area large enough to make a living?• How workable and accessible is the property?• What if any legal restrictions affect the property?
See Agnote Reg 1/075 January 1993 for more information.
SITE PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE
You need to carefully plan the labour you will need to run your operation and think about any machinery, irrigation or other equipment you will need to purchase or hire.
Things you will need to consider are:• Farm machinery• Fencing• Tools• Shade houses/hot houses• Water storage• Irrigation equipment• Where you will source seed or plant stock• Plant nutrients• Storage• Drying facilities• Freezers• Preparation facilities (for value adding and processing)
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STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
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Resources andInformationWHAT TO PLANT
The NSW Department of Primary Industries have Agnotes that provide detailed information on different species. www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/resources/factsheets/agfacts_and_agnotes
Agnotes are also available from Wollongbar Environmental Laboratories NSW. Phone: 02 6626 1103
The rural Industries Research and Development Corporation has extensive research into Australian native bush foods. Phone: 02 6272 4819www.rirdc.gov.au/programs/nativefoods.html The New Crops Newsletter publishes articles on specific native foods and conference papers on the industry on www.newcrops.uq.edu.au Phone: 07 54601311 or email Dr Rob Fletcher on [email protected]
The CSIRO’s research on native food crops can be found at www.cse.csiro.au/research/native foods or email Maarten Ryder on [email protected]
Information on research into growing native herbs is available at www.pir.sa.gov.au
The Australian Bushfoods Magazine has information sheets on all aspects of the industry. www.hotkey.net.au/~bushfood/ You can also talk to growers, processors and buyers of native foods at www.hotkey.net.au/~bushfood/1INKS.htm
Information on current use of native herbs and fruits in the Australian restaurant market is at www.redochregrill.com/bush.html
RESOURCES AND INFORMATION
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STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
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Information on growing herbs in the Northern Rivers of NSW is in the Regional Herbal Industry: Strategic Development Plan, prepared for Invest Northern Rivers. Available from [email protected]
Australian Herb Industry Resource Guide by Kim Fletcher. Updated every 2 years and lists businesses and associations from all over Australia associated with the herb industry. Publisher: Focus on Herbs Consultancy & Information Service, PO Box 203, Launceston, Tas 7250.
Herbal Harvest by Greg Whitten. Major reference on commercial production of quality dried herbs.Publisher: Agmedia 1997.
BUSINESS SUPPORT
Many Government departments and some non-government organisations provide programs, services and advice that can assist Aboriginal communities to develop their project or business. Information on these can be accessed on the internet.
Indigenous Business Australia (IBA) offers access to professional and marketing advice, business finance and a range of economic development initiatives. Information is available at www.iba.gov.au
The Department of Employment and Workplace Relations (DEWR) administers the Indigenous Capital Assistance Scheme, the Indigenous Small Business Fund and The New Enterprise Incentive Scheme. Information is available at www.workplace.gov.au/workplace/Individual/IndigenousAustralians
For information on Aboriginal Business Development Programswww.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/smallbusiness/Government+Programs/Aboriginal+Business+Development+Program/
For a Guide to Developing Aboriginal Businesswww.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/Starting+in+Business/Aboriginal+Business/A+Guide+to+Developing+Aboriginal+Business
For a NSW Directory of Business Services for Aboriginal Peoplewww.industrialrelations.nsw.gov.au/resources/aboriginaldirectory.pdf
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STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS
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CONTACTS FOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
Craig Jenkins, NSW Department of State & Regional Development, Lismore NSW. Phone: 02 6622 4011. Email: [email protected]
Stephanie Williams, Richmond Valley Business & Rural Financial Counselling Services Inc, Casino NSW. Phone: 02 6662 6502. Email: [email protected]
Andrew Hegedus, Clarence Valley Business Enterprise Centre, Grafton NSW.Phone: 02 6642 9700. Email: [email protected]
Aboriginal Business Development Programs through the Northern Rivers Business Advisory Service. Phone: 1300 650 058
TrainingCommunities may need to organise training for individuals and/or groups to ensure that they have the skills to set up enterprises and then operate them as successful farming businesses. There are a wide variety of options for training including workplace, online and college based delivery of classes. To find out about available training and how it can be offered contact the organisations below.
The North Coast Institute of TAFE offers training in the following areas:• Horticulture and Indigenous land management• Community development• Business management• Indigenous business governance
Course information is available online at www.nci.tafensw.edu.au or contact the coordinators for the Aboriginal Education Training Unit:Stephen Jamieson Phone: 02 6674 7224 or Roy Hatfield Phone: 02 66411732
Environmental Training and Employment Inc. (EnviTE NSW) is a non profit community training organisation operating throughout in the North Coast region. Information is available at www.envite.org.au
Djanbung Gardens is one of Australia’s leading permaculture training centres and is located in northern NSW. Information is available at www.permaculture.com.au
TRAINING
Page 14Page 14 Page 15Page 15
Case StudyTuckombil Native Foods at Tuckombil near Alstonville had 40 acres of land that was
made up of red soil country, areas of steep and rocky land and level grassed areas.
There was also a spring-fed dam and a seasonal watercourse on the land. They
planned their land use around the soil type, slopes, and rocky ground with care to
protect gullies, waterways and native vegetation remnants.
As the land was exposed to weather from the south they planted eucalypts and
local rainforest species as windbreaks on the south side. They also planted some
callistemon and melalueca species as internal windbreaks. These windbreaks
provided some shade for herb varieties that could not grow in full sun.
Although there was a dam and a seasonal watercourse they installed infrastructure
for irrigation: pump, lines, filters and controller wires etc. The local rainfall suits the
species they chose to grow but they have found that irrigation is still needed some
years, to grow the produce well and to market specifications. Wallabies are only a bit
of a problem so they have not fenced.
After doing their market research, they decided to plant a mixed bush tucker orchard
including Lemon, Cinnamon and Aniseed Myrtle, Davidson Plums and Riberries and
other native vegetation for the essential oil market. They chose to plant this variety
so that different crops would produce at different times of the year. This gives them
income throughout the year and also spreads the labour load. The fruits have to be
Page 14Page 14 Page 15Page 15
harvested when the fruit is ready, while the essential oil species do not have such
critical harvest times.
Although they did thorough market research, the market in native Australian
produce is still fragile and vulnerable to oversupply and they found that projected
figures were overstated. Some of the fresh markets for fruit were not there by the
time it came to harvest.
So they had to revisit their Business Plan and they had to manage this problem by
processing most of their fruits, essential oils and herbs. Another thing that changed
was that some fresh floristry markets emerged unexpectedly as viable opportunities.
They also decided to sell some nursery stock and can see the potential for using
their farm for tourism and education.
Tuckombil Native Foods have had to work at developing their own market. Most of
their crops are new commercial crops, so there are challenges but they
have now found that there are opportunities and market advantages to growing
these crops.
The biggest thing they have learnt is that marketing needs to be done in very close
collaboration between growers and buyers, with the best solution being the growing
group also marketing the produce if this is possible.
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
AT
UR
AL
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N/C
LIM
AT
E /SO
IL T
YPE
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
Illaw
arra
Plu
mBr
own
Pine
Podo
carp
us e
latu
s
N. N
SW n
ativ
e to
coa
stal
scr
ub fo
rest
s. Su
ited
to
rich,
moi
st, n
on-a
lkal
ine
soils
.Fa
irly
larg
e co
nife
r tr
ees
up t
o 45
m. F
emal
e tr
ees
prod
uce
frui
ts. I
t is
actu
ally
the
sw
olle
n st
em o
f th
e fr
uit,
whi
ch is
a s
mal
l, har
d se
ed w
hich
app
ears
to
han
g of
f the
bot
tom
of t
he d
eep
blue
/ pur
ple
“plu
m”
that
is e
aten
. Fru
its r
ipen
from
Mar
ch
thou
gh t
o Ju
ly.
• U
sed
in w
ild fo
od r
esta
uran
ts in
sau
ces
and
pres
erve
s an
d ha
s sw
eet
uses
in ja
ms
and
jellie
s, fr
uit
com
pote
s, m
uffi n
s an
d ch
eese
cake
s. •
Tart
and
plu
m-li
ke. L
ess
sour
tha
n th
e D
avid
son’
s Pl
um, w
ith a
ple
asan
t, su
btle
res
inou
s qu
ality
. •
Usu
ally
sol
d fro
zen.
Fre
sh fr
uit
also
sol
d in
sea
son.
•
Also
pro
duce
s to
ugh,
dur
able
tim
ber.
Jelly
Bus
h H
oney
Tant
oon
Lept
ospe
rmum
pol
ygal
ifoliu
m
Foun
d in
the
Nor
ther
n Ri
vers
reg
ion
this
plan
t gr
ows
in s
andy
soi
l or
on s
ands
tone
. It
also
gro
ws
wel
l on
basa
lt de
rived
soi
ls. R
equi
ring
aver
age
rain
fall
this
plan
t is
frost
har
dy.
This
shru
b or
tre
e ha
s lig
ht g
reen
, obl
ong
leav
es.
It gr
ows
from
1–
4m h
igh
and
1– 3
m a
cros
s. Pr
oduc
es m
asse
s of
whi
te fl
ower
s fro
m la
te s
prin
g to
sum
mer
. Can
be
grow
n fro
m s
eed
or c
uttin
gs.
• Th
is is
a hi
gh v
alue
hon
ey p
rodu
ct.
• Li
sted
with
the
The
rape
utic
Goo
ds A
dmin
istra
tion
(TG
A).
• In
dem
and
for
med
icin
al u
se, a
ctiv
e (u
nhea
ted)
hon
ey is
use
d fo
r w
ound
hea
ling.
• It
is a
natu
ral a
ntib
iotic
and
has
hig
h an
ti-ba
cter
ial a
ctiv
ity.
Lem
on A
spen
Acr
onyc
hia
impe
rfor
ata
Acr
onyc
hia
wilc
oxia
na
Acr
onyc
hia
sube
ros a
Coa
stal
litt
oral
rai
nfor
est
and
furt
her
inla
nd in
su
btro
pica
l rai
nfor
est
NSW
and
Qld
.Sl
ow g
row
ing.
Diffi
cul
t to
gro
w fr
om s
eed.
C
uttin
gs m
ay b
e ea
sier.
A. im
perfo
rtata
is a
shr
ub
to s
mal
l tre
e up
to
15 m
tal
l. A.
wilc
oxia
na is
a
smal
l tre
e to
9m
hig
h. A
. sub
eros
a is
a sm
all t
o m
ediu
m-s
ized
tree
to
20 m
hig
h. T
he p
ale
yello
w
frui
t 20
- 2
5mm
in d
iam
eter
has
sm
all b
lack
see
ds.
Ripe
ns in
Oct
ober
/Nov
embe
r.
• Fr
uits
tas
te s
our
and
arom
atic
with
a g
rape
frui
t/lim
e fl a
vour
, tho
ugh
it is
not
a ci
trus
. •
Use
d in
dre
ssin
gs, s
auce
s, m
arin
ades
and
des
sert
s.•
It is
sold
froz
en o
r as
juic
e or
syr
up.
Lem
on M
yrtle
Le
mon
Iron
woo
d
Back
hous
ia c
itrio
dora
Nat
ive
to s
ub-t
ropi
cs b
ut w
ill gr
ow w
ell i
n te
mpe
rate
and
coo
l zon
es t
oo.
Gro
ws
in fu
ll su
n or
sem
i- sh
ade.
In c
ool a
reas
, nee
ds a
war
m
loca
tion.
Nee
ds w
ell-d
rain
ed s
oil. F
rost
ten
der.
Ever
gree
n ra
info
rest
tre
e w
ith g
loss
y lo
ng le
aves
w
hich
are
del
icio
usly
aro
mat
ic a
nd h
ave
a st
rong
ci
trus
fl av
our.
Gro
ws
to a
ppro
xim
atel
y 6m
tal
l (p
ossib
ly m
uch
talle
r in
its
natu
ral s
ub-t
ropi
cal
envi
ronm
ent)
. Tre
es r
equi
re ir
rigat
ion
durin
g th
e dr
y m
onth
s of
the
yea
r.
• H
as h
igh
com
mer
cial
val
ue.
• Th
e le
aves
are
sol
d fre
sh c
hille
d, w
hole
drie
d, a
nd g
roun
d dr
ied.
•
Also
use
d as
an
ingr
edie
nt in
pro
duct
s su
ch a
s fl a
vour
ed o
ils, s
yrup
s, pa
sta,
pres
erve
s, te
as a
nd s
easo
ning
s. •
Can
be
used
in p
ot p
ourr
i and
sce
nted
sac
hets
.
Kur
rajo
ng
Brac
hych
iton
popu
lneu
s
Foun
d A
ustr
alia
wid
e in
ope
n fo
rest
s, w
oodl
ands
an
d sa
ndy
soil
plai
ns. A
dapt
able
to
a ra
nge
of
soils
incl
udin
g ve
ry d
ry c
ondi
tions
. Fro
st h
ardy
to
aro
und
-7°C
and
ada
pts
to r
ange
of c
limat
es
incl
udin
g tr
opic
al z
ones
.
The
tree
bea
rs la
rge
clus
ters
of b
lack
leat
hery
bo
at s
hape
d po
ds w
hich
con
tain
brig
ht y
ello
w
to m
usta
rd c
olou
red
seed
s. Itc
hy h
airy
fi br
e al
so
surr
ound
s th
e se
eds
and
mus
t be
rem
oved
bef
ore
use,
whi
ch is
a t
ime
cons
umin
g pr
oces
s.
• T
he s
eeds
are
ver
y nu
triti
ous,
hig
h in
pro
tein
fat,
oil a
nd
som
e m
iner
als.
• O
nce
roas
ted
and
grou
nd, t
he s
eeds
pro
duce
an
exce
llent
dar
k, ric
h fl o
ur w
ith a
nut
ty fl
avou
r. •
Shou
ld b
e ro
aste
d be
fore
use
, not
eat
en r
aw.
Mac
adam
ia N
ut
Mac
adam
ia t
etra
phyl
la
Mac
adam
ia in
tegr
ifolia
Rain
fore
sts
from
N.N
SW u
p in
to Q
ld.
It is
belie
ved
that
M. t
etra
phyll
a is
nativ
e to
the
so
uthe
rn h
alf o
f thi
s ra
nge
and
M. in
tegr
ifolia
to
the
nort
hern
hal
f. O
ccur
s na
tura
lly in
aci
d so
ils
with
a h
igh
hum
us c
onte
nt. M
. tet
raph
ylla
is lis
ted
as v
ulne
rabl
e un
der
NSW
legi
slatio
n.
Rain
fore
st t
ree
with
spi
ky le
aves
and
gre
en
frui
ts in
aut
umn
that
han
g in
bun
ches
, dro
ppin
g sh
iny
seed
s up
to
3cm
. M. in
tegr
ifolia
per
form
s be
tter
in w
arm
er c
ondi
tions
. Sou
ther
n gr
ower
s us
e M
.tetra
phyll
a as
roo
t st
ock
for
graf
ting
M.in
tegr
ifolia
. Gra
fted
tree
s be
ar a
fter
4 ye
ars
whe
reas
see
dlin
g tr
ees
take
10
year
s to
bea
r.
• M
acad
amia
s ar
e a
maj
or in
dust
ry in
the
Nor
ther
n Ri
vers
. •
Nut
s ar
e su
pplie
d ra
w, r
oast
ed o
r ro
aste
d an
d sa
lted
by t
he p
roce
ssor
.•
Sold
as
cold
pre
ssed
oil
for
sala
ds a
nd c
ooki
ng.
• Pr
oces
sed
into
gou
rmet
sau
ces
and
shor
tbre
ads,
ice
crea
m p
rodu
cts
and
conf
ectio
nery
.
Mid
yim
Aus
trom
yrtu
s du
lcis
Coa
stal
pla
nt o
ccur
ring
betw
een
Gra
fton
& F
rase
r Isl
and.
Nee
ds w
ell-d
rain
ed s
andy
soi
l.A
sm
all s
hrub
1-
2m h
igh
with
opp
osite
leav
es,
smal
l whi
te fl
ower
s an
d so
ft sp
eckl
ed w
hite
be
rrie
s. Fr
uits
in s
umm
er a
nd a
utum
n.
• O
ne o
f Aus
tral
ia’s
tast
iest
wild
frui
ts.
• U
sed
fresh
.•
Also
use
d in
des
sert
s an
d sa
uces
.
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Page 16
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
AT
UR
AL
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N/C
LIM
AT
E /SO
IL T
YPE
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
Illaw
arra
Plu
mBr
own
Pine
Podo
carp
us e
latu
s
N. N
SW n
ativ
e to
coa
stal
scr
ub fo
rest
s. Su
ited
to
rich,
moi
st, n
on-a
lkal
ine
soils
.Fa
irly
larg
e co
nife
r tr
ees
up t
o 45
m. F
emal
e tr
ees
prod
uce
frui
ts. I
t is
actu
ally
the
sw
olle
n st
em o
f th
e fr
uit,
whi
ch is
a s
mal
l, har
d se
ed w
hich
app
ears
to
han
g of
f the
bot
tom
of t
he d
eep
blue
/ pur
ple
“plu
m”
that
is e
aten
. Fru
its r
ipen
from
Mar
ch
thou
gh t
o Ju
ly.
• U
sed
in w
ild fo
od r
esta
uran
ts in
sau
ces
and
pres
erve
s an
d ha
s sw
eet
uses
in ja
ms
and
jellie
s, fr
uit
com
pote
s, m
uffi n
s an
d ch
eese
cake
s. •
Tart
and
plu
m-li
ke. L
ess
sour
tha
n th
e D
avid
son’
s Pl
um, w
ith a
ple
asan
t, su
btle
res
inou
s qu
ality
. •
Usu
ally
sol
d fro
zen.
Fre
sh fr
uit
also
sol
d in
sea
son.
•
Also
pro
duce
s to
ugh,
dur
able
tim
ber.
Jelly
Bus
h H
oney
Tant
oon
Lept
ospe
rmum
pol
ygal
ifoliu
m
Foun
d in
the
Nor
ther
n Ri
vers
reg
ion
this
plan
t gr
ows
in s
andy
soi
l or
on s
ands
tone
. It
also
gro
ws
wel
l on
basa
lt de
rived
soi
ls. R
equi
ring
aver
age
rain
fall
this
plan
t is
frost
har
dy.
This
shru
b or
tre
e ha
s lig
ht g
reen
, obl
ong
leav
es.
It gr
ows
from
1–
4m h
igh
and
1– 3
m a
cros
s. Pr
oduc
es m
asse
s of
whi
te fl
ower
s fro
m la
te s
prin
g to
sum
mer
. Can
be
grow
n fro
m s
eed
or c
uttin
gs.
• Th
is is
a hi
gh v
alue
hon
ey p
rodu
ct.
• Li
sted
with
the
The
rape
utic
Goo
ds A
dmin
istra
tion
(TG
A).
• In
dem
and
for
med
icin
al u
se, a
ctiv
e (u
nhea
ted)
hon
ey is
use
d fo
r w
ound
hea
ling.
• It
is a
natu
ral a
ntib
iotic
and
has
hig
h an
ti-ba
cter
ial a
ctiv
ity.
Lem
on A
spen
Acr
onyc
hia
impe
rfor
ata
Acr
onyc
hia
wilc
oxia
na
Acr
onyc
hia
sube
ros a
Coa
stal
litt
oral
rai
nfor
est
and
furt
her
inla
nd in
su
btro
pica
l rai
nfor
est
NSW
and
Qld
.Sl
ow g
row
ing.
Diffi
cul
t to
gro
w fr
om s
eed.
C
uttin
gs m
ay b
e ea
sier.
A. im
perfo
rtata
is a
shr
ub
to s
mal
l tre
e up
to
15 m
tal
l. A.
wilc
oxia
na is
a
smal
l tre
e to
9m
hig
h. A
. sub
eros
a is
a sm
all t
o m
ediu
m-s
ized
tree
to
20 m
hig
h. T
he p
ale
yello
w
frui
t 20
- 2
5mm
in d
iam
eter
has
sm
all b
lack
see
ds.
Ripe
ns in
Oct
ober
/Nov
embe
r.
• Fr
uits
tas
te s
our
and
arom
atic
with
a g
rape
frui
t/lim
e fl a
vour
, tho
ugh
it is
not
a ci
trus
. •
Use
d in
dre
ssin
gs, s
auce
s, m
arin
ades
and
des
sert
s.•
It is
sold
froz
en o
r as
juic
e or
syr
up.
Lem
on M
yrtle
Le
mon
Iron
woo
d
Back
hous
ia c
itrio
dora
Nat
ive
to s
ub-t
ropi
cs b
ut w
ill gr
ow w
ell i
n te
mpe
rate
and
coo
l zon
es t
oo.
Gro
ws
in fu
ll su
n or
sem
i- sh
ade.
In c
ool a
reas
, nee
ds a
war
m
loca
tion.
Nee
ds w
ell-d
rain
ed s
oil. F
rost
ten
der.
Ever
gree
n ra
info
rest
tre
e w
ith g
loss
y lo
ng le
aves
w
hich
are
del
icio
usly
aro
mat
ic a
nd h
ave
a st
rong
ci
trus
fl av
our.
Gro
ws
to a
ppro
xim
atel
y 6m
tal
l (p
ossib
ly m
uch
talle
r in
its
natu
ral s
ub-t
ropi
cal
envi
ronm
ent)
. Tre
es r
equi
re ir
rigat
ion
durin
g th
e dr
y m
onth
s of
the
yea
r.
• H
as h
igh
com
mer
cial
val
ue.
• Th
e le
aves
are
sol
d fre
sh c
hille
d, w
hole
drie
d, a
nd g
roun
d dr
ied.
•
Also
use
d as
an
ingr
edie
nt in
pro
duct
s su
ch a
s fl a
vour
ed o
ils, s
yrup
s, pa
sta,
pres
erve
s, te
as a
nd s
easo
ning
s. •
Can
be
used
in p
ot p
ourr
i and
sce
nted
sac
hets
.
Kur
rajo
ng
Brac
hych
iton
popu
lneu
s
Foun
d A
ustr
alia
wid
e in
ope
n fo
rest
s, w
oodl
ands
an
d sa
ndy
soil
plai
ns. A
dapt
able
to
a ra
nge
of
soils
incl
udin
g ve
ry d
ry c
ondi
tions
. Fro
st h
ardy
to
aro
und
-7°C
and
ada
pts
to r
ange
of c
limat
es
incl
udin
g tr
opic
al z
ones
.
The
tree
bea
rs la
rge
clus
ters
of b
lack
leat
hery
bo
at s
hape
d po
ds w
hich
con
tain
brig
ht y
ello
w
to m
usta
rd c
olou
red
seed
s. Itc
hy h
airy
fi br
e al
so
surr
ound
s th
e se
eds
and
mus
t be
rem
oved
bef
ore
use,
whi
ch is
a t
ime
cons
umin
g pr
oces
s.
• T
he s
eeds
are
ver
y nu
triti
ous,
hig
h in
pro
tein
fat,
oil a
nd
som
e m
iner
als.
• O
nce
roas
ted
and
grou
nd, t
he s
eeds
pro
duce
an
exce
llent
dar
k, ric
h fl o
ur w
ith a
nut
ty fl
avou
r. •
Shou
ld b
e ro
aste
d be
fore
use
, not
eat
en r
aw.
Mac
adam
ia N
ut
Mac
adam
ia t
etra
phyl
la
Mac
adam
ia in
tegr
ifolia
Rain
fore
sts
from
N.N
SW u
p in
to Q
ld.
It is
belie
ved
that
M. t
etra
phyll
a is
nativ
e to
the
so
uthe
rn h
alf o
f thi
s ra
nge
and
M. in
tegr
ifolia
to
the
nort
hern
hal
f. O
ccur
s na
tura
lly in
aci
d so
ils
with
a h
igh
hum
us c
onte
nt. M
. tet
raph
ylla
is lis
ted
as v
ulne
rabl
e un
der
NSW
legi
slatio
n.
Rain
fore
st t
ree
with
spi
ky le
aves
and
gre
en
frui
ts in
aut
umn
that
han
g in
bun
ches
, dro
ppin
g sh
iny
seed
s up
to
3cm
. M. in
tegr
ifolia
per
form
s be
tter
in w
arm
er c
ondi
tions
. Sou
ther
n gr
ower
s us
e M
.tetra
phyll
a as
roo
t st
ock
for
graf
ting
M.in
tegr
ifolia
. Gra
fted
tree
s be
ar a
fter
4 ye
ars
whe
reas
see
dlin
g tr
ees
take
10
year
s to
bea
r.
• M
acad
amia
s ar
e a
maj
or in
dust
ry in
the
Nor
ther
n Ri
vers
. •
Nut
s ar
e su
pplie
d ra
w, r
oast
ed o
r ro
aste
d an
d sa
lted
by t
he p
roce
ssor
.•
Sold
as
cold
pre
ssed
oil
for
sala
ds a
nd c
ooki
ng.
• Pr
oces
sed
into
gou
rmet
sau
ces
and
shor
tbre
ads,
ice
crea
m p
rodu
cts
and
conf
ectio
nery
.
Mid
yim
Aus
trom
yrtu
s du
lcis
Coa
stal
pla
nt o
ccur
ring
betw
een
Gra
fton
& F
rase
r Isl
and.
Nee
ds w
ell-d
rain
ed s
andy
soi
l.A
sm
all s
hrub
1-
2m h
igh
with
opp
osite
leav
es,
smal
l whi
te fl
ower
s an
d so
ft sp
eckl
ed w
hite
be
rrie
s. Fr
uits
in s
umm
er a
nd a
utum
n.
• O
ne o
f Aus
tral
ia’s
tast
iest
wild
frui
ts.
• U
sed
fresh
.•
Also
use
d in
des
sert
s an
d sa
uces
.
Page 16 Page 17
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
AT
UR
AL
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N/C
LIM
AT
E /SO
IL T
YPE
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
Illaw
arra
Plu
mBr
own
Pine
Podo
carp
us e
latu
s
N. N
SW n
ativ
e to
coa
stal
scr
ub fo
rest
s. Su
ited
to
rich,
moi
st, n
on-a
lkal
ine
soils
.Fa
irly
larg
e co
nife
r tr
ees
up t
o 45
m. F
emal
e tr
ees
prod
uce
frui
ts. I
t is
actu
ally
the
sw
olle
n st
em o
f th
e fr
uit,
whi
ch is
a s
mal
l, har
d se
ed w
hich
app
ears
to
han
g of
f the
bot
tom
of t
he d
eep
blue
/ pur
ple
“plu
m”
that
is e
aten
. Fru
its r
ipen
from
Mar
ch
thou
gh t
o Ju
ly.
• U
sed
in w
ild fo
od r
esta
uran
ts in
sau
ces
and
pres
erve
s an
d ha
s sw
eet
uses
in ja
ms
and
jellie
s, fr
uit
com
pote
s, m
uffi n
s an
d ch
eese
cake
s. •
Tart
and
plu
m-li
ke. L
ess
sour
tha
n th
e D
avid
son’
s Pl
um, w
ith a
ple
asan
t, su
btle
res
inou
s qu
ality
. •
Usu
ally
sol
d fro
zen.
Fre
sh fr
uit
also
sol
d in
sea
son.
•
Also
pro
duce
s to
ugh,
dur
able
tim
ber.
Jelly
Bus
h H
oney
Tant
oon
Lept
ospe
rmum
pol
ygal
ifoliu
m
Foun
d in
the
Nor
ther
n Ri
vers
reg
ion
this
plan
t gr
ows
in s
andy
soi
l or
on s
ands
tone
. It
also
gro
ws
wel
l on
basa
lt de
rived
soi
ls. R
equi
ring
aver
age
rain
fall
this
plan
t is
frost
har
dy.
This
shru
b or
tre
e ha
s lig
ht g
reen
, obl
ong
leav
es.
It gr
ows
from
1–
4m h
igh
and
1– 3
m a
cros
s. Pr
oduc
es m
asse
s of
whi
te fl
ower
s fro
m la
te s
prin
g to
sum
mer
. Can
be
grow
n fro
m s
eed
or c
uttin
gs.
• Th
is is
a hi
gh v
alue
hon
ey p
rodu
ct.
• Li
sted
with
the
The
rape
utic
Goo
ds A
dmin
istra
tion
(TG
A).
• In
dem
and
for
med
icin
al u
se, a
ctiv
e (u
nhea
ted)
hon
ey is
use
d fo
r w
ound
hea
ling.
• It
is a
natu
ral a
ntib
iotic
and
has
hig
h an
ti-ba
cter
ial a
ctiv
ity.
Lem
on A
spen
Acr
onyc
hia
impe
rfor
ata
Acr
onyc
hia
wilc
oxia
na
Acr
onyc
hia
sube
ros a
Coa
stal
litt
oral
rai
nfor
est
and
furt
her
inla
nd in
su
btro
pica
l rai
nfor
est
NSW
and
Qld
.Sl
ow g
row
ing.
Diffi
cul
t to
gro
w fr
om s
eed.
C
uttin
gs m
ay b
e ea
sier.
A. im
perfo
rtata
is a
shr
ub
to s
mal
l tre
e up
to
15 m
tal
l. A.
wilc
oxia
na is
a
smal
l tre
e to
9m
hig
h. A
. sub
eros
a is
a sm
all t
o m
ediu
m-s
ized
tree
to
20 m
hig
h. T
he p
ale
yello
w
frui
t 20
- 2
5mm
in d
iam
eter
has
sm
all b
lack
see
ds.
Ripe
ns in
Oct
ober
/Nov
embe
r.
• Fr
uits
tas
te s
our
and
arom
atic
with
a g
rape
frui
t/lim
e fl a
vour
, tho
ugh
it is
not
a ci
trus
. •
Use
d in
dre
ssin
gs, s
auce
s, m
arin
ades
and
des
sert
s.•
It is
sold
froz
en o
r as
juic
e or
syr
up.
Lem
on M
yrtle
Le
mon
Iron
woo
d
Back
hous
ia c
itrio
dora
Nat
ive
to s
ub-t
ropi
cs b
ut w
ill gr
ow w
ell i
n te
mpe
rate
and
coo
l zon
es t
oo.
Gro
ws
in fu
ll su
n or
sem
i- sh
ade.
In c
ool a
reas
, nee
ds a
war
m
loca
tion.
Nee
ds w
ell-d
rain
ed s
oil. F
rost
ten
der.
Ever
gree
n ra
info
rest
tre
e w
ith g
loss
y lo
ng le
aves
w
hich
are
del
icio
usly
aro
mat
ic a
nd h
ave
a st
rong
ci
trus
fl av
our.
Gro
ws
to a
ppro
xim
atel
y 6m
tal
l (p
ossib
ly m
uch
talle
r in
its
natu
ral s
ub-t
ropi
cal
envi
ronm
ent)
. Tre
es r
equi
re ir
rigat
ion
durin
g th
e dr
y m
onth
s of
the
yea
r.
• H
as h
igh
com
mer
cial
val
ue.
• Th
e le
aves
are
sol
d fre
sh c
hille
d, w
hole
drie
d, a
nd g
roun
d dr
ied.
•
Also
use
d as
an
ingr
edie
nt in
pro
duct
s su
ch a
s fl a
vour
ed o
ils, s
yrup
s, pa
sta,
pres
erve
s, te
as a
nd s
easo
ning
s. •
Can
be
used
in p
ot p
ourr
i and
sce
nted
sac
hets
.
Kur
rajo
ng
Brac
hych
iton
popu
lneu
s
Foun
d A
ustr
alia
wid
e in
ope
n fo
rest
s, w
oodl
ands
an
d sa
ndy
soil
plai
ns. A
dapt
able
to
a ra
nge
of
soils
incl
udin
g ve
ry d
ry c
ondi
tions
. Fro
st h
ardy
to
aro
und
-7°C
and
ada
pts
to r
ange
of c
limat
es
incl
udin
g tr
opic
al z
ones
.
The
tree
bea
rs la
rge
clus
ters
of b
lack
leat
hery
bo
at s
hape
d po
ds w
hich
con
tain
brig
ht y
ello
w
to m
usta
rd c
olou
red
seed
s. Itc
hy h
airy
fi br
e al
so
surr
ound
s th
e se
eds
and
mus
t be
rem
oved
bef
ore
use,
whi
ch is
a t
ime
cons
umin
g pr
oces
s.
• T
he s
eeds
are
ver
y nu
triti
ous,
hig
h in
pro
tein
fat,
oil a
nd
som
e m
iner
als.
• O
nce
roas
ted
and
grou
nd, t
he s
eeds
pro
duce
an
exce
llent
dar
k, ric
h fl o
ur w
ith a
nut
ty fl
avou
r. •
Shou
ld b
e ro
aste
d be
fore
use
, not
eat
en r
aw.
Mac
adam
ia N
ut
Mac
adam
ia t
etra
phyl
la
Mac
adam
ia in
tegr
ifolia
Rain
fore
sts
from
N.N
SW u
p in
to Q
ld.
It is
belie
ved
that
M. t
etra
phyll
a is
nativ
e to
the
so
uthe
rn h
alf o
f thi
s ra
nge
and
M. in
tegr
ifolia
to
the
nort
hern
hal
f. O
ccur
s na
tura
lly in
aci
d so
ils
with
a h
igh
hum
us c
onte
nt. M
. tet
raph
ylla
is lis
ted
as v
ulne
rabl
e un
der
NSW
legi
slatio
n.
Rain
fore
st t
ree
with
spi
ky le
aves
and
gre
en
frui
ts in
aut
umn
that
han
g in
bun
ches
, dro
ppin
g sh
iny
seed
s up
to
3cm
. M. in
tegr
ifolia
per
form
s be
tter
in w
arm
er c
ondi
tions
. Sou
ther
n gr
ower
s us
e M
.tetra
phyll
a as
roo
t st
ock
for
graf
ting
M.in
tegr
ifolia
. Gra
fted
tree
s be
ar a
fter
4 ye
ars
whe
reas
see
dlin
g tr
ees
take
10
year
s to
bea
r.
• M
acad
amia
s ar
e a
maj
or in
dust
ry in
the
Nor
ther
n Ri
vers
. •
Nut
s ar
e su
pplie
d ra
w, r
oast
ed o
r ro
aste
d an
d sa
lted
by t
he p
roce
ssor
.•
Sold
as
cold
pre
ssed
oil
for
sala
ds a
nd c
ooki
ng.
• Pr
oces
sed
into
gou
r met
sau
ces
and
shor
tbre
ads,
ice
crea
m p
rodu
cts
and
conf
ectio
nery
.
Mid
yim
Aus
trom
yrtu
s du
lcis
Coa
stal
pla
nt o
ccur
ring
betw
een
Gra
fton
& F
rase
r Isl
and.
Nee
ds w
ell-d
rain
ed s
andy
soi
l.A
sm
all s
hrub
1-
2m h
igh
with
opp
osite
leav
es,
smal
l whi
te fl
ower
s an
d so
ft sp
eckl
ed w
hite
be
rrie
s. Fr
uits
in s
umm
er a
nd a
utum
n.
• O
ne o
f Aus
tral
ia’s
tast
iest
wild
frui
ts.
• U
sed
fresh
.•
Also
use
d in
des
sert
s an
d sa
uces
.
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Page 16
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
AT
UR
AL
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N/C
LIM
AT
E /SO
IL T
YPE
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
Illaw
arra
Plu
mBr
own
Pine
Podo
carp
us e
latu
s
N. N
SW n
ativ
e to
coa
stal
scr
ub fo
rest
s. Su
ited
to
rich,
moi
st, n
on-a
lkal
ine
soils
.Fa
irly
larg
e co
nife
r tr
ees
up t
o 45
m. F
emal
e tr
ees
prod
uce
frui
ts. I
t is
actu
ally
the
sw
olle
n st
em o
f th
e fr
uit,
whi
ch is
a s
mal
l, har
d se
ed w
hich
app
ears
to
han
g of
f the
bot
tom
of t
he d
eep
blue
/ pur
ple
“plu
m”
that
is e
aten
. Fru
its r
ipen
from
Mar
ch
thou
gh t
o Ju
ly.
• U
sed
in w
ild fo
od r
esta
uran
ts in
sau
ces
and
pres
erve
s an
d ha
s sw
eet
uses
in ja
ms
and
jellie
s, fr
uit
com
pote
s, m
uffi n
s an
d ch
eese
cake
s. •
Tart
and
plu
m-li
ke. L
ess
sour
tha
n th
e D
avid
son’
s Pl
um, w
ith a
ple
asan
t, su
btle
res
inou
s qu
ality
. •
Usu
ally
sol
d fro
zen.
Fre
sh fr
uit
also
sol
d in
sea
son.
•
Also
pro
duce
s to
ugh,
dur
able
tim
ber.
Jelly
Bus
h H
oney
Tant
oon
Lept
ospe
rmum
pol
ygal
ifoliu
m
Foun
d in
the
Nor
ther
n Ri
vers
reg
ion
this
plan
t gr
ows
in s
andy
soi
l or
on s
ands
tone
. It
also
gro
ws
wel
l on
basa
lt de
rived
soi
ls. R
equi
ring
aver
age
rain
fall
this
plan
t is
frost
har
dy.
This
shru
b or
tre
e ha
s lig
ht g
reen
, obl
ong
leav
es.
It gr
ows
from
1–
4m h
igh
and
1– 3
m a
cros
s. Pr
oduc
es m
asse
s of
whi
te fl
ower
s fro
m la
te s
prin
g to
sum
mer
. Can
be
grow
n fro
m s
eed
or c
uttin
gs.
• Th
is is
a hi
gh v
alue
hon
ey p
rodu
ct.
• Li
sted
with
the
The
rape
utic
Goo
ds A
dmin
istra
tion
(TG
A).
• In
dem
and
for
med
icin
al u
se, a
ctiv
e (u
nhea
ted)
hon
ey is
use
d fo
r w
ound
hea
ling.
• It
is a
natu
ral a
ntib
iotic
and
has
hig
h an
ti-ba
cter
ial a
ctiv
ity.
Lem
on A
spen
Acr
onyc
hia
impe
rfor
ata
Acr
onyc
hia
wilc
oxia
na
Acr
onyc
hia
sube
ros a
Coa
stal
litt
oral
rai
nfor
est
and
furt
her
inla
nd in
su
btro
pica
l rai
nfor
est
NSW
and
Qld
.Sl
ow g
row
ing.
Diffi
cul
t to
gro
w fr
om s
eed.
C
uttin
gs m
ay b
e ea
sier.
A. im
perfo
rtata
is a
shr
ub
to s
mal
l tre
e up
to
15 m
tal
l. A.
wilc
oxia
na is
a
smal
l tre
e to
9m
hig
h. A
. sub
eros
a is
a sm
all t
o m
ediu
m-s
ized
tree
to
20 m
hig
h. T
he p
ale
yello
w
frui
t 20
- 2
5mm
in d
iam
eter
has
sm
all b
lack
see
ds.
Ripe
ns in
Oct
ober
/Nov
embe
r.
• Fr
uits
tas
te s
our
and
arom
atic
with
a g
rape
frui
t/lim
e fl a
vour
, tho
ugh
it is
not
a ci
trus
. •
Use
d in
dre
ssin
gs, s
auce
s, m
arin
ades
and
des
sert
s.•
It is
sold
froz
en o
r as
juic
e or
syr
up.
Lem
on M
yrtle
Le
mon
Iron
woo
d
Back
hous
ia c
itrio
dora
Nat
ive
to s
ub-t
ropi
cs b
ut w
ill gr
ow w
ell i
n te
mpe
rate
and
coo
l zon
es t
oo.
Gro
ws
in fu
ll su
n or
sem
i- sh
ade.
In c
ool a
reas
, nee
ds a
war
m
loca
tion.
Nee
ds w
ell-d
rain
ed s
oil. F
rost
ten
der.
Ever
gree
n ra
info
rest
tre
e w
ith g
loss
y lo
ng le
aves
w
hich
are
del
icio
usly
aro
mat
ic a
nd h
ave
a st
rong
ci
trus
fl av
our.
Gro
ws
to a
ppro
xim
atel
y 6m
tal
l (p
ossib
ly m
uch
talle
r in
its
natu
ral s
ub-t
ropi
cal
envi
ronm
ent)
. Tre
es r
equi
re ir
rigat
ion
durin
g th
e dr
y m
onth
s of
the
yea
r.
• H
as h
igh
com
mer
cial
val
ue.
• Th
e le
aves
are
sol
d fre
sh c
hille
d, w
hole
drie
d, a
nd g
roun
d dr
ied.
•
Also
use
d as
an
ingr
edie
nt in
pro
duct
s su
ch a
s fl a
vour
ed o
ils, s
yrup
s, pa
sta,
pres
erve
s, te
as a
nd s
easo
ning
s. •
Can
be
used
in p
ot p
ourr
i and
sce
nted
sac
hets
.
Kur
rajo
ng
Brac
hych
iton
popu
lneu
s
Foun
d A
ustr
alia
wid
e in
ope
n fo
rest
s, w
oodl
ands
an
d sa
ndy
soil
plai
ns. A
dapt
able
to
a ra
nge
of
soils
incl
udin
g ve
ry d
ry c
ondi
tions
. Fro
st h
ardy
to
aro
und
-7°C
and
ada
pts
to r
ange
of c
limat
es
incl
udin
g tr
opic
al z
ones
.
The
tree
bea
rs la
rge
clus
ters
of b
lack
leat
hery
bo
at s
hape
d po
ds w
hich
con
tain
brig
ht y
ello
w
to m
usta
rd c
olou
red
seed
s. Itc
hy h
airy
fi br
e al
so
surr
ound
s th
e se
eds
and
mus
t be
rem
oved
bef
ore
use,
whi
ch is
a t
ime
cons
umin
g pr
oces
s.
• T
he s
eeds
are
ver
y nu
triti
ous,
hig
h in
pro
tein
fat,
oil a
nd
som
e m
iner
als.
• O
nce
roas
ted
and
grou
nd, t
he s
eeds
pro
duce
an
exce
llent
dar
k, ric
h fl o
ur w
ith a
nut
ty fl
avou
r. •
Shou
ld b
e ro
aste
d be
fore
use
, not
eat
en r
aw.
Mac
adam
ia N
ut
Mac
adam
ia t
etra
phyl
la
Mac
adam
ia in
tegr
ifolia
Rain
fore
sts
from
N.N
SW u
p in
to Q
ld.
It is
belie
ved
that
M. t
etra
phyll
a is
nativ
e to
the
so
uthe
rn h
alf o
f thi
s ra
nge
and
M. in
tegr
ifolia
to
the
nort
hern
hal
f. O
ccur
s na
tura
lly in
aci
d so
ils
with
a h
igh
hum
us c
onte
nt. M
. tet
raph
ylla
is lis
ted
as v
ulne
rabl
e un
der
NSW
legi
slatio
n.
Rain
fore
st t
ree
with
spi
ky le
aves
and
gre
en
frui
ts in
aut
umn
that
han
g in
bun
ches
, dro
ppin
g sh
iny
seed
s up
to
3cm
. M. in
tegr
ifolia
per
form
s be
tter
in w
arm
er c
ondi
tions
. Sou
ther
n gr
ower
s us
e M
.tetra
phyll
a as
roo
t st
ock
for
graf
ting
M.in
tegr
ifolia
. Gra
fted
tree
s be
ar a
fter
4 ye
ars
whe
reas
see
dlin
g tr
ees
take
10
year
s to
bea
r.
• M
acad
amia
s ar
e a
maj
or in
dust
ry in
the
Nor
ther
n Ri
vers
. •
Nut
s ar
e su
pplie
d ra
w, r
oast
ed o
r ro
aste
d an
d sa
lted
by t
he p
roce
ssor
.•
Sold
as
cold
pre
ssed
oil
for
sala
ds a
nd c
ooki
ng.
• Pr
oces
sed
into
gou
r met
sau
ces
and
shor
tbre
ads,
ice
crea
m p
rodu
cts
and
conf
ectio
nery
.
Mid
yim
Aus
trom
yrtu
s du
lcis
Coa
stal
pla
nt o
ccur
ring
betw
een
Gra
fton
& F
rase
r Isl
and.
Nee
ds w
ell-d
rain
ed s
andy
soi
l.A
sm
all s
hrub
1-
2m h
igh
with
opp
osite
leav
es,
smal
l whi
te fl
ower
s an
d so
ft sp
eckl
ed w
hite
be
rrie
s. Fr
uits
in s
umm
er a
nd a
utum
n.
• O
ne o
f Aus
tral
ia’s
tast
iest
wild
frui
ts.
• U
sed
fresh
.•
Also
use
d in
des
sert
s an
d sa
uces
.
Page 16 Page 17
Nat
ive
Ras
pber
ries
Rub
us p
arvi
foliu
sR
ubus
ros
ifoliu
sR
ubus
mol
ucca
nus
var.
trilo
bus
Foun
d in
N. N
SW. R
. par
vifol
ius
occu
rs in
ope
n fo
rest
s an
d on
san
d be
hind
bea
ches
and
R.
rosif
oliu
s gr
ows
on r
ainf
ores
t m
argi
ns a
nd in
gu
llies.
They
tol
erat
e re
ason
ably
hig
h te
mpe
ratu
res.
R. m
oluc
canu
s va
r. tri
lobu
s is
com
mon
thr
ough
out
NSW
.
Thes
e cr
eepe
rs w
ith w
hite
or
pink
fl ow
ers
prod
uce
tast
y fr
uits
1 -
2 c
m in
size
afte
r 2
- 3
year
s. Fr
uitin
g oc
curs
in la
te s
umm
er a
nd a
utum
n.
They
bea
r he
avily
, but
req
uire
fairl
y in
tens
ive
mai
nten
ance
and
han
d ha
rves
ting
as t
he fr
uit
is ea
sily
spoi
led.
R. r
osifl
orus
is le
ss s
wee
t th
an R
. pa
rvifo
lius.
R. m
oluc
canu
s va
r. tri
lobu
s ha
s a
dist
inct
ly
3-lo
bed
leaf
, mos
tly p
ink
peta
ls an
d gr
eyish
hai
rs
on t
he le
af s
talk
s an
d br
anch
lets
.
• Sm
all r
ed fr
uits
are
ver
y su
ccul
ent
and
tast
y. •
Thou
gh u
sual
ly s
old
froze
n th
ey a
re s
omet
imes
sol
d fre
sh a
t lo
cal
mar
kets
.•
Proc
esse
d in
to ja
m, s
yrup
or
vine
gar.
•
R. p
arvif
oliu
s is
also
nat
ive
to Ja
pan
whe
re it
is m
ade
into
win
e.•
Drie
d le
aves
use
d th
erap
eutic
ally
as
tea
for
clea
nsin
g bl
ood.
Nat
ive
Ros
ella
Hib
iscu
s he
tero
phyl
lus
Foun
d in
sha
dy e
ucal
ypt
fore
st a
nd r
ainf
ores
t m
argi
ns i
n N
SW a
nd Q
ld. G
row
s in
soi
ls ra
ngin
g fro
m lo
am t
o gr
aniti
c gr
avel
.
Tall
shru
b or
sm
all t
ree
with
pric
kly
stem
s an
d pa
lmat
e le
aves
. Gro
ws
in 3
- 6
m h
igh.
3 y
ears
to
mat
urity
. The
ros
ella
has
yel
low
, pin
k or
whi
te
fl ow
ers
with
a d
eep
red
cent
re. I
t fl o
wer
s pr
ofus
ely.
• Ja
m a
nd je
llies
can
be m
ade
from
the
frui
t.•
Tart
fl av
our
with
a r
aspb
erry
, rhu
barb
, plu
m q
ualit
y. •
Leav
es m
ake
a go
od s
ubst
itute
for
spin
ach.
•
Flow
ers
can
be e
aten
in s
alad
s.•
Flow
ers
are
sold
eith
er a
s fre
sh a
nd u
ncle
aned
or
clea
ned
and
froze
n.•
Fibr
e us
ed fo
r pa
per
prod
uctio
n. •
Iden
tifi e
d as
hav
ing
pote
ntia
l to
be a
n ec
onom
ical
ly v
iabl
e fl o
ricul
ture
spe
cies
.
Pigf
ace
Beac
h Ba
nana
Car
pobr
otus
gla
uces
cens
Foun
d in
NSW
and
Qld
. Gro
wn
on s
andy
soi
ls.Le
aves
are
thi
ck a
nd fl
eshy
and
tria
ngul
ar.
Flow
ers
have
shi
ny p
urpl
e-pi
nk p
etal
s. Th
e pu
rplis
h-re
d fr
uit
is a
succ
ulen
t ed
ible
ber
ry a
bout
2c
m lo
ng a
nd 5
- 1
0mm
thi
ck. F
ruits
rip
en in
su
mm
er a
nd a
utum
n.
• Fr
uits
are
gen
eral
ly s
old
froze
n.
• Fl
eshy
leav
es a
re a
lso e
dibl
e.
Rib
erry
Che
rry
Ald
er
Euge
nia
lueh
man
nii
Syzy
gium
lueh
man
nii
Com
mon
in r
ainf
ores
ts o
n sa
ndy
soil
near
the
be
ach
in N
SW a
nd Q
ld b
ut g
row
s w
ell i
n a
rang
e of
situ
atio
ns. G
row
in fu
ll su
n to
par
tial s
hade
. Pr
otec
t yo
ung
tree
s fro
m fr
ost.
Nee
ds n
on–l
imey
, m
oist
soi
l.
Dec
orat
ive
smal
l tre
e di
stin
guish
able
by
its s
mal
l le
aves
whi
ch a
re d
raw
n ou
t in
to a
long
tap
erin
g po
int.
Frui
ts in
sum
mer
. Pro
duce
s m
asse
s of
pin
k-re
d pe
ar s
hape
d fr
uit
that
are
10
- 15
mm
long
. M
atur
e tr
ees
can
yiel
d up
to
80kg
.
• U
sed
in w
ild fo
od r
esta
uran
ts in
sau
ces
and
dess
erts
.•
Tast
es o
f cin
nam
on a
nd c
love
s.•
Sold
froz
en.
• Pr
oces
sed
into
sau
ces
and
pres
erve
s.
Riv
er M
int
Men
tha
aust
ralis
Ofte
n fo
und
alon
g w
ater
way
s, w
etla
nds
and
in
moi
st fo
rest
s in
S. A
ustr
alia
, Vic
, Qld
and
NSW
. A
str
aggl
y m
int
bush
with
long
woo
dy s
tem
s up
to
30
- 40
cm lo
ng w
ith p
ale
gree
n po
inte
d Ie
aves
(3
- 5
cm lo
ng)
that
hav
e a
serr
ated
edg
e.
• Th
e le
aves
hav
e a
won
derfu
lly p
unge
nt fr
esh
spea
rmin
t ar
oma
and
fl avo
ur.
Sea
Pars
ley
Sea
Cel
ery
Api
um p
rost
ratu
m
Coa
stal
fore
shor
e ar
eas
and
som
e in
land
w
ater
way
s of
Qld
and
NSW
. With
stan
ds fu
ll co
asta
l for
esho
re e
xpos
ure.
Lig
hter
tex
ture
d so
ils.
Tole
rate
s al
kalin
e so
il co
nditi
ons
and
tole
rate
s m
oder
ate
frost
s.
Fast
gro
win
g, bi
enni
al o
r pe
renn
ial t
o 1m
dia
met
er.
Smal
l clu
ster
s of
cre
amy
fl ow
ers
thro
ugho
ut
sum
mer
and
aut
umn.
Bro
ad-le
af fo
rm h
as g
loss
y gr
een
leav
es t
he s
ize a
nd s
hape
of p
arsle
y. N
arro
w-le
af fo
rm h
as c
eler
y-sh
aped
and
size
d le
aves
. Pro
duce
s be
tter
qua
lity
leav
es w
ith s
ome
shad
e. R
equi
res
adeq
uate
wat
er t
o pr
oduc
e w
ell.
• In
tens
e pa
rsle
y/ce
lery
fl av
oure
d le
aves
may
be
pick
ed a
t an
y tim
e of
the
yea
r.•
Use
d as
a g
arni
sh o
r to
fl av
our
sala
ds, s
oups
, sea
food
s, st
ews
and
cass
erol
es.
SOM
E I
ND
IGE
NO
US
HE
RB
S, S
HR
UB
S A
ND
TR
EE
S O
F T
HE
NO
RT
HE
RN
RIV
ER
S R
EG
ION
WIT
H E
XIS
TIN
G C
OM
ME
RC
IAL
MA
RK
ET
S
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
atur
al D
istr
ibut
ion/
Clim
ate/
Soil
Type
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
AT
UR
AL
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N/C
LIM
AT
E /SO
IL T
YPE
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
Slen
der
Min
t
Men
tha
diem
enic
a
N. N
SW. G
ener
ally
foun
d in
moi
st p
lace
s al
ong
stre
ams,
river
s or
sw
amps
and
in lo
wer
ra
infa
ll ar
eas
(up
to 4
00 m
m)
in c
oast
al a
nd a
lpin
e re
gion
s. G
row
s ra
pidl
y af
ter
rain
s on
alk
alin
e an
d ac
idic
soi
ls. P
refe
rs a
sun
ny, m
oder
atel
y w
ater
ed t
o da
mp
posit
ion.
Tole
rate
s fro
sts.
Die
s ba
ck d
urin
g dr
ough
ts t
o its
und
ergr
ound
rhi
zom
es o
nly
to
re-e
mer
ge. T
oler
ates
full
sun
to h
eavy
sha
de.
Har
dy, f
ast
grow
ing,
pere
nnia
l with
sm
all o
val-
shap
ed le
aves
and
a d
ense
mat
-form
ing
habi
t. St
rong
sce
nt /fl
avo
ur a
nd m
asse
s of
mau
ve
fl ow
ers
in t
he w
arm
er m
onth
s. It
can
beco
me
inva
sive
but
can
be c
ontr
olle
d by
rem
oval
of
the
suck
ers.
• St
rong
cul
inar
y he
rb w
ith a
uni
que
“spe
arm
int”
fl av
our.
It is
gene
rally
us
ed s
parin
gly
to p
rovi
de a
sub
tle fl
avou
r. •
Can
be
used
in t
he s
ame
way
as
the
com
mon
min
t an
d ad
ded
to c
ool
sum
mer
drin
ks.
Tea
Tree
Mel
aleu
ca a
ltern
ifolia
Coa
stal
sw
ampl
ands
and
roc
ky s
trea
m b
anks
of
N. N
SW a
nd S
. Qld
. It
will
cope
with
dry
and
w
et s
ituat
ions
.
Ever
gree
n sh
rub
or s
mal
l tre
e up
to
6m h
igh
with
pa
le p
aper
y ba
rk a
nd w
hite
feat
hery
fl ow
ers
in
sprin
g an
d su
mm
er. I
t ha
s ar
omat
ic fo
liage
and
va
luab
le o
il is
extr
acte
d fro
m t
he le
aves
. Tea
Tre
e oi
l has
gre
at g
erm
icid
al p
rope
rtie
s
• Te
a tr
ee o
il is
an in
tern
atio
nal i
ndus
try.
• U
sed
for
its s
tron
g an
tibac
teria
l pro
pert
ies
in d
entis
try,
deod
oran
ts,
soap
s, m
outh
was
hes.
• W
ood
is ve
ry d
urab
le in
wet
con
ditio
ns a
nd in
dam
p gr
ound
.
Wat
tle S
eed
Aca
cia
cori
acea
A
caci
a an
eura
A
caci
a ho
lose
rice
a
Aca
cia
sten
ophy
lla
Aca
cia
vict
oria
e A
caci
a lig
ulat
a
N. N
SW .
Soil
cond
ition
s va
ry fo
r ea
ch s
peci
es.
Shru
bs o
r tr
ees
to 1
0m. A
caci
as p
rodu
ce la
rge
quan
titie
s of
edi
ble
seed
. See
d av
aila
ble
alm
ost
all y
ear
roun
d. P
lant
s fi x
nitr
ogen
in t
he s
oil.
Som
e of
thi
s ni
trog
en is
use
d by
the
gro
win
g pl
ant
but
som
e ca
n al
so b
e us
ed b
y ot
her
plan
ts
grow
ing
near
by.
• So
me
seed
s su
ch a
s A.
cor
iace
a ar
e ea
ten
gree
n.•
A. a
neur
a an
d A.
hol
oser
icea
are
mille
d.
• D
ark
brow
n w
attle
see
d fl o
ur w
ith it
s ch
ocol
ate/
coffe
e/ha
zeln
ut fl
avou
r is
used
as
a fl a
vour
ing
in m
any
diffe
rent
app
licat
ions
, bot
h sw
eet
and
savo
ury,
and
as a
hot
drin
k.•
Sold
gro
und
and
in m
anuf
actu
red
prod
ucts
.•
Leav
es a
re a
lso e
cono
mic
ally
impo
rtan
t.
War
riga
l Gre
ens
(pre
vious
ly kn
own
as N
ew Z
eala
nd S
pina
ch
or B
otan
y Ba
y G
reen
s)
Tetr
agon
ia t
etra
goni
oide
s
Coa
stal
are
as o
f Qld
. and
NSW
and
sem
i-arid
to
arid
are
as a
djac
ent
to in
land
wat
erw
ays
and
depr
essio
ns .
Sand
y so
ils o
r lig
hter
tex
ture
d so
ils
unde
r w
ide
rang
e of
rai
nfal
l con
ditio
ns. T
oler
ates
pa
rtia
l sha
de t
o fu
ll su
n.
Qui
ck g
row
ing,
hard
y an
d vi
goro
us, a
nnua
l,sp
raw
ling
plan
t, w
ith s
oft
folia
ge a
nd s
tem
s. C
an
spre
ad t
o ar
ound
2 m
etre
s. Sm
all g
reen
ish y
ello
w
fl ow
ers
thro
ugho
ut m
ost
of t
he y
ear.
Larg
e an
gula
r le
aves
are
em
eral
d-gr
een
and
sem
i-su
ccul
ent.
Requ
ires
adeq
uate
wat
er a
nd n
utrit
ion
for
rapi
d gr
owth
ove
r su
mm
er. S
low
gro
wth
rat
es
prod
uce
a bi
tter
tas
te in
the
leav
es. W
ill co
ntin
ue
grow
ing
for
arou
nd 2
yea
rs –
sel
f see
ding
on
wel
l dr
aine
d so
ils.
• U
sed
in t
he r
esta
uran
t tr
ade
cook
ed a
s sp
inac
h or
asia
n gr
eens
or
blan
ched
in s
alad
s.•
Also
use
d in
pes
to, q
uich
es, s
tuffi
ngs
and
past
a.•
Ofte
n av
aila
b le
fresh
as
wel
l as
froze
n.
Wild
Bas
il
Oci
mum
am
eric
anum
Drie
r re
gion
s of
cen
tral
, coa
stal
and
inla
nd Q
ld,
usua
lly a
long
wat
er c
ours
es, u
nder
a w
ide
rang
e of
ra
infa
ll an
d so
il co
nditi
ons.
Thriv
es o
n a
wid
e ra
nge
of s
oils.
Fro
st t
ende
r. Fu
ll su
n to
par
tial s
hade
. N
eeds
mod
erat
e w
ater
ing
and
bene
fi ts
from
fre
quen
t sid
e dr
essin
gs o
f org
anic
fert
iliser
dur
ing
the
grow
ing
seas
on.
Fast
gro
win
g, co
mpa
ct p
eren
nial
shr
ubby
her
b,
usua
lly 3
00 t
o 60
0 m
m h
igh
unde
r cu
ltiva
tion.
Ro
unde
d le
aves
are
cov
ered
with
ver
y fi n
e ha
irs,
and
whe
n cr
ushe
d re
leas
e a
pow
erfu
l aro
ma
simila
r to
com
mon
bas
il, bu
t un
ique
to
this
spec
ies.
Prod
uces
spr
ays
of p
urpl
e, la
vend
er-li
ke fl
ower
s to
80
mm
long
dur
ing
war
mer
mon
ths.
Leav
es c
an
be p
icke
d at
any
tim
e of
the
yea
r.
• St
rong
ly li
me
scen
ted
leaf
with
a h
int
of s
wee
t ba
sil.
• U
sed
as a
gar
nish
, or
to fl
avo u
r sa
lads
, sou
ps, s
tew
s, ca
sser
oles
, and
in
pes
to.
• W
hen
soak
ed in
wat
er t
he s
eeds
sw
ell i
nto
a ge
latin
ous
mas
s an
d ca
n be
use
d to
thi
cken
and
fl av
our
soup
s, or
as
an in
gred
ient
in s
wee
t, co
olin
g be
vera
ges.
Page 18
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
AT
UR
AL
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N/C
LIM
AT
E /SO
IL T
YPE
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
Slen
der
Min
t
Men
tha
diem
enic
a
N. N
SW. G
ener
ally
foun
d in
moi
st p
lace
s al
ong
stre
ams,
river
s or
sw
amps
and
in lo
wer
ra
infa
ll ar
eas
(up
to 4
00 m
m)
in c
oast
al a
nd a
lpin
e re
gion
s. G
row
s ra
pidl
y af
ter
rain
s on
alk
alin
e an
d ac
idic
soi
ls. P
refe
rs a
sun
ny, m
oder
atel
y w
ater
ed t
o da
mp
posit
ion.
Tole
rate
s fro
sts.
Die
s ba
ck d
urin
g dr
ough
ts t
o its
und
ergr
ound
rhi
zom
es o
nly
to
re-e
mer
ge. T
oler
ates
full
sun
to h
eavy
sha
de.
Har
dy, f
ast
grow
ing,
pere
nnia
l with
sm
all o
val-
shap
ed le
aves
and
a d
ense
mat
-form
ing
habi
t. St
rong
sce
nt /fl
avo
ur a
nd m
asse
s of
mau
ve
fl ow
ers
in t
he w
arm
er m
onth
s. It
can
beco
me
inva
sive
but
can
be c
ontr
olle
d by
rem
oval
of
the
suck
ers.
• St
rong
cul
inar
y he
rb w
ith a
uni
que
“spe
arm
int”
fl av
our.
It is
gene
rally
us
ed s
parin
gly
to p
rovi
de a
sub
tle fl
avou
r. •
Can
be
used
in t
he s
ame
way
as
the
com
mon
min
t an
d ad
ded
to c
ool
sum
mer
drin
ks.
Tea
Tree
Mel
aleu
ca a
ltern
ifolia
Coa
stal
sw
ampl
ands
and
roc
ky s
trea
m b
anks
of
N. N
SW a
nd S
. Qld
. It
will
cope
with
dry
and
w
et s
ituat
ions
.
Ever
gree
n sh
rub
or s
mal
l tre
e up
to
6m h
igh
with
pa
le p
aper
y ba
rk a
nd w
hite
feat
hery
fl ow
ers
in
sprin
g an
d su
mm
er. I
t ha
s ar
omat
ic fo
liage
and
va
luab
le o
il is
extr
acte
d fro
m t
he le
aves
. Tea
Tre
e oi
l has
gre
at g
erm
icid
al p
rope
rtie
s
• Te
a tr
ee o
il is
an in
tern
atio
nal i
ndus
try.
• U
sed
for
its s
tron
g an
tibac
teria
l pro
pert
ies
in d
entis
try,
deod
oran
ts,
soap
s, m
outh
was
hes.
• W
ood
is ve
ry d
urab
le in
wet
con
ditio
ns a
nd in
dam
p gr
ound
.
Wat
tle S
eed
Aca
cia
cori
acea
A
caci
a an
eura
A
caci
a ho
lose
rice
a
Aca
cia
sten
ophy
lla
Aca
cia
vict
oria
e A
caci
a lig
ulat
a
N. N
SW .
Soil
cond
ition
s va
ry fo
r ea
ch s
peci
es.
Shru
bs o
r tr
ees
to 1
0m. A
caci
as p
rodu
ce la
rge
quan
titie
s of
edi
ble
seed
. See
d av
aila
ble
alm
ost
all y
ear
roun
d. P
lant
s fi x
nitr
ogen
in t
he s
oil.
Som
e of
thi
s ni
trog
en is
use
d by
the
gro
win
g pl
ant
but
som
e ca
n al
so b
e us
ed b
y ot
her
plan
ts
grow
ing
near
by.
• So
me
seed
s su
ch a
s A.
cor
iace
a ar
e ea
ten
gree
n.•
A. a
neur
a an
d A.
hol
oser
icea
are
mille
d.
• D
ark
brow
n w
attle
see
d fl o
ur w
ith it
s ch
ocol
ate/
coffe
e/ha
zeln
ut fl
avou
r is
used
as
a fl a
vour
ing
in m
any
diffe
rent
app
licat
ions
, bot
h sw
eet
and
savo
ury,
and
as a
hot
drin
k.•
Sold
gro
und
and
in m
anuf
actu
red
prod
ucts
.•
Leav
es a
re a
lso e
cono
mic
ally
impo
rtan
t.
War
riga
l Gre
ens
(pre
vious
ly kn
own
as N
ew Z
eala
nd S
pina
ch
or B
otan
y Ba
y G
reen
s)
Tetr
agon
ia t
etra
goni
oide
s
Coa
stal
are
as o
f Qld
. and
NSW
and
sem
i-arid
to
arid
are
as a
djac
ent
to in
land
wat
erw
ays
and
depr
essio
ns .
Sand
y so
ils o
r lig
hter
tex
ture
d so
ils
unde
r w
ide
rang
e of
rai
nfal
l con
ditio
ns. T
oler
ates
pa
rtia
l sha
de t
o fu
ll su
n.
Qui
ck g
row
ing,
hard
y an
d vi
goro
us, a
nnua
l,sp
raw
ling
plan
t, w
ith s
oft
folia
ge a
nd s
tem
s. C
an
spre
ad t
o ar
ound
2 m
etre
s. Sm
all g
reen
ish y
ello
w
fl ow
ers
thro
ugho
ut m
ost
of t
he y
ear.
Larg
e an
gula
r le
aves
are
em
eral
d-gr
een
and
sem
i-su
ccul
ent.
Requ
ires
adeq
uate
wat
er a
nd n
utrit
ion
for
rapi
d gr
owth
ove
r su
mm
er. S
low
gro
wth
rat
es
prod
uce
a bi
tter
tas
te in
the
leav
es. W
ill co
ntin
ue
grow
ing
for
arou
nd 2
yea
rs –
sel
f see
ding
on
wel
l dr
aine
d so
ils.
• U
sed
in t
he r
esta
uran
t tr
ade
cook
ed a
s sp
inac
h or
asia
n gr
eens
or
blan
ched
in s
alad
s.•
Also
use
d in
pes
to, q
uich
es, s
tuffi
ngs
and
past
a.•
Ofte
n av
aila
b le
fresh
as
wel
l as
froze
n.
Wild
Bas
il
Oci
mum
am
eric
anum
Drie
r re
gion
s of
cen
tral
, coa
stal
and
inla
nd Q
ld,
usua
lly a
long
wat
er c
ours
es, u
nder
a w
ide
rang
e of
ra
infa
ll an
d so
il co
nditi
ons.
Thriv
es o
n a
wid
e ra
nge
of s
oils.
Fro
st t
ende
r. Fu
ll su
n to
par
tial s
hade
. N
eeds
mod
erat
e w
ater
ing
and
bene
fi ts
from
fre
quen
t sid
e dr
essin
gs o
f org
anic
fert
iliser
dur
ing
the
grow
ing
seas
on.
Fast
gro
win
g, co
mpa
ct p
eren
nial
shr
ubby
her
b,
usua
lly 3
00 t
o 60
0 m
m h
igh
unde
r cu
ltiva
tion.
Ro
unde
d le
aves
are
cov
ered
with
ver
y fi n
e ha
irs,
and
whe
n cr
ushe
d re
leas
e a
pow
erfu
l aro
ma
simila
r to
com
mon
bas
il, bu
t un
ique
to
this
spec
ies.
Prod
uces
spr
ays
of p
urpl
e, la
vend
er-li
ke fl
ower
s to
80
mm
long
dur
ing
war
mer
mon
ths.
Leav
es c
an
be p
icke
d at
any
tim
e of
the
yea
r.
• St
rong
ly li
me
scen
ted
leaf
with
a h
int
of s
wee
t ba
sil.
• U
sed
as a
gar
nish
, or
to fl
avo u
r sa
lads
, sou
ps, s
tew
s, ca
sser
oles
, and
in
pes
to.
• W
hen
soak
ed in
wat
er t
he s
eeds
sw
ell i
nto
a ge
latin
ous
mas
s an
d ca
n be
use
d to
thi
cken
and
fl av
our
soup
s, or
as
an in
gred
ient
in s
wee
t, co
olin
g be
vera
ges.
Page 18 Page 19
Nat
ive
Ras
pber
ries
Rub
us p
arvi
foliu
sR
ubus
ros
ifoliu
sR
ubus
mol
ucca
nus
var.
trilo
bus
Foun
d in
N. N
SW. R
. par
vifol
ius
occu
rs in
ope
n fo
rest
s an
d on
san
d be
hind
bea
ches
and
R.
rosif
oliu
s gr
ows
on r
ainf
ores
t m
argi
ns a
nd in
gu
llies.
They
tol
erat
e re
ason
ably
hig
h te
mpe
ratu
res.
R. m
oluc
canu
s va
r. tri
lobu
s is
com
mon
thr
ough
out
NSW
.
Thes
e cr
eepe
rs w
ith w
hite
or
pink
fl ow
ers
prod
uce
tast
y fr
uits
1 -
2 c
m in
size
afte
r 2
- 3
year
s. Fr
uitin
g oc
curs
in la
te s
umm
er a
nd a
utum
n.
They
bea
r he
avily
, but
req
uire
fairl
y in
tens
ive
mai
nten
ance
and
han
d ha
rves
ting
as t
he fr
uit
is ea
sily
spoi
led.
R. r
osifl
orus
is le
ss s
wee
t th
an R
. pa
rvifo
lius.
R. m
oluc
canu
s va
r. tri
lobu
s ha
s a
dist
inct
ly
3-lo
bed
leaf
, mos
tly p
ink
peta
ls an
d gr
eyish
hai
rs
on t
he le
af s
talk
s an
d br
anch
lets
.
• Sm
all r
ed fr
uits
are
ver
y su
ccul
ent
and
tast
y. •
Thou
gh u
sual
ly s
old
froze
n th
ey a
re s
omet
imes
sol
d fre
sh a
t lo
cal
mar
kets
.•
Proc
esse
d in
to ja
m, s
yrup
or
vine
gar.
•
R. p
arvif
oliu
s is
also
nat
ive
to Ja
pan
whe
re it
is m
ade
into
win
e.•
Drie
d le
aves
use
d th
erap
eutic
ally
as
tea
for
clea
nsin
g bl
ood.
Nat
ive
Ros
ella
Hib
iscu
s he
tero
phyl
lus
Foun
d in
sha
dy e
ucal
ypt
fore
st a
nd r
ainf
ores
t m
argi
ns i
n N
SW a
nd Q
ld. G
row
s in
soi
ls ra
ngin
g fro
m lo
am t
o gr
aniti
c gr
avel
.
Tall
shru
b or
sm
all t
ree
with
pric
kly
stem
s an
d pa
lmat
e le
aves
. Gro
ws
in 3
- 6
m h
igh.
3 y
ears
to
mat
urity
. The
ros
ella
has
yel
low
, pin
k or
whi
te
fl ow
ers
with
a d
eep
red
cent
re. I
t fl o
wer
s pr
ofus
ely.
• Ja
m a
nd je
llies
can
be m
ade
from
the
frui
t.•
Tart
fl av
our
with
a r
aspb
erry
, rhu
barb
, plu
m q
ualit
y. •
Leav
es m
ake
a go
od s
ubst
itute
for
spin
ach.
•
Flow
ers
can
be e
aten
in s
alad
s.•
Flow
ers
are
sold
eith
er a
s fre
sh a
nd u
ncle
aned
or
clea
ned
and
froze
n.•
Fibr
e us
ed fo
r pa
per
prod
uctio
n. •
Iden
tifi e
d as
hav
ing
pote
ntia
l to
be a
n ec
onom
ical
ly v
iabl
e fl o
ricul
ture
spe
cies
.
Pigf
ace
Beac
h Ba
nana
Car
pobr
otus
gla
uces
cens
Foun
d in
NSW
and
Qld
. Gro
wn
on s
andy
soi
ls.Le
aves
are
thi
ck a
nd fl
eshy
and
tria
ngul
ar.
Flow
ers
have
shi
ny p
urpl
e-pi
nk p
etal
s. Th
e pu
rplis
h-re
d fr
uit
is a
succ
ulen
t ed
ible
ber
ry a
bout
2c
m lo
ng a
nd 5
- 1
0mm
thi
ck. F
ruits
rip
en in
su
mm
er a
nd a
utum
n.
• Fr
uits
are
gen
eral
ly s
old
froze
n.
• Fl
eshy
leav
es a
re a
lso e
dibl
e.
Rib
erry
Che
rry
Ald
er
Euge
nia
lueh
man
nii
Syzy
gium
lueh
man
nii
Com
mon
in r
ainf
ores
ts o
n sa
ndy
soil
near
the
be
ach
in N
SW a
nd Q
ld b
ut g
row
s w
ell i
n a
rang
e of
situ
atio
ns. G
row
in fu
ll su
n to
par
tial s
hade
. Pr
otec
t yo
ung
tree
s fro
m fr
ost.
Nee
ds n
on–l
imey
, m
oist
soi
l.
Dec
orat
ive
smal
l tre
e di
stin
guish
able
by
its s
mal
l le
aves
whi
ch a
re d
raw
n ou
t in
to a
long
tap
erin
g po
int.
Frui
ts in
sum
mer
. Pro
duce
s m
asse
s of
pin
k-re
d pe
ar s
hape
d fr
uit
that
are
10
- 15
mm
long
. M
atur
e tr
ees
can
yiel
d up
to
80kg
.
• U
sed
in w
ild fo
od r
esta
uran
ts in
sau
ces
and
dess
erts
.•
Tast
es o
f cin
nam
on a
nd c
love
s.•
Sold
froz
en.
• Pr
oces
sed
into
sau
ces
and
pres
erve
s.
Riv
er M
int
Men
tha
aust
ralis
Ofte
n fo
und
alon
g w
ater
way
s, w
etla
nds
and
in
moi
st fo
rest
s in
S. A
ustr
alia
, Vic
, Qld
and
NSW
. A
str
aggl
y m
int
bush
with
long
woo
dy s
tem
s up
to
30
- 40
cm lo
ng w
ith p
ale
gree
n po
inte
d Ie
aves
(3
- 5
cm lo
ng)
that
hav
e a
serr
ated
edg
e.
• Th
e le
aves
hav
e a
won
derfu
lly p
unge
nt fr
esh
spea
rmin
t ar
oma
and
fl avo
ur.
Sea
Pars
ley
Sea
Cel
ery
Api
um p
rost
ratu
m
Coa
stal
fore
shor
e ar
eas
and
som
e in
land
w
ater
way
s of
Qld
and
NSW
. With
stan
ds fu
ll co
asta
l for
esho
re e
xpos
ure.
Lig
hter
tex
ture
d so
ils.
Tole
rate
s al
kalin
e so
il co
nditi
ons
and
tole
rate
s m
oder
ate
frost
s.
Fast
gro
win
g, bi
enni
al o
r pe
renn
ial t
o 1m
dia
met
er.
Smal
l clu
ster
s of
cre
amy
fl ow
ers
thro
ugho
ut
sum
mer
and
aut
umn.
Bro
ad-le
af fo
rm h
as g
loss
y gr
een
leav
es t
he s
ize a
nd s
hape
of p
arsle
y. N
arro
w-le
af fo
rm h
as c
eler
y-sh
aped
and
size
d le
aves
. Pro
duce
s be
tter
qua
lity
leav
es w
ith s
ome
shad
e. R
equi
res
adeq
uate
wat
er t
o pr
oduc
e w
ell.
• In
tens
e pa
rsle
y/ce
lery
fl av
oure
d le
aves
may
be
pick
ed a
t an
y tim
e of
the
yea
r.•
Use
d as
a g
arni
sh o
r to
fl av
our
sala
ds, s
oups
, sea
food
s, st
ews
and
cass
erol
es.
SOM
E I
ND
IGE
NO
US
HE
RB
S, S
HR
UB
S A
ND
TR
EE
S O
F T
HE
NO
RT
HE
RN
RIV
ER
S R
EG
ION
WIT
H E
XIS
TIN
G C
OM
ME
RC
IAL
MA
RK
ET
S
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
atur
al D
istr
ibut
ion/
Clim
ate/
Soil
Type
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
AT
UR
AL
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N/C
LIM
AT
E /SO
IL T
YPE
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
Slen
der
Min
t
Men
tha
diem
enic
a
N. N
SW. G
ener
ally
foun
d in
moi
st p
lace
s al
ong
stre
ams,
river
s or
sw
amps
and
in lo
wer
ra
infa
ll ar
eas
(up
to 4
00 m
m)
in c
oast
al a
nd a
lpin
e re
gion
s. G
row
s ra
pidl
y af
ter
rain
s on
alk
alin
e an
d ac
idic
soi
ls. P
refe
rs a
sun
ny, m
oder
atel
y w
ater
ed t
o da
mp
posit
ion.
Tole
rate
s fro
sts.
Die
s ba
ck d
urin
g dr
ough
ts t
o its
und
ergr
ound
rhi
zom
es o
nly
to
re-e
mer
ge. T
oler
ates
full
sun
to h
eavy
sha
de.
Har
dy, f
ast
grow
ing,
pere
nnia
l with
sm
all o
val-
shap
ed le
aves
and
a d
ense
mat
-form
ing
habi
t. St
rong
sce
nt /fl
avo
ur a
nd m
asse
s of
mau
ve
fl ow
ers
in t
he w
arm
er m
onth
s. It
can
beco
me
inva
sive
but
can
be c
ontr
olle
d by
rem
oval
of
the
suck
ers.
• St
rong
cul
inar
y he
rb w
ith a
uni
que
“spe
arm
int”
fl av
our.
It is
gene
rally
us
ed s
parin
gly
to p
rovi
de a
sub
tle fl
avou
r. •
Can
be
used
in t
he s
ame
way
as
the
com
mon
min
t an
d ad
ded
to c
ool
sum
mer
drin
ks.
Tea
Tree
Mel
aleu
ca a
ltern
ifolia
Coa
stal
sw
ampl
ands
and
roc
ky s
trea
m b
anks
of
N. N
SW a
nd S
. Qld
. It
will
cope
with
dry
and
w
et s
ituat
ions
.
Ever
gree
n sh
rub
or s
mal
l tre
e up
to
6m h
igh
with
pa
le p
aper
y ba
rk a
nd w
hite
feat
hery
fl ow
ers
in
sprin
g an
d su
mm
er. I
t ha
s ar
omat
ic fo
liage
and
va
luab
le o
il is
extr
acte
d fro
m t
he le
aves
. Tea
Tre
e oi
l has
gre
at g
erm
icid
al p
rope
rtie
s
• Te
a tr
ee o
il is
an in
tern
atio
nal i
ndus
try.
• U
sed
for
its s
tron
g an
tibac
teria
l pro
pert
ies
in d
entis
try,
deod
oran
ts,
soap
s, m
outh
was
hes.
• W
ood
is ve
ry d
urab
le in
wet
con
ditio
ns a
nd in
dam
p gr
ound
.
Wat
tle S
eed
Aca
cia
cori
acea
A
caci
a an
eura
A
caci
a ho
lose
rice
a
Aca
cia
sten
ophy
lla
Aca
cia
vict
oria
e A
caci
a lig
ulat
a
N. N
SW .
Soil
cond
ition
s va
ry fo
r ea
ch s
peci
es.
Shru
bs o
r tr
ees
to 1
0m. A
caci
as p
rodu
ce la
rge
quan
titie
s of
edi
ble
seed
. See
d av
aila
ble
alm
ost
all y
ear
roun
d. P
lant
s fi x
nitr
ogen
in t
he s
oil.
Som
e of
thi
s ni
trog
en is
use
d by
the
gro
win
g pl
ant
but
som
e ca
n al
so b
e us
ed b
y ot
her
plan
ts
grow
ing
near
by.
• So
me
seed
s su
ch a
s A.
cor
iace
a ar
e ea
ten
gree
n.•
A. a
neur
a an
d A.
hol
oser
icea
are
mille
d.
• D
ark
brow
n w
attle
see
d fl o
ur w
ith it
s ch
ocol
ate/
coffe
e/ha
zeln
ut fl
avou
r is
used
as
a fl a
vour
ing
in m
any
diffe
rent
app
licat
ions
, bot
h sw
eet
and
savo
ury,
and
as a
hot
drin
k.•
Sold
gro
und
and
in m
anuf
actu
red
prod
ucts
.•
Leav
es a
re a
lso e
cono
mic
ally
impo
rtan
t.
War
riga
l Gre
ens
(pre
vious
ly kn
own
as N
ew Z
eala
nd S
pina
ch
or B
otan
y Ba
y G
reen
s)
Tetr
agon
ia t
etra
goni
oide
s
Coa
stal
are
as o
f Qld
. and
NSW
and
sem
i-arid
to
arid
are
as a
djac
ent
to in
land
wat
erw
ays
and
depr
essio
ns .
Sand
y so
ils o
r lig
hter
tex
ture
d so
ils
unde
r w
ide
rang
e of
rai
nfal
l con
ditio
ns. T
oler
ates
pa
rtia
l sha
de t
o fu
ll su
n.
Qui
ck g
row
ing,
hard
y an
d vi
goro
us, a
nnua
l,sp
raw
ling
plan
t, w
ith s
oft
folia
ge a
nd s
tem
s. C
an
spre
ad t
o ar
ound
2 m
etre
s. Sm
all g
reen
ish y
ello
w
fl ow
ers
thro
ugho
ut m
ost
of t
he y
ear.
Larg
e an
gula
r le
aves
are
em
eral
d-gr
een
and
sem
i-su
ccul
ent.
Requ
ires
adeq
uate
wat
er a
nd n
utrit
ion
for
rapi
d gr
owth
ove
r su
mm
er. S
low
gro
wth
rat
es
prod
uce
a bi
tter
tas
te in
the
leav
es. W
ill co
ntin
ue
grow
ing
for
arou
nd 2
yea
rs –
sel
f see
ding
on
wel
l dr
aine
d so
ils.
• U
sed
in t
he r
esta
uran
t tr
ade
cook
ed a
s sp
inac
h or
asia
n gr
eens
or
blan
ched
in s
alad
s.•
Also
use
d in
pes
to, q
uich
es, s
tuffi
ngs
and
past
a.•
Ofte
n av
aila
ble
fresh
as
wel
l as
froze
n.
Wild
Bas
il
Oci
mum
am
eric
anum
Drie
r re
gion
s of
cen
tral
, coa
stal
and
inla
nd Q
ld,
usua
lly a
long
wat
er c
ours
es, u
nder
a w
ide
rang
e of
ra
infa
ll an
d so
il co
nditi
ons.
Thriv
es o
n a
wid
e ra
nge
of s
oils.
Fro
st t
ende
r. Fu
ll su
n to
par
tial s
hade
. N
eeds
mod
erat
e w
ater
ing
and
bene
fi ts
from
fre
quen
t sid
e dr
essin
gs o
f org
anic
fert
iliser
dur
ing
the
grow
ing
seas
on.
Fast
gro
win
g, co
mpa
ct p
eren
nial
shr
ubby
her
b,
usua
lly 3
00 t
o 60
0 m
m h
igh
unde
r cu
ltiva
tion.
Ro
unde
d le
aves
are
cov
ered
with
ver
y fi n
e ha
irs,
and
whe
n cr
ushe
d re
leas
e a
pow
erfu
l aro
ma
simila
r to
com
mon
bas
il, bu
t un
ique
to
this
spec
ies.
Prod
uces
spr
ays
of p
urpl
e, la
vend
er-li
ke fl
ower
s to
80
mm
long
dur
ing
war
mer
mon
ths.
Leav
es c
an
be p
icke
d at
any
tim
e of
the
yea
r.
• St
rong
ly li
me
scen
ted
leaf
with
a h
int
of s
wee
t ba
sil.
• U
sed
as a
gar
nish
, or
to fl
avo u
r sa
lads
, sou
ps, s
tew
s, ca
sser
oles
, and
in
pes
to.
• W
hen
soak
ed in
wat
er t
he s
eeds
sw
ell i
nto
a ge
latin
ous
mas
s an
d ca
n be
use
d to
thi
cken
and
fl av
our
soup
s, or
as
an in
gred
ient
in s
wee
t, co
olin
g be
vera
ges.
Page 18
CO
MM
ON N
AM
E
B OT
AN
ICA
L N
AM
EN
AT
UR
AL
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N/C
LIM
AT
E /SO
IL T
YPE
DES
CR
IPT
ION/T
IME
TO
MA
TU
RIT
YC
UR
REN
T U
SES
Slen
der
Min
t
Men
tha
diem
enic
a
N. N
SW. G
ener
ally
foun
d in
moi
st p
lace
s al
ong
stre
ams,
river
s or
sw
amps
and
in lo
wer
ra
infa
ll ar
eas
(up
to 4
00 m
m)
in c
oast
al a
nd a
lpin
e re
gion
s. G
row
s ra
pidl
y af
ter
rain
s on
alk
alin
e an
d ac
idic
soi
ls. P
refe
rs a
sun
ny, m
oder
atel
y w
ater
ed t
o da
mp
posit
ion.
Tole
rate
s fro
sts.
Die
s ba
ck d
urin
g dr
ough
ts t
o its
und
ergr
ound
rhi
zom
es o
nly
to
re-e
mer
ge. T
oler
ates
full
sun
to h
eavy
sha
de.
Har
dy, f
ast
grow
ing,
pere
nnia
l with
sm
all o
val-
shap
ed le
aves
and
a d
ense
mat
-form
ing
habi
t. St
rong
sce
nt /fl
avo
ur a
nd m
asse
s of
mau
ve
fl ow
ers
in t
he w
arm
er m
onth
s. It
can
beco
me
inva
sive
but
can
be c
ontr
olle
d by
rem
oval
of
the
suck
ers.
• St
rong
cul
inar
y he
rb w
ith a
uni
que
“spe
arm
int”
fl av
our.
It is
gene
rally
us
ed s
parin
gly
to p
rovi
de a
sub
tle fl
avou
r. •
Can
be
used
in t
he s
ame
way
as
the
com
mon
min
t an
d ad
ded
to c
ool
sum
mer
drin
ks.
Tea
Tree
Mel
aleu
ca a
ltern
ifolia
Coa
stal
sw
ampl
ands
and
roc
ky s
trea
m b
anks
of
N. N
SW a
nd S
. Qld
. It
will
cope
with
dry
and
w
et s
ituat
ions
.
Ever
gree
n sh
rub
or s
mal
l tre
e up
to
6m h
igh
with
pa
le p
aper
y ba
rk a
nd w
hite
feat
hery
fl ow
ers
in
sprin
g an
d su
mm
er. I
t ha
s ar
omat
ic fo
liage
and
va
luab
le o
il is
extr
acte
d fro
m t
he le
aves
. Tea
Tre
e oi
l has
gre
at g
erm
icid
al p
rope
rtie
s
• Te
a tr
ee o
il is
an in
tern
atio
nal i
ndus
try.
• U
sed
for
its s
tron
g an
tibac
teria
l pro
pert
ies
in d
entis
try,
deod
oran
ts,
soap
s, m
outh
was
hes.
• W
ood
is ve
ry d
urab
le in
wet
con
ditio
ns a
nd in
dam
p gr
ound
.
Wat
tle S
eed
Aca
cia
cori
acea
A
caci
a an
eura
A
caci
a ho
lose
rice
a
Aca
cia
sten
ophy
lla
Aca
cia
vict
oria
e A
caci
a lig
ulat
a
N. N
SW .
Soil
cond
ition
s va
ry fo
r ea
ch s
peci
es.
Shru
bs o
r tr
ees
to 1
0m. A
caci
as p
rodu
ce la
rge
quan
titie
s of
edi
ble
seed
. See
d av
aila
ble
alm
ost
all y
ear
roun
d. P
lant
s fi x
nitr
ogen
in t
he s
oil.
Som
e of
thi
s ni
trog
en is
use
d by
the
gro
win
g pl
ant
but
som
e ca
n al
so b
e us
ed b
y ot
her
plan
ts
grow
ing
near
by.
• So
me
seed
s su
ch a
s A.
cor
iace
a ar
e ea
ten
gree
n.•
A. a
neur
a an
d A.
hol
oser
icea
are
mille
d.
• D
ark
brow
n w
attle
see
d fl o
ur w
ith it
s ch
ocol
ate/
coffe
e/ha
zeln
ut fl
avou
r is
used
as
a fl a
vour
ing
in m
any
diffe
rent
app
licat
ions
, bot
h sw
eet
and
savo
ury,
and
as a
hot
drin
k.•
Sold
gro
und
and
in m
anuf
actu
red
prod
ucts
.•
Leav
es a
re a
lso e
cono
mic
ally
impo
rtan
t.
War
riga
l Gre
ens
(pre
vious
ly kn
own
as N
ew Z
eala
nd S
pina
ch
or B
otan
y Ba
y G
reen
s)
Tetr
agon
ia t
etra
goni
oide
s
Coa
stal
are
as o
f Qld
. and
NSW
and
sem
i-arid
to
arid
are
as a
djac
ent
to in
land
wat
erw
ays
and
depr
essio
ns .
Sand
y so
ils o
r lig
hter
tex
ture
d so
ils
unde
r w
ide
rang
e of
rai
nfal
l con
ditio
ns. T
oler
ates
pa
rtia
l sha
de t
o fu
ll su
n.
Qui
ck g
row
ing,
hard
y an
d vi
goro
us, a
nnua
l,sp
raw
ling
plan
t, w
ith s
oft
folia
ge a
nd s
tem
s. C
an
spre
ad t
o ar
ound
2 m
etre
s. Sm
all g
reen
ish y
ello
w
fl ow
ers
thro
ugho
ut m
ost
of t
he y
ear.
Larg
e an
gula
r le
aves
are
em
eral
d-gr
een
and
sem
i-su
ccul
ent.
Requ
ires
adeq
uate
wat
er a
nd n
utrit
ion
for
rapi
d gr
owth
ove
r su
mm
er. S
low
gro
wth
rat
es
prod
uce
a bi
tter
tas
te in
the
leav
es. W
ill co
ntin
ue
grow
ing
for
arou
nd 2
yea
rs –
sel
f see
ding
on
wel
l dr
aine
d so
ils.
• U
sed
in t
he r
esta
uran
t tr
ade
cook
ed a
s sp
inac
h or
asia
n gr
eens
or
blan
ched
in s
alad
s.•
Also
use
d in
pes
to, q
uich
es, s
tuffi
ngs
and
past
a.•
Ofte
n av
aila
ble
fresh
as
wel
l as
froze
n.
Wild
Bas
il
Oci
mum
am
eric
anum
Drie
r re
gion
s of
cen
tral
, coa
stal
and
inla
nd Q
ld,
usua
lly a
long
wat
er c
ours
es, u
nder
a w
ide
rang
e of
ra
infa
ll an
d so
il co
nditi
ons.
Thriv
es o
n a
wid
e ra
nge
of s
oils.
Fro
st t
ende
r. Fu
ll su
n to
par
tial s
hade
. N
eeds
mod
erat
e w
ater
ing
and
bene
fi ts
from
fre
quen
t sid
e dr
essin
gs o
f org
anic
fert
iliser
dur
ing
the
grow
ing
seas
on.
Fast
gro
win
g, co
mpa
ct p
eren
nial
shr
ubby
her
b,
usua
lly 3
00 t
o 60
0 m
m h
igh
unde
r cu
ltiva
tion.
Ro
unde
d le
aves
are
cov
ered
with
ver
y fi n
e ha
irs,
and
whe
n cr
ushe
d re
leas
e a
pow
erfu
l aro
ma
simila
r to
com
mon
bas
il, bu
t un
ique
to
this
spec
ies.
Prod
uces
spr
ays
of p
urpl
e, la
vend
er-li
ke fl
ower
s to
80
mm
long
dur
ing
war
mer
mon
ths.
Leav
es c
an
be p
icke
d at
any
tim
e of
the
yea
r.
• St
rong
ly li
me
scen
ted
leaf
with
a h
int
of s
wee
t ba
sil.
• U
sed
as a
gar
nish
, or
to fl
avo u
r sa
lads
, sou
ps, s
tew
s, ca
sser
oles
, and
in
pes
to.
• W
hen
soak
ed in
wat
er t
he s
eeds
sw
ell i
nto
a ge
latin
ous
mas
s an
d ca
n be
use
d to
thi
cken
and
fl av
our
soup
s, or
as
an in
gred
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A project of the Northern Rivers Indigenous Reference Group that included representatives from:
• NSW Department of Education and Training New Apprenticeships Centre (DETNAC);
• NSW Department of State and Regional Development (DSRD);• TAFE NSW – North Coast Institute of TAFE;
• Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST);• New Careers for Aboriginal People (NCAP);
• Northern Rivers Regional Development Board (NRRDB); and• The Bundjalung Elders Council Aboriginal Corporation
Commissioned by the Northern Rivers Regional Development Board.Funded by the NSW Board of Vocational Education and Training (BVET).
The Northern Rivers Regional Development Board is supported by the NSW Department of State and Regional Development.
Guide content prepared by Klara Marosszeky.Design including some photography by Alissa Wagner.
Artwork supplied by Aunty Fay Smith. All other photographs generously donated by Hugh Nicholson of Terania
Rainforest Publishing. From Australian Rainforest Plants Volumes 1 - V1
This document is available as a PDF on www.nrrdb.com.au Phone: 02 6622 4011Published September 2006