Starter 11/29Starter 11/29

Write the Write the balancedbalanced formula equation formula equation for:for:

Lithium metal is added to a solution Lithium metal is added to a solution of aluminum sulfate to make of aluminum sulfate to make aqueous lithium sulfate and aqueous lithium sulfate and aluminum metal.aluminum metal.

Ch. 8 Chemical Ch. 8 Chemical Equations and ReactionsEquations and Reactions

8.2a Types of Chemical 8.2a Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions

Types of Chemical Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions

5 basic types discussed here5 basic types discussed here not all reactions fall in these not all reactions fall in these

categoriescategories you should be able to:you should be able to:

categorize a reaction by its reactant(s)categorize a reaction by its reactant(s) predict the product(s)predict the product(s)

1. Synthesis1. Synthesis

also called composition reactionalso called composition reaction combining more than one reactantcombining more than one reactant to make only one productto make only one product

A + X A + X AX AX

where where A forms a cation and A forms a cation and X forms a anionX forms a anion

1. Synthesis1. Synthesis

find ion created by each reactantfind ion created by each reactant crossover to write formula for productcrossover to write formula for product barium metal is reacted with solid barium metal is reacted with solid

sulfur.sulfur. Ba(s) + SBa(s) + S88(s) (s) BaS(s) BaS(s)

magnesium metal reacts with brominemagnesium metal reacts with bromine Mg(s) + BrMg(s) + Br22(l) (l) MgBr MgBr22(s)(s)

1. Synthesis1. Synthesis

Rubidium metal and solid sulfurRubidium metal and solid sulfur

Rb(s) + SRb(s) + S88(s) (s) Rb Rb22S(s)S(s) Magnesium ribbon and oxygen gasMagnesium ribbon and oxygen gas

Mg(s) + OMg(s) + O22(g) (g) MgO(s) MgO(s) solid Sodium and chlorine gassolid Sodium and chlorine gas

Na(s) + ClNa(s) + Cl22(g) (g) NaCl(s) NaCl(s) Magnesium ribbon and fluorine gasMagnesium ribbon and fluorine gas

Mg(s) + FMg(s) + F22(g) (g) MgF MgF22(s)(s)

1. Synthesis1. Synthesis More difficult to predict:More difficult to predict: calcium oxide and watercalcium oxide and water

CaO(s) + HCaO(s) + H22O(l) O(l) Ca(OH) Ca(OH)22(aq)(aq)

sulfur dioxide and watersulfur dioxide and water

SOSO22(g) + H(g) + H22O(l) O(l) H H22SOSO33(aq)(aq)

calcium oxide and sulfur dioxidecalcium oxide and sulfur dioxide

CaO(s) + SOCaO(s) + SO22(g) (g) CaSO CaSO33(s)(s)

2. Decomposition2. Decomposition

opposite of synthesisopposite of synthesis usually require energyusually require energy breaking apart one reactantbreaking apart one reactant to make more than one productto make more than one product

AX AX A + X A + X

2. Decomposition2. Decomposition

find elements that will be createdfind elements that will be created write them in natural statewrite them in natural state Solid silver oxide is heated.Solid silver oxide is heated.

AgAg22O(s) O(s) Ag(s) + O Ag(s) + O22(s)(s)

Water undergoes decomposition.Water undergoes decomposition. HH22O(l) O(l) H H22(g) + O(g) + O22(g)(g)

2. Decomposition2. Decomposition liquid waterliquid water

HH22O(l) O(l) H H22(g) + O(g) + O22(g)(g)

solid lithium nitridesolid lithium nitride

LiLi33N(s) N(s) Li(s) + N Li(s) + N22(g)(g)

solid aluminum sulfidesolid aluminum sulfide

AlAl22SS33(s) (s) Al(s) + S Al(s) + S88(s)(s)

2. Decomposition2. Decomposition More difficult to predict:More difficult to predict:

calcium carbonatecalcium carbonate

CaCOCaCO33(s) (s) CaO(s) + CO CaO(s) + CO22(g)(g) calcium hydroxidecalcium hydroxide

Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22(s) (s) CaO(s) + H CaO(s) + H22O(l)O(l) carbonic acidcarbonic acid

HH22COCO33(aq) (aq) CO CO22(g) + H(g) + H22O(l)O(l)

3. Single Replacement3. Single Replacement

an element replaces a similar an element replaces a similar element in a compoundelement in a compound

1 element & 1 compound as 1 element & 1 compound as reactantsreactants

1 element & 1 compound as products1 element & 1 compound as products

cation replaced:cation replaced: A + BX A + BX B + AX B + AX

OROR

anion replaced:anion replaced: Y + AX Y + AX X + AY X + AY

3. Single Replacement3. Single Replacement

Identify the “similar” element in the Identify the “similar” element in the compound that it will replacecompound that it will replace

Find ions createdFind ions created crossover to make new compoundcrossover to make new compound zinc metal is added to solution of lead(II) zinc metal is added to solution of lead(II)

nitratenitrate Zn(s) + Pb(NOZn(s) + Pb(NO33))22(aq) (aq) Zn(NO Zn(NO33))22(aq) + Pb(s)(aq) + Pb(s)

sodium iodide is added to chlorine gassodium iodide is added to chlorine gas NaI(aq) + ClNaI(aq) + Cl22(g) (g) NaCl(aq) + I NaCl(aq) + I22(s)(s)

3. Single Replacement3. Single Replacement

zinc and hydrochloric acidzinc and hydrochloric acid

Zn(s) + HCl(aq) Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl ZnCl22(aq)(aq) iron and wateriron and water

Fe(s) + HFe(s) + H22O(l) O(l) FeO(aq) FeO(aq) magnesium and lead (II) nitratemagnesium and lead (II) nitrate

Mg(s) + Pb(NOMg(s) + Pb(NO33))22(aq) (aq) Mg(NO Mg(NO33))33(aq) + Pb(aq) + Pb chlorine and potassium bromidechlorine and potassium bromide

ClCl22(g) + KBr(s) (g) + KBr(s) KCl(s) + Br KCl(s) + Br22(g)(g)

4. Double Replacement4. Double Replacement

two similar elements switch placestwo similar elements switch places 2 compounds as reactants2 compounds as reactants 2 compounds as products2 compounds as products

AX + BY AX + BY BX + AY BX + AY

4. Double Replacement4. Double Replacement

identify which parts will switch placesidentify which parts will switch places find ions that will be createdfind ions that will be created crossover to create new compoundscrossover to create new compounds silver nitrate and sodium chloride silver nitrate and sodium chloride

solutions are mixedsolutions are mixed AgNOAgNO33(aq) + NaCl(aq) (aq) + NaCl(aq) NaNO NaNO33(aq) + AgCl(s)(aq) + AgCl(s)

solutions of magnesium fluoride and solutions of magnesium fluoride and potassium hydroxide are mixedpotassium hydroxide are mixed MgFMgF22(aq) + KOH(aq) (aq) + KOH(aq) Mg(OH) Mg(OH)22(aq) + KF(aq)(aq) + KF(aq)

4. Double Replacement4. Double Replacement barium chloride and sodium sulfatebarium chloride and sodium sulfate

BaClBaCl22(aq) + Na(aq) + Na22SOSO44(aq) (aq) NaCl(aq) + BaSO NaCl(aq) + BaSO44(s)(s) iron sulfide and hydrochloric acidiron sulfide and hydrochloric acid

FeS(aq) + HCl(aq) FeS(aq) + HCl(aq) FeCl FeCl22(aq) + H(aq) + H22S(g)S(g) hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxidehydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide

HCl(aq) + NaOH HCl(aq) + NaOH NaCl(aq) + H NaCl(aq) + H22O(l)O(l) potassium iodide and lead (II) nitratepotassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate

KI(aq) + Pb(NOKI(aq) + Pb(NO33))22 KNO KNO33(aq) + PbI(aq) + PbI22(s)(s)

5. Combustion5. Combustion

combines with oxygencombines with oxygen releases energy in form of heat/lightreleases energy in form of heat/light OO22 + compound as reactants + compound as reactants

HH22O (& usually COO (& usually CO22) as products) as products

CHCH44 + O + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22OO

5. Combustion 5. Combustion

always makes Halways makes H22O and/or COO and/or CO22

choose based on what elements exist choose based on what elements exist in reactantsin reactants

solid carbon reacts with oxygensolid carbon reacts with oxygen C(s) + OC(s) + O22(g) (g) CO CO22 (g) (g)

CC22HH55OH reacts with oxygen in air.OH reacts with oxygen in air. CC22HH55OH + OOH + O22(g) (g) CO CO22(g) + H(g) + H22O(l)O(l)

CombustionCombustion

hydrogen and oxygenhydrogen and oxygen

HH22(g) + O(g) + O22(g) (g) H H22O(g)O(g)

propane and oxygenpropane and oxygen

CC33HH88(g) + O(g) + O22(g) (g) CO CO22(g) + H(g) + H22O(g)O(g)

PracticePractice

Classify each of the following reactions Classify each of the following reactions one of the five basic types and predict one of the five basic types and predict the products when appropriate.the products when appropriate.

NaNa22O + HO + H22O O NaOH NaOH synthesissynthesis

zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid:zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid: Zn (s) + 2HCl(aq) Zn (s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl ZnCl22(aq) + H(aq) + H22(g)(g) single replacementsingle replacement

Ca(s) + 2HCa(s) + 2H22O(l) O(l) Ca(OH) Ca(OH)22(aq) + H(aq) + H22(g)(g) single replacementsingle replacement

PracticePractice 2H2H22OO22(aq) (aq) O O22(g) + 2H(g) + 2H22O(l)O(l)

decompositiondecomposition copper pieces react with solution of silver nitratecopper pieces react with solution of silver nitrate

Cu(s) + 2AgNOCu(s) + 2AgNO33(aq) (aq) 2Ag(s) +Cu(NO 2Ag(s) +Cu(NO33))22(aq)(aq) single replacementsingle replacement

gaseous ethene (Cgaseous ethene (C22HH44)) reacts with oxygen gasreacts with oxygen gas CC22HH44(g) + O(g) + O22(g) (g) CO CO22(g) + H(g) + H22O(g)O(g) combustioncombustion

solid zinc oxide reacts with solid lithiumsolid zinc oxide reacts with solid lithium ZnO(s) + Li(s) ZnO(s) + Li(s) 2Zn(s) + Li 2Zn(s) + Li22O(g)O(g) single replacementsingle replacement

PracticePractice NaNa22O(s) + 2COO(s) + 2CO22(g) + H(g) + H22O(l) O(l) NaHCO NaHCO33(s)(s)

synthesissynthesis

Ca(s) + HCa(s) + H22O(l) O(l) Ca(OH) Ca(OH)22 (aq) + H (aq) + H22(g)(g) single replacementsingle replacement

KClOKClO33(s) (s) KCl(s) + O KCl(s) + O22(g)(g) decompositiondecomposition

sulfuric acid reacts with a solution of sulfuric acid reacts with a solution of barium choridebarium choride HH22SOSO44(aq) + BaCl(aq) + BaCl22(aq) (aq) HCl(aq) + BaSO HCl(aq) + BaSO44(s)(s) double replacementdouble replacement