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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-89954-3 - Stars and Their Spectra: An Introduction to the Spectral Sequence Second EditionJames B. KalerIndexMore information

Star index

Stars are arranged by the Latin genitive of their constellation of residence, with other star

names interspersed alphabetically. Within a constellation, Bayer Greek letters are given first,

followed by Roman letters, Flamsteed numbers, variable stars arranged in traditional order

(see Section 1.11), and then other names that take on genitive form. Stellar spectra are

indicated by an asterisk. The best-known proper names have priority over their Greek-letter

names. Spectra of the Sun and of nebulae are included as well.

Abell 21 nucleus, see

Abell 78 nucleus, 327*

Achernar, 9, 243, 264, 274

Acrux, see Alpha Crucis

Adhara, see Epsilon Canis Majoris

Albireo, 26

Alcor, 26, 177, 241, 243, 272*

Aldebaran, 9, 27, 80*, 163, 165

Algol, 20, 26, 176–177, 271*, 333, 366

Altair, 9, 236, 241, 250

a Andromedae, 273, 273*b Andromedae, 164g Andromedae, 26u Andromedae A, 218*u Andromedae B, 109*Z Andromedae, 337

Antares, 10, 73, 104–105, 113, 115, 118,

122, 174*

53 Aquarii A, 195

53 Aquarii B, 195

R Aquarii, 337

a Aquilae, see Altairg Aquilae, 174*z Aquilae, 222Z Aquilae, 224, 225V603 Aquilae, see Nova Aquilae 1918

Nova Aquilae 1918, 318, 331*

y Arae, 272*Arcturus, 9, 73, 74*, 80*, 88, 162, 163*,

164, 164*, 187–188, 216, 241, 244, 341

g2 Arietis, 253d Arietis, 49*

a Aurigae, see Capellaε Aurigae, 178, 186z Aurigae, 177, 186Z Aurigae, 186, 269*AB Aurigae, 255

Barnard’s Star, 129–130, 131

Betelgeuse, 2, 9, 16, 18, 20, 73, 74*, 79,

80*, 88, 104–105, 106*, 110*, 113,

115, 118, 122, 187, 216, 264

image of, 114

BDþ28�4211, 285*Bl 253*

a Boötis, see Arcturusg Boötis, 243Z Boötis, 185l Boötis, 254, 280, 314s Boötis, 218*

T Camelopardalis, 112*

Z Camelopardalis, 335

d Cancri, 166Z Cancri, 16638 Cancri, 166

39 Cancri, 166, 172–173

a Canis Majoris, see Siriusb Canis Majoris, 215, 242, 275d Canis Majoris, 218*, 242ε Canis Majoris, 10o1 Canis Majoris, 168*

t Canis Majoris, 242a Canis Minoris, see Procyon

377

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Canopus, 9, 74*, 215–216, 241

a2 Canum Venaticorum, 252b Canum Venaticorum, 188*RS Canum Venaticorum, 211, 250, 332

Capella, 9, 73, 74*, 80*, 162, 185–187, 337

a Carinae, see CanopusZ Carinae, 216, 276–279, 278*, 279*, 300l (“el”) Carinae, 224

S Carinae, 108*

RR Carinae, 112*

b Cassiopeiae, 236g Cassiopeiae, 274k Cassiopeiae, 271*r Cassiopeiae, 178, 185, 211, 215, 239j Cassiopeiae, 246*U Cassiopeiae, 112*

V509 Cassiopeiae, see HR 8752

Castor, 26, 163

a Centauri, 9, 12, 16, 26, 171, 185, 241a Centauri A, 9, 195a Centauri B, 9, 163–164b Centauri, 9Proxima Centauri, 9, 26, 115, 126, 128, 185

b Cephei, 275d Cephei, 20, 211, 224l Cephei, 81*m Cephei, 118, 177, 26519 Cephei, 294*

U Cephei, 177

RW Cephei, 178, 211

VV Cephei, 115, 118, 177

DO Cephei, see Krüger 60

k1 Ceti, 188*o Ceti, see Mira

9 Ceti, 195

U Ceti, 108*

UV Ceti, 128

ZZ Ceti, 289

CFBDS J005910.83-011401.3, 160–161,

161*

a Circini, 215FK Comae Berenices, 211

a Coronae Borealis, 27, 242r Coronae Borealis, 195R Coronae Borealis, 110, 238*–239*

T Coronae Borealis, 335

b Corvi, 185Crab pulsar, 372

Crab Nebula, 373*

a Crucis, 9, 25, 264

b Crucis, 10, 264CS 22885-96, 180*

CS 30493-39, 180*

Cyg OB2 No. 12, 265, 267, 276, 283

a Cygni, see Denebb Cygni, see Albireog Cygni, 306Z Cygni, 376w Cygni, 119P Cygni, 277, 279*, 300

16 Cygni A, 195

16 Cygni B, 195

31 Cygni, 177

32 Cygni, 177

61 Cygni, 163, 167, 171

61 Cygni A, 109*, 164, 168*, 188*

61 Cygni B, 109*, 168*, 174*

R Cygni, 121

W Cygni, 80*

SS Cygni, 335–336

CH Cygni, 337, 339

CI Cygni, 338*

V1057 Cygni, 212

V1500 Cygni, see Novae Cygni 1975

V1974 Cygni, see Nova Cygni 1992

Nova Cygni 1975, 317–318

Nova Cygni 1992, 334

Cygnus OB2 No. 12, see Cyg OB2 No. 12

Cygnus X-1, 340, 375–376

DEN J0255–4700, 132, 134*

Deneb, 5, 10, 242–243, 317

Dog Star, see Sirius

b Doradus, 224–225g Doradus, 236S Doradus, 90, 300

s Draconis, 168*AG Draconis, 337, 338*

Egg Nebula, 362

Electra, see 17 Tauri

a Eridani, see Achernarb Eridani, 243ε Eridani, 168*, 25740 Eridani, 259

40 Eridani B, 92, 246*, 258–259, 364

40 Eridani C, 109*, 128, 258

58 Eridani, 206

Fomalhaut, 10, 241, 257–258

378 Star index




a Geminorum, see Castorb Geminorum, see Polluxg Geminorum, 251*d Geminorum, 49*, 80*ε Geminorum, 189*z Geminorum, 224k Geminorum, 80*, 189*U Geminorum, 335

GL 229, 138–139

GL 229B, 95*, 138, 141

GL 411, 109*

GL 581, 131

GL 725B, 109*

Guest Star of 1054, 372–373

Hadar, see b CentauriHD 23585, 245*

HD 35155, 126*

HD 36936, 269*

HD 37061, 291

HD 46149, 295*

HD 46150, 294*–295*

HD 46202, 269*

HD 46223, 295*

HD 52432, 75*

HD 64568, 295*

HD 64802, 272*

HD 69464, 297*

HD 73710, 166

HD 73974, 166

HD 93128, 295*

HD 93129A, 276–277, 293, 299*

HD 93146, 197*

HD 95735, 168*

HD 97534, 279*

HD 101065, see Przybylski’s Star

HD 101190, 295*

HD 125248, 252, 252*

HD 126587, 181*

HD 163758, 297*

HD 177175, 112*

HD 190429, 81*, 294*

HD 190864, 297*

HD 191765, 81*

HD 192103, 81*, 298*

HD 192163, 298*, 300

HD 193077, 81*

HD 210134, 168*

HD 215441, 252

HD 226868, 376

He2-99, 328, 329*

a Herculis, 122p Herculis, 168*30 Herculis, 110*

AM Herculis, 336

BL Herculis, 229

DQ Herculis, 336, see also Nova Herculis

1934

Nova Herculis 1934, 318

Herschel’s Garnet Star, see m CepheiHH 30, 349

HH 34, 347

Hind’s Crimson Star, see R Leporis

R Horologii, 108*

HR 749 A, 269*

HR 1029, 269*

HR 1040, 87*, 246*

HR 3750, 206

HR 3974, 245*

HR 4345, 206

HR 5134, 112*

HR 5355, 252*

HR 8752, 185, 211

HR 8799, 257

HR 8832, 168*

HS B, 228

U Hydrae, 111*, 187

a Hydri, 215HZ 21, 285*

IC 351 (nebula), 66*

IC 3568 nucleus, 327*

ε Indi, 154–156ε Indi B, 155, 155*ε Indi Ba and Bb, 156, 156*IRCþ10 216, 125

Kapteyn’s Star, 88

Kelu-1, 144

Kepler’s Star, 366, 369

Krüger 60, 26, 128

L 970-30, 285*

L 1573-31, 285*

10 Lacertae, 295*

DK Lacertae, see Nova Lacertae 1950

Nova Lacertae 1950, 331*

a Leonis, see Regulusb Leonis, 245*Z Leonis, 243

Star index 379




R Leonis, 121

CW Leonis, see IRCþ10 216R Leporis, 119

LHS 2065, 109*, 128

37 Librae, 174*

48 Librae, 274, 275*

w Lupi, 273a Lyrae, see Vegab Lyrae, 20, 233g Lyrae, 233d Lyrae, 233ε Lyrae, 233R Lyrae, 233

RR Lyrae 232–233

Merope, 268

Mimosa, see Beta Crucis

Mira, 20, 74*, 75*, 80*, 107*, 115, 119,

122, 187, 338

Mizar, 26, 177, 241, 243, 337

Mizar A, 177*

13 Monocerotis, 87*, 303

15 (S) Monocerotis, 295*

R Monocerotis, 348

V614 Monocerotis, see HD 52432

V838 Monocerotis, 141–143, 143*

NGC 1501 nucleus, 329, 330*

NGC 2440 (nebula), 322*–323*

NGC 6543 nucleus, 327*, 363

NGC 6905 nucleus, 330*

NGC 7009 (nebula), 47*

NGC 7009 nucleus, 327*

NGC 7027 (nebula), 324*

North Star, see Polaris

OH 231.8þ4.2, 123, see also CalabashNebula

OH 357.3–1.3, 124*

a Ophiuchi, 243z Ophiuchi, 290r Ophiuchi, 265, 345RS Ophiuchi, 335

Orion Molecular Cloud, 315*

Orion Nebula, 307*

a Orionis, see Betelgeuseb Orionis, see Rigelg Orionis, 271*d Orionis, 264, 290, 313ε Orionis, 74*, 80*, 290

z Orionis, 264, 290y1 Orionis, 26y1 Orionis C, 290, 305y2 Orionis, 291l Orionis A, 81*, 290, 313*p3 Orionis, 215r2 Orionis, 264s Orionis A, 294*u Orionis, 269*BL Orionis, 110*

FU Orionis, 212, 346

Orion’s Footstool, see Beta Eridani

51 Pegasi, 213

RZ Pegasi, 126*

a Persei, 219, 219*, 244b Persei, see Algolz Persei, 279*, 302x Persei, 302o Persei, 302

r Persei, 80*w Persei, 29048 Persei, 274, 275*

53 Persei, 276

Nova Persei 1901, 318

PG 1159–035, 289

PG 1533–057, 288*

b Pictoris, 257Nova Pictoris 1925, 318

a Piscis Austrini, see Fomalhaut19 (TX) Piscium, 111*, 126*, 187

54 Piscium, 188*

Pleione, see 28 Tauri

Polaris, 16, 215, 217, 224

Pollux, 10, 72, 163, 213

Procyon, 9, 80*, 215, 216–218, 218*, 219*,

239, 244, 259, 332

Procyon B, 92, 239, 259–260, 364

Proxima, see Proxima Centauri

Przybylski’s Star, 249*, 252–253

z Puppis, 74*, 88, 290, 294r Puppis, 236QX Puppis, see OH 231.8þ4.2Nova Puppis 1942, 318

R 136a1, 305

R 640, 285*

Regulus, 10, 264, 266

z1 Reticuli, 195z2 Reticuli, 195

380 Star index




Rigel, 2, 9, 16, 271*

Rigil Kentaurus, see Alpha Centauri

a Scorpii, see Antaresb Scorpii, 271*d Scorpii, 274o1 Scorpii, 269*18 Scorpii, 195

22 Scorpii, 269*

U Scorpii, 335

V635 Scorpii, 112*

d Scuti, 235l Serpentis, 207*Sirius, 9, 25, 27, 72–73, 74*, 80*, 215–216,

241–242, 244*, 259, 332

Sirius B, 92, 242, 259–260, 364

orbit of, 261

Sk-69�202, 264, 367, 371Spica, 10, 264, 266, 276

Sun, 52*, 72*, 189*, 190*, 202*

flash spectrum of, 199*

Supernova 1979I, 369

Supernova 1987A, 264, 368*

a Tauri, see Aldebarang Tauri, 163, 165d1 Tauri, 163, 165, 165*, 180, 187ε Tauri, 163, 165Z Tauri, see Meropey1 Tauri, 163, 16517 Tauri, 274

19 Tauri, 80*

28 Tauri, 274

63 Tauri, 250, 251*

75 Tauri, 165

T Tauri, 182, 212, 254, 344, 349, 349*

RV Tauri, 211, 229, 235, 238

b Trianguli, 80*

2MASS J0036–1821, 134*

2MASS J0559–1404, 147*

2MASS J0746–2000, 134*

2MASS J1507–1627, 134*

2MASSs J0850359þ105716, 95*2MASSW J1146þ2230, 94*2MASSW J1239þ2029, 94*2MASSW J1632þ1904, 94*, 95*Tycho’s Star, 366, 369

a Ursae Majoris, 163, 173, 243b Ursae Majoris, 241ε Ursae Majoris, 252z Ursae Majoris, see MizarZ Ursae Majoris, 243, 26661 Ursae Majoris, 189*

a Ursae Minoris, see Polarisb Ursae Minoris, 163, 174*d Ursae Minoris, 217

VB 10, 115

Vega, 9, 73, 87*, 162, 215, 222*, 233, 241,

244*, 245*, 250, 269*

disk of, 256–257

g1 Velorum, 290g2 Velorum, 290AI Velorum, 236

a Virginis, see Spicag Virginis, 216y Virginis, 246*59 Virginis, 207*

78 Virginis, 252

W Virginis, 91, 211, 227, 229, 235

CS Virginis, see HR 5355

GW Virginis, 289

vMa 2, 285*

YM 29 nucleus, 365

Star index 381




Subject index

A stars, 241–243

classification of, 246–247

rotations of, 250–251

spectra of, 243–247

AAVSO, see American Association of

Variable Star Observers

Abell 21, see YM 29

aberration of starlight, 171

absolute magnitudes, 17

absorption line profile, 52

absorption lines, 48

formation of, 48–50, 58–60

structure of, 51–53

accretion disk, 333

AGB, see asymptotic giant branch

age of Universe, 357

AI Velorum stars, 236

Algol paradox, 176–177

Alpha CV stars, see Ap stars

alpha particles, 43

alpha rays, 43

AM Herculis stars, see polars

Am stars, see metallic-line stars

American Association of Variable Star

Observers, 121

Andromeda myth, 8

Ångstrom unit, 15

angular momentum, 31

Ap stars, see magnetic peculiar A stars

apastron, 31

aphelion, 30, 31

apparent magnitude, 16

Argo, 8

associations, 27, see also OB associations

asteroids, 158, 255

asteroseismology, 208

astronomical unit, 12

asymptotic giant branch, 231, 354–355,

359–360

atomic number, 37

atomic weight, 37

atoms, 36–41

nuclei of, 36

Auriga, 186

aurora, 200, 204

auroral lines, 311

B stars, 264–266


luminosity classes of, 271–273

masses of, 270

organization of, 266–268

rotations of, 274

B–V, see UBV system, color index

in carbon stars, 112

Baade, Walter, 370

Balmer continuum (limit), 47, 50, 83, 244,

310, 321–323

Balmer decrement, 312

Balmer series, 45, 47

effect of temperature on, 98–99

band head, 57

Bappu, V., 175

barium stars, 179, 332

Bayer, Johannes, 5

Be (B-emission) stars, 274–275

B[e] stars, 278

Beehive Cluster, see Praesepe

Bessell, Friedrich, 171

Beta Canis Majoris stars, see Beta Cephei

stars

Beta Cephei stars, 91, 275–276, 359

beta rays, 43

Big Dipper, 5, 6, 13, 16, 27, 163, 241, 243

383




binary stars, 25–26

in classes L and T, 144–145, 153–157

in M dwarfs, 130

masses of, 32

BL Herculis stars, 91, 229

black hole(s), 333, 339–340, 375

at center of Galaxy, 21

blackbodies, 27–30

blackbody curves, see Planck curves

Blahzko effect, 233

blazed gratings, 63

blends, 56

blue loops, 358

blue sky, 284

blue stragglers, 366

bolometric correction, 19, 115, 117,

350, 352

bolometric magnitudes, 19, 115, 117

Bonner Durchmusterung, 10–11

bound–free radiation, 51

Bowen, I. S., 311

Bp stars, see Ap stars

Brackett series, 45, 47

in helium, 53, 293–294

brehmstrahlung, see free–free radiation

continuum

bright giants, 87

Bright Star Catalogue, 11

brown-dwarf desert, 145

brown dwarfs, 95, 127, 136–141,

see also L stars, T stars

limits to, 139–140

luminosities of, 153

and planets, 157–160

temperatures of, 140

buckminsterfullerenes, 314

Bunsen, Robert, 70

Ca II K line structure, 174

Calabash Nebula, 122, 123

Canis Major, 5, 215, 242

Canis Minor, 5

Cannon, Annie, 75

carbon atom, 37

carbon cycle, 220–221

carbon-14, 43

carbon stars, 75, 108–113, 124–125, 316,

321, 360

colors of, 112

dwarf variety of, see dwarf carbon stars

spectral class development of, 77–78,

84, 110

Carina, 216

Carina Nebula, 216, 276, 277, 304

Cassegrain spectrograph, 67, 68

Cas–Tau, 304

cataclysmic variables, 289, 318, 329–339

Cat’s Eye Nebula, see NGC 6543

CCD, see charge-coupled device

Centaurus, 27, 267

center of activity, 202

center of mass, 32

Cepheid variable stars, 91, 178, 211,

224–229, 359

CH stars, 179

Chandrasekhar, S., 263

Chandrasekhar limit, 263, 360

charge-coupled device, 17

chemical compositions/abundances

alteration of, 125–126

calculation of in stars, 60, 116,

247–249

of the Sun, 38–40, 192–193

chemical elements, 36–41

table of, 38–40

chemically peculiar (CP) stars, 223,

249–254, 273–275

chromosphere(s), 58, 174, 197–199

of M stars, 128

CIA bands, 147–148, 183

circumstellar disks, see accretion disk,

planetary disks

Clark, Alvan, 259

cluster variables, see RR Lyrae stars

clusters, 26–27, see also globular clusters,

open clusters

ages and evolution of, 356–357

CMD, see color–magnitude diagram

CN anomaly, 179

CN break, 168–169, 187

CN (CNO) cycle, see carbon cycle

Coalsack, 281

collimator, 65, 66

color, 18–19

color–color diagram, 100–102, 283

color excess, 283

color index, 18

along the spectral sequence, 97

color–magnitude diagram, 100–101

for globular clusters, 173, 231

384 Subject index




for L and T stars, 152

for open clusters, 173

Coma Berenices cluster, 357

combination spectra, 337

comets, 158, 255

comparison spectra, 66–67

composite spectra, 337

conservation of angular momentum, 31

constellations, 5–8

constructive interference, 62–63

continuous spectra, 48, 50–51,

see also nebular continuum

convection, 205, 208

convective envelope, 208, 210, 221

Cordoba Durchmusterung, 11

corona(e), 197–201, 204

spectrum of, 200

of stars, 128

coronal mass ejection, 204

coronium, 200, 311

cosmic rays, 43, 344, 374

coudé spectrograph, 68

CP1 stars, see metallic-line stars

CP2 stars, see magnetic peculiar A stars

CP3 stars, see mercury–manganese stars

CP4 stars, see helium-weak stars

Crab Nebula, 372–375

spectrum of, 373

Crab pulsar, 372, 375

Crux, 22, 216, 264

Curtiss, R. H., 81–82

curve of growth, 248

CV stars, see cataclysmic variables

Cygnus, 5, 12, 22

diffuse nebulae in, 306

Cygnus Loop, 373–374

DA, DB white dwarfs, 260–261, 285–287

dark energy, 1

dark matter, 1

declination, 10

DEep Near Infrared Survey, 133

degeneracy, 138, 262–263

Delta Scuti stars, 91, 235–236, 359

destructive interference, 62–63

deuterium

in brown dwarfs, 140

differential rotation, 127, 200, 204

diffraction, 62–63

diffraction grating, 62–63

diffuse interstellar bands, 294–295, 314

diffuse nebulae, 59, 281, 304–310

distribution of, 267

diffusion of elements, 223, 251, 253, 274, 286

dispersion (of light)

by diffraction, 62–63

by refraction, 61–62

spectrographic, 64

distance modulus, 172

distance scale of Universe, 234, 369

Doppler effect, 60–61

double stars, see binary stars

double white dwarfs, 371

DOV stars, 289

Draper, Henry, 75

Draper sequence, see Harvard classes,

spectral sequence

Dumbbell Nebula, 318

dwarf carbon stars, 111, 179

dwarf novae, 329, 335–336

dwarf stars, see main sequence

dynamo theory, see solar dynamo

early AGB, 360

echelle spectrograph, 69

eclipsing binaries, 26, 114

among giants and supergiants, 175–178

Eddington limit, 276

effective temperature, 30

Egg Nebula, 362

electromagnetic force, 41

electromagnetic radiation, 13

electromagnetic spectrum, 13–16

electron shells, 41

electron temperature(s), 310, 320

electron volt, 46

electrons, 36

orbits of, 44–45

ellipse, 31

emission lines, 46–47, 50

formation of, 48–51

energy-level diagram, 45–46

Engagement Ring, 217

equivalent width, 248

Eridanus, 243

Eta Carinae, 216, 238, 276–279, 300

evolutionary tracks, 350, 354, 356, 364

extrasolar planets, 130–131, 212–214, 347,

350–351

imaged, 257–258

Subject index 385




extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars, 129,

180–181, 193

extrinsic S stars, 112

F stars, 215–216

convection in, 221

dwarfs and giants among, 223

luminosity classes of, 217–219

nuclear reactions in, 220–221

rotations of, 221–223

spectra and classification of, 216–219

faculae, 184–185, 203

faint young Sun paradox, 353

false dawn, 256

fifth type, 73, see also Wolf–Rayet stars

fifty-three Persei stars, see slowly pulsating

B stars

filaments, 203

fine analysis, 248–249

first-magnitude stars, 9–10

fission, 43

FK Comae Berenices stars, 211

Flamsteed, John, 10

Atlas Coelestis of, 12

Flamsteed numbers, 10

flare stars, 91, 128–129, 205–206

in class L, 143–144

flash spectrum, 197, 199

Fleming, Williamina, 75

FLIERS, 319

Fm stars, see metallic–line stars

forbidden lines, 200, 278, 311–312

in the corona, 200

forces of nature, 41

Forty-seven Tucanae, 27, 226, 232

Fp stars, see Ap stars

Fraunhofer, Joseph von, 70

Fraunhofer lines, 70–72

free–bound radiation continuum, 51, 310

free–free radiation continuum, 51, 310

frequency of light, 13

FU Orionis stars, 212, 346

G stars, 184–185

activity on, 205–206

giants and subgiants of, 210–212

luminosity classification of, 186–187

mass loss from, 211

spectra and classification of, 185–187

supergiants of, 211

galaxies, 22

Galaxy, 20–22

age of, 356–357, 365

bulge of, 21, 180

chemical evolution of, 126, 179–181, 193,

321, 350, 360

halo of, 21, 267

magnetic field of, 284, 344

size of, 20–21, 234

galaxy evolution, 292, 312–313, 321

Gamma Doradus stars, 91, 236

gamma-ray bursts, 277, 370, 375

gamma rays, 15, 43

Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 252

gauss unit, 252

giant H II regions, 304

giant stars, 35, 85, 87

evolution of, 359–360

origin of, 353–355

globular clusters, 27, 33, 92, 230–235,

356–357

Gould, B. A., 266, 304

Gould Belt, 266–267, 304

granulation, 190, 196–197

gratings, 62

gravitational lensing, 212–213

gravity, 41

gravity darkening, 223

gravity waves, 372

Greek alphabet, 11

Grotrian diagram, see term diagram

ground state, 44

Gyllenberg, W., 86

h and Chi Persei, 357

H II regions, see diffuse nebulae

HAe/Be stars, see Herbig Ae/Be stars

half-life, 43

Halley’s Comet, 22

Haro, Guillermo, 345

Harvard classes, 73–81, see also spectral

sequence

original, 75–76

Hayashi, C., 138

HD numbers, 77

helium

atom, 37

discovery of, 191

energy-level diagram of, 54

flash, 358

386 Subject index




fusion of, 358

spectrum of, 53, 293

helium-strong stars, 254, 270, 273

helium-weak stars, 254, 270, 273

Henry Draper Extension, 77

Henry Draper Memorial (Catalogue), 11,

77, 79

Herbig, George, 254, 345

Herbig Ae/Be stars, 254–255, 344, 348

Herbig–Haro objects, 345, 347, 349

Herschel, William, 146, 318, 319, 363

hertz, 13

Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 76, 85

Hertzsprung gap, 86, 223, 355

Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, see HR

diagram

HH 30, 349

HH 34, 347

high-velocity stars, 25, 129

Hipparchus of Nicea, 16

Hipparcos numbers, 11

Hipparcos satellite, 171

homonuclear molecules, 58

Homunculus, 276–277

horizontal branch (HB), 229–235,

354–355, 358

hour circle, 8

HR diagram, 85–92

calibration of, 171–172

classic, 91

distribution of stars in, 92–93

historical, 86

for L and T stars, 152

HR numbers, 11

Hubble’s Variable Nebula, 348

Hubble–Sandage variables, 228, 238, 278, 300

Huggins, William, 73, 305, 311, 318, 363

Humphries–Davidson limit, 356, 359

Humphries series, 47

Hyades, 27, 163, 165, 171–173, 343, 357

hybrid stars, 211

hydrogen atom, 40

energy levels of, 45

spectrum of, 45–47

hydrostatic equilibrium, 208

hypergiant stars, 90, 276–279

hypernovae, 277, 375

IC 351, 66, 310, 320

IC 4997, 319, 320

Infrared Astronomical Satellite, see IRAS

infrared radiation, 15

discovery of, 146

instability strip, 91, 224, 354–355

origins of, 237–238

interference fringes, 62–63

interferometry, 113–114

intermediate polars, 336

International Ultraviolet Explorer, 272,

327

interstellar dust, 280–284

depletion of metals onto, 280, 314

effect on distances of, 280–283

interstellar extinction and reddening,

281–283, 312

interstellar lines, 313–316

interstellar medium, 267, 280–281,

313–316

interstellar polarization, 283–284

intrinsic S stars, 112

ionization potential, 46

ionization and temperature, 98

ions, 37, 41–42

IRAS, 256

IRCþ10 216, 125iron peak, 191, 193, 343

irregular variables, 118

isoelectronic sequence, 53

isotopes, 37, 42

isotopic wavelength shifts, 113

J stars, 113, 125

Jewel Box cluster, 27

Julian date, 236

K stars, 162–165


luminosities of, 167–169

and the main sequence, 171–172

variation of, 175–178

Kappa Crucis, see Jewel Box

KBOs, see Kuiper Belt

Keenan, P. C., 84–85, 87

Kepler, Johannes, 30

Kepler’s laws, 30

as generalized by Newton, 31–32

Kids, 177, 186

Kirchhoff, Gustav, 52, 70

Kirchhoff’s laws, 50, 51–53

Kuiper, Gerard, 157

Subject index 387




Kuiper Belt, 157, 255

Kumar, Shiv, 138

L stars, 93–95, 132–133, see also brown

dwarfs

binaries among, 144–145

chemistry of, 100, 135–136

colors of, 148–151

HR diagram for, 152


numbers of, 136

rotation and variation of, 143–144


temperatures of, 135, 140, 148–151

Lagoon Nebula, 304

Lagrangian point, 332–333

Lambda Boötis stars, 254, 280, 314

Large Magellanic Cloud, 90, 137, 216, 225,

264, 301

lasers, see masers

Lb and Lc stars, 118

Leavitt, Henrietta, 224

Leo, 5

lifetimes of stars, 127, 172, 342

light, 13

speed of, 13

light echoes, 141

light-year, 13

limb-darkening, 184–185, 195–196

line blanketing, 116, 188

lithium, beryllium, and boron, 191

lithium depletion in stars, 141, 206–207, 223

Little Dipper, 5, 6, 163

Little Ice Age, 204

log L–log T plane, 100

long-period variables, see Mira variables

Lower-Centaurus–Crux association, 304

luminosity classes, 87–92

luminosity equation, 30

Luminous Blue Variables, 238, 276–279,

300, 359

lunar occultations, 114

Lyman series, 45, 47

Lyra, 12, 233

M 1, see Crab Nebula

M 3, 232, 234, 357

M 5, 231, 232

M 7, 105

M 8, see Lagoon Nebula

M 11, 357

M 13, 27, 232, 234

M 15, 230, 232

M 20, see Trifid Nebula

M 22, 232

M 27, see Dumbbell Nebula

M 31, 22, 25

M 32, 25

M 33, 228

M 41, 242, 357

M 42, see Orion Nebula

M 43, 291

M 44, see Praesepe

M 45, see Pleiades

M 51, 292

M 56, 233

M 57, see Ring Nebula in Lyra

M 63, 369

M 67, 357

M 80, 28

M 92, 234

M 101, 21, 24

M 104, 235

M stars, 104–105, see also red dwarfs

classification of, 77–78, 82, 105–108

colors of, 117

dimensions of, 113–115

dwarf sequence for, 109

dwarfs among, 126–129


luminosity classification of, 107

magnetic fields in, 127–128

masses of, 117


temperatures of, 115–117

magnetic braking, 207, 222–223

magnetic field of Galaxy, 284, 344

magnetic peculiar A stars, 249, 251–254

magnetic white dwarfs, 288–289

magnitude equation, 17

magnitudes, 16–20

infrared, 132

main sequence 3, 34, 85, 87

ages, 206–207

fitting, 172, 234, 268

spectral sequence for, 83

masers, 122–123

mass loss, 121–125, 211, 298–302, 338–339

mass–luminosity relation, 34, 220, 342

mass transfer, 176–177, 333

388 Subject index




Maunder minimum, 205

Maury, Antonia, 75

Maury classification system, 75–76

McNaught, Robert, 371

mercury–manganese stars, 254, 273

Merrill–Sanford bands, 112

Messier, Charles 21

metal-deficient stars, 180–181

metallic-line stars, 249–251, 332

classification of, 250

metastable states, 311

Michelson, A. A., 113

micron, 15

Milky Way, 20–22, 216, 265, 266–267, 317

diffuse nebula along, 267

dust in, 281

red supergiants along, 343

mineral clouds of L and T stars, 100,

135–136, 144, 151

Minkowski, R., 366

Mira variables, 91, 118–121, 178, 238, 316,

359–360

dust from, 122, 280

emission spectra of, 120

mass loss from, 121–125

MK classes, see luminosity classes

MK process, 92, 151, 287

MK system, 85–93

chemical variations in, 96

class in, 89

luminosity criteria for, 87, 90

MKK, see MK

molecular clouds, 281, 315–316

molecules, 43–44

spectra of, 56–58, 112

in the Sun, 191

Monoceros, 303

Monoceros OB1, OB2, 303–304

Morgan, Keenan, and Kellman, see MK

Morgan, W. W., 84–85, 87

moving cluster method, 171–172

MS stars, 112

multi-object spectrograph, 69

multiple stars, 26

multiplets, 56

N star class development, 77, 81, 84

Nakajima, T., 138

Nakano, T., 138

nanometer, 15

nebulae, 278–280, see also diffuse,

planetary, reflection nebulae

nebular continuum, 310

nebular lines, 311

nebular spectrum, 37, 307

analysis of, 312–313

formation of, 305–312

nebular stratification, 312, 321

nebulium, 311

negative hydrogen ion, 42, 195

negative luminosity effect, 107

neon novae, 333

neutrinos, 209–210

from supernovae, 371

neutron capture, 125, 181, 360, 370

neutron stars, 262–263, 339–340, 370,

372–375, see also pulsars

neutrons, 36

NGC 205, 25

NGC 752, 357

NGC 1501, 329–330

NGC 1647, 165

NGC 2074, 137

NGC 2244, 303

NGC 2264, 304

NGC 2362, 242, 357

NGC 2440, 310, 320–323

NGC 3603, 23, 268, 301

NGC 6543, 318, 363

NGC 6888, 298, 300

NGC 7000, see North America Nebula

NGC 7006, 234

NGC 7009, 310, 319

spectrum of, 47

NGC 7027, 324

non-DA desert, 287, 366

non-DA white dwarfs, 285–287, 365

non-radial pulsations, 235–236, 275

North America Nebula, 317

North Celestial Pole, 215, 217

Northern Cross, 22, see also Cygnus

nova(e), 317–318, 329–335

decay speeds of, 331

distance method for, 334–335

light curve of, 330


remnants of, 334–335


types of, 331–332

nucleosynthesis, 193

Subject index 389




O II energy-level diagram, 55

O VI stars, 329, 330

O-star classification and development,

77–78, 82, 293–297

O-star distribution, 267

O-star luminosities, 302

O stars, 290–293

OB associations, 27, 267, 302–304

naming of, 302

objective prism spectrograph, 68–69

oblique rotation, 253, 374

observational selection, 87

Of stars, 88, 294–296

in planetary nebulae, 326–327

OH 231.8þ4.2, 123OH 357.3–1.3, 124

OH/IR stars, 124–125

Omega Centauri, 27

Oort Cloud, 255

open clusters, 26–27, 223, 356–357

Ophiuchus, 8, 265

Orion, 2, 5, 8, 27, 104, 216, 259, 264, 267,

346

Belt of, 2, 16

Orion Bar, 291

Orion Molecular Cloud, 291, 309, 346,

see also Orion OB1

spectrum of, 315

Orion Nebula, 2, 26, 59, 278, 291, 304,

309, 346

protoplanetary disks in, 159

spectrum of, 307

Orion OB1, 302, 304

ozone layer, 15

P Cygni lines, 277–280, 298–299, 327

PAHs, see polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons

Palomar–Green survey of white dwarfs,

289

parallax, 11, 169–171

parsec, 13, 171

Paschen series, 45, 47

Payne–Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 96, 249

Pease, F. G., 113

perfect gas law, 208, 262

periastron, 31

perihelion, 30, 31

period–luminosity (P–L) relation, 224–229

calibration of, 227–229

periodic table, 191

Pfund series, 47

PG 1159 stars, 289, 329

phase space, 262

photoelectric photometer, 17

photoionization, 305–309

photon, 13

photosphere, 34, 184–185

photovisual magnitude, 18

Pickering, E. C., 73, 75

Pickering series, 53, 293–294

Planck, Max, 29

Planck curves, 29, 325

Planck’s constant, 14

planet formation, 157–159, 255, 347, 350

planetary disks, 255–258

planetary nebula nuclei (central stars), 318,

321, 323–329



planetary nebulae, 47, 66, 125, 289,

318–329

distances of, 325–326, 335

electron temperatures of, 320

enrichment of, 321

formation and evolution of, 354–355,

360–365

spectra of, 66, 47, 320–324

structures of, 361

planetary transits, 212

planetesimals, 158, 255

planets, 157–159, see also extrasolar planets

Plaskett, J. S., 82

plasma, 309

Pleiades, 27, 173, 268, 274, 357

reflection nebula in, 268, 280

Plough, see Big Dipper

Pluto, 157

polarization of light, 252, 283–284, 288

polars, 336

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 314, 321

Population I, 21

age of, 33

chemical composition of, 33

Population II, 21

age of, 33

Cepheids, see W Virginis stars

chemical composition of, 33, 92, 179–180

positive luminosity effect, 107

positrons, 209

390 Subject index




Praesepe, 27, 163, 166, 343, 357

precession, 10

prefixes, 88–89

prominences, 203

proper motion, 24

proton–proton chain, 208–209, 220

protons, 36

protoplanetary nebulae, 361

pulsars, 339–340, 372, 374–375,

see also neutron stars

purity, 64

quantitative classification, 169

quantum mechanics, 36, 44

R 136, 301, 305

R Coronae Borealis stars, 110, 238–239

R Lyrae, 233

R stars, 77–78, 84, 178–179

radial velocity, 24

radiation pressure, 237

radiative envelope, 208, 210

radiative recombination, see recombination

radio radiation, 15

radio recombination lines, 309

radio spectrograph, 69

radioactivity, 42–43

dating by, 43

rapidly rotating Ap stars, 252

rare earths, 39–40, 191, 219, 250

ratio of extinction to color excess, 283

Rayet, Georges, 296

recombination, 51, 307–309

recurrent novae, 329, 333, 335, 371

red dwarfs, 104, 126–129

spectral sequence for, 109

red-giant branch (RGB), 234, 355

red-giant clump, 354–355, 358

red supergiants, 104

distribution of, 343

reflection nebulae, 268, 280–281

refraction, 61–62

resonance lines, 59

in brown dwarfs and L stars, 93–94, 133

in T stars, 147

reversing layer, 58, 197

Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud, 265, 345

right ascension, 8

Ring Nebula in Lyra, 233, 318

ring nebulae, 299, 300

RoAp stars, see rapidly rotating Ap stars

Roche lobe, 332–333

Rosette Nebula, 303–304, 309

rotation, see stellar rotation

rotation break, 222

rotational states of molecules, 56

rough analysis, 248

r-process, see neutron capture

RR Lyrae gap, 231–232

RR Lyrae stars, 91, 227, 229–235, 359

RS Canum Venaticorum stars, 211, 250,

332

Rufus, W. C., 81–82

Russell, Henry Norris, 85

RV Tauri stars, 91, 211, 229, 235, 238

S Doradus stars, see hypergiant stars

S stars, 78, 81, 112–113, 179, 360

saturation, 248

Saturn Nebula, see NGC 7009

SC stars, 112

scattering of light, 280

Sco OB2, 304

Scorpius, 5, 27, 104–105, 264–267

Scorpius–Centaurus association, see Sco

OB2

sdB stars, see subdwarf O and B stars

sdO stars, 326, see also subdwarf O and

B stars

Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,

214, 257

Secchi, Father Angelo, 72–73, 163

Secchi types, 72–73

second parameter problem, 233–234

seeing, 113, 187

self-absorption, 50, 175

semi-forbidden lines, 337

semi-regular variables, 118, 120

Serpens and Ophiuchus, 8

SETI, see Search for Extraterrestrial

Intelligence

Seven Sisters, see Pleiades

Shane, C. D., 84

shell stars, 274–275

Shelton, Ian, 371

slit spectrograph, 64

Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 133

slowly pulsating B stars, 91, 276

Small Magellanic Cloud, 22, 216, 224, 226

solar activity, 201–205

Subject index 391




solar analogues, 195

solar core, 208–210

solar cycle, 202, 204–206

solar dynamo, 200, 205

solar eclipse, 197, 199

solar evolution, 351–353

solar flares, 128, 201, 203–204

solar magnetic cycle, see solar cycle

solar opacity, 195

solar spectrum, 187–192

Solar System, 157

age of, 34

solar wind, 200, 255

Southern Cross, see Crux

space velocity, 24

SPB stars, see slowly pulsating B stars

speckle interferometry, 114, 187

spectral nomenclature, 53–56

spectral sequence, 74, 80–81, 83

color indices along, 97

decimalization of, 76

ionization along, 98

for main sequence stars, 83

original Harvard, 74–76

physical basis of, 96–100

population of classes in, 92–93, 136

temperatures along, 97

spectrograph, 64–69

dispersion of, 64

spectroheliogram, 197

spectrometer, 69

spectroscope, 66

spectroscopic binaries, 26, 175, 177

spectroscopic distances, 172–173

spicules, 198

s-process, see neutron capture

SRa, SRb, and SRc stars, see semi-regular

variables

SRd stars, see yellow hypergiants

SS Cygni stars, see dwarf novae

star formation, 136–137, 157, 255,

344–350, 374

stars

activity on, 205–206

ages of, 141, 206–207

chemical compositions of, 59–60

chromosphere of, 197–198

clusters of, 26–27

color indices of, 97

colors of, 18–19, 117

compositions of, 32–33, 247–249

convection in, 34

coordinates of, 8–10

corona of, 197–199

defined, 3

dimensions of, 113–115

distances of, 11–13, 169–174, 281–283

end products of, 375

evolution of, 34–35, 341–344

first magnitude, 9–10

HR diagram for, 85–93

lifetimes of, 127, 172, 342

luminosities of, 34, 117, 220, 342

masses of, 3, 30–32, 117, 126, 290

motions of, 22–25

names of, 5, 9

rotations of, see stellar rotation

structures of, 33–34

temperatures of, 27–30, 97, 115–117

winds from, 121–122, 211

statistical parallaxes, 227–229

Stefan–Boltzmann law, 30

stellar atmosphere, see photosphere

stellar core, 33

stellar envelope, 33–34

stellar evolution, 34–35, 341–344

stellar rotation, 127–128, 143–144, 205,

221–223, 250–251, 274

oblique, 253, 374

synchronous, 211, 332

stimulated emission, 123

Strömgren, Bengt, 309

Strömgren sphere, 309, 323

strong (nuclear) force, 41

subdwarf O and B stars, 92, 302, 326

subdwarfs, 89–90, 92, 129–130, 182, 219,

356–357

of class L, 136

subgiant stars, 87, 181, 353

subordinate lines, 59

suffixes, 88–89

Sun, 4, 184–185, 193–194

activity of, 201–205

chemical composition of, 192–193

chromosphere of, 58, 197–199

convective envelope of, 208

core of, 209–210

corona of, 197–201

elements in, 191–192


392 Subject index




flares on, 128, 201, 203–204

Fraunhofer lines in, 71–72

granulation on, 190, 196–197

interior of, 208–210

magnetic cycle of 202, 204–206

magnetic field of, 200

photosphere of, 184–185, 194

properties of, 3, 9, 193–194

radiative envelope of, 208

rotation of, 127, 200, 204

spectrum of, 52, 72, 187–192

structure of, 33

sunspot cycle, see solar cycle

sunspots, 184–185, 196, 201–202

superbubbles, 304

supergiant stars, 35, 85, 87, 104, 126, 356

supergiant variable stars, 118

super-metal-rich stars, 180

Supernova 1987A, 264, 366–368

supernova remnants (SNRs), 373–374

supernovae, 35, 293, 340, 366–372


spectra of, 366, 368

of Type Ia, 335, 355, 366, 368–369,

371–372

of Types Ibc, II, 366, 370

of Type II, 366–371

symbiotic stars, 337–339

synchrotron mechanism (radiation), 374

T associations, 182

T stars, 93–95, see also brown dwarfs

binaries among, 153–157

chemistry of, 100

colors and temperatures of, 148–152

HR diagram for, 152


T Tauri stars, 182, 212, 254–255, 344–350

Tarantula Nebula, see Thirty Doradus

Taurus, 163–164

technetium, 43

in stars, 125–126, 253, 360

temperature(s)

differences between giants and dwarfs, 99

and ionization level, 98

of L and T stars, 135, 148–151

of stars, 78, 97

term diagram, 54–55

terminal velocity, 280, 298

terms, 54–55

thermal pulse, 360

thermal pulsing (TP) AGB, 360

thermonuclear fusion, 33, see also

proton–proton chain, CN cycle

Thirty Doradus, 301, 304–305, 366–367

three-alpha process, 358

tides, 332

Tololo classes, 331–332

Tr 14, 277

transverse velocity, 24

Trapezium, 26, 291, 304, see also y1 OrionisTrifid Nebula, 304

turbulence, 219

twenty-one centimeter line, 59, 314–315

twenty-two hundred bump, 282

two-quantum continuum (mechanism),

310, 321–322

Two-Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS),

93, 133

Type Ia supernovae, 335, 366, 368, 369,

371–372

Type Ibc supernovae, 366, 370–371

Type II supernovae, 366–371

U Geminorum stars, see dwarf novae

U–B, see UBV system, color index

UBV system, 19

color–color diagram in, 100, 102

UBVRI system, 19

ultraviolet, 15

Upper-Centaurus–Lupus association, 304

Upper-Scorpius association, 304

uranium-238, 42

Uranometria, 5

Ursa Major, 5, 6

Ursa Major open cluster, 27, 241–242, 243

Ursa Minor, 5, 7

UV Ceti stars, see flare stars

valence electrons, 41

Variable Star Section of the BAA, 121

variable stars, 19–20

names of, 20

Vega-type stars, 257

Vela supernova remnant, 290

Vernal Equinox, 8

vibrational states, 56

visual binaries, 25

visual radiation, 14–15

Vulpecula, 12

Subject index 393




W Virginis stars, 91, 211, 227, 229, 235

wavelength of light, 13

WC stars, see Wolf–Rayet stars

weak force, 41

Whirlpool Galaxy, see M 51

white-dwarf limit, see Chandrasekhar limit

white dwarfs, 35, 89–92, 96, 138, 182–183,

236, 239–240, 246–247, 258–263,

265–266, 284–289

compositions and classes of, 260–261,

284–287

degeneracy in, 262–263

in dwarf novae, 335–336

magnetic, 288–289

in novae, 332–334

origins and development of, 324,

363–366

in recurrent novae, 335


as supernova progenitors, 371–372

in symbiotic stars, 337–338

as variable stars, 91, 236–237, 289

Wien law, 27

wiggly lines, 190

Wilson, O. C., 175

Wilson–Bappu effect, 174–175, 186

wind-blown bubbles, 299

Winter Triangle, 216

WN stars, see Wolf–Rayet stars

WO stars, see Wolf–Rayet stars

Wolf, Charles, 296

Wolf–Rayet stars, 81–82, 110, 290, 370

of planetary nebulae, 329–330

spectra, kinds, and classes of, 296–298

supernovae from, 371

Wollaston, William, 70

X-ray bursters, 333, 340

X-ray stars, 333

X-rays, 15

Y stars, 93, 95, 100, 160–161

yellow hypergiants, 91, 178, 185, 211–212,

215, 223, 359

YHG stars, see yellow hypergiants

YM 29, 365

Z Andromedae stars, see symbiotic stars

Z Camelopardalis stars, see dwarf novae

ZAMS, see zero–age main sequence

Zanstra, Hermann, 305, 324

Zanstra mechanism, 305–310, 324–326

Zanstra temperatures, 324–326

Zeeman effect, 202, 252

zero-age main sequence, 348, 350

Zodiac, 5, 8

zodiacal light, 22, 256

zone of avoidance, 267, 281

Zwicky, Fritz, 370

ZZ Ceti stars, 289

394 Subject index


Stars and their Spectra - Cambridge University...

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