Frederick Herzberg &

Douglas McGregorA Starblazers Production

Historical Foundation of Theories 

Frederick  Herzberg

• Theory emerged from studies of management at IBM during the 1940's

• A review of the literature on job attitudes and satisfaction revealed conflicts

• Constructed a two-factor theory of management in 959 based on motivation and hygiene

• Used his expertise and background in mental health along with his research of literature to identify a list of factors that contribute to job satisfaction

• Hygiene factors lead to short-term satisfaction• Motivational factors lead to long-term satisfaction

     

Herzberg's Hygiene and Motivating Factors

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Relationship of Herzberg's Theory Components

Historical Foundations of Theories

Douglas McGregor

• Questioned some basic assumptions about behavior in organizations

• Outlined new role for managers in his book The Human Side of Enterprise, 1960

• Developed two contrasting theories: X and Y• Theory X states:  Employees are basically lazy and need

management• Theory Y states:  Employees strive to do well and should be given

every opportunity to use their creativity

McGregor's X & Y Theories

 

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Point of Comparison: Motivation

...in effect making them want to row even harder.

One characteristic common to both theorists is that of motivation.  Herzberg and McGregor, in his Theory Y, purport that components such as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility and advancement, motivate people...

Concerns about the Theories 

Herzberg and McGregor agree that leaders have it within their power to tap into the human potential in their organizations and thereby improve performance.   However, we know that not everyone working in the school has achieved high levels of self-esteem and self-actualization.  Marzano notes that a typical school has 30 percent superstars, 50 percent middle stars, and 20 percent falling stars   (p. 44).

Concerns about the Theories

The falling stars may be satisfied with Herzberg's hygiene factors like decent working conditions and a reliable weekly paycheck.  They may even appreciate Theory X type management because they do not want to be involved in organizational problem-solving.   A good leader must satisfy these desires and find a way for falling stars to contribute to rather than withdraw from or create conflict within the school community.   

How the Theories Apply to School-Based Administration 

Herzberg

Must Do's for Today:

1. Keep my staff satisfied.2. Recognize someone for doing

a nice job.

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McGregor

Theory X = Authoritative Theory Y = Participative

Most school leaders apply components from both theories

depending on context.    

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Implementing Theorists' Ideas when working with teachers to use

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Herzberg Theory of Motivation

Implementing Theorists' Ideas when working with teachers to use

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McGregor's X Theory

Implementing Theorists' Ideas when working with teachers to use

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McGregor's Y Theory

Project Team Members

Beth Novick

Barbara Recchio-Demmin

Shannon Peterson

Leslie G Perry

Brooke Mulartrick