STANTEC WEBINAR SERIES Coagulation 101COAGULATION 101 • STANTEC WEBINAR SERIES 29. Filter/Floc...
Transcript of STANTEC WEBINAR SERIES Coagulation 101COAGULATION 101 • STANTEC WEBINAR SERIES 29. Filter/Floc...
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S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S
Coagulation 101D a v i d P e r n i t s k y , P h D , P . E n g
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Speaker Introduction
2
David Pernitsky, Ph.D., P.Eng– Stantec Vice President, Water Treatment
Global Practice Leader– Over 25 years of experience– Expert in water chemistry
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Symptoms of Poor Coagulation“It’s not just about the clarifier…” High turbidity from clarifier is only one indication of poor coagulation
“It’s really about the filters…” Poor coagulation chemistry is often responsible for:
– High filtered water turbidity– Poor filter ripening– Low Unit Filter Run Volumes (UFRVs)
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 3
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Why Do We Coagulate? Condition raw water particles so they can be removed by
clarification and filtration– Remove turbidity and pathogens
Convert NOM to a solid phase for removal by clarification and filtration– Remove color– Remove DBP precursors– Increase UV transmittance to improve UV disinfection
End Goal: make near-neutral floc particles that filter well
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 4
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 5
Critical Elements Chemistry of Contaminants:
– Particles– Dissolved organics
Chemistry of Coagulants:– Metal-salt coagulants (alum, ferric chloride, PACl)– Organic polymers
Solution Parameters (pH, temperature)
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Chemistry of Particles Many types of particles:
– Clays, minerals, algae, organic debris
All have pH dependent surface chemistry– -OH (hydroxyl) groups– Negative (-ve) at high pH, less -ve at low pH
Low pH High pH
(Source: Stumm and Morgan 1996)
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 6
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Chemistry of NOM Complicated and unique
pH dependent functional groups:– Phenolic, carboxylic, aliphatic…– All of these behave like -OH (hydroxyl) groups– -ve at neutral to high pH, less -ve at low pH
Charge demand 10 to 100x greater than clays
Low pH High pH
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 7
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Importance of Turbidity versus NOM Particle Charge
– 10 mg/L TSS (10 NTU)– 0.5 μeq/mg– 5 μeq/L
Turbidity rarely controls coagulant dose Dose depends on NOM removal or floc filterability Need timely measure of raw water NOM to use for adjusting coagulant dose
NOM Charge– 3 mg/L TOC– 10 to 100 μeq/mg– 30 to 300 μeq/L
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 8
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Chemistry of Coagulants Metal-salt coagulants (alum, ferric, PACl):
– Form dissolved & solid (floc) species – pH dependent– Charge of dissolved species and floc surface is pH dependent– More positive (+ve) at low pH– Generate Al(OH)3 or Fe(OH)3 sludge
Organic Polymers:– Operate via charged functional groups– Charge is largely unaffected by pH– Less sludge generation
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 9
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Alum Chemistry Solubility and speciation are pH-dependent
– Dissolved Species represent only a small part of total aluminum; most is floc– Strong positive charges of dissolved species only at very low pH
(Source: Pernitsky and Edzwald 2006)
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 10
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S
PACl Chemistry Titration of OH- into AlCl3 forms an Al137+ polymer
Characterized by “Basicity” or degree of neutralization– Fully neutralized: Al3+ + 3OH- ↔ Al(OH)3– Basicity = [OH-] / 3[AlT] x 100%– Higher the basicity, higher the Al13 content– 20% (low), 50% (med), 75% (high), 85% (ACH)– Higher the basicity, lower the alkalinity consumption
Can contain additives: sulfate, silicate, organic polymers
Match basicity - raw water alkalinity - coagulation pH
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S
PACl Chemistry Al137+ polymer defines solubility
for PACls
Very little floc formation for high basicity PACls below pH 6.5
Alum and high basicity PACls shown; medium and low basicity PACls are between these two extremes
(Adapted from Pernitsky and Edzwald 2003)
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S
Al Species in Alum and PAClAlum PACl
Frac
tion
of S
olub
le A
l
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Al3+ Al(OH)41-
Al(OH)21+
Al(OH)2+20 oC
pH3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frac
tion
Solu
ble
Al
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8Al3+
Al(OH)2+
Al(OH)21+
Al(OH)41-
5 oC
Frac
tion
of S
olub
le A
l
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Al3+ Al(OH)41-
Al(OH)21+
Al(OH)2+
20 oC
Al137+
pH3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frac
tion
Solu
ble
Al
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8Al3+
Al(OH)2+Al(OH)2
1+
Al(OH)41-
5 oC
Al137+
Oversaturated
Oversaturated
(Source: Pernitsky and Edzwald 2006)
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PACl and Alum Floc Charge
Data for PACl 83%, 67%, 33% basicity from Solomentseva et al. 1999Data for PAS 25% basicity from Solomentseva et al. 2004Data for Alum from Duan et al. 2014
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 14
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 15
NOM Removal with PACl and Alum Lower basicity PACls depress pH more and
remove more NOM
NOM removal with PACls can be enhanced by reducing pH– pH 7 adequate– 50% UV removal with alum at pH 6.2– 50% UV removal with High Basic PACl at pH 7
Even though PACls have highly positively-charged floc at high pH, NOM removal still requires relatively low pH - Still need to test
Coagulant Dose (mg/L as Al)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
UV F
ract
ion
Rem
aini
ng
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Unadjusted pHpH 7.0pH 6.5pH 6.2
pH 7.8
pH 7.7 pH 7.6
High Basic PACl with pH adjustment
Coagulant Dose (mg/L as Al)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
UV F
ract
ion
Rem
aini
ng
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
AlumLBNSMBSHBSHBNS
Unadjusted pH
Alum, pH 6.2Low Basic PACl, pH 7.2-6.4Med Basic PACl, pH 7.4-6.7High Basic PACl, pH 7.6-7.2High Basic PACl, pH 7.8-7.5
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 16
Ferric Chemistry Fe(OH)3 solubility is very low over a
wide pH range
Dissolved-phase coagulant species are more positive at lower pH
Not much positive surface charge above pH 6.5
Explains why ferric coagulants are most effective at or below pH 6
(Source: Stumm and Morgan 1996)
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 17
Summary of Chemistry Charge of coagulant species is pH dependent NOM charge demand is pH dependent Lower pH is better for coagulation performance
pH Low High
NOM Charge Less Negative More Negative
Particle Charge Less Negative More Negative
Coagulant Charge More Positive Less Positive
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 18
Keys to Coagulation Control How much NOM?
– Must satisfy charge demand of NOM
What is pH after coagulation?– Controls residual Al / Fe concentrations– Determines efficiency of NOM removal– Determines floc surface charge
» Affects clarification / filtration performance
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 19
pH-Related Coagulant Demand Graphs show floc charge after coagulant
addition for same water
Must satisfy charge demand of NOM before particle charge changes
At high pH, coagulant demand much higher
Coagulant selection critical at high pH
Coagulants used: Alum High-basicity no-sulfate PACl (HBNS) High-basicity PACl with sulfate (HBS)
Coagulant Dose (mg/L Al)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Aver
age
EPM
( µm
/s/V
/cm
)
-2
-1
1
2
0
AlumHBNSHBS
pH: 6.2
Coagulant Dose (mg/L Al)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Aver
age
EPM
( µm
/s/V
/cm
)
-2
-1
1
2
0
pH: 7.5
AlumHBNSHBS
(Source: Pernitsky and Edzwald 2006)
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NOM Related Coagulant Demand
Coagulants used: Alum High-basicity no-sulfate PACl (HBNS) High-basicity PACl with sulfate (HBS)
WaterTurbidity
(NTU)TOC
(mg/L) SUVA
Dose toneutralize(mg/L as
Al)
1 16 2.5 2.2 0.8
2 0.8 2.8 3.0 1.5
3 0.7 6.1 4.5 4.2
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5
Ave
rage
EP
M ( µ
m/s
/V/c
m)
-2
-1
1
2
0
AlumHBNSHBS
pH: 6.2
Source: Pernitsky and Edzwald 2006
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 20
1
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 21
Poor Coagulation causes Poor Filter Performance Low UFRVs, long ripening times, early breakthrough Conventional jar tests give little indication of filterability of floc
4.5 hr filter run
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 22
Filter UFRV Water produced (between ripening and end of run) per unit area Allows comparison of filters independent of loading rate and size
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Surface Straining (Physical)
Interstitial Straining (Physical)
Attachment (Phys/Chem)
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 23
Filtration Mechanisms
Particles smaller than void spaces need to be “near-neutral” in charge to adhere to surface of media grains
If weakly attached, small particles can be removed by hydraulic shear as bed gets full and interstitial velocity increases
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 24
Floc Charge and WTP Performance “Near-Neutral” floc leads to good filter performance
– Can measure with zeta potential or streaming current
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C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 25
Case Study: Polymer for Direct Filtration Direct filtration plant
To get 0.3 NTU, high coagulant dose and high headloss / short run
Drop coagulant dose and get early breakthrough / short run
Bench-scale zeta potential analysis
Can’t get neutral floc particles with reasonable PACl doses
Need to evaluate cationic polymers
Source: Pernitsky et al. 2010
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Evaluate Polymers for Charge Neutralization Kept baseline PACl dose (1.7
mg/l Al) and added polymer
4 mg/L polymer needed to get to target zeta potential of –5mV
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Superfloc C-573 Dose (mg/L)
Zeta
Poten
tial (m
V)
Good filtration typically seen when ZP greater than -5 mV.
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 26
influent tracking
401924019240192
401934019340192
401964019640193
401974019740196
401984019840196
401994019940197
402004020040198
402034020340198
402044020440199
402064020640200
402074020740200
402104021040203
402114021140203
402124021240204
402134021340204
402144021440206
402174021740207
402184021840210
402194021940211
402204022040212
402254022540212
402264022640213
402274022740214
402284022840217
402314023140218
402324023240219
402334023340220
402344023440225
402354023540226
40227
40228
40231
40232
40233
40234
Raw water UVA
Raw Water (filtered) UVA
Master Flow Rate
Date (2010)
UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)
Flow Rate (ML/d)
0.138
0.131
3.38
0.134
0.134
3.38
0.138
0.122
3.07
0.134
0.124
2.8
0.133
0.136
3.05
0.135
0.12
2.71
0.136
0.121
3.14
0.137
0.13
3.14
0.132
0.131
3.16
0.127
0.127
2.28
0.132
0.12
2.78
0.128
0.133
3.05
0.129
0.132
3.02
0.131
0.133
3.16
0.134
0.125
3.14
0.13
0.131
2
0.131
0.133
2.02
0.135
0.122
3.09
0.136
0.13
3.02
0.136
0.13
2.8
0.132
0.132
3.07
0.144
0.139
2.8
0.139
0.134
3.05
0.133
0.129
3.05
0.129
0.13
3.14
0.135
0.111
2.9
0.133
0.129
3.9
0.136
0.13
3.67
3.06
2.97
2.79
3.02
3.02
2.75
2.57
ZP data
DatePolymer DoseZeta Potential
mg/L
14-Jan-100.0-31
15-Jan-100.5-19
18-Jan-101.0-22
19-Jan-101.5
20-Jan-101.5-19.1
21-Jan-102.0
22-Jan-102.0-22
25-Jan-103.0-12
26-Jan-103.5-10.8
27-Jan-103.5-9.5
28-Jan-104.0-9.6
29-Jan-104.0-7.3
1-Feb-104.0-6.3
2-Feb-104.5-4.5
4-Feb-105.0-5.03
8-Feb-105.0-3.75
11-Feb-104.0-5.32
16-Feb-104.0-5.99
17-Feb-104.0-5.12
18-Feb-104.0-2.99
19-Feb-104.0-5.04
20-Feb-104.0
21-Feb-104.0
22-Feb-104.0
23-Feb-104.0
24-Feb-104.0
25-Feb-104.0-6.39
26-Feb-104.0-7.14
27-Feb-104.0
28-Feb-104.0
1-Mar-104.0pH changed to 6.7
2-Mar-104.0-3
3-Mar-104.0
plot UFRV v zp
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
000
000
0010
0.5111
0.50.51.50.5
1121
1.5131
21.53.51.5
3241.5
3.5342
43.543
444.54
4.5454
54.554
554.5
555
55
5
Filter 4100
Filter 4200
Filter 4300
Filter 4400
Polymer Dose (mg/L)
Unit Filter Run Volume (m3/m2)
72.0136363636
70.7818181818
61.0409090909
71.7636363636
70.4545454545
71.8363636364
76.4727272727
70.5090909091
66.4181818182
71.0545454545
71.7454545455
71.7363636364
70
65.5
62
82.7
63.6
65.5
63.6
82.7
66.8
60
63.6
79.5
66.8
65
66.8
90.7
70
71.6
63.6
111.4
62
82.7
70
112.9545454545
70
102
71.6
109.7727272727
70
101.8181818182
92.3
117.7272727273
82.7
120.9090909091
95.4545454545
117.7272727273
105
114.5454545455
109.7727272727
111.3636363636
109.7727272727
125.6818181818
106.5909090909
117.7272727273
127.2727272727
117.7272727273
112.9545454545
111.3636363636
120.9090909091
98.6363636364
95.4545454545
120.9090909091
105
98.6363636364
124.0909090909
97.0454545455
107.3863636364
108.1818181818
Chart Zeta
0
0.5
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
3
3.5
3.5
4
4
4
4.5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Full-scale Trial
Superfloc C-573 Dose (mg/L)
Zeta Potential (mV)
-31
-19
-22
-19.1
-22
-12
-10.8
-9.5
-9.6
-7.3
-6.3
-4.5
-5.03
-3.75
-5.32
-5.99
-5.12
-2.99
-5.04
Drawdown data
DateMaster Plant FlowDrawdownTarget Dosesolution strengthCalculated dose% error in dose
MLDmL/minmg/LmL poly / mL solution
14-Jan3.380.0
14-Jan3.381080.51.0%0.52-5%
15-Jan3.071981.01.0%1.06-6%
18-Jan2.81001.02.0%1.17-17%05
18-Jan3.051451.52.0%1.56-4%
19-Jan2.711251.52.0%1.51-1%
20-Jan3.141451.52.0%1.52-1%
20-Jan3.142002.02.0%2.09-5%
21-Jan3.162002.02.0%2.08-4%
22-Jan2.281502.02.0%2.16-8%
22-Jan2.782603.02.0%3.07-2%
25-Jan3.052803.02.0%3.01-0%
25-Jan3.023303.52.0%3.59-3%
26-Jan3.163453.52.0%3.58-2%
26-Jan3.141703.54.0%3.56-2%
28-Jan21053.54.0%3.452%
29-Jan2.021304.04.0%4.23-6%
1-Feb3.091954.04.0%4.14-4%
2-Feb3.022054.54.0%4.461%
3-Feb2.81954.54.0%4.57-2%
3-Feb3.072355.04.0%5.03-1%
4-Feb2.82155.04.0%5.04-1%
5-Feb3.052355.04.0%5.06-1%
8-Feb3.052355.04.0%5.06-1%
9-Feb3.141854.04.0%3.873%
10-Feb2.91754.04.0%3.961%
11-Feb3.92304.04.0%3.873%
16-Feb3.672204.04.0%3.942%
17-Feb3.061954.04.0%4.18-5%
18-Feb2.971904.04.0%4.20-5%
19-Feb2.791804.04.0%4.24-6%
22-Feb3.021854.04.0%4.02-1%
23-Feb3.021854.04.0%4.02-1%
24-Feb2.751704.04.0%4.06-1%
25-Feb2.571604.04.0%4.09-2%
Chart draw down
0.52453491120
1.05875179155
1.1725714286
1.5608655738
1.5143911439
1.5161273885
2.0912101911
2.0779746835
2.16
3.070618705
3.0140852459
3.587602649
3.5845063291
3.5550573248
3.44736
4.2259009901
4.1438446602
4.4573245033
4.5730285714
5.0263973941
5.0420571429
5.059357377
5.059357377
3.8687388535
3.9624827586
3.8724923077
3.9362615804
4.1844705882
4.2007272727
4.2363870968
4.0224635762
Drawdown data
Target dose
Target Dose (mg/L)
Measured Dose (mg/L)
y = 1.006x - 0.074R2 = 0.9972
0.5
0
1
5
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
3
3
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
4
4
4.5
4.5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Chart draw down (2)
40192
40193
40196
40196
40197
40198
40198
40199
40200
40200
40203
40203
40204
40204
40206
40207
40210
40211
40212
40212
40213
40214
40217
40218
40219
40220
40225
40226
40227
40228
40231
4.0224635762
4.0592290909
Superfloc C-573
Date (2010)
Measured Superfloc® C-573 Dose (mg/L)
0.5245349112
1.0587517915
1.1725714286
1.5608655738
1.5143911439
1.5161273885
2.0912101911
2.0779746835
2.16
3.070618705
3.0140852459
3.587602649
3.5845063291
3.5550573248
3.44736
4.2259009901
4.1438446602
4.4573245033
4.5730285714
5.0263973941
5.0420571429
5.059357377
5.059357377
3.8687388535
3.9624827586
3.8724923077
3.9362615804
4.1844705882
4.2007272727
4.2363870968
4.0224635762
UVA data
25MaxMin75
DateRWRW filtered4100420043004400Average for filters
14-Jan-100.00.1380.1310.0520.0530.0470.0520.0510.0510.0530.0470.0520.0860.0850.0910.086
15-Jan-100.50.1340.1340.0580.0530.0510.050.0530.0510.0580.0500.0540.0760.0810.0830.084
18-Jan-101.00.1380.1220.0560.0510.0510.0510.0520.0510.0560.0510.0520.0820.0870.0870.087
19-Jan-101.50.1340.1240.0450.0470.0480.0510.0480.0470.0550.0450.0500.0890.0870.0860.083
20-Jan-101.50.1330.1360.0550.0490.0480.0450.0490.0780.0840.0850.088
21-Jan-102.00.1350.120.0480.0530.0530.0490.0510.0480.0530.0440.0530.0870.0820.0820.086
22-Jan-102.00.1360.1210.0530.0480.0440.0470.0480.0830.0880.0920.089
25-Jan-103.00.1370.130.0440.0490.0490.0480.0480.0470.0490.0440.0490.0930.0880.0880.089
26-Jan-103.50.1320.1310.0410.0450.0480.0420.0440.0410.0480.0400.0450.0910.0870.0840.09
28-Jan-103.50.1270.1270.0450.040.0410.0420.0820.0870.086
29-Jan-104.00.1320.120.0470.0410.0390.0420.0400.0470.0350.0440.0850.0910.093
1-Feb-104.00.1280.1330.0440.0440.0350.0420.0410.0840.0840.0930.086
2-Feb-104.50.1290.1320.0370.0440.0380.040.0400.0400.0560.0370.0500.0920.0850.0910.089
3-Feb-104.50.1310.1330.0560.0490.0510.0490.0510.0750.0820.080.082
4-Feb-105.00.1340.1250.0370.0410.0390.0390.0390.0380.0410.0370.039
5-Feb-105.00.130.1310.0380.0380.0380.040.039
8-Feb-105.00.1310.1330.0440.0410.0380.0410.041
9-Feb-104.00.1350.1220.040.0430.040.0420.0410.0410.0540.0320.049
10-Feb-104.00.1360.130.0510.0440.048
11-Feb-104.00.1360.130.0510.0440.048
16-Feb-104.00.1320.1320.0490.0470.0380.0440.045
17-Feb-104.00.1440.1390.0480.040.0520.047
18-Feb-104.00.1390.1340.050.0440.0460.047
19-Feb-104.00.1330.1290.0450.040.0520.046
22-Feb-104.00.1290.130.0410.0370.0320.037
23-Feb-104.00.1350.1110.0490.0440.0380.044
24-Feb-104.00.1330.1290.0490.0490.0420.047
25-Feb-104.00.1360.130.0540.0430.050.049
26-Feb-104.0
251.3E-011.2E-014.4E-024.4E-024.0E-024.1E-02
Max1.4E-011.4E-015.8E-025.3E-025.3E-025.2E-02
Min1.3E-011.1E-013.7E-023.8E-023.5E-023.2E-02
751.4E-011.3E-015.2E-024.9E-024.8E-025.0E-02
chart UVA
401924019240192401924019240192
401934019340193401934019340193
401964019640196401964019640196
401974019740197401974019740197
401984019840198401984019840198
401994019940199401994019940199
402004020040200402004020040200
402034020340203402034020340203
402044020440204402044020440204
402064020640206402064020640206
402074020740207402074020740207
402104021040210402104021040210
402114021140211402114021140211
402124021240212402124021240212
402134021340213402134021340213
402144021440214402144021440214
402174021740217402174021740217
402184021840218402184021840218
402194021940219402194021940219
402204022040220402204022040220
402254022540225402254022540225
402264022640226402264022640226
402274022740227402274022740227
402284022840228402284022840228
402314023140231402314023140231
402324023240232402324023240232
402334023340233402334023340233
402344023440234402344023440234
402354023540235402354023540235
Raw water
Raw water (filtered)
4100
4200
4300
4400
Date (2010)
UV absrobance at 254 nm (cm-1)
0.138
0.131
0.052
0.053
0.047
0.052
0.134
0.134
0.058
0.053
0.051
0.05
0.138
0.122
0.056
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.134
0.124
0.045
0.047
0.048
0.051
0.133
0.136
0.055
0.049
0.048
0.045
0.135
0.12
0.048
0.053
0.053
0.049
0.136
0.121
0.053
0.048
0.044
0.047
0.137
0.13
0.044
0.049
0.049
0.048
0.132
0.131
0.041
0.045
0.048
0.042
0.127
0.127
0.045
0.04
0.041
0.132
0.12
0.047
0.041
0.039
0.128
0.133
0.044
0.044
0.035
0.042
0.129
0.132
0.037
0.044
0.038
0.04
0.131
0.133
0.056
0.049
0.051
0.049
0.134
0.125
0.037
0.041
0.039
0.039
0.13
0.131
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.04
0.131
0.133
0.044
0.041
0.038
0.041
0.135
0.122
0.04
0.043
0.04
0.042
0.136
0.13
0.051
0.044
0.136
0.13
0.051
0.044
0.132
0.132
0.049
0.047
0.038
0.044
0.144
0.139
0.048
0.04
0.052
0.139
0.134
0.05
0.044
0.046
0.133
0.129
0.045
0.04
0.052
0.129
0.13
0.041
0.037
0.032
0.135
0.111
0.049
0.044
0.038
0.133
0.129
0.049
0.049
0.042
0.136
0.13
0.054
0.043
0.05
chart BW UVA
RWRWRWRW
RW filteredRW filteredRW filteredRW filtered
4100410041004100
4200420042004200
4300430043004300
4400440044004400
Sample location
UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)
0.13175
0.144
0.127
0.136
0.12475
0.139
0.111
0.13225
0.044
0.058
0.037
0.0515
0.044
0.053
0.038
0.049
0.03975
0.053
0.035
0.048
0.041
0.052
0.032
0.04975
chart BW UVA2
0000
0.50.50.50.5
1111
1.51.51.51.5
2222
3333
3.53.53.53.5
4444
4.54.54.54.5
5555
4444
Superfloc C-573 (mg/L)
UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)
0.05075
0.053
0.047
0.05225
0.05075
0.058
0.05
0.05425
0.051
0.056
0.051
0.05225
0.0465
0.055
0.045
0.0495
0.04775
0.053
0.044
0.053
0.047
0.049
0.044
0.049
0.041
0.048
0.04
0.045
0.04
0.047
0.035
0.044
0.0395
0.056
0.037
0.0495
0.038
0.041
0.037
0.03925
0.041
0.054
0.032
0.049
TOC vs UVA
0.0580.134
0.0530.134
0.0510.138
0.050.122
0.0560.136
0.0510.121
0.0510.137
0.0510.13
0.053
0.048
0.044
0.047
0.044
0.049
0.049
0.048
UVA (cm-1)
TOC (mg/L)
2.2
2.8
2.4
2.7
1.7
2.9
2.2
3.1
2.1
3.2
1.8
2.7
1.6
3.6
2.6
3.2
2
2.3
1.5
1.8
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.4
TOC data
0.1342.8
0.1342.7
25MaxMin75SUVA0.1382.9
DateRWRW filtered4100420043004400Average for filters0.1223.1
14-Jan-100.000.1363.2
15-Jan-100.52.82.72.22.41.72.22.1252.1E+002.4E+001.7E+002.3E+005.02.62.23.02.30.1212.7
18-Jan-101.02.93.12.11.81.62.62.0251.8E+002.6E+001.6E+002.2E+003.92.72.83.22.00.1373.6
19-Jan-101.500.133.2
20-Jan-101.50
21-Jan-102.001.7E+002.3E+001.5E+002.1E+00
22-Jan-102.03.22.722.31.51.81.94.52.72.12.92.60.0582.2
25-Jan-103.03.63.21.52.11.61.41.651.5E+002.1E+001.4E+001.7E+004.12.92.33.13.40.0532.4
26-Jan-103.500.0511.7
27-Jan-103.500.052.2
28-Jan-100.0562.1
29-Jan-100.0511.8
30-Jan-100.0511.6
31-Jan-100.0512.6
1-Feb-100.0532
2-Feb-100.0482.3
3-Feb-100.0441.5
0.0471.8
0.0441.5
0.0492.1
0.0491.6
0.0481.4
252.9E+002.7E+001.9E+002.0E+001.6E+001.7E+00
Max3.6E+003.2E+002.2E+002.4E+001.7E+002.6E+00
Min2.8E+002.7E+001.5E+001.8E+001.5E+001.4E+00
753.3E+003.1E+002.1E+002.3E+001.6E+002.3E+00
chart TOC
401924019240192401924019240192
401934019340193401934019340193
401964019640196401964019640196
401974019740197401974019740197
401984019840198401984019840198
401994019940199401994019940199
402004020040200402004020040200
402034020340203402034020340203
402044020440204402044020440204
402054020540205402054020540205
402064020640206402064020640206
402074020740207402074020740207
402084020840208402084020840208
402094020940209402094020940209
402104021040210402104021040210
402114021140211402114021140211
402124021240212402124021240212
Raw water
Raw water (filtered)
4100
4200
4300
4400
Date (2010)
Total Organic Carbon (mg/L)
2.8
2.7
2.2
2.4
1.7
2.2
2.9
3.1
2.1
1.8
1.6
2.6
3.2
2.7
2
2.3
1.5
1.8
3.6
3.2
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.4
chart BW TOC
RWRWRWRW
RW filteredRW filteredRW filteredRW filtered
4100410041004100
4200420042004200
4300430043004300
4400440044004400
Sample location
Total Organic Carbon (mg/L)
2.875
3.6
2.8
3.3
2.7
3.2
2.7
3.125
1.875
2.2
1.5
2.125
2.025
2.4
1.8
2.325
1.575
1.7
1.5
1.625
1.7
2.6
1.4
2.3
chart BW TOC2
0.50.50.50.5
1111
2222
3333
Superfloc C-573 Dose (mg/L)
Total Organic Carbon (mg/L)
2.075
2.4
1.7
2.25
1.75
2.6
1.6
2.225
1.725
2.3
1.5
2.075
1.475
2.1
1.4
1.725
UVA data (2)
25MaxMin75
DateRWRW filtered4100420043004400Average for filters
14-Jan-100.00.1380.1310.0860.0850.0910.0860.0878.6E-029.1E-028.5E-028.7E-02
15-Jan-100.50.1340.1340.0760.0810.0830.0840.0818.0E-028.4E-027.6E-028.3E-02
18-Jan-101.00.1380.1220.0820.0870.0870.0870.085758.6E-028.7E-028.2E-028.7E-02
19-Jan-101.50.1340.1240.0890.0870.0860.0830.086258.4E-028.9E-027.8E-028.7E-02
20-Jan-101.50.1330.1360.0780.0840.0850.0880.08375
21-Jan-102.00.1350.120.0870.0820.0820.0860.084258.3E-029.2E-028.2E-028.8E-02
22-Jan-102.00.1360.1210.0830.0880.0920.0890.088
25-Jan-103.00.1370.130.0930.0880.0880.0890.08958.8E-029.3E-028.8E-029.0E-02
26-Jan-103.50.1320.1310.0910.0870.0840.090.0888.5E-029.1E-028.2E-028.9E-02
28-Jan-103.50.1270.1270.0820.0870.0860.085
29-Jan-104.00.1320.120.0850.0910.0930.08966666678.5E-029.3E-028.4E-029.2E-02
1-Feb-104.00.1280.1330.0840.0840.0930.0860.08675
2-Feb-104.50.1290.1320.0920.0850.0910.0890.089258.2E-029.2E-027.5E-029.0E-02
3-Feb-104.50.1310.1330.0750.0820.080.0820.07975
4-Feb-105.0
5-Feb-105.0
8-Feb-10
9-Feb-10
10-Feb-10
11-Feb-10
12-Feb-10
251.3E-011.2E-018.2E-028.4E-028.4E-028.6E-02
Max1.4E-011.4E-019.3E-028.8E-029.3E-029.3E-02
Min1.3E-011.2E-017.5E-028.1E-028.0E-028.2E-02
751.4E-011.3E-018.9E-028.7E-029.1E-028.9E-02
chart UVA (2)
401924019240192401924019240192
401934019340193401934019340193
401964019640196401964019640196
401974019740197401974019740197
401984019840198401984019840198
401994019940199401994019940199
402004020040200402004020040200
402034020340203402034020340203
402044020440204402044020440204
402064020640206402064020640206
402074020740207402074020740207
402104021040210402104021040210
402114021140211402114021140211
402124021240212402124021240212
402134021340213402134021340213
402144021440214402144021440214
402174021740217402174021740217
402184021840218402184021840218
402194021940219402194021940219
402204022040220402204022040220
402214022140221402214022140221
Raw water
Raw water (filtered)
4100
4200
4300
4400
Date (2010)
UV absrobance at 254 nm (cm-1)
0.138
0.131
0.086
0.085
0.091
0.086
0.134
0.134
0.076
0.081
0.083
0.084
0.138
0.122
0.082
0.087
0.087
0.087
0.134
0.124
0.089
0.087
0.086
0.083
0.133
0.136
0.078
0.084
0.085
0.088
0.135
0.12
0.087
0.082
0.082
0.086
0.136
0.121
0.083
0.088
0.092
0.089
0.137
0.13
0.093
0.088
0.088
0.089
0.132
0.131
0.091
0.087
0.084
0.09
0.127
0.127
0.082
0.087
0.086
0.132
0.12
0.085
0.091
0.093
0.128
0.133
0.084
0.084
0.093
0.086
0.129
0.132
0.092
0.085
0.091
0.089
0.131
0.133
0.075
0.082
0.08
0.082
chart BW UVA (2)
RWRWRWRW
RW filteredRW filteredRW filteredRW filtered
4100410041004100
4200420042004200
4300430043004300
4400440044004400
Sample location
UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)
0.13125
0.138
0.127
0.13575
0.1225
0.136
0.12
0.13275
0.082
0.093
0.075
0.0885
0.0835
0.088
0.081
0.087
0.08425
0.093
0.08
0.091
0.086
0.093
0.082
0.089
chart BW UVA2 (2)
0000
0.50.50.50.5
1111
1.51.51.51.5
2222
3333
3.53.53.53.5
4444
4.54.54.54.5
Superfloc C-573 (mg/L)
UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)
0.08575
0.091
0.085
0.08725
0.07975
0.084
0.076
0.08325
0.08575
0.087
0.082
0.087
0.08375
0.089
0.078
0.08725
0.08275
0.092
0.082
0.08825
0.088
0.093
0.088
0.09
0.085
0.091
0.082
0.0885
0.0845
0.093
0.084
0.092
0.0815
0.092
0.075
0.0895
-
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 27
Full-Scale Polymer Trials Kept baseline
PACl dose (1.7 mg/l Al) and added polymer
4 mg/L and target zeta potential of –5 mV gave highest UFRVs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Polymer Dose (mg/L)
Uni
t Filt
er R
un V
olum
e (m
3 /m2 )
Filter 4100Filter 4200Filter 4300Filter 4400
Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr
plot UFRV
40180.848611111140180.848611111140180.848611111140180.848611111140180.8486111111
40181.862540181.862540181.862540181.862540181.8625
40182.834722222240182.834722222240182.834722222240182.834722222240182.8347222222
40183.82540183.82540183.82540183.82540183.825
40184.7937540184.7937540184.7937540184.7937540184.79375
40185.864583333340185.864583333340185.864583333340185.864583333340185.8645833333
40186.913194444440186.913194444440186.913194444440186.913194444440186.9131944444
40187.887540187.887540187.887540187.887540187.8875
40188.897916666740188.897916666740188.897916666740188.897916666740188.8979166667
40189.878472222240189.878472222240189.878472222240189.878472222240189.8784722222
40190.874305555640190.874305555640190.874305555640190.874305555640190.8743055556
40191.869444444440191.869444444440191.869444444440191.869444444440191.8694444444
40192.560416666740192.56041666674019140192.560416666740192.5604166667
4019140191401954019140191
4019240192401964019240192
4019340193401974019340193
4019540195402004019540195
4019840196402024019640196
4020040198402044019740197
4020140200402074019840198
4020540201402084020040200
4020840203402104020240202
4021040208402124020740207
4021240210402154020840208
4021440212402174021040210
40212
40214
40216
40217
Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr
Filter 4100
Filter 4200
Filter 4300
Superfloc C-573 dose
Filter 4400
Date (2010)
Unit Filter Run Volume (m3/m2)
Polymer Dose (mg/L)
72.0136363636
0
70.7818181818
0
61.0409090909
0
71.7636363636
0
70.4545454545
0
71.8363636364
0
76.4727272727
0
70.5090909091
0
66.4181818182
0
71.0545454545
0
71.7454545455
0
71.7363636364
70
65.5
62
82.7272727273
0
63.6
65.5
63.6
82.7272727273
1
66.8
60
63.6
79.5454545455
0.5
66.8
65
66.8
90.6818181818
1
70
71.5909090909
63.6
111.3636363636
1
62
82.7272727273
70
112.9545454545
1.5
70
101.8181818182
71.6
109.7727272727
1.5
70
101.8181818182
92.3
117.7272727273
2
82.7
120.9090909091
95.4545454545
117.7272727273
3
105
114.5454545455
109.7727272727
111.3636363636
4
109.7727272727
125.6818181818
106.5909090909
117.7272727273
4
127.2727272727
117.7272727273
112.9545454545
111.3636363636
4
120.9090909091
4.5
5
5
5
plot headloss
40180.848611111140180.84861111114019140180.848611111140180.8486111111
40181.862540181.86254019540181.862540181.8625
40182.834722222240182.83472222224019640182.834722222240182.8347222222
40183.82540183.8254019740183.82540183.825
40184.7937540184.793754020040184.7937540184.79375
40185.864583333340185.86458333334020240185.864583333340185.8645833333
40186.913194444440186.91319444444020440186.913194444440186.9131944444
40187.887540187.88754020740187.887540187.8875
40188.897916666740188.89791666674020840188.897916666740188.8979166667
40189.878472222240189.87847222224021040189.878472222240189.8784722222
40190.874305555640190.87430555564021240190.874305555640190.8743055556
40191.869444444440191.86944444444021540191.869444444440191.8694444444
40192.560416666740192.56041666674021740192.560416666740192.5604166667
4019140191402194019140191
4019240192402204019240192
4019340193402204019340193
4019540195402224019540195
40198401964019640196
40200401984019740197
40201402004019840198
40205402014020040200
40208402034020240202
40210402084020740207
40212402104020840208
40214402124021040210
40215402144021240212
40217402164021440214
40219402174021640216
40220402194021740217
40220402204021940219
Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr
Filter 4100
Filter 4200
Filter 4300
Superfloc C-573 dose
Filter 4400
Date (2010)
Headloss (m)
Polymer Dose (mg/L)
0.85
0
0.95
0
1.1
0
1.1
0
1.3
0
1.67
0
1.7
0
1.8
0
2
0
2
0
1.9
0
2
2
0.7
0.7
1.8
0
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.23
1
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.1
0.5
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.63
1
0.8
0.99
0.7
1
0.7
1
0.8
1.5
0.85
1.23
1
1.5
0.7
1.2
1.2
2
1.05
1.5
1.2
3
1.35
1.54
1.35
4
1.35
1.5
1.53
4
1.35
1.49
1.64
4
1.6
1.28
1.32
4.5
1.56
1.33
1.56
5
1.6
0.68
1.33
5
1.45
0.7
5
1.45
0.7
4
plot Turbidity
40180.848611111140180.848611111140180.848611111140180.848611111140180.8486111111
40181.862540181.862540181.862540181.862540181.8625
40182.834722222240182.834722222240182.834722222240182.834722222240182.8347222222
40183.82540183.82540183.82540183.82540183.825
40184.7937540184.7937540184.7937540184.7937540184.79375
40185.864583333340185.864583333340185.864583333340185.864583333340185.8645833333
40186.913194444440186.913194444440186.913194444440186.913194444440186.9131944444
40187.887540187.887540187.887540187.887540187.8875
40188.897916666740188.897916666740188.897916666740188.897916666740188.8979166667
40189.878472222240189.878472222240189.878472222240189.878472222240189.8784722222
40190.874305555640190.874305555640190.874305555640190.874305555640190.8743055556
40191.869444444440191.869444444440191.869444444440191.869444444440191.8694444444
40192.560416666740192.56041666674019140192.560416666740192.5604166667
4019140191401954019140191
4019240192401964019240192
4019340193401974019340193
4019540195402004019540195
4019840196402024019640196
4020040198402044019740197
4020140200402074019840198
4020540201402084020040200
4020840203402104020240202
4021040208402124020740207
4021240210402154020840208
4021440212402174021040210
4021540214402194021240212
4021740216402204021440214
4021940217402204021640216
4022040219402224021740217
40220402204021940219
Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr
Filter 4100
Filter 4200
Filter 4300
Superfloc C-573 dose
Filter 4400
Date (2010)
Turbidity (ntu)
Polymer Dose (mg/L)
0.307
0
0.296
0
0.118
0
0.092
0
0.148
0
0.102
0
0.254
0
0.12
0
0.131
0
0.128
0
0.103
0
0.138
0.15
0.3
0.3
0.2
0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.15
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.28
3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.29
4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.27
4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
4.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
5
0.3
0.3
0.3
5
0.3
0.3
4
plot UFRV v dose
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
000
000
0010
0.5111
0.50.51.50.5
1121
1.5131
21.53.51.5
3241.5
3.5342
43.543
444.54
4.5454
54.554
554.5
555
55
45
4
Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr
Filter 4100
Filter 4200
Filter 4300
Filter 4400
Polymer Dose (mg/L)
Unit Filter Run Volume (m3/m2)
72.0136363636
70.7818181818
61.0409090909
71.7636363636
70.4545454545
71.8363636364
76.4727272727
70.5090909091
66.4181818182
71.0545454545
71.7454545455
71.7363636364
70
65.5
62
82.7272727273
63.6
65.5
63.6
82.7272727273
66.8
60
63.6
79.5454545455
66.8
65
66.8
90.6818181818
70
71.5909090909
63.6
111.3636363636
62
82.7272727273
70
112.9545454545
70
101.8181818182
71.6
109.7727272727
70
101.8181818182
92.3
117.7272727273
82.7
120.9090909091
95.4545454545
117.7272727273
105
114.5454545455
109.7727272727
111.3636363636
109.7727272727
125.6818181818
106.5909090909
117.7272727273
127.2727272727
117.7272727273
112.9545454545
111.3636363636
120.9090909091
98.6363636364
95.4545454545
120.9090909091
105
98.6363636364
124.0909090909
97.0454545455
107.3863636364
108.1818181818
plot run time v dose
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
000
000
0010
0.5111
0.50.51.50.5
1121
1.5131
21.53.51.5
3241.5
3.5342
43.543
444.54
4.5454
54.554
554.5
555
55
5
Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr
Filter 4100
Filter 4200
Filter 4300
Filter 4400
Polymer Dose (mg/L)
Filter Run Time (hrs)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
20
20
26
20
20
21
26
21
19
21
25
21
21
22
28.5
22
22.5
19.5
35
19.5
26
22
35.5
22
32
26
34.5
22
32
29
37
26
38
30
37
33
36
34.5
35
34.5
39.5
33.5
37
40
37
35.5
35
38
31
30
38
33
31
39
30.5
33.75
34
plot HL v dose
0000
0010
0010
001.50
0020
0030
003.50
0040
0040
0040
004.50
005
005
0040
0.5141
0.50.540.5
1141
1.511
21.51.5
321.5
3.532
43.53
444
4.544
54.54
554.5
555
55
45
4
Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr
Filter 4100
Filter 4200
Filter 4300
Filter 4400
Polymer Dose (mg/L)
Headloss (m)
0.85
0.95
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.67
1.7
1.8
2
2
1.9
2
2
0.7
0.7
1.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.23
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.1
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.63
0.8
0.99
0.7
0.7
1
0.8
0.85
1.23
1
0.7
1.2
1.2
1.05
1.5
1.2
1.35
1.54
1.35
1.35
1.5
1.53
1.35
1.49
1.64
1.6
1.28
1.32
1.56
1.33
1.56
1.6
1.33
1.45
1.45
plot UFRV v filter loading
353535
353535
653535
656545
656545
858545
404045
404045
4040
4545
4545
4545
UFRV data for Superfloc C-573 dose of 4 mg/L as product.
Filter 4200 off line for media replacement.
Filter 4100
Filter 4300
Filter 4400
Filter Loading (m3/hr)
Unit Filter Run Volume (m3/m2)
120.9090909091
109.7727272727
109.7727272727
114.5454545455
117.7272727273
127.2727272727
36.9318181818
117.7272727273
120.9090909091
41.3636363636
53.1818181818
85.9090909091
39
59.0909090909
90
30.9090909091
46.3636363636
87.9545454545
83.6363636364
83.6363636364
75.6818181818
89.0909090909
87.2727272727
85.9090909091
85.4545454545
87.2727272727
85.9090909091
87.9545454545
81.8181818182
83.8636363636
90
4100 data
Date and TimeFilter LoadingPolymer DoseRun-timeRun-timeTurbidityHeadlossUFRV
m3/hrmg/Lhrs & minsminntumm3/m2
1/2/10 20:22350
1/3/10 20:42350
1/4/10 20:02350
1/5/10 19:48350
1/6/10 19:03350
1/7/10 20:45350
1/8/10 21:55350
1/9/10 21:18350
1/10/10 21:33350
1/11/10 21:05350
1/12/10 20:59350
1/13/10 20:52350
1/14/10 13:27350
13-Jan-10350.0200.300.7065.5
14-Jan-10350.5200.300.7065.5
15-Jan-10350.5190.300.7060
17-Jan-10351.0210.300.7565
20-Jan-10351.522.50.300.9972
22-Jan-10352.0260.301.0083
23-Jan-10353320.301.23102
27-Jan-10353.5320.301.20102
30-Jan-10354380.301.50121
1-Feb-10354360.301.54115
3-Feb-10354.539.50.301.50126
5-Feb-10355370.301.49118
6-Feb-10355310.301.2899
8-Feb-10355330.301.33105
10-Feb-106546.250.300.6837
11-Feb-1065470.300.7041
11-Feb-106546.60.300.7039
11-Feb-1085440.300.7031
13-Feb-10404230.301.1084
14-Feb-1040424.50.301.0889
15-Feb-1040423.50.301.0285
20-Feb-10454210.301.0786
21-Feb-10454200.301.1082
22-Feb-1045420.750.301.1285
4200 data
Date and TimePolymer DoseRun-timeRun-timeTurbidityHeadlossUFRV
mg/Lhrs & minsminntumm3/m2
1/2/10 20:220
1/3/10 20:420
1/4/10 20:020
1/5/10 19:480
1/6/10 19:030
1/7/10 20:450
1/8/10 21:550
1/9/10 21:180
1/10/10 21:330
1/11/10 21:050
1/12/10 20:590
1/13/10 20:520
1/14/10 13:270
13-Jan-100.0200.300.7062
14-Jan-101.0210.300.7063.6
15-Jan-100.5210.300.7063.6
17-Jan-101.0220.300.7566.8
18-Jan-101.019.50.300.7063.6
20-Jan-101.5220.300.8070
22-Jan-102.0260.301.0071.6
23-Jan-103290.301.2092.3
25-Jan-103.5300.301.2095
30-Jan-10434.50.301.35110
1-Feb-10433.50.301.53107
3-Feb-104.535.50.301.64113
5-Feb-105300.301.3295
7-Feb-105310.301.5699
8-Feb-10512:000.301.3397
10-Feb-104
11-Feb-104
11-Feb-104
13-Feb-104
14-Feb-104
15-Feb-104
20-Feb-104
21-Feb-104
22-Feb-104
No real data for 4200 between Feb 11 and Feb 26. Filter was offline most of this time. Media replacement occurred Feb 22 - 25.
4300 data
Date and TimeFilter LoadingPolymer DoseRun-timeRun-timeTurbidityHeadlossVolume (est.)UFRV
m3/hrmg/Lhrs & minsminntumm3m3/m2
1/2/10 20:2235020 hrs 47 min12470.310.9079272
1/3/10 20:4235022 hrs 34 min13540.300.6877971
1/4/10 20:0235016 hrs 17 min9770.121.8567161
1/5/10 19:4835023 hrs 01 min13810.091.8678972
1/6/10 19:0335022 hrs 19 min13390.151.8177570
1/7/10 20:4535023 hrs 10 min13900.101.8279072
1/8/10 21:5535024 hrs 29 min14690.251.8884176
1/9/10 21:1835022 hrs 40 min13600.121.8377671
1/10/10 21:3335021 hrs 35 min12950.131.8473166
1/11/10 21:0535022 hrs 50 min13700.131.8278271
1/12/10 20:5935023 hrs 13 min13930.101.8478972
1/13/10 20:5235023 hrs 12 min7920.141.8478972
13-Jan-10350.0220.150.8577070
17-Jan-10351.0260.200.9591083
18-Jan-10351.0260.301.1091083
19-Jan-10351.5250.151.1087580
22-Jan-10352.028.50.301.3099891
24-Jan-10353.0350.301.671225111
26-Jan-10353.535.50.301.701243113
29-Jan-1035434.50.301.80110
30-Jan-10354370.302.00118
1-Feb-10354370.282.00118
3-Feb-10354.5350.301.90111
6-Feb-10355370.292.00118
8-Feb-10355350.272.00111
10-Feb-1065490.301.8053
11-Feb-10654100.301.2359
11-Feb-1085460.301.1046
13-Feb-10404230.301.6384
14-Feb-10404240.301.5387
15-Feb-10404240.301.5987
20-Feb-1045421.50.301.8088
21-Feb-1045420.50.301.7684
22-Feb-10454220.301.7490
4400 data
Date and TimePolymer DoseRun-timeRun-timeTurbidityHeadlossUFRV
mg/Lhrs & minsminntumm3/m2
1/2/10 20:220
1/3/10 20:420
1/4/10 20:020
1/5/10 19:480
1/6/10 19:030
1/7/10 20:450
1/8/10 21:550
1/9/10 21:180
1/10/10 21:330
1/11/10 21:050
1/12/10 20:590
1/13/10 20:52
1/14/10 13:27
13-Jan-100.020350.300.764
14-Jan-101.021350.300.767
15-Jan-100.521350.300.7567
17-Jan-101.022350.300.870
18-Jan-101.019.5350.300.762
19-Jan-101.522350.300.8570
20-Jan-101.522350.300.770
22-Jan-102.026350.301.0583
24-Jan-10333350.301.35105
29-Jan-10434.5350.301.35110
30-Jan-10440350.301.35127
1-Feb-10438350.301.6121
3-Feb-104.538350.301.56121
5-Feb-10539350.301.6124
7-Feb-10533.75350.301.45107
8-Feb-1050:00350.301.45108
10-Feb-104
11-Feb-104
11-Feb-104
13-Feb-104
14-Feb-10421450.31.0286
15-Feb-10422450.31.0990
19-Feb-10421.5450.31.288
20-Feb-10418.5450.31.2376
21-Feb-10421450.31.2386
22-Feb-10450
terminal tables
PolymerFilter 4300Filters 4100, 4200 and 4400Polymer dose
(mg/L)(ntu)(ntu)4100
0.00.150.3013-Jan-100.00.70
1.00.200.3014-Jan-100.50.70
1.00.300.3015-Jan-100.50.70
1.50.150.3017-Jan-101.00.75
2.00.300.3020-Jan-101.50.99
3.00.300.3022-Jan-102.01.00
3.50.300.3023-Jan-1031.23
40.300.3027-Jan-103.51.20
40.290.3030-Jan-1041.50
40.280.301-Feb-1041.54
4.50.300.303-Feb-104.51.50
50.290.305-Feb-1051.49
5??0.306-Feb-1051.28
-
Evaluating Pilot Filter Performance Need good data analysis to pick
up on subtle changes in filter performance.
Zeta potential measurements are best measure for controlling coagulation
Unit Filter Run Volumes (UFRVs) should be primary KPI for evaluating effects of WTP variables (everything from coag dose to floc mixer speed)
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 28
-
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 29
Filter/Floc Aids Not a charge neutralization application
Certain floc particles are neutrally charged, but too small or fragile to be retained in filters
High molecular weight polymers used at low doses to enlarge and strengthen floc
Balance particle retention and headloss
-
0.3 NTU
Headloss (KPa)
Filter Turbidity (NTU)
Filter Aid Dose (mg/L)
zero 0.005 0.01 0.015
Filter Flow
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 30
-
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 31
Summary NOM controls coagulant dose
Alum best at pH < 7.0 (lower is better)
PACls best at pH > 6.5 (pH ↑ as basicity ↑)
Ferric coagulants best at pH < 6.5
Measure Zeta Potential or Streaming Current
Benchmark coagulation performance with UFRVs
-
References: American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1987. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. v11.01. Philadelphia: ASTM. Duan, J., Wang, J., Guo, T., Gregory, J. 2014. Zeta potentials and sizes of aluminum salt precipitates – Effect of anions and organics and implications for coagulation mechanisms.
Journal of Water Process Engineering, 4(2014) 224-232. Henderson, R.K., Parson, S. A. and Jefferson, B. 2008. Successful removal of algae through the control of zeta potential. Separation Science and technology, 43:1653-1666. Holmes, M., P. Reeve, C. Pestana, C. Chow, G Newcombe, and J. West. 2015. “Zeta Potential Measurement for Water Treatment Coagulation Control”. SA Water. James, W., Craik, S., Heidary-Monfared, S., Solonynko, G., and Pors, M. 2015. “Using Zeta Potential to Optimize Seasonal Direct Filtration”. Western Canada Water Conference,
Sept. 15-18, 2015, Winnipeg MB. Kundert, K. 2014. “Alberta Flood 2013 – City of Calgary Water Treatment System Resiliency”. 16th Canadian National Drinking Water Conference, Oct. 26-29, 2014, Gatineau QC. Morfesis, A., A.M. Jacobson, R. Frollini, M. Helgeson, J. Billica, and K.R. Gertig. 2009. “Role of zeta (ζ) potential in the optimization of water treatment facility operations.” Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry Research. 48(5): 2305-2308. Pernitsky, D.J., R. Cantwell, E. Murphy, N. Paradis, J. Boutilier, and G. Bache. 2010. First Aid for Direct Filtration – Using Zeta Potential to Improve Operation. Presented at the 2010
AWWA Water Quality and Technology Conference, November 15, 2010, Savannah, GA. Pernitsky, D.J. and J.K. Edzwald. 2006. Selection of alum and polyaluminum coagulants: principles and applications. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA.
55(2): 121–141. Pernitsky, D.J. and J.K. Edzwald. 2003. Solubility of polyaluminum coagulants. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA. 52(6): 395–406. Riddick, T.M. 1964. Role of zeta potential in coagulation involving hydrous oxides. Tappi. 47(1): 171A. Sharp, E.L., Rigby, R., Hall, A., Moore, K., Jefferson, B. “Using online zeta potential measurements for coagulation control: A first for the UK Water Industry”. IWA Specialist
Conference on Natural Organic Matter in Water, Malmo, Sweden, 7-10 Sept. 2015. Sharp, E.L., J. Banks, J.A. Billica, K.R. Gertig, R. Henderson, S.A. Parsons, D. Wilson, and B. Jefferson. 2005. “Application of zeta potential measurements for coagulation control:
pilot-plant experiences from UK and US waters with elevated organics.” Water Supply. 5(5): 49–56. Solomentseva, I.M., Barany, S., and Gregory, J. 2004.Surface properties and aggregation of basic aluminum sulphate hydrolysis products 1. Electrokinetic potential and hydration of
BAS hydrolysis product particles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 230(2001) 117-129. Solomentseva, I.M., Gerasimenko, N.G., and Barany, S. 1999. Surface properties and aggregation of basic aluminum chloride hydrolysis products. Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 151(1999) 113-126. Stumm W., and Morgan, J.J. 1996. Aquatic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Waller M., R. Cantwell, Q. Muylwyk, Pernitsky, D.J. 2012. Rethinking Coagulation Practices on the Great Lakes Using Zeta Potential. Presented at the 2012 AWWA Water Quality and
Technology Conference, November 4-8, 2012, Toronto, ON, Canada.
C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 32
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David Pernitsky, PhD, [email protected]
33C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S
THANK YOU!Questions?
Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Symptoms of Poor CoagulationWhy Do We Coagulate?Critical ElementsChemistry of ParticlesChemistry of NOMImportance of Turbidity versus NOMChemistry of CoagulantsAlum ChemistryPACl ChemistryPACl ChemistryAl Species in Alum and PAClPACl and Alum Floc ChargeNOM Removal with PACl and AlumFerric ChemistrySummary of ChemistryKeys to Coagulation ControlpH-Related Coagulant DemandNOM Related �Coagulant DemandPoor Coagulation causes Poor �Filter PerformanceFilter UFRVFiltration MechanismsFloc Charge and WTP PerformanceCase Study: Polymer for Direct Filtration Evaluate Polymers for Charge NeutralizationFull-Scale Polymer TrialsEvaluating Pilot Filter PerformanceFilter/Floc AidsSlide Number 30SummaryReferences:Slide Number 33