Stansted Airport Generation 1 Inquiry PROOF OF...

BAA/5/A

(Case Reference No: 2032278)

Stansted Airport Generation 1 Inquiry

PROOF OF EVIDENCE BY PHILIP SQUIRE

BA (Hons), MSc, DIC

Water Efficiency

April 2007

Stansted G1 / Proof of Evidence

Water Efficiency

Black & Veatch Ltd BAA STAL Water Proof of Evidence.pdf (i)

26/04/2007

Notice:

This report was prepared by Black & Veatch Limited (BVL) solely for use by BAA. This report is not addressed to and may not be relied upon by any person or entity other than BAA for any purpose without the prior written permission of BVL. BVL, its directors, employees and affiliated companies accept no responsibility or liability for reliance upon or use of this report (whether or not permitted) other than by BAA for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

In producing this report, BVL has relied upon information provided by others. The completeness or accuracy of this information is not guaranteed by BVL.


Water Efficiency

Black & Veatch Ltd BAA STAL Water Proof of Evidence.pdf (ii)

26/04/2007

STANSTED GENERATION 1 PROOF OF EVIDENCE: WATER EFFICIENCY

1. PHILIP OLAV SQUIRE - QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE 1 1.1 Personal details...............................................................................................................1 1.2 Relevant Experience.......................................................................................................1

2. SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF EVIDENCE 4 2.1 Instructions .....................................................................................................................4 2.2 Content and structure of proof .......................................................................................4

3. THE WATER EFFICIENCY ISSUE 6 3.1 The application for planning permission .......................................................................6 3.2 The Environment Agency’s (EA’s) response to the application. .................................7 3.3 The reason for refusal.....................................................................................................8

4. RELEVANT POLICY 10 4.1 National water efficiency policies ...............................................................................10 4.2 Regional and County level water efficiency policies..................................................11 4.3 Local water efficiency policies ....................................................................................16

5. REGULATIONS RELATING TO WATER EFFICIENCY 18 5.1 Current regulations.......................................................................................................18 5.2 Emerging regulations ...................................................................................................19

6. METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING WATER EFFICIENCY 21 6.1 Stage 1: Water supply data review ..............................................................................21 6.2 Stage 2: Water use efficiency review ..........................................................................21 6.3 Stage 3: Water supply system performance monitoring and review ..........................22

7. WATER NETWORKS, SERVICES AND USAGE 23 7.1 Current demand and network management.................................................................23 7.2 Historical water demand and consumption .................................................................25 7.3 Assessment of current water demand at Stansted Airport ..........................................26 7.4 Stansted compared to other airports.............................................................................28

8. CURRENT WATER EFFICIENCY 29 8.1 Stansted Airport water efficiency policies...................................................................29 8.2 Current water efficiency measures and trends in water use ........................................29

9. BAA’S PROPOSED APPROACH FOR WATER EFFICIENCY 39 9.1 Water efficiency measures for existing buildings .......................................................39 9.2 Water efficiency measures for new facilities ..............................................................39 9.3 Water supply network management ............................................................................40 9.4 Policy compliance ........................................................................................................40 9.5 Planning conditions ......................................................................................................42

10. POTENTIAL WATER EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS TO 2014/15 45 10.1 Potential for improvements in water efficiency ..........................................................45 10.2 Anticipated improvements for water efficiency by major user group ........................46 10.3 Potential for additional water saving measures ...........................................................49 10.4 Indicative future water demand: 2014/15, with water efficiency measures ...............51

11. OTHER MATTERS 54 11.1 Foul water disposal.......................................................................................................54

12. CONCLUSION 55 13. REFERENCES 57


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Black & Veatch Ltd BAA STAL Water Proof of Evidence.pdf 1

26/04/2007

STANSTED GENERATION 1 PROOF OF EVIDENCE: WATER EFFICIENCY

1. PHILIP OLAV SQUIRE - QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE

1.1 Personal details

1.1.1 My name is Philip Olav Squire; I hold an MSc in Engineering Geology and a BA (Hons)

in Geology. I am a Fellow of the Geological Society and I have been a Chartered

Geologist since 1988.

1.2 Relevant Experience

1.2.1 I am a Divisional Director in the Black & Veatch Environment Business, which provides

full consultancy services for infrastructure development in the renewable energy, and non-

utility water sectors. I am an Engineering Geologist with some 25 years engineering and

management experience gained on a wide range of renewable energy, power, dam, water

and transport engineering projects through inception, design, construction, due diligence,

performance monitoring and operational improvement assessments. I have considerable

multi-disciplinary experience in the construction industry and I currently lead Black &

Veatch’s European renewable energy and airport water engineering teams.

1.2.2 I have led the Black & Veatch airport water engineering team since 2003, when I stepped

into the leadership role of the Water Engineering Task Team for Terminal 5 at Heathrow.

Since then I have provided water engineering technical advisory services for all aspects of

airport water use in terms of:

• Water supply (potable and non-potable)

• Water reuse (rainwater harvesting and grey-water recycling)

• Fire main performance and optimisation

• Surface water drainage and flood risk management

• Pollution control and water quality management

• Foul water drainage

1.2.3 These services have been provided at Heathrow, Stansted, Edinburgh, Southampton and

Gatwick Airports. I have particular knowledge of the whole Stansted Airport water

system and its interdependencies gained from the Stansted Water Projects that I am

involved with. A summary of each of the airport projects that I have led is provided in the

following paragraphs:

a) Stansted Generation 1 (G1), UK, Stansted Airport Ltd: Project Director of the water

drainage team for the development of assessments, designs and documentation necessary

to support the planning application and business case development for the drainage


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infrastructure developments at Stansted required to increase the Airport’s capacity from 25

Mppa to about 35Mppa. The water drainage team’s remit covers: surface water drainage,

flood control, pollution control, and foul drainage. In 2007 the remit was extended to

include the assessment of historical water efficiency and potential for future water

efficiencies at the Airport.

b) Stansted Generation 2 (G2), UK, BAA Group Plc: Project Director of water engineering

and drainage team and the water EIA team for the development of assessments, designs

and documentation necessary to support the planning application and business case

development for the second runway and associated terminals at Stansted. The water

team’s remit covers: river diversions, surface water drainage, flood control, pollution

control, water supply (potable and non-potable), foul drainage and fire main systems.

c) Heathrow Star Project, UK, Heathrow Airport Ltd.: Project Director of the Water

Engineering and Drainage Team supporting the planning application and subsequent

upgrades for the water assets associated with the redevelopment of the new piers, aprons,

and taxiways for the redevelopment of Terminals 1 and 2. The work covers the surface

water drainage, pollution control, water supply, and foul water drainage and fire main

systems. (2005-Current)

d) Drainage and Gogar Burn Optioneering Studies, Scotland, Edinburgh Airport Ltd:

Project Director for the optioneering studies into the reduction of flood risk and water

quality management in the Gogar Burn at Edinburgh Airport. (2006 – Current)

e) Heathrow Consents Rationalisation Project, UK, Heathrow Airport Ltd.: Project Director

for the assessment of pollution control system performance at Heathrow Airport such that

the various discharge consents to the Eastern Balancing Reservoir and Clockhouse Lane

Pit are rationalised, simplified and renegotiated with the Environment Agency. (2005-

Current)

f) Heathrow Water Asset Management Support Project, UK, Heathrow Airport Ltd: Project

Director for the provision of operational support and operational improvement advice for

the Heathrow Airport fire main, surface water drainage system and pollution control

systems (2004 – 2007).

g) Heathrow Terminal 5, UK, BAA Group Plc: Project Director and Close-Out Advisor to

the Water Engineering Task Team responsible for focussing the team on completing the

design work, handing over to the construction teams and demobilising the team down to a

small core providing technical support to the construction and commissioning teams (2003

– 2006).


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h) Southampton Fire Main Performance Assessment, UK, Southampton Airport Ltd: Project

Director for the performance testing and operational assessment of the Southampton

Airport fire main. (2006)

j) Heathrow Eastern Terminal Project, UK, Heathrow Airport Ltd.: Project Director for the

development of the water supply, foul drainage and surface water drainage strategy for the

new Terminal to replace the Queens Building and Terminal 2. (2006)


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2. SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF EVIDENCE

2.1 Instructions

2.1.1 I was first instructed in relation to Stansted Airport in mid 2004 when Black & Veatch

were appointed to provide advice in respect of the implications of the G1 proposals for the

existing water infrastructure at Stansted Airport. The water drainage team’s remit initially

covered: surface water drainage, flood control, pollution control, and foul drainage. In

2007 the remit was extended to include the assessment of historical water efficiency and

potential for future water efficiencies at the Airport.

2.1.2 In parallel to the work on G1 I have also led the water engineering and drainage team and

the water EIA team for the development of proposals for a second runway and its

associated assets at Stansted Airport (the G2 project). The water team’s remit covers:

river diversions, surface water drainage, flood control, pollution control, water supply

(potable and non-potable), foul drainage and fire main systems.

2.1.3 As a result of my close involvement in these two projects, I am familiar with the issues

associated with water management at Stansted Airport.

2.2 Content and structure of proof

2.2.1 My evidence is focussed primarily on the continuing identification and implementation of

measures to improve the efficiency of the use of water at Stansted Airport. However, in

response to concerns raised by third parties, I will also demonstrate that capacity increases

currently underway in the Thames Water Utilities Ltd Wastewater Treatment Works at

Bishop’s Stortford are more than adequate for the anticipated increased foul water flows

arising from the G1 development (in section 11).

2.2.2 For the reasons I present in later sections I consider that the Airport has recognised the

importance of water efficiency in its operations in the past and recognises that there is

scope for further efficiency improvements under G1.

2.2.3 By adopting a proactive approach to water management, secured through appropriate

conditions and formal assurances, I consider that the Airport will be able to deliver a

significant reduction in water consumption, on a per passenger basis, in 2014-15 over that

achieved in 2005-06.

2.2.4 My analysis starts by identifying the nature and scope of the “water efficiency issue” in

section 3. I then summarise the relevant national, regional and local policies and the

relevant Regulations governing water efficiency in sections 4 and 5.


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2.2.5 I summarise the approach used for assessing water efficiency at the Airport in section 6

and then in sections 7 and 8 I examine historical water demand at the Airport and the

historical trends of water efficiency in each of the Airport’s water user groups.

2.2.6 In section 9 I describe BAA’s proposed approach to securing further efficiency

improvements as part of the G1 development, and, based on this approach, estimate the

improved levels of efficiency that such improvements could be expected to deliver by

2014-15 in section 10.

2.2.7 In section 12 I conclude that BAA’s proposed approach to water efficiency is in line with

national, regional and local water policy; and can be expected to deliver savings in water

consumption (l/pax) in the order of 16% over that achieved in 2005-06, which would

equate to a 9% improvement on that reported in the ES Vol 14.


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3. THE WATER EFFICIENCY ISSUE

3.1 The application for planning permission

3.1.1 The effects of the proposed development on matters relating to water resources, supply,

and foul and surface water drainage were considered in Volume 14 of the Environmental

Statement (ES Vol 14) that accompanied the G1 application (BAA, 2006, CD/17).

3.1.2 At Paragraph 6.1.1 (page 6), it was explained that the Airport had experienced significant

improvements in water efficiency in recent years due to a number of factors such as

improvements in demand management, operational water use, leakage reduction and

economies of scale due to increases in passenger numbers.

3.1.3 Paragraph 8.6.1 (page 13) concluded that the G1 development would have a minor adverse

impact on water resources. The assessment was based on the following assumptions:

• Projections for 2014-15 water usage were based on water use data for 2004-05,

which were at that time the most recent full financial year’s records available.

Water utilisation at the Airport in 2004-05 was 29.5 litres per passenger (l/Pax)1.

• That further efficiencies were unlikely to be introduced within the planning period

(Paragraph 6.1.1, page 7).

3.1.4 The preparation of the ES Vol 14 included consultation with primary stakeholders with an

interest in water. Table 1 (page 2) summarises the consultation process undertaken with

each stakeholder. The EA and Three Valleys Water (TVW) consultation responses were

described as follows:

• EA – “The EA have been consulted throughout the project period and were the

providers of key information for the study. Two formal meetings were held: firstly

at the start of the project to appraise the EA of the proposed methodologies and

secondly at the end of the project to present results and conclusions. The outcome

of the consultation was that the EA have no outstanding issues and they would

respond formally in writing in due course”.

• TVW – “TVW were consulted as the statutory supplier of potable water to the

Airport. TVW agree that the proposed Generation 1 development is a very small

proportion of the regional expansion it plans for in its Strategic Resource Plan.

This plan adopts a “Twin-track” approach of better utilisation of existing resources

and demand management via reducing leakage and increasing metering to

domestic properties”.

1 Based on 22 million passengers (Table 1, ES Technical Summary) and average usage 1.69 Ml/d (Table 3, Vol. 14: Water)


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3.1.5 BAA subsequently elaborated upon the issue of water efficiency at paragraph 4.3.1 of its

Regulation 19 response (BAA, 2006, CD/22). This explained that:

• Data for 2005-06 had become available and was reported in the Stansted

Corporate and Social Responsibility Report. This showed a small increase in the

rate of water consumption at 32.2 l/Pax.

• It is usual for there to be variations from year to year in water consumption which

occurs for a variety of reasons including new development, new hotels, passenger

numbers and airport activity.

• STAL is confident that 29.5 litres per passenger represents a reasonable basis on

which to project future demand.

• Even at this higher consumption level, the Airport’s water use within the context

of the overall Three Valleys water supply area would still be small.

3.2 The Environment Agency’s (EA’s) response to the application.

3.2.1 In their initial response to the planning application (EA letter reference NE/2006/014443-

1/1, dated 27 June 2006, CD/505), the EA stated that they had no objection in principle to

the development subject to the imposition of four conditions. These are in addition to

conditions WAT1-WAT4 imposed as part of the 2003 permission for expansion beyond 15

million passengers per annum (mppa) (UDC, 2003, CD/30). The four new conditions

were:

3.2.2 Condition 1 A plan for the de-silting and general maintenance of the attenuation ponds

shall be submitted to and approved in writing by the local planning

authority before development commences. Works shall then proceed inn

accordance with the details submitted.

Reason: To ensure that the maximum capacity of each pond is utilised to mitigate against flood risk

caused by rapid runoff form the airport hardstanding.

3.2.3 Condition 2 Surface water drainage works shall be carried out in accordance with

details which shall have been submitted to and approved in writing by the

local planning authority before development commences.

Reason: To prevent the increased risk of flooding.

3.2.4 Condition 3 During construction, no solid matter shall be stored within 10m of the

banks of local watercourses (Tye Green and Pincey Brook).

Reason: To prevent solid materials from entering the local watercourses and causing pollution.


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3.2.5 Condition 4 No development approved by this permission shall be commenced until

the local planning authority is satisfied that adequate sewerage

infrastructure will be in place to receive foul water discharges from the

site. No buildings (or uses) hereby permitted shall be occupied (or

commenced) until such infrastructure is in place.

Reason: To prevent pollution of the water environment.

3.2.6 In “Information for Planning Authority and Applicant” the letter notes that the proposed

development will increase demand for water in an area where “water is a scarce resource”

(page 3, paragraph 1). It states that the forecast demands would constitute a significant

impact on water resources if supplied exclusively from Hadham Mill, and consequently

says that water efficiency concerns should be addressed seriously.

3.2.7 The issue of water efficiency was raised again in the letter from the EA dated 25 October

2006, reference NE/2006/014443-2/1 (CD/506), which states:

“The Regulation 19 Response refers to maintaining the level at a 2004 baseline figure of

29.5 litres per passenger. Given the shortage of water in the area and the availability of

efficiency measures, we would advise that a significant reduction on passenger water use

should be aimed for.”

3.3 The reason for refusal

3.3.1 Paragraph 245 of the Planning Officers’ Report (CD/33) noted the comments of the

Environment Agency that water resources in the area are scarce and the view of the EA

that the projected increase in water consumption is significant when compared to local

resources, in particular at Hadham Mill. It emphasised that the Environment Agency

wanted water efficiency to be addressed seriously, and it also noted its concerns about

BAA’s Regulation 19 Response that greater water efficiency in terms of consumption per

passenger was not anticipated.

3.3.3 Paragraph 250 of the Report concluded that the application fails to make adequate

provision for increased efficiency in the use of water.

3.3.4 In accordance with the recommendation in the Officer’s Report, one of the reasons for

refusal (R.90D) was as follows (CD/42):

“Inadequate provision is made for increased efficiency in the use of water to the

detriment of water conservation strategies and contrary to policies NR12 and EG4

of the Essex and Southend-on-Sea Structure Plan and GEN1 of the Uttlesford

Local Plan”.


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3.3.5 These and other policies relevant to water efficiency are discussed in section 4.

3.3.6 Reason for refusal R.90D therefore seeks greater provision for increased water efficiency

at Stansted Airport as part of the G1 proposals. This is reflected in the “Statement of

Evidence” prepared by the EA and appended to UDC’s Statement of Case (CD/338),

which concludes that:

“Hence it is important that BAA continues to implement water efficiency

measures and manage demand at Stansted Airport” (paragraph f).

3.3.7 In order to address this concern, BAA and B&V, in discussion with the Environment

Agency, have developed an additional package of measures to further improve the level of

water efficiency at Stansted Airport. These measures, and the agreed method of securing

them, are discussed in section 9. The following sections establish the context for the

consideration of these measures in terms of policy, regulations and existing infrastructure

and practices at Stansted.


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4. RELEVANT POLICY

4.1 National water efficiency policies

(a) Securing the Future: delivering UK sustainable development strategy (DEFRA, 2005, CD/91)

4.1.1 The UK Government’s sustainable development strategy focuses on four key priorities;

“sustainable consumption and production, climate change, natural resource protection and

sustainable communities” (page 17, paragraphs 2-5). It commits to “placing sustainable

development at the heart of the land use planning system and at the core of new planning

guidance” (page 10, paragraph 1, bullet point 2). Page 121, paragraph 1 defines

sustainable development at the local level as:

• “balancing and integrating the social, economic and environmental components of

their community”;

• “meeting the needs of existing and future generations”; and

• “respecting the needs of other communities in the wider region or internationally

to make their communities sustainable”.

(b) Planning Policy Statement 1: Delivering Sustainable Development (ODPM, 2005, CD/92)

4.1.2 PPS1 incorporates the “prudent use of natural resources” as a key principle, aiming to

maximise outputs while minimising resources used.

4.1.3 Measures to achieve this include minimising consumption of new resources over the

lifetime of developments by “making more efficient use or reuse of existing resources,

rather than making new demands on the environment”, and encouraging the use of

renewable resources, resource efficient buildings and the sustainable use of water

resources.

(c) PPS: Planning and Climate Change: A consultation document (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2006, CD/160)

4.1.4 Part 1, paragraph 1.1 states that the final document is intended to supplement PPS1. The

stakeholders that will be directly affected include building and infrastructure developers

and service providers (water companies, waste management companies/contractors) (Part

4 Paragraph 32, page 58).

4.1.5 If implemented in the current form, this PPS will require that:

• consideration of climate change is “integrated into all spatial planning

concerns…including water supply and waste management” (Part 2 paragraph 7,

bullet point 4, page 14);


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• planning authorities consider “the capacity of existing and potential infrastructure

(including…water and sewerage…) to service the site or area in ways consistent

with cutting carbon emissions and successfully adapting to likely changes in the

local climate” (Part 2 paragraph 19: bullet point 2 on page 18); and

• design for environmental performance includes attention to “the potential

contribution to be gained to water harvesting from impermeable services and

encouraging layouts that accommodate waste water recycling” (Part 2 paragraph

35: bullet point 6 on page 22).

4.1.6 Localised water networks are suggested as an option to minimise energy consumption due

to pumping of water and waste water (Part 4 Paragraph 58, page 66).

(d) Water resources for the future A STRATEGY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES (EA,

March 2001, CD/331)

4.1.7 The UK national water resources strategy acknowledges that water is a scarce resource in

much of England and Wales (paragraph 3.1, Page 20).

4.1.8 It recommends a ‘twin-track’ approach; “seeking the efficient use of water while bringing

forward timely proposals for resource development where appropriate” (paragraph 2.3.2,

page 18).

4.1.9 The strategy concludes that the following steps will be necessary in the period 2001-2026

to improve the water environment and safeguard public water supply (summary on page 6,

paragraph 3):

• recovery of some current licensed abstractions (some 700 Ml/d);

• enhancement of public water supply (up to 1100 Ml/d above present levels);

• more efficient water use (no specific target) – it states that “commerce and

industry should pay more attention to water efficiency”, emphasising that many

water saving initiatives can have a payback period of less than a year; and

• further attention to leakage control (no specific target).

4.1.10 Action A3 states “water companies should actively promote waste minimisation schemes

among their industrial and commercial customers in compliance with their statutory duty

to promote the efficient use of water” (Table 8.1, page 10).

4.2 Regional and County level water efficiency policies

(a) Water Resources Strategy for the East of England (EA, 2001, CD/334)

4.2.1 Similarly to the national strategy, the Water Resources Strategy for the East of England

acknowledges that water is a scarce resource in much of England and Wales. The strategy


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concludes that the following steps will be necessary in the period 2001-2016 to improve

the water environment and safeguard public water supply (summary on page 5):

• recovery of some current licensed abstractions (some 40-210 Ml/d);

• enhancement of public water supply (up to 300 Ml/d above present levels);

• more efficient water use (no specific target); and

• further attention to leakage control (no specific target).

4.2.2 This ‘twin track’ approach is in line with the national strategy (see 4.1 d), using both

demand management and resource development to meet the challenge of rising demand.

4.2.3 Paragraph 7.2.2 (page 73) states that “water efficiency and water use minimisation should

make a significant contribution to effective water resources management over the next 25

years”, suggesting that although almost all commercial and industrial water use is metered

“many independent studies have shown that there is considerable scope for reducing water

use”. It proposes the implementation of “simple water efficiency measures that generally

would pay for themselves in less than one year”, estimating that conservation of water in

commerce and industry could save up to 50 Ml/d over the next 25 years.

4.2.4 Paragraph 7.2.2 (page 73) attributes rapid progress in leakage control over the last five

years to Government initiatives and mandatory leakage targets set by Ofwat. Further goals

for leakage reduction are set based on four different scenarios for the development of

society. It is noted that leakage control “can contribute significantly to balancing supply

with properly managed demand” and “is effective across the range of societal and climate

scenarios”. To deliver this, Action A8 states that the water industry should continue to

develop and implement new and better methods of leakage control.

4.2.5 Paragraph 7.2.4 (page 75) states that metering is regarded as having the potential to make

“a significant contribution to the effective management of water resources”, and household

metering should be significantly expanded, creating a culture of awareness of water use by

making it normal for consumption to be metered.

(b) RPG6: Regional Planning Guidance for East Anglia to 2016 (Government Office for the East of England, 2000, CD/65)

4.2.6 Policy 53 states that “rates of development should not exceed the capacities of existing or

planned water supply systems, taking into account environmental constraints, to meet

projected demand”.

4.2.7 Policy 55 states that “development plans should include policies to promote increased

water efficiency and recycling in both existing and new developments”.


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(c) RPG14: Regional Planning Guidance for the East of England (East of England Regional Assembly, Draft, 2004)

4.2.8 The draft RPG14 was initially prepared to supersede RPG6, but work on it has now

discontinued. The work completed on RPG14 was used to contribute to the draft East of

England Plan, which is scheduled to supersede RPG6 in summer 2007 (see paragraphs

4.2.11-14).

4.2.9 Paragraph 9.1 (page 149) identifies key challenges based on the Regional Environmental

Strategy, including “delivering sustainable patterns and forms of development” and

“ensuring environmental sustainability in the economy”.

4.2.10 Policy ENV9: WATER SUPPLY, MANAGEMENT AND DRAINAGE (page 163),

requires that

• “New development will be located, designed and its implementation planned in

such a way to allow for sustainable provision of water supply and enable timely

investment in sewage treatment and discharge systems to maintain the required

standard of water quality”;

• Local planning authorities ensure the introduction of water saving measures, and

should “produce detailed supplementary planning guidance to implement water

conservation and sustainable drainage solutions”; and

• All “relevant agencies and developers should include water conservation measures

in new development and promote public awareness of the need to reduce water

consumption”.

(d) East of England Plan incorporating Secretary of State’s proposed changes (Draft, 2007, CD/76)

4.2.11 Paragraph 10.1 states that “the East of England is the driest region in England, and one of

the fastest growing. Water resource availability is limited and there are already supply-

demand issues in parts of the region”. Growth and changes in climate are predicted to lead

to “increased pressure on water resources”.

4.2.12 Paragraph 10.2 recognises that the water companies are responsible for planning and

managing water supply, including the regular submission of water resources plans looking

25 years ahead. Paragraph 10.9 notes that development may need to be phased in order to

prevent exceeding water infrastructure capacity or environmental limits.

4.2.13 Policy WAT1: Water Efficiency requires that “development provided for in the Spatial

Strategy is matched with improvements in water efficiency, which will be delivered

through a progressive, year on year, reduction in per capita consumption rates. Savings


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should be monitored against a per capita per day consumption target which EERA should

set out in its monitoring framework”. This approach should be reflected in the water

resource plans submitted by the water companies.

4.2.14 A single per capita consumption target developed through the East of England Regional

Assembly’s (EERA’s) monitoring framework is recommended instead of differentiating

between new and existing development as proposed in the previous draft (bullet point 1,

page 57). Paragraph 10.6 states that this “should achieve savings in water use compared

with 2006 levels equivalent to at least 25% in new development and at least 8% in existing

development”. This is based on advice from the EA that total average consumption of 110

l/person/day, 25% below 2006 levels in the region, “represents a sustainable level of

consumption which is achievable assuming the deployment of water efficient fittings and

the wise use of appliances”.

(e) Water Efficiency in Development September 2004 (Sustainable Development Round Table for the East of England/EA, 2004, CD/337)

4.2.15 Water Efficiency in Development is an informative document, prepared as a technical

study for the RSS14 consultation and to provide a model for local development plans

(paragraph 2.1, page 2-1). It requires that all new developments must include appropriate

water efficiency measures, which are categorised as follows:

• water saving by good housekeeping;

• water saving devices;

• augmenting water supply; and

• recycling and re-use of water.

4.2.16 The model Supplementary Planning Document for local authorities (Appendix 1) states

that developers would “be required to maximise water efficiency in new developments

from water efficient technologies, supplementing existing supply and re-use and recycling

water”.

4.2.17 The model planning policy for local development documents (Appendix 1) states that

efficiency standards would need to exceed minimum standards, including;

• “All new developments and changes of use to endeavour to incorporate water

saving technologies and devices so as to provide the potential to reduce their water

requirements by at least 20% of their predicted water requirements”.

• “All new developments of 15 residential units or more, and commercial

developments over 500 square metres (gross floorspace) to provide rainwater


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harvesting technology so as to provide up to 50% of their predicted water

requirements”.

• “Require all commercial developments over 500 square metres (gross floorspace)

to submit a design water audit in order to fully consider the technical,

environmental and economic feasibility of systems based on water efficiency”.

The suggested model planning policy was not incorporated into the RSS, although as I

have explained, the most recent version of the RSS proposes similar percentage targets for

reducing water requirements as set out in paragraph 4.2.14 above.

(f) East of England Regional Assembly Regional Environment Strategy (EERA, 2003, CD/335)

4.2.18 The strategic aims of the Regional Environmental Strategy (section 5.1, page 31) include:

• SA1: Accommodate population and economic growth whilst protecting and

enhancing the environment.

• SA3: Deliver sustainable design. Considerable pressure is being placed on the

natural resources of the region to support housing and economic growth, most

notably on water resources.

4.2.19 Measures to achieve these aims should include giving development of existing buildings

priority (page 37), and conserving water resources through the use of water efficient

appliances (page 38).

(g) East of England Sustainable Development Framework (East of England Regional Assembly / East of England Sustainable Development Round Table, 2001, CD/336)

4.2.20 Section 4.20 (page 26) recognises that “managing demand for water” and “planning for

impacts on water supplies arising from changing rainfall patterns” are key challenges for

water resources. It states that water supplies in the region “already depend on demand-

management measures, transfers and re-use”.

4.2.21 Section 6.1 (page 32) states that the high level objectives include an aim to “use natural

resources, both finite and renewable, as efficiently as possible, and re-use finite resources

or recycled alternatives wherever possible”.

(h) East of England Development Agency Regional Economic Strategy (East of England Development Agency, 2004, CD/119)

4.2.22 Goal 8 (page 16) is becoming “an exemplar for the efficient use of resources”. Businesses

will be encouraged to adopt green procurement and energy efficiency measures to or

beyond the regulatory requirements.


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26/04/2007

(i) Essex and Southend-on-Sea Replacement Structure Plan (Essex County Council, 2001, CD/63 and CD/63)

4.2.23 In Part 3 (CD/62), paragraph 5.42 (page 84) recognises that “the general protection of

water resources is primarily the responsibility of the Environment Agency which has

issued guidance to local planning authorities”.

4.2.24 The following policies are relevant:

• Policy CS2(8) states that the demand for water resources will be managed by

controlling the location, scale and phasing of development (Part 3, paragraph 5.43,

p84).

• Policy H3(5) of the Plan provides that development should not proceed ahead of

secure and sustainable water supplies (Part 3, paragraph 5.43, p84).

• Policy NR12(1) of the Plan states that development will only be permitted where

adequate water resources can be provided within the plan period without a

materially adverse effect on the environment (Part 3, p84).

4.2.25 Part 3 paragraph 5.44 (page 84) also acknowledges that demand management “has a role

to play in making fuller use of existing infrastructure and reducing the cumulative impact

of small-scale development, for which it is harder to plan, or fund, new infrastructure”.

This is deemed especially pertinent to “parts of the plan area where reuse of previously

developed sites or buildings, especially at higher densities, is a major proportion of new

development provision”.

4.2.26 Reason for refusal R.90D asserts that the G1 proposal is contrary to Policy EG4. Policy

EG4 (Part 4, CD/63, page 150) requires that “all new built development should

incorporate principles of energy conservation in relation to the design, massing, siting,

orientation and layout of buildings. Renewable sources of energy such as solar power

systems should be provided within new buildings, where appropriate. Where appropriate

these principles should also be included during conversion or re-use of existing sites and

buildings”.

4.3 Local water efficiency policies

(a) Uttlesford District Local Plan (Uttlesford District Council, 2005, CD/57)

4.3.1 Policy GEN2 – Design (paragraph 3.10, page 13) states that “development will not be

permitted unless its design meets all the following criteria and has regard to adopted

Supplementary Design Guidance and Supplementary Planning Documents”, including the

specific need to contribute to minimising water and energy consumption.


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4.3.2 Paragraph 3.10 (page 13) states that Uttlesford District Council will prepare further

supplementary planning documents on design issues. Developments in accordance with

these “will be expected to minimise waste generation and enable recycling and also to

incorporate design measures to minimise water consumption and to encourage sustainable

drainage systems, retention and re-use of grey water”. The relevant Supplementary

Planning Documents have not yet been published.


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5. REGULATIONS RELATING TO WATER EFFICIENCY

5.1 Current regulations

(a) Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations (HMSO, 1999, CD/332)

5.1.1 The Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations set out requirements for the fitting of

water supply systems, including that fittings should not be installed in a manner that will

waste water (3 – (2) – (i)). Current standards (resulting from Regulations of 1999, applied

from 2001), include:

25. - (1) (d) no flushing device installed for use with a WC pan shall give a single flush

exceeding 6 litres;

25. - (1) (e) no flushing device designed to give flushes of different volumes shall have a

lesser flush exceeding two-thirds of the largest flush volume;

25. - (1) (i) every urinal that is cleared by water after use shall be supplied with

water from a flushing device which-

(i) in the case of a flushing cistern, is filled at a rate suitable for the

installation;

(ii) in all cases, is designed or adapted to supply no more water than is

necessary for effective flow over the internal surface of the urinal and for

replacement of the fluid in the trap;

25. - (1) (j) except in the case of a urinal which is flushed manually, or which is flushed

automatically by electronic means after use, every pipe which supplies water to a

flushing cistern or trough used for flushing a urinal shall be fitted with an isolating

valve controlled by a time switch and a lockable isolating valve, or with some other

equally effective automatic device for regulating the periods during which the

cistern may fill; and

25. - (6) Notwithstanding sub-paragraph (1)(d) a flushing cistern installed before 1st July

1999 may be replaced by a cistern which delivers a similar volume and which may

be either single flush or dual flush; but a single flush cistern may not be so replaced

by a dual flush cistern.

(b) Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS)

5.1.2 The Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS) is funded by all the UK Water

Suppliers to provide an advisory service for Water Regulations. It certifies products which

are compliant with current water regulations.


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(c) UK Building Regulations (Department for Communities and Local Government)

5.1.3 There are currently no requirements for water efficiency standards in the UK Building

Regulations, either on a per building or per fitting basis.

5.2 Emerging regulations

(a) Water Efficiency in New Buildings: A consultation document (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2006, CD/333)

5.2.1 In Part 1, paragraph 3.1 (page 19) states that the preferred route for setting minimum

standards for water efficiency is amending the existing Building Regulations (Schedule 1

to the Building Regulations 2000 [SI No 2531 of 2000]).

5.2.2 Part 1 paragraph 4.21 notes that efficiency in everyday activities “such as washing,

cooking, personal care and sanitation” in the workplace is regarded as important.

5.2.3 On this basis, paragraph 4.23 states that minimum standards should apply to domestic use

in new-build non-household property as well as residential buildings. This “could include

office uses, canteens and refreshment facilities, toilets in public and private areas, use of

water in car parks, communal garden watering, and showers and so on”.

5.2.4 Part 1 paragraph 4.24 states that use of water for hygiene or safety is required to manage

risk, and is considered part of that activity and outside the scope of the regulations. It is

not currently intended to regulate process uses of water in industry or manufacturing. It is

recognised that businesses frequently develop plans for water efficiency as well as energy

use and waste minimisation.

5.2.5 Part 1 paragraph 4.27 recognises that there is not currently a single accepted standard for

water efficiency in the workplace, as insufficient work to assess the potential for savings

has been carried out to date. It acknowledges that metered businesses (approximately 90%

of the total) have an incentive to save water at a company level, and large water savings

can be made relatively easily in some areas, such as installing waterless urinals. However,

where usage is driven directly by employees the financial incentive for water saving is

much weaker as they do not pay the bills, and employers may be reluctant to be assertive.

5.2.6 Part 1 paragraph 4.25 suggests two possible approaches for new non-domestic buildings:

• a whole building performance standard; or

• component based standards for water fittings (similar to those for domestic

premises).


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5.2.7 Part 1 paragraph 4.28 suggests a whole building performance standard of 20 litres per full

time employee per day (assuming no residential use), with occupancy rates for new

buildings based on the design standard floorspace per person, and being adjusted

according to the working year. This is based on a water consumption rate of 4.5 to 5.5

m3/person/year, equating to normal average rate of 15-20 litres per full time employee per

day (assuming a working year of 220-240 days). No specific component based standards

are suggested.


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6. METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING WATER EFFICIENCY

6.0.1 In January 2007 Black & Veatch (B&V) were instructed to extend the scope of their water

engineering services, started in 2004, to carry out a Water Efficiency Study of Stansted

Airport to:

• identify current water usage patterns by major user groups;

• understand the level of water efficiency already adopted across the Airport;

• identify additional water efficiency measures that could be adopted in the future;

• assess future water demand in 2014/15 for a number of different scenarios; and

• recommend an approach for improved water efficiency to 2014/15.

6.0.2 The Study is being carried out in three stages:

• Stage 1: Water supply data review

• Stage 2: Water supply efficiency review

• Stage 3: Water supply system performance monitoring and review.

6.0.3 The stages are described individually in sections 6.1 to 6.3. At the time of writing Stages

1 and 2 were complete and Stage 3 had not yet begun.

6.1 Stage 1: Water supply data review

6.1.1 The first stage involved the collection of all the available metering data, identification of

metering locations, calculation of the “water balance” and identification of the major water

user groups.

6.1.2 BAA provided monthly metering data for some 200 meters for the financial years 1999/00

to 2005/06. The review has been carried out on full sets of annual data and therefore the

assessment for “current conditions” has been carried out for the period 2005/06, the latest

financial year for which a full data set is available.

6.1.3 The metering data provided by BAA has been reviewed to identify major users and to

group users with similar water usage profiles and these are described in section 7.3.

6.2 Stage 2: Water use efficiency review

6.2.1 Following the review of the recorded data discussed in section 6.1, B&V carried out a

water audit by visiting all the major users to determine the level of water efficiency

infrastructure already installed and the date that it came into use. During the site visits the

water operatives were interviewed to address any issues identified in the meter readings

and to understand the operating processes followed by the staff.


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6.2.2 The metered data was then combined with the water audit data and the combined data for

each of the major users have been reviewed to identify:

i) Historical Airport performance and current performance by major user group,

discussed in section 7 of this proof.

ii) Drivers behind the water usage patterns for the major groups, discussed in

section 8 of this proof.

iii) The potential for further efficiencies in the future, discussed in section 9 of

this proof.

iv) The preferred location and plan for a short term intensive flow monitoring

survey to assess the water supply system performance and to understand the

diurnal water usage pattern across the Airport to be carried out in Stage 3.

6.3 Stage 3: Water supply system performance monitoring and review

6.3.1 The flow monitoring survey is specifically targeted at:

• Identifying the diurnal water demand pattern across the whole Airport and by

major water user.

• Quantifying the background water demand for the whole Airport and major user

groups when the Airport is not operational.

• Identifying areas with anomalous background water demand.

6.3.2 Based on the results of the Flow Monitoring Survey BAA will develop a rolling metering

programme and a rolling leakage detection programme to manage and reduce

Unaccounted For Water (UFW), the initial target level to be determined after intensive

flow monitoring survey and then being revised as the rolling programmes are

implemented.

6.3.3 As Stage 3 had not commenced prior to preparing this proof of evidence, proposals for

increased water efficiency and predictions of future water demand in 2014-15 have been

developed on the data generated from stages 1 and 2. These are discussed in sections 9

and 10 of this proof, respectively. Stage 3 is expected to be completed and fully reported

by the end of the year.


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7. WATER NETWORKS, SERVICES AND USAGE

7.1 Current demand and network management

7.1.1 Stansted Airport has a private water supply network that is fed off the Three Valley’s

Water (TVW) 500 mm trunk main that runs between Sibley’s Reservoir (North of the

Airport) and Hadham Mill (South of the Airport) through a single 400 mm main that

includes the primary revenue meter. The primary revenue meter records all water used on

the Airport and is the record used by TVW to charge BAA for the water used. The public

network can provide water to the Airport from either Sibley’s Reservoir, or Hadham Mill,

and it is this flexibility that provides the security of supply that BAA requires.

7.1.2 The Airport water supply network consists of three main supply areas as shown on Figure

7.1 overleaf:

• The Terminal Area – including the Terminal Building, Satellites 1-3, Terminal

Chiller Plant, Radisson Hotel, Enterprise House and Cargo.

• The Northside Area – including the Old Terminal, Hilton Hotel, the Northside

General Group and numerous small metered users. This area includes the

Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and low pressure area installed to reduce

leakage in 2000.

• The Southside Area – including the Diamond Hangar, Southgate Site, Taylor’s

end and Endeavour House.

7.1.2 The performance of the Airport network is monitored on a monthly to quarterly basis. The

network contains around 200 meters that have been installed on the system. Meter reading

is carried out by:

• Three Valleys Water (water supplier) – main revenue meter (all inflow to the

Airport network) and AMR zone in Northside area; and

• H20 (metering company) – all other meters internal to the Airport network.


Water Efficiency

Figure 7.1 – Layout of airport potable supply network

Terminal area Northside

Southside

Figure 7.1


26/04/2007


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26/04/2007

7.1.3 Since 1999 there has been a steady increase in metering as major users are identified and

as new tenants are connected to the system. Although these meters have been installed primarily

to charge the tenants for the water they use, they have the additional benefits of:

• Reducing water usage as the tenants pay for what they use and therefore they

manage their water more efficiently.

• Enabling BAA to identify anomalous patterns of water usage that can then be

investigated and if the anomaly is caused by a systematic usage change or leak,

rectify the problem.

• Providing BAA with the records to demonstrate the performance improvements

achieved by implementing its water efficiency strategies.

7.1.4 This approach is in line with the Environment Agency’s Water Resources Strategy for the

East of England (EA, 2001) which recognises that metering can make “a significant

contribution to the effective management of water resources” (paragraph 7.2.4, page 75).

7.1.5 BAA has provided B&V with all the available metering data for the financial years since

1999/00.

7.2 Historical water demand and consumption

7.2.1 The focus on water efficiency at Stansted Airport is not new, as illustrated in Figure 7.2

below which presents the annual water usage for the whole Airport since 1993.

Figure 7.2 – Historical Annual Water Demand and Passenger Numbers

0.000

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

1993

_94

1994

_95

1995

_96

1996

_97

1997

_98

1998

_99

1999

_00

2000

_01

2001

_02

2002

_03

2003

_04

2004

_05

2005

_06

Year

Pas

seng

ers

(mpp

a)an

dP

otab

le w

ater

usa

ge (M

l/d)

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

Pot

able

wat

er u

sage

(l/p

pa)

Passengers(mppa)

Potable Waterper day (Ml/d)

Potable WaterUse (l/pax)

7.2.2 Figure 7.2 shows that on a “per passenger” basis Stansted Airport has delivered year on

year improvements in water efficiency since 1993, from in excess of 130l/pax in 1993/94

to 29.8l/pax in 2004/05. There was a slight decrease in efficiency during 2005/06 when


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26/04/2007

use went up to 32.2l/pax. The causes for this slight increase in usage are under

investigation, and are discussed further in paragraphs 8.2.19-21.

7.2.3 The year on year improvements in water efficiency presented in Figure 7.2 have occurred

for three main reasons:

• as passenger numbers have increased, so the facilities have begun to operate at

their optimum levels, accounting for the gradual increase in water efficiency;

• as water facilities have been renovated they have been upgraded with water

efficient fittings; and

• as metering has become more widespread, so water efficiencies have occurred as

tenants have reduced water use to control their costs.

7.3 Assessment of current water demand at Stansted Airport

7.3.1 The assessment for “current conditions” has been carried out for the period 2005-06, the

latest financial year for which a full data set is available.

7.3.2 The metering data provided by BAA has been reviewed to identify major users and to

group users with similar water usage profiles. This process identified the following major

user groups:

a. the terminal building;

b. the satellites, which are grouped together as they show similar usage profiles;

c. hotels, which are grouped together, as they show similar usage profiles;

d. the Terminal Chiller plant;

e. the northside general group;

f. hangars;

g. cargo handling facilities;

h. office facilities, (Enterprise House, Endeavour House etc);

i. small metered users, which are all those metered users, not included in the other

groupings that use less than 10,000 m3/year. They are grouped together for

convenience; and

j. construction and unaccounted for water (UFW). While some construction is

metered, it is clear from the data that construction metering is not fully

comprehensive, and it is not possible to quantify the proportion that is not

metered. For the purpose of this study, metered construction water has therefore

been incorporated with UFW.

7.3.2 The annual water usage by these major groups for 2005/2006 is presented in Table 7.1

overleaf.


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Table 7.1 – Annual Water Usage 2005-06 CURRENT CONSUMPTION:

22.2mppa 2005-06 Building CONSUMPTION

RATE UNITS Rate (average)

Usage (m3 /annum)

Usage (Ml/d)

Terminal Building l/Pax 6.5 145,237 0.4Satellites 1-3 l/ppa 3.2 70,951 0.2

Hotels m3/bed space/annum 87 84,079 0.2

Terminal chiller plant m3/m2 0.26 18,647 0.1Northside General m3/person/annum 25 31,423 0.1Hangars l/ATM 96 17,332 0.0Cargo l/tonne 38 8,860 0.0Offices m3/person/annum 11.0 21,275 0.1Small metered users l/Pax 2.2 48,482 0.1

Exis

ting

build

ings

Construction and UFW l/Pax 12.1 268,632 0.7 Existing buildings total usage Various n/a 714,918 2.0

Existing buildings overall consumption rate l/Pax 32.2

7.3.3 Table 7.1 above shows that despite the significant metering programme that has been

implemented in recent years some 40% of water usage in 2005/06 was Construction and

UFW.

7.3.4 UFW is the water usage at the Airport that is unaccounted for by the meter readings and

billing records. In terms of usage it equals the difference between the total Airport

demand and the sum of the individual metered demands (i.e. primary revenue meter – sum

of individual building meters). At Stansted UFW occurs within the system between the

primary revenue meter and the individual building meters, including the storage tanks and

pumps, and is considered to be made of the following:

• unmetered demand;

• unrecorded demand;

• leakage; and

• meter anomalies.

7.3.5 Until the Stage 3 work described in section 6 is completed, it is not possible to

differentiate between these elements. Despite the relatively high level of UFW the overall

water demand in 2005/06 was 2.0Ml/d for 22.2 million passengers, which results in an

average consumption rate of 32.2l/pax/yr.


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7.4 Stansted compared to other airports

7.4.1 Table 7.2 provides a comparison of water consumption at the other BAA London Airports.

Table 7.2 – Comparison of Water Consumption at other BAA Airports (l/pax/year)

2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

Heathrow 33.3 32.2 34.2 35.7 40.7

Gatwick 30.5 31.5 29.9 31.1 29.0

Stansted 39.4 36.6 32.1 29.4 32.2

7.4.2 In considering Table 7.2, it should be noted that direct comparison of average water

consumption rates for different airports is difficult as the extent of the private network

(inclusion of Hotels, Hangars, Maintenance, Cargo etc.) can be very different. In 2004 the

industry benchmark used for the Terminal 5 development was an overall water

consumption of 40l/pax/year and the overall T5 target is 25l/pax/year using a dual

potable/non-potable supply system. On this basis the 32.2l/pax/yr through a single potable

supply system at Stansted constitutes a reasonable performance. However a more

meaningful comparison is actually by Terminal complex, which excludes hotels and other

ancillary facilities as shown below:

• Heathrow Central Terminal Area (Terminals 1, 2 and 3) – 14.5l/pax

• Heathrow Terminal 4 – 17.8l/pax

• Gatwick North Terminal – 15.2l/pax

• Gatwick South Terminal – 15l/pax

• Paris CDG – 13.5l/pax

• Stansted Terminal Complex (including satellites and chiller) – 10.4l/pax

7.4.3 This demonstrates that compared to other similar sized facilities the Terminal Complex at

Stansted is a water efficient facility.


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8. CURRENT WATER EFFICIENCY

8.1 Stansted Airport water efficiency policies

8.1.1 BAA has recognised water efficiency as a significant component of its corporate

sustainability responsibility program since 1999. From 1999 to 2003 specific annual water

efficiency improvement targets were set and largely met. From 2004 to 2005 water

efficiency improvements continued to be made, although during this period the primary

focus of the water measures in BAA’s corporate sustainability programme, based on

discussions with the EA, was to improve the quality of water discharged to neighbouring

watercourses.

8.1.2 As stated in the Stansted Airport Corporate Responsibility Report 2005-06 (BAA, 2006,

CD/161) the main issues in respect of water are “water consumption, and the management

of potential pollutants such as aircraft fuel and de-icer”. The Airport’s water objectives

are clearly stated (page 15):

• “To improve the efficiency of water use”.

• “To ensure that discharges are within the limits agreed with the Environment

Agency (EA)”.

8.1.3 A range of measures to achieve the current water efficiency objective are incorporated into

Stansted Airport Ltd’s (STAL’s) water management practices. These measures continue

to be developed. Recent initiatives include installing recycling facilities in new vehicle

washing facilities, and trialling a dry wash system for cleaning aircraft.

8.2 Current water efficiency measures and trends in water use

8.2.1 The water audit as described in section 6.2 has shown that a number of water efficiency

measures have been undertaken in recent years. These measures, and their impact on

historical performance of each of the major users, is summarised below.

(a) Main Terminal Building

8.2.2 The water infrastructure in the main terminal has been upgraded with more efficient water

fittings over the period 2003/05. This upgrade to the public facilities consisted of:

• installation of passive infra-red (PIR) sensors to urinals and basins;

• installation of flow restrictors to taps and showers; and

• replacement of older toilets with new toilets limiting flushing volumes to 6.5l.

Reductions to flushing volumes below 6.5l have been investigated but result in

increased blockages and are therefore not considered appropriate for future

implementation.

Figure 8.1 – Trends in water consumption: Terminal


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0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06Year

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

mpp

a an

d l/p

pa

Total usage(m3)

Airportpassengerthroughput(mppa)Consumptionrate (l/Pax)

Water efficiency measures installed

Satellites 1, 2 and 3Satellites 1 and 2

8.2.3 Figure 8.1 shows annual water usage, consumption and passenger numbers in the Terminal

since 1999. From 1999 to 2002 there has been a steady improvement in water efficiency

as passenger numbers reached optimum levels for airport operation with two satellites.

Between 2002 and 2003 there was a jump in water usage and consumption as the Terminal

Extension and Satellite 3 came on line (March 2002 and June 2003 respectively). This

period was followed by a marked decrease in water consumption, despite rising passenger

numbers, as water efficiency devices were installed in the public wash areas. The terminal

has now reached a water efficiency plateau, using current water efficiency devices, of

around 6 l/Pax. It is anticipated that as further Terminal extensions and Satellite 4 come

on line there will be a similar step increase in water usage that will then decline to the

average of 6 l/Pax by 2014 for both 25mppa and 35mppa.


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(b) Satellites 1, 2 and 3

8.2.4 The satellites are all fitted with the same water efficiency measures as the terminal and

their historical water consumption patterns are illustrated by Figure 8.2.

Figure 8.2 – Trends in water consumption: Satellites

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year

Con

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ptio

n (m

3)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

mpp

a an

d l/p

pa

Total usage(m3)

Airportpassengerthroughput(mppa)

Consumptionrate (l/Pax)


8.2.5 The three satellites currently each use approximately the same amount of water on an

annual basis and are reported as a single chart in Figure 8.2. As would be expected, water

usage in the satellites is significantly less than in the Terminal as passengers spend less

time in this area of the Airport. Figure 8.2 shows a marked increase in water use in 2003,

when Satellite 3 entered service, along with continued inefficiency to 2005-06 as the

combined satellites have not been operating at capacity. Given the efficiency obtained by

Satellites 1 and 2 at capacity in 2001-02, it is anticipated that Satellites 1-3 will achieve an

average consumption of around 2.8 l/Pax when operating at capacity.

(c) Hotels

8.2.6 In 2005/06 there were three operational hotels on the Stansted site. The Radisson, a 4 star

hotel with an occupancy rate of around 75%; the Hilton, a 4 star hotel at full occupancy

and the Express by Holiday Inn, a 3 star hotel at full occupancy.

8.2.7 From the water audit it became clear that:

• The Radisson is probably the most water efficient building on the Airport. It has

dual flush toilets, low flow showers, low flow basin taps, urinal sensors and basin

tap sensors. There is also a rainwater tank that is used for irrigation and laundry is

carried out off-site. It is hard to envisage any further water efficiency measures

that could be incorporated into this hotel and in 2005/06, for an occupancy level of

75%, consumption was 77m3/bed/year. However, its projected water consumption


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of 103m3/bed/year at full occupancy is between the CIRIA “average” benchmark

of 130m3/bed/year and “best practice” benchmark of 60m3/bed/year (CIRIA

W010, 2006, CD/339). This level of consumption is considered appropriate for an

airport hotel, where customer behaviours are observed to be different to those in a

residential hotel which were included in developing the benchmark.

• The Hilton has applied a water efficiency strategy in recent years. The water

efficiency measures that have been introduced as a result include the installation

of hog bags in toilets, low flow shower heads and urinal sensors. Low flow basin

taps are currently being installed and laundry is carried out off-site. Consumption

in 2005/06 was 112m3/bed/year.

• The Express by Holiday Inn, although a relatively new hotel, did not include water

efficiency measures when constructed. However it is currently expanding from

183 beds to 258 beds and in the process is retrofitting low flow showers to the

existing rooms and including further efficiency facilities (low flush toilets, low

flow fittings etc,) in the new rooms. In 2005/06 average water consumption was

72m3/bed/year.

8.2.8 Figure 8.3 below shows the historical use of water in the Stansted Hotels. The overall

increase since 2003/04 relates entirely to the opening of the Radisson and Holiday Inn,

whilst the decrease in water use at the Hilton in 2005-06 and the overall decrease in

consumption (m3/bed/year) in 2005-06 can be attributed to the increases in water

efficiency described in the bullet points above.

Figure 8.3 – Trends in water use: Hotels

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Bed

spa

ces

and

l/bed

spa

ce Usage (m3)

Hilton

Radisson

Holiday Inn

Consumption rate(l/bed space)Bed spaces


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(d) Terminal Chiller Plant

8.2.9 The air conditioning system is a major water user in all airports. The amount of water

used is driven primarily by the floor area of the building to be conditioned.

8.2.10 Figure 8.4 presents the historical use of water by the terminal chiller plant. The significant

increase in consumption rate in 2002 is attributed to the commissioning of the Terminal

Extension that was completed in March 2002. The significant improvements in efficiency

since 2002 are attributed to a combination of optimum use of the terminal building as

passenger numbers have increased and to the water recycling system built into the chiller

plant over this period.

8.2.11 In 2005-06 the consumption of the terminal chiller plant was 0.26 m3/m2/year.

Figure 8.4 – Trends in water consumption: Terminal Chiller Plant

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3)

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

m2

and

m3/

m2

Total usage(m3)

Area (m2)

Consumptionrate (m3/m2)


(e) Northside General Group

8.2.12 At Stansted the bulk of the Northside water supply network was installed as part of the

original USAF airbase in the 1940’s. A significant metering and pressure management

system was installed in late 1999 and became operational in 2000. This led to significant

water efficiency improvements from 2000, as illustrated in Figure 8.5, from over 65,000

m3/year to less than 35,000 m3/year. Figure 8.5 also shows that Northside water usage is

not driven by passenger numbers. It is thought to be largely driven by employment

numbers and appears to equate to around 25 m3/person employed in 2005-06.


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Figure 8.5– Trends in water use: Northside General Group

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

mpp

a an

d l/p

pa

Usage (m3)



(f) Hangars

8.2.13 Water usage in hangars is only indirectly related to passenger numbers. It is more directly

related to airline maintenance policies, and aircraft traffic movements (ATM). However

despite the increase in ATMs presented in Figure 8.6 there has been a consistent fall in

water consumption. This drop is not considered to be related to water efficiency measures,

but rather due to a combination of a reduction in the number of aircraft maintained at

Stansted and an increase in aircraft reliability, which means that the hangars were under

utilised in 2005-06. In 2005-06 water consumption in the hangars was 96l/ATM.

Figure 8.6 – Trends in water use: Hangars

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3)

0

50

100

150

200

250

ATM

s an

d l/A

TM

Usage (m3)

Consumptionrate (l/ATM)

ATMS


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(g) Cargo Area

8.2.14 Figure 8.7 suggests that water consumption in the cargo facilities is related to the tonnage

of cargo handled through the Airport as over the period 2002/03 to 2005-06 water

consumption has varied between 0.05 and 0.04 l/tonne for an increase in cargo from

190,000 tonnes in 2002/03 to 236,000 tonnes in 2005-06. In 2005-06 water consumption

in the Cargo Area was 0.04l/tonne.

Figure 8.7– Trends in water consumption: Cargo Area

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3)

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

000'

s to

nnes

and

l/'0

00 to

nnes

Total usage (m3)

Cargo sheds (m3)

Fedex sheds (m3)

Consumption rate(l/'000 tonnes)

Cargo throughput('000 tonnes)

(h) Offices

8.2.15 Although office water consumption is driven indirectly by passenger numbers at around

0.7l/Pax, the real drivers for water consumption in offices are staff numbers and

occupancy. In 2005-06 the offices at Stansted had a water consumption rate of 11

m3/person/year, which is very high when compared with the CIRIA average of 4

m3/person/year (CIRIA W011, 2006, CD/340). Further investigation has revealed that

Enterprise House has the biggest water demand of the office buildings at the Airport as

reflected in Figure 8.8 below. This difference is not due to differences in water efficiency

measures, it is considered to be a reflection of the difference in building use. Rather than a

“normal” 08:00 - 18:00 office, Enterprise House is used by airport operating staff and

aircrew. It is therefore occupied for significantly longer hours (04:00 – 00:00 hrs) than a

normal office and for 7 days a week, rather than 5. In addition, as a base for aircrew, it

provides water facilities for a more transient office population and therefore again has a

greater water demand than a “normal” office.


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Figure 8.8– Trends in water use: Offices

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06Year

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3/an

num

) Total usage (m3)

Enterprise House (m3)

Stansted House (m3)

Endeavour House (m3)

Airways House - Building41 (m3)

Building 130 (m3)

8.2.16 In recognition of the higher than “normal” water consumption in the office facilities, BAA

has started a programme for installing new water efficiency measures. This has included a

trial of waterless urinals in the office areas, which is discussed further in paragraph

10.2.13.

(i) Metered Small Users

8.2.17 In addition to the major user groups discussed above there are some 25 metered small

users, such as the control tower, social club, fire stations and railway station, who each use

less than 10,000 m3/year. For the purposes of this assessment these users have been

grouped together and Figure 8.9 shows the water savings that have been achieved as

metering has been extended across the Stansted network. Figure 7.9 also shows that at

present water usage in this grouping is not driven by passenger numbers.


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Figure 7.9 – Trends in water usage; metered small users

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

mpp

a an

d l/p

pa

Small meteredusers



8.2.18 In 2005-06 this group used 48,482 m3 of water, which equates to 2.2 l/Pax.

(j) Construction and Unaccounted for Water

8.2.19 This grouping covers unmetered small users, construction water, leakage and any metering

inconsistencies. As identified in section 2.4 in 2005-06 the combination of these elements

equated to around 40% of the total Airport water demand. Figure 8.10 suggests that there

was a significant increase in UFW 2005-06 over previous years. Investigations are

underway to examine the possible causes of this.

Figure 8.10– Water usage: Construction and UFW

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3/an

num

)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

mpp

a an

d l/p

pa Total usage (m3)

Consumption rate(l/Pax)

Airport passengerthroughput (mppa)


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8.2.20 BAA has commissioned an intensive flow monitoring survey that will be carried out by

B&V in the second quarter of 2007. The flow monitoring survey is specifically targeted

at:

• identifying and rectifying any metering inconsistencies that might exist;

• identifying the diurnal water demand pattern across the whole Airport and by

major water user;

• quantifying the background water demand for the whole Airport and major user

groups when the Airport is not operational; and

• identifying areas with anomalous background water demand.

8.2.21 Based on the results of the Flow Monitoring Survey BAA will develop a Water Supply

Management Strategy that is likely to include a rolling metering programme and a rolling

leakage detection programme such that UFW can be progressively reduced.


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9. BAA’S PROPOSED APPROACH FOR WATER EFFICIENCY

9.0.1 Sections 9.1 to 9.3 describe the water efficiency principles that BAA will follow in order

to realise further savings, in accordance with BAA’s current water efficiency practices and

future and existing regulatory demands. Section 9.4 explains how these proposals meet

the requirements of the policies and Regulations identified in sections 4 and 5, whilst

section 9.5 sets out the draft planning conditions and assurances suggested by BAA both

to provide certainty as to the continuation of current good practice, and to secure further

improvements as the Airport expands .

9.1 Water efficiency measures for existing buildings

9.1.1 In properties that are owned and operated by BAA, existing water facilities (toilets, basins,

showers etc) will continue to be replaced with water efficient devices applicable to their

use when upgrades and renovations occur, complying with the Water Supply (Water

Fittings) Regulations 1999 (or it's successors) as a minimum. These include:

• WRAS compliant low flush toilets

• Proximity controls (infrared or sonic) on urinal and handwash basins

• Flow restrictors on taps and showers

9.1.2 Installing waterless urinals will be considered for areas not used by passengers, and where

cleaning needs (chemicals, cost and manpower) warrant their use (primarily offices).

9.1.3 In properties that are operated by long lease holders, or tenants (primarily hotels) the

operators will be encouraged to follow BAA's practice of replacing existing water facilities

with more water efficient devices when they upgrade or renovate their properties. These

practices will be encouraged by a combination of the Water Supply (Water Fittings)

Regulations 1999 (or its successors), water metering and by BAA actively promoting the

water management successes that can be achieved.

9.2 Water efficiency measures for new facilities

9.2.1 In new facilities water efficiency devices that comply both with best practice policies and

the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 (or its successors) will be included as

a minimum. Rainwater harvesting, water re-use and similar systems will be considered

during design development and the plans for these developments will be submitted to the

Planning Authority for agreement, prior to the start of construction. In addition all new

buildings will be metered.


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9.3 Water supply network management

9.3.1 BAA will manage the water supply network to progressively reduce and then maintain the

level of UFW at below industry-accepted levels. This will be achieved by:

• Implementing and reporting on an intensive short term Flow Monitoring Survey

across the network in 2007 to:

o identify diurnal water usage patterns for the major user groups;

o quantify the background water use at night, when airport activity is at its

minimum;

o locate where the background water use at night occurs and why; and

o identify and rectify any metering inconsistencies that might exist.

• Using the results of the Flow Monitoring Survey, BAA will develop a Water

Supply Management Strategy in 2007 that will include:

o a rolling metering programme that encourages water efficiency by those

users which are currently unmetered; and

o a rolling leakage detection programme that allows BAA to progressively

reduce leakage and then maintain it at below industry standard levels by

using the most appropriate measures (repair, pressure reduction, isolation,

replacement).

9.3.2 To provide transparency, and to demonstrate its ongoing commitment to improving water

efficiency, BAA will:

• Share the results of the Flow Monitoring Survey with the relevant Authorities

(UDC, EA, and TVW).

• Submit the Water Supply Management Strategy, which will include performance

measures that are periodically set to objectively monitor efficiency improvements,

for agreement with the relevant Authorities.

• Extend the quarterly environmental meetings with the EA to cover water

efficiency, where progress on the metering and leakage detection programmes will

be reported.

9.4 Policy compliance

9.4.1 The Policies considered relevant to water efficiency at Stansted Airport are summarised in

section 4. This section summarises the key requirements of the policies listed, and

describes how the approach described in sections 9.1 to 9.3 will achieve compliance with

them.


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9.4.2 Improving the efficiency of water use is mentioned by all the relevant policy documents

summarised in section 4. Sections 9.1 to 9.3 describe a wide range of measures intended

to realise improvements in water efficiency, in both new and existing buildings and across

the network. More detailed requirements are discussed below.

9.4.2 Phasing development such that it does not proceed ahead of sustainable water supply is

required by the drafts of RPG14 (paragraph 4.2.10) and the East of England Plan

(paragraph 4.2.12), as well as the Essex and Southend-on-Sea Structure Plan (paragraph

4.2.24). The draft East of England Plan also recognises that the water companies are

responsible for the management and planning of water supply (paragraph 4.2.12). In this

case, the proposed development will not proceed ahead of sustainable water supply. Three

Valleys Water (TVW) have included an allocation of 3 Ml/d for Stansted Airport in their

resource plans (ES Vol 14, paragraph 8.2.4), and the actual use of water at the Airport is

predicted to remain comfortably within that.

9.4.3 Specific targets for improving water efficiency are discussed in the draft East of England

Plan (paragraphs 4.2.13-14). The Secretary of State’s comments on the draft East of

England Plan state that the East of England Regional Assembly should set savings targets

equivalent to at least 8% in existing developments and 25% in new development, based on

advice from the EA on an achievable sustainable level of consumption. Stansted Airport

has achieved significant improvements in water use efficiency since 1999, and is therefore

starting from a reasonably efficient level of water consumption. BAA is confident that the

approach described in sections 9.1 to 9.3 will achieve significant improvements in water

efficiency across the Airport, in new and existing buildings as described in sections 10 and

12. As discussed in section 10 of my evidence, it is likely that in some instances the

anticipated level of improved efficiency will exceed the levels indicated in the emerging

regional policy, in others the scope for further practical improvements in water efficiency

will be less.

9.4.4 Making fuller use of existing infrastructure is a strategic aim of the EA’s East of England

Regional Environmental Strategy (paragraph 4.2.19), and is mentioned in the Essex and

Southend-on-Sea Structure Plan (paragraph 4.2.25). The G1 planning proposals will

enable the existing Airport to make better and more efficient use of its existing

infrastructure.

9.4.5 Leakage control is mentioned as a specific area for improvement in the EA’s national and

regional strategy documents (paragraphs 4.1.9 and 4.2.1). BAA has committed to

producing a Water Supply Management Strategy based on the results of the flow


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26/04/2007

monitoring survey, which will include a rolling water leakage detection programme

(paragraph 9.3.2).

9.4.6 Rainwater harvesting is mentioned specifically only in emerging policy and informative

documents. The consultation PPS: Planning and Climate Change (paragraph 4.1.5, bullets

3-4) requires that the potential for rainwater harvesting be considered in design. BAA

intend to consider rainwater harvesting in new developments, submitting and agreeing

plans for water efficiency devices with the Planning Authority prior to construction

(paragraph 9.2.1).

9.4.7 Grey-water re-use is mentioned in the Uttlesford District Local Plan (paragraph 4.3.2).

This states that all new developments in accordance with future supplementary planning

documents should include design measures to promote re-use of greywater. BAA intend

to consider grey-water re-use on an individual basis for new facilities, submitting and

agreeing plans for water efficiency devices with the Planning Authority prior to

construction (paragraph 9.2.1).

9.4.8 Metering is cited by the EA regional strategy (paragraph 4.2.5) as making a significant

contribution to balancing supply with properly managed demand, and because of this the

EA is seeking a significant increase in household metering, making it normal for

consumption to be metered. There are already some 200 meters on the Airport network

(paragraph 7.1.2). BAA intend to meter all new buildings (paragraph 9.2.1), and to

implement a rolling metering program for unmetered buildings as part of the Water Supply

Network Management Strategy to be developed in 2007 (paragraph 9.3.1).

9.5 Planning conditions

9.5.1 The following planning conditions are proposed to formalise the above intentions.

9.5.2 WAT8 No development hereby permitted within Sites A,C,E,K,L and N shall take

place until the developer has submitted and gained approval from the local

planning authority (in consultation with the Environment Agency) of a written

statement providing details of water efficiency measures that will be

incorporated into the relevant development. The water efficiency measures set

out in the approved statement shall thereafter be provided and retained.

Reason: To reduce water demand and promote efficiency in the use of water.

9.5.3 WAT9 Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the local planning authority no

development hereby permitted within sites A,C,E,K,L and N shall be brought

into use until a water meter has been fitted within the relevant development.


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26/04/2007


9.5.4 WAT10: A flow monitoring survey of water usage and metering across the airport water

supply network shall be carried out and the results submitted to the local

Planning Authority and Environment Agency within 6 months of the airport’s

passenger throughput reaching 25mppa on a moving annual total basis.


9.5.5 WAT11 The results of the flow monitoring survey approved pursuant to condition

WAT10 shall be used to develop a Water Management Strategy that shall be

submitted to and approved in writing by the local planning authority (in

consultation with the EA) within 6 months of the completion of the flow

monitoring survey. The Strategy shall include details of, and appropriate

performance measures for:

(1) a rolling metering programme for the installation of water meters on the

airport’s existing un metered buildings;

(2) proposals for bringing forward of water efficiency measures for the

airport’s existing buildings; and

(3) a rolling water leakage detection programme to provide for identification

and management of network leaks.


9.5.6 BAA will provide a Unilateral Obligation under s.106 of the Planning Act 1990 to use all

reasonable endeavours to reach agreement with the Environment Agency of details of

water efficiency measures to be incorporated into the development of Satellite 4.

9.5.7 BAA has also provided assurances to the EA that BAA will build on its existing

relationship with the EA in terms of joint working and sharing of information

9.5.8 EA and BAA have agreed the measures presented in paragraphs 9.5.2 to 9.5.6 inclusive

and agree that with the aforementioned measures in place, adequate provision is made for

increased efficiency in water use.

9.5.9 In addition to the above conditions existing Conditions WAT1, WAT2, WAT4 and WAT5

imposed on the 2003 (15mppa +) planning permission will be rolled forward. These

conditions cover surface and foul drainage details (WAT1), site investigation and

measures to prevent pollution of groundwater (WAT2), details of construction of storage

facilities for oils chemicals and fuels (WAT4) and construction of soakaways (WAT5).


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26/04/2007

Condition WAT3 relating to agreement of monitoring of biological interests in local water

course has already been discharged

9.5.10 New Conditions WAT6 and WAT7 as set out in the EA’s formal response of 27th June

described in section 3.2 would also be imposed. The concerns relating to conditions 2 and

4 in the EA’s response have been resolved through discussion between the EA and BAA.

The conditions agreed by the EA and BAA are conditions 1 and 3 from the EA’s response,

as follows:

9.5.11 WAT6 A plan for the de-silting and general maintenance of the attenuation ponds shall

be submitted to and approved in writing by the local planning authority before

development commences. Works shall then proceed in accordance with the

details submitted.

Reason: To ensure that the maximum capacity of each pond is utilised to mitigate against flood risk

caused by rapid runoff form the airport hardstanding.

9.5.12 WAT7 During construction, no solid matter shall be stored within 10m of the banks of

local watercourses (Tye Green and Pincey Brook).

Reason: To prevent solid materials from entering the local watercourses and causing pollution.


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10. POTENTIAL WATER EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS TO 2014/15

10.1 Potential for improvements in water efficiency

10.1.1 This section identifies the potential opportunities for future improvements that are

anticipated to arise as a result of adopting the approach discussed in section 9 and

estimates the scale of the likely water efficiencies that should be achieved by 2015.

However, because events and circumstances frequently do not occur as expected, there

will usually be differences between predicted and actual results. Given the iterative nature

of the process of improving water efficiency and the ongoing development of both

technology and regulation there is an inevitable degree of uncertainty as to the precise

levels of improvement that can be expected in any one area. In one area efficiency

improvements may be more than expected, in another area less, but I expect the overall

efficiency improvements predicted in section 10.4 to be of the right scale.

10.1.2 In line with good water demand management practice the biggest opportunities for water

efficiency reside in:

• retrofitting water efficient technologies to the existing facilities;

• providing water efficient technologies to any new facilities that are built; and

• improved network management to reduce UFW.

10.1.3 Given the scale of the existing water supply network, and the limited water supply

extensions required for the new facilities to be built by 2014-15 for both 25mppa and

35mppa cases, the biggest benefits are likely to arise from implementation of retrofitting

efficiency measures to existing facilities. In addition, there may be limited opportunities

for installing small non-potable systems to the new facilities to further reduce the Airport’s

demand on the public water supply network. These include:

• small local rainwater harvesters; and

• small grey-water recycling facilities.

10.1.4 Section 10.2, below, builds on the water efficiencies measures implemented to date and

their historical performance as discussed in section 8 to identify additional efficiency

measures that could be applied to each major user group and the overall water saving

benefits that they could provide if implemented by 2014-15.

10.1.5 In addition to the water efficiency measures described in section 10.2 , the potential for

additional potable water savings on the new buildings using rainwater harvesting and grey-

water recycling techniques is investigated in section 10.3 and the overall benefits that they

could be expected to provide if implemented by 2014-15 are assessed.


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10.1.6 It should be noted that waterless urinals are not planned for the terminal and satellites as

they are not compatible with use by air passengers (air passengers tend to accumulate a

high level of salts in their urine during flights, which increases the deposits forming in

urinals and increases the risk of blockages).

10.2 Anticipated improvements for water efficiency by major user group

(a) Main Terminal Building

10.2.1 As described in paragraphs 8.2.1-3 extensive retrofitting of water efficiency measures has

already been carried out in the Main Terminal Building, and there is limited scope for

additional improvements by 2014-15.

10.2.2 It is therefore anticipated that, although there will be slight peaks as Terminal extensions

are constructed and commissioned, the average water consumption will be 6 l/Pax, the

figure for 2005-06.

(b) Satellites 1, 2, 3 and 4

10.2.3 As described in paragraphs 8.2.4-5 the Satellites already have water efficiency measures

fitted and there is limited scope for additional improvements by 2014-15.

10.2.4 It is therefore anticipated that, although there will be a slight peak as Satellite 4 is

constructed and commissioned, the average water consumption will be 2.8 l/Pax, the

figure for 2005-06.

(c) Hotels

10.2.5 As described in paragraphs 8.2.6-8 the projected full occupancy consumption for the

Radisson of 103 m3/bed/year is mid-way between the CIRIA “average” and “best practice”

benchmarks for a 4 star hotel (CIRIA C657, CIRIA, 2006). The water intensive behaviour

patterns of airport hotel users and the high standard of water efficiency measures installed

suggest this represents good practice for an airport hotel of this standard.

10.2.6 It is anticipated that the Hilton will achieve the same efficiency performance as the

Radisson (103 m3/bed/year) on the basis of the efficiency measures currently being

installed at the Hilton and a reasonable expectation that future renovations will occur

between 2007 and 2015. These improvements will be driven by a combination of

metering, the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 (or its successors) and the

proposed planning conditions and assurances discussed in paragraphs 9.5.5 and 9.5.7.


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10.2.7 It is anticipated that the Express by Holiday Inn will achieve a water consumption rate of

40 m3/bed/year (mid-way between the CIRIA “average” and “best practice” benchmarks

for a 3 star hotel (CIRIA W010, 2006)) on the basis of the efficiency measures currently

being installed and a reasonable expectation that future renovations will occur between

2007 and 2015. These improvements will be driven by a combination of metering, the

Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 (or its successors) and the proposed

planning conditions and assurances discussed in paragraphs 9.5.5 and 9.5.7.

10.2.8 It is anticipated that all future Airport hotels will feature water efficient devices from

opening, and will achieve the equivalent rates of 103 m3/bed/year for 4 star hotels and 40

m3/bed/year for 3 star hotels, which are regarded as good practice for airport hotels. This

will be achieved by the planning process which requires that all plans for future hotels are

submitted to the Planning Authority for approval prior to construction.

(d) Terminal Chiller Plant

10.2.9 As described in paragraphs 8.2.9-11 the terminal chiller plant has been subjected to

significant water efficiency improvements in recent years. It is therefore assumed that the

plant is currently operating close to its optimum water efficiency and therefore, apart from

limited peaks as the terminal is extended, it is anticipated that the chiller’s water

consumption in 2014-15 will be 0.26 m3/m2 of conditioned floor space.

(e) Northside General Group

10.2.10 As described in paragraph 8.2.12 water usage in the northside general group appears to be

driven by employment numbers and, following a significant reduction in the consumption

rate, this has stabilised at around 25m3/person/year. It is anticipated that there will be

limited scope for improvement in this area before 2014/15 and therefore this level of

consumption is anticipated to continue for both 25Mppa and 35Mppa.

(f) Hangars

10.2.11 As described in paragraph 8.2.13 water usage in the hangars fell in 2005-06 due to a drop

in occupancy, rather than due to water efficiencies. Water use in 2004-05 is therefore

considered to be a more accurate benchmark for future predictions. Based on the

reasonable expectation that renovations to the water facilities will occur between 2007 and

2015 and that they will deliver an industry standard efficiency improvement of 10% it is

anticipated that consumption would be 116 l/ATM in 2014-15, which is the consumption

for 2004-05 less 10%. These improvements will be driven by a combination of metering,


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the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 (or its successors) and the proposed

planning conditions and assurances discussed in paragraphs 9.5.2, 9.5.3, 9.5.5 and 9.5.7.

(g) Cargo

10.2.12 As described in paragraph 8.2.14 water consumption varies between 0.04 and 0.05 l/tonne.

Based on the reasonable expectation that renovations to the water facilities will occur

between 2007 and 2015 to the limited facilities in this area it is anticipated that

consumption in 2014-15 would remain at the lower end of 0.04l/tonne. These

improvements will be driven by a combination of metering, the Water Supply (Water

Fittings) Regulations 1999 (or its successors) and the proposed planning conditions and

assurances discussed in paragraphs 9.5.2, 9.5.3, 9.5.5 and 9.5.7.

(h) Offices

10.2.13 As described in paragraphs 8.2.15-16 water consumption in the offices at Stansted is

significantly higher than the average CIRIA benchmark. This is attributed to a

combination of building usage (longer hours, 7 days a week and rotating aircrews) and a

lack of water efficiency measures. As a result of the initial trials commissioned by BAA

and the improvements achieved elsewhere in industry, it is anticipated that the retrofitting

of water efficiency devices (waterless urinals, sensor taps etc) could reduce current

consumption by 15% from 11 m3/person to 9 m3/person in 2014-15. These improvements

will be driven by a combination of metering, the Water Supply (Water Fittings)

Regulations 1999 (or its successors) and the proposed planning conditions and assurances

discussed in paragraphs 9.5.2, 9.5.3, 9.5.5 and 9.5.7.

(i) Small Metered Users

10.2.14 Paragraphs 8.2.17-18 indicates that the demand for this group of metered users appeared to

have stabilised at 48,482 m3/year in 2005-06. Efficiencies have already been achieved in

this group due to the metering programme, and there is probably little scope for more,

therefore it is anticipated that this group will continue to use around 48,500 m3/year in

2014-15.

(j) Construction and Unaccounted for Water

10.2.15 As describe in paragraphs 8.2.19-21 construction and UFW appeared to increase to 12

l/Pax in 2005-06. A water monitoring survey has been commissioned for implementation

and reporting in 2007 (paragraph 9.5.4) and it is anticipated that the package of measures

that will arise from this survey (i.e. the metering strategy, improved network management

and leakage reduction programmes discussed in paragraph 9.5.5) could reduce

construction and UFW to less than 25% of the total demand by 2014-15, a level which has


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26/04/2007

been achieved for short periods in the past without the benefit of such a comprehensive

approach.

10.2.16 Section 10.2 indicates that the major user groups with the potential for providing

significant improvements in water efficiency are the hotels, the offices, construction and

UFW, which will all be targeted by the conditions and assurances proposed in paragraphs

9.5.2 to 9.5.5 inclusive and 9.5.7.

10.3 Potential for additional water saving measures

(a) Rainwater harvesting

10.3.1 The Radisson Hotel currently has a small rainwater harvesting system providing water for

irrigation. This collects runoff from the ballroom roof (184 m2) into a 6 m3 tank, which is

supplemented by mains supply when the water level is low. The volume collected and the

“top-up” volume from the mains are unknown. Irrigation is carried out by an external

contractor responsible for gardening on an “as needs” basis. It is estimated that this

system could provide the hotel with around 96m3/annum, or a saving of around 0.0003

Ml/d, which is negligible in the overall scheme of the Airport.

10.3.2 On the basis of the rainwater harvester installed at the Radisson, there is little real benefit

for rainwater harvesting on the new hotels in terms of the levels of savings that are

delivered. In addition, the design approach is in the control of the hotel developer, rather

than BAA, and there is currently no real public acceptance to using non-potable water in

hotels. However, the detailed design of each hotel will be assessed in the future for

additional water efficiency on an individual case by case basis by the planning process,

outside the scope of this G1 application.

10.3.3 Water efficiency measures such as rainwater harvesting and grey-water re-use will be

considered by BAA/STAL for their new buildings during the design development phase,

as described in paragraph 9.5.2 and 9.5.3.

10.3.4 Although the design of Satellite 4 for 35mppa is outside the G1 Planning Application, its

development is entirely within BAA’s control. It has been assessed here because it is

regarded as the best opportunity to implement rainwater harvesting for the 35 mppa case.

It has a sizeable roof area and a large, regular demand for toilet flushing water, for which

rainwater treated to bathing water standards would be acceptable based on current industry

practice. It has a roof area of approximately 6,000 m2 and an anticipated water demand (as

described in paragraphs 8.2.4-5) of 27,395 m3/year (0.08 Ml/d), of which around 85% will

be for passenger toilet facilities. A high level optimisation calculation, using average daily

rainfall records for the last 30 years, indicates that a 90m3 storage tank would capture


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26/04/2007

approximately 80% of the run-off available from the roof (68% of the rainfall) and would

provide some 2,500 m3/year (0.007 Ml/d) for use in Satellite 4. The 90m3 storage tank

would consist of a 65 m3 holding compartment and a 25m3 settling and disinfection

compartment to ensure the water meets EU bathing water standards prior to use in the

toilets.

10.3.5 Although Satellite 4 can be designed and built with a non-potable water network to the

toilet areas, supplied from the rainwater harvester, the financial benefits from the savings

in potable water will be small compared to the capital cost. However, the sustainability

benefits of the potable water saving could be considered significant as it would meet

approximately 9% of the demand of Satellite 4 with a minimal impact on the downstream

receiving watercourse. BAA has provided assurance that they intend to incorporate this

type of measure into the detailed design (paragraph 9.5.6), therefore these savings have

been assumed for the 2014-15 predictions in section 10.4.

(b) Grey-water Recycling

10.3.6 In theory grey-water recycling in an airport environment has a higher potential impact on

water savings than rainwater harvesting. This is because potable water collected after

initial use, treated to EU Bathing Water Standards (in the absence of a current defined

standard) and then re-used can:

• provide a constant, secure, water supply that is not weather dependent; and

• use the water twice before disposing of it to foul drainage for treatment.

10.3.7 In an airport setting there are two main options for re-using greywater:

• in-building usage - recycling potable water from wash basins, showers and baths

for use in toilets, urinals, fire-fighting systems etc.; and

• washing systems - recycling potable water used in facilities such as car washes for

the same application.

10.3.7 However for a successful grey-water recycling scheme using the water inside the buildings

there needs to be:

• A significant source of wash basin, shower and bath water for recycling. This is

not the case in the Satellite areas, but might be the case in the hotels.

• A regular demand for recycled water that will have a limited residence time in the

grey-water system to avoid stagnation and smells. This is not the case in hotels,

but is the case in Terminal and Satellite areas.

10.3.8 Therefore to optimise the benefit of an in-building grey-water recycling system the grey-

water supply from wash basins, showers and baths in the new hotels would need to be


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26/04/2007

matched with the demand generated by the toilets(etc) in the Terminal and Satellites. As

the new hotels for G1 are a considerable distance from the Terminal and Satellites, which

are largely operational, the construction effort and disruption required to retrofit a grey-

water recycling system for 35mppa in 2014-15 are disproportionate to any potential water

efficiency benefits it might provide. In-building grey-water recycling is therefore not

proposed as a water saving measure as part of the G1 Development.

10.3.9 Grey-water recycling incorporated in washing systems such as car washes offers the

potential for significant sustainability and cost benefits as:

• the supply source and the demand are in the same location, requiring relatively

little infrastructure; and

• both the supply and demand are regular, providing a reliable supply but limiting

the residence time.

10.3.10 Provision for grey-water recycling has been included in recently installed vehicle washing

facilities at Stansted Airport, and will be considered for other parts of the G1 development

on an individual basis as required by the proposed condition in paragraph 9.5.2.

10.4 Indicative future water demand: 2014/15, with water efficiency measures

10.4.1 Sections 10.2 and 10.3 have identified a number of water efficiency measures that either

would arise, or can reasonably be anticipated to arise, by implementing the approach

described in section 9. Sections 10.2 and 10.3 have estimated the savings that could be

achieved and because most of the measures identified are likely to come forward as a

result of current good practice, it is likely that some improvement would be made over the

figure of 29.5 l/Pax quoted in the ES Vol 14, whether or not planning permission is

granted for the G1 proposals. However, the granting of a planning permission that

includes the proposed conditions and other commitments described in section 9.5

provides:

• a formal requirement to continue with current ‘best practice’ measures such as

metering of new buildings;

• a formal requirement to submit details to UDC and the EA of additional water

efficiency measures to be incorporated in new buildings for UDC’s approval;

• a formal commitment to a comprehensive survey of water usage and monitoring

across the Airport, which will provide the basis for developing an effective water

management strategy for the Airport; and

• a formal process to ensure that BAA, the EA and UDC work together to identify

and secure improved water efficiency measures on an ongoing basis.


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26/04/2007

10.4.2 I consider that this package of measures provides a robust route to securing an effective

ongoing improvement in the efficiency of the Airport’s use of water into the future.

10.4.3 The water efficiency measures identified in sections 10.2 and 10.3 have been used to

develop the indicative model of water demand in 2014-15 shown in Table 10.1. This

shows estimated water consumption for both the 25mppa and 35mppa cases for both the

existing infrastructure and anticipated new infrastructure in 2014-15, assuming that

efficiency measures similar to those described in sections 10.2 and 10.3 and driven by the

conditions agreed in paragraph 9.5.8 are implemented.

10.4.4 Overall this shows a potential improvement in water efficiency from 29.4 l/Pax for

25mppa to 26.9 l/Pax for 35mppa, limiting the increase in average consumption from 2.0

Ml/d for 25mppa to 2.6 Ml/d for 35mppa. Both of these are significantly less than the 3

Ml/d that TVW has allocated for airport use in 2010.

Stansted G1 / Proof of Evidence Water Efficiency

Building CONSUMPTION RATE UNITS

Rate (average)

Usage (m3

/annum)Usage (Ml/d)

Rate (average)

Usage (m3

/annum)Usage (Ml/d)

Terminal Building l/Pax 6.5 162,325 0.4 6.4 223,354 0.6Satellites 1-3 l/Pax 3.1 78,719 0.2 3.0 103,942 0.3Radisson Hotel m3/bed space/annum 103 51,500 0.1 103 51,500 0.1Hilton Hotel m3/bed space/annum 103 29,767 0.1 103 29,767 0.1Express by Holiday Inn Hotel m3/bed space/annum 40 7,320 0.0 40 7,320 0.0Terminal chiller plant m3/m2 0.3 22,014 0.1 0.26 28,747 0.1Northside General m3/person/annum 25 37,468 0.1 25 37,468 0.1Hangars l/ATM 116 25,021 0.1 116 31,739 0.1Cargo l/tonne 38 22,545 0.1 38 22,545 0.1Offices m3/person/annum 9.4 19,697 0.1 9.4 19,697 0.1Small metered users l/Pax 1.9 48,482 0.1 1.4 48,482 0.1Construction and UFW l/Pax 6.9 183,729 0.5 6.7 235,207 0.6Existing buildings total usage n/a 688,586 1.9 n/a 839,769 2.3Existing buildings overall consumption rate l/Pax 27.5 24.0Enterprise House 2 m3/person/annum 9.4 15,007 0.04 9.4 15,007 0.04New maintenance hangar 7,757 0.02 7,757 0.02Taylors End ancillary development 6,745 0.02 6,745 0.02Endeavour House 2 m3/person/annum 9.4 6,566 0.02 9.4 6,566 0.02Express by Holiday Inn Hotel Extension m3/bed space/annum 40 3,000 0.01 40 3,000 0.01Northside LSCP Phase 4 2,883 0.01 2,883 0.01Northside staff car parking 2,883 0.01 2,883 0.01Terminal arrivals extension - unmetered l/PaxTerminal arrivals extension - metered 1491 0.00 1491 0.00Cargo shed 3 l/tonneTerminal forecourt improvements n/a 0 0Zulu Stands south n/a 0 0M11 Junction 8 slip road n/a 0 0Priory Wood roundabout slip road n/a 0 0Fuel tanks 4 5 and 6 n/a 0 0Yankee Stands North n/a 0 0Taxiways R05RET and R23RAT5 n/a 0 0Echo Stands north n/a 0 0New buildings 25mppa total usage l/Pax n/a 46,331 0.1 n/a 46,331 0.1New buildings 25mppa overall consumption l/Pax 1.9 1.3Southgate Hotel West m3/bed space/annum n/a n/a n/a 103 25,750 0.07Southgate Hotel East m3/bed space/annum n/a n/a n/a 40 4,000 0.01Station extension l/Pax n/a n/a n/a 3,266 0.01Zone G car park n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,883 0.01Northside LSCP Phase 5 (North) n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,883 0.01Northside LSCP Phase 5 (South) n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,883 0.01Layered short stay car park n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,883 0.01Car rental sites 4 and 5 n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,076 0.01Southgate Restaurant n/a n/a n/a 2,000 0.01Satellite 4 - unmetered l/Pax n/a n/a n/aSatellite 4 - metered n/a n/a n/a 3,122 0.01Terminal departures extension - unmetered l/Pax n/a n/a n/aTerminal departures extension - metered n/a n/a n/a 2,983 0.01Enterprise House staff car park extension n/a n/a n/a 0 0.00Northside LSCP infill n/a n/a n/a 0 0.00Satellite 4 pier link n/a n/a n/a n/a 0Yankee Stands South n/a n/a n/a n/a 0Echo Stands South n/a n/a n/a n/a 0Taxiways R23RAT3 and R23RAT4 n/a n/a n/a n/a 0Bassingbourn Road dual carriageway n/a n/a n/a n/a 0Bassingbourn Road roundabout grade separation n/a n/a n/a n/a 0New buildings 35mppa total usage l/Pax n/a 0 0.0 n/a 54,727 0.1New buildings 35mppa overall consumption l/Pax 0.0 1.6Total new buildings usage l/Pax 1.9 46,331 0.1 2.9 101,058 0.3Total existing + new buildings usage l/Pax 734,918 2.0 n/a 940,827 2.6Total overall consumption rate l/Pax 29.4 26.9

Black & Veatch Ltd 53BAA STAL Water Proof of Evidence.pdf 26/04/2007

Table 10.1 – Indicative future water demand: 2014/15 – with efficiency improvements

Exis

ting

build

ings

25m

ppa

build

ings

PROJECTED CONSUMPTION:35Mppa case 2014/15

PROJECTED CONSUMPTION:25Mppa base case 2014/15

Included in Cargo above

Included in Terminal above

35m

ppa

build

ings

Included in Cargo above

Included in Terminal aboveIncluded in Terminal above

Included in Satellites above


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26/04/2007

11. OTHER MATTERS

11.1 Foul water disposal

11.1.1 One of the planning conditions identified by the EA (paragraph 3.2.5) requires

confirmation that the foul water disposal system will have adequate capacity to cope with

the increased demand associated with the G1 proposal. This section demonstrates that this

will be the case and hence the condition has been resolved with the EA as indicated in

paragraph 9.5.10.

11.1.2 Foul water drainage and the impact of the G1 development is described in the ES, Vol 14,

section 9. At Stansted Airport the foul water drainage network consists of two systems:

• The north side foul sewer system, which collects all the foul flows to the north-

west of the runway, and drains by gravity to the Thames Water Utilities Ltd

(TWUL) pumping station at Duck End for onward pumping to Bishop’s Stortford

Waste Water Treatment (BSWWTP).

• The south side foul sewer system which collects all the foul flows to the south-east

of the runway and drains by gravity to the BAA pumping station, operated by

TWUL, at Pond C for onward pumping to BSWWTP.

11.1.3 Work carried out for the ES, Volume 14 indicates that the combined dry weather foul

discharges from both the north side and south side are expected to increase from

1,987m3/day in 2005 to 2,536m3/day for 25 mppa and 3,546m3/day for 35 mppa. At

present both systems perform satisfactorily, although some minor increases in pipe sizes

will be required in the south side system for both the 25mppa and 35mppa cases.

11.1.4 Under the existing discharge consent TWUL are obliged to take all foul discharges from

the Airport as long as the Airport remains a single runway airport.

11.1.5 BAA have liaised with TWUL (CD/503 and CD/504) and obtained written confirmation

that Bishops Stortford Wastewater Treatment Works is currently being upgraded to

increase capacity from a 52,000 Population Equivalent (PE) plant to a 75,000 PE plant.

This includes allowances for “planned housing growth (around Bishop’s Stortford); the

M11 Birchanger Services improvements and the Stansted G1 project to the full use of the

existing airport”,and incorporates “planned requirements and all known works up to

2016”.


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26/04/2007

12. CONCLUSION

12.0.1 BAA has of its own volition recognised the importance of water management in the

running of the Airport and has voluntarily taken the following steps to promote greater

water efficiency at Stansted Airport:

• Implemented a water metering strategy developed in the 1990s.

• Installed an automatic meter reading system and low pressure zone in the Northern

General Area, where leakage was known to be a problem due to the age of the

local network (2000).

• Included specific water efficiency targets as part of its Corporate Social

Responsibility agenda from 2000 to 2003 that were largely met.

• Retrofitted water efficiency devices into the public facilities in the Terminal and

Satellites as these have been renovated and upgraded (2004 and 2005).

• Encouraged the use of water efficient devices by its tenants such that the Radisson

Hotel was built with water efficient measures integral to its operation (2004) and

that both the Hilton Hotel and Express by Holiday Inn are currently (2006 and

2007) retrofitting water efficiency measures into their facilities.

• Trialled the use of waterless urinals in four of its office buildings (2006) and is

now committed to installing these in three of them (Stansted House, Airways

House and Building 130) (2007). The trial in Enterprise House is continuing.

• Implemented grey-water recycling in recently installed vehicle washing facilities.

12.0.2 This proactive approach to water management has resulted in certain areas of the Airport

(the Terminal Complex, the Radisson Hotel) as being arguably amongst the “best in class”

for this type of facility in terms of water efficiency.

12.0.3 Following a process of discussion with the EA, BAA has agreed a series of additional

conditions and other commitments described in section 9 that provide:

• a formal requirement to continue with current ‘best practice’ measures such as

metering of new buildings;

• a formal requirement to submit details to UDC and the EA of additional water

efficiency measures to be incorporated in new buildings for UDC’s approval;

• a formal commitment to undertake a comprehensive survey of water usage and

monitoring across the Airport, which will provide the basis for developing an

effective Water Management Strategy for the Airport; and

• a formal process to ensure that BAA, the EA and UDC work together to identify

and secure improved water efficiency measures on an ongoing basis.


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26/04/2007

12.0.4 I consider that this package of measures provides a robust route to securing an effective

ongoing improvement in the efficiency of the Airport’s use of water into the future.

12.0.5 B&V and BAA have identified a number of additional water efficiency measures, further

to those already implemented, that are expected to arise as result of the approach proposed

in section 9. These have been described in section 10 above. An indicative model of

future water demands has been developed assuming that these measures are implemented,

estimating an overall water saving of around 5.5 l/Pax over 2005-06 water consumption

for the G1 development. This represents a 16% saving on water consumption (l/Pax) in

2005-06 and it is equivalent to a 7% improvement in water efficiency on 25mppa in 2014-

15.

12.0.6 As discussed in section 9.4 the approach to water efficiency encapsulated in the agreed

conditions and other commitments is in accordance with both extant and emerging policy.

12.0.7 Despite the increase in passenger numbers from 2005-06 to 25mppa it is estimated that

average water demand will still be around 2.0 Ml/d in 2014-15. For the 35mppa scenario

in 2014-15 it anticipated that the average water demand may rise to around 2.6 Ml/d,

which is a 9% improvement in water efficiency over that identified in the ES Vol 14.

12.0.8 These average annual demands are well below the 3 Ml/d that TVW have currently

allocated in their Resource Allocation Plan to 2010 that has been agreed with OFWAT and

the EA and are also less than the 2.83 Ml/d identified in the ES Volume 14.

12.0.9 The combined effect of the measures described above is expected to result in a “significant

reduction on passenger water use” as required by the EA in their letter Ref

NE/2006/014443-2/1 to Uttlesford District Council dated 25 October 2006.


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26/04/2007

13. REFERENCES

G1 Planning Application Environmental Statement Volume 14 – Water) (BAA, 2006) [CD/17] Environmental Statement Regulation 19 Response Schedule C (BAA, 2006) [CD/22] Letter from EA to UDC, Ref NE/2006/014443-1/1, 27 June 2006 [CD/505] 2003 permission (UDC, 2003) [CD/30] Letter from EA to UDC, Ref NE/2006/014443-2/1, 25 October 2006 [CD/506] UDC Reports to Development Control Committee on UTT/0717/06/FUL and Climate Change [CD/33] UTT/0717/06/FUL (G1 Planning Application) Decision Notice (UDC, 2006) [CD/42] UDC Statement of Case, UTT/0717/06/FUL (UDC, 30 Jan 2006) [CD/338] UK Government Sustainable Development Strategy (DEFRA, 2001) [CD/91] Planning Policy Statement 1: Delivering Sustainable Development (ODPM, 2005) [CD/92] Planning Policy Statement: Planning and Climate Change: A Consultation Document (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2006) [CD/160] Water Resources for the Future: A Strategy for England and Wales (EA, 2001) [CD/331] Water Resources for the Future: Strategy for Anglian Region (EA, 2001) [CD/334] RPG6: Regional Planning Guidance for East Anglia to 2016 (Government Office for the East of England, 2000) [CD/65] RPG14: Regional Planning Guidance for the East of England (EERA, draft, 2004) East of England Plan incorporating Secretary of State’s proposed changes (Draft, 2006) [CD/76] Water Efficiency in Development September 2004 (Sustainable Development Round Table for the East of England/EA, 2004 - Informative Only) [CD/337] East of England Regional Environmental Strategy (EERA / East of England Environment Forum, 2003) [CD/335] East of England Sustainable Development Framework (EERA / East of England Sustainable Development Round Table, 2001) [CD/336] East of England Regional Economic Strategy (EERA, 2004) [CD/119] Essex and Southend-on-Sea Replacement Structure Plan (2001) Part 3 [CD/62] Essex and Southend-on-Sea Replacement Structure Plan (2001) Part 4 [CD/63] Uttlesford District Local Plan Adopted 2005 (UDC, 2005) [CD/57] Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations (1999) [CD/332] UK Building Regulations (Department for Communities and Local Government) Water Efficiency in New Buildings: A Consultation Document (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2006) [CD/333] BAA Stansted Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2005/06 (BAA, 2006) [CD/161] CIRIA W010 -Key performance Indicators for water use in hotels (Faber Maunsell and Rickaby Thompson Associates, 2006) [CD/339] CIRIA W010 -Key performance Indicators for water use in offices (Faber Maunsell and Rickaby Thompson Associates, 2006) [CD/340] Letter from BAA to TWUL , 30 October 2006 [CD/503] Letter from TWUL to BAA, 16 November 2006 [CD/504]

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