Stanislava Bačíková, Katarína Kučárová, Magdaléna ...

Stanislava Bačíková, Katarína Kučárová, Magdaléna ValúchováDANUBE SURFACE WATER AND RIVERBED

SEDIMENT QUALITY

Danube Monitoring Scientific Conference Publication, Slovak Section, chapter:

V.1.10. Monitoring of surface waters and sediment quality in the area influenced by the Gabčíkovo hydraulic structuresMagdaléna Valúchová, Katarína Kučárová

V.1.11. Impact of the Gabčíkovo hydraulic structures on the Danube water quality Stanislava Bačíková

THE MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF

THE GABČÍKOVO HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

The aim of monitoring:is documenting the development of water quality in the Danube between Bratislava and Komárno, water quality in the Čunovo reservoir, in the arm system, in the MosoniDanube and in the seepage canals.

Runs in accordance with:The Decision of the administrative authorityThe “Agreement” between Slovakia and Hungary from 1995

• The investor and operator of the Gabčíkovo project, the water-management constructions, state enterprise, is responsible for monitoring.

• The complete list of monitored parameters, frequency and sites of sampling are defined in an Annex of the “Decision”.

• Methods of sampling, applied analytical methods, and the annual evaluation of the development of surface water quality in the affected territory are presented in theNational reports, Joint reports and relevant publications are available on the web side

WWW.GABCIKOVO.GOV.SK

CONTROL SITES OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN THE AREA OF THE

GABČÍKOVO HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

SURVEY OF SAMPLING PLACES OF SEDIMENTS

EVALUATION OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY

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RESULTS OF MONITORING SURFACE WATER QUALITY

Long-term development of water quality at the profiles Danube – Bratislavaand Medveďov (Komárno):

• During the whole monitoring the concentrations measured at Bratislava are usually higher than those measured at Komárno in all evaluated parameters of water quality.

• Content of organic matter (pollution) expressed by the index BOD5 and CODMnshows a long-term decrease,

• Content of dissolved oxygen shows a long-term increase by ca. 2 mg/l. The maximum and minimum concentrations of dissolved oxygen increase at both profiles. The increase in Bratislava is stronger.

• Content of nitrates is often higher at Bratislava. Its content is a function of vegetation period. It has a slowly decreasing general tendency.

• Content of nitrites and ammonia is decreasing, especially at Bratislava.• Very positive is the strong long-term drop of concentration of phosphates in the

Danube water since 1979. The maximum values dropped from 0.8-1.0 mg/l to values less than 0.2 mg/l at present.

• Bacterial pollution has also strongly decreased, especially after 1991-1992.

IMPACT OF THE GABČÍKOVO HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES ON QUALITY OF THROUGH-

FLOWING WATER

• The hydraulic structures themselves do not produce pollutants. They can modify water quality only by the impact of a changed water regime on the chemical and biological processes.

• A comparison of the “uninfluenced” water flowing through the profile at Bratislava into the project area with the “influenced” water flowing out from this area through the profile at Medveďov

• The quality is permanently balanced and in the course of a year it depends mainly on discharges and water temperature in the Danubeunder the influence of meteorological factors.

• The physical and chemical composition of the Danube water does not change after passing through the Gabčíkovo hydraulic structures.

IMPACT OF THE GABČÍKOVO HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES ON QUALITY OF THROUGH-

FLOWING WATER

ECOTOXICITY OF WATERS AND SEDIMENTS

Ecotoxicity tests detect certain a synergistic effect of a mixture of substances, which are not detectable by chemical analysis

These tests include:• Test of acute lethal toxicity on fish Poecilia reticulata,• Test of acute toxicity and inhibition of mobility of Daphnia magna,• Test of inhibition of light emission of luminescence bacteria

Photobacterium phosphoreum or Vibrio fisheri,• Test of chronic toxicity on Cladocers Daphnia magna,• Test of inhibition of root growth of the culture plant Sinapis alba

(semi-chronic test),• Test of inhibition of growth of the green alga Scenedesmus

quadricauda (semi-chronic test),• Test of germinate capacity of seeds (semi-chronic test).

ECOTOXICITY OF WATERS AND SEDIMENTS

• A bioluminescent activity of selected microorganisms shows that samples from Medveďov have stronger stimulation effect than those from Bratislava.

• A comparison of tests made on green algae from profiles in Bratislava and Medveďov shows very similar values at both profiles.

• Samples of water and sediments are not actually toxic for the test organisms in a great majority of cases.

• Samples of surface water or sediment pore water have a strong stimulation effect on more test organisms.

• Since putting the Gabčíkovo project in operation there were recorded only three cases of acute toxicity for water organisms. In all cases, the probable cause of toxic effect on cladocera was an increased level of petroleumhydrocarbons in the samples.

• Tests of chronic and semi-chronic ecotoxicity on samples of surface water do not bring results with significant ecotoxicity exceeding +30% in any organism

EUTROPHICATION AND GABČÍKOVO HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

• Manifestation of eutrophication, i.e. algae biomass overproduction visible with the naked eye

• Caused by presence of nutrients in the surface water and supported by suitable meteorological conditions and other factors


• Occurred in the Čunovoreservoir for the first time in 1993, in 2001 in a minimal extent (only in one place), and very significantly in 2002 and 2003.

• The years 2002 and 2003 were extremely warm and dry and discharges in the Danube were extremely low in 2003


Based on the long-term results evaluated in the reports it is possible to state generally that:

• Revival of water in the Čunovo reservoir is influenced mainly by water flowing into the reservoir;

• Limiting factors of the mass development of algae are flow velocity and content of phosphate phosphor;

• Development of phytoplankton, zooplankton and content of chlorophyll “a” in the water of the reservoir is connected, along with the suspended nutrients (first of all compounds of phosphor), also with the hydrologic condition in the reservoir, flow velocity, water depth, amount of sunshine and penetration of sun light into water column;

• Local differences in the abundance of phytoplankton depend on discharge, flow velocity, length of water delay, depth and transparency of water and on the abundance of macrophytes; content of biogenic elements is approximately equal in the whole reservoir;

• Water temperature does not have a determining influence on the development of phytoplankton and zooplankton;

• During vegetation period the content of nutrients drops to a minimum and the content of suspended oxygen during the day time increases and water over saturates;

• Content of silicates varies seasonally: it decreases with development of phytoplankton, especially if phytoplankton contains diatoms with a high content of silicon in cell membranes;

• Development of zooplankton in relationships to phytoplankton can be characterized by the Lotka-Voltera´s model, i.e. The culminations of zooplankton occur with a delay after the culmination of phytoplankton (about 15-30 days);

• sediments, birds


Obr.č .67. Mie s to odbe ru 1004 - Duna j Bra tis la va , S , r.km 1868,75.S e zónne zme ny a bunda nc ie fytopla nktónu a zoopla nktónu za obdobie 2001 - 2005.

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Obr.č .68. Mie s to odbe ru 1008 - Duna j Me dveďov, S , r.km 1806,3.S e zónne zme ny a bunda nc ie fytopla nktónu a zoopla nktónu za obdobie 2001 - 2005.

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• We want to stress that the recorded eutrophication processes in the reservoir did not influence the quality of the water flowing out from the Gabčíkovo hydraulic structures area presented in the profile at Medveďov in comparison with the quality of water at the profile in Bratislava.

• Manifestations of eutrophication disappear or are strongly reduced after the passing of a high discharge, which occur in the Danubeseveral times a year. Content of chlorophyll “a” was higher at the profile Medveďov than in Bratislava also in the pre-dam conditions.

• After the extreme years 2002 and 2003, the phytoplankton abundance was higher at Medveďov than in Bratislava and, as a rule, it was also higher in Sap than in Rajka, but the common data are available only from two last years

• Experimentally test the influence of existing possibilities of water regime regulation on the course of eutrophication is based on the fact that the conditions of eutrophication in the reservoir and arm system are very variable, changeable in time, and could be influenced. Besides this, the expected climatic changes could support the more frequent occurrence of eutrophication and some measures would be welcome.


Obr.č .1. Mie s to o dbe ru 1104 - Dunaj Bratis lava, S, r.km 1868,75. Se zó nne zm e ny abundancie fyto planktó nu a vybraných ukazo vate ľo v e utro fizácie

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Obr.č .2. Mie s to o dbe ru 1108 - Dunaj Me dveďo v, S, r.km 1806,3. Se zó nne zm e ny abundancie fyto planktó nu a vybraných ukazo vate ľo v e utro fizácie

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Obr.č .6. Mie s to o dbe ru 8013 - Dunaj-zdrž, Kalinko vo , ĽS, r.km 15.Se zó nne zm e ny abundancie fyto planktó nu a vybraných ukazo vate ľo v e utro fizácie

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Obr.č .8. Mie s to o dbe ru 8014 - Dunaj-zdrž, Šam o rín, PS, r.km 5.Se zó nne zm e ny abundancie fyto planktó nu a vybraných ukazo vate ľo v e utro fizácie

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MONITORING OF SEDIMENTS• There were especially concerns of possible remobilisation of heavy metal or

other substances from reservoir sediments into the ground waters.

• Sediments, consisting of bed loads and suspended loads, are deposited in the reservoir or are wished and transported away. Mobility of the upper layer sediments is very large and depends on the actual place and flow velocity.

• In the reservoir are not suitable for chemically releasing absorbed micro-pollutants, if they are actually absorbed. The permanent decrease of suspended classical organic pollution of the Danube water has created suitable conditions for the sediments and a decrease in content of decomposing organic substances

• However, content of organic carbon in sediments is significant because it influences the oxidation-reduction and biodegradation processes, which subsequently influence water quality, even already during infiltration through the river bottom. At transition into the reduction processes, it can determine the mobilization of toxic substances if they are adsorbed in the sediments. On the contrary, an increased content of organic carbon in sediments increases their capacity to adsorb hydrophobic organic pollution, heavy metals etc.

MONITORING OF SEDIMENTS

Evaluation of sediment in Slovak republic is carried out inaccordance with:

- „Methodical directive of the ministry of environment No. 549/98-2”

- „Canadian sediment quality guideline for the protection of aquatic life“ (CSQG)

RESULTS OF SEDIMENTS MONITORING

Among these parameters, the following exceeded the PEL values in the monitored period:

• As – in most profiles monitored in 1996-1999,

• Lindane – in most profiles monitored in 1996-2003,

• Heptachlor – in most profiles monitored in 1996-2003,

• Acenaphthene – in most profiles monitored in 1998,

• Phenanthrene – in 1998 at profile 3741 and in 2003 at profile 3715,

• Fluoranthene – in 1998 at profiles 307, 308, 309, 3713, 3715, 3716 and 3741, in 2002 at profile 3710 and in 2003 at profiles 3713 and 3715,

• Benzo(a)anthracene – in 2004 at profiles 309, 3741 and 311.

RESULTS OF SEDIMENTS MONITORING

MONITORING THE GABČÍKOVO HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES AND WATER

FRAME DIRECTIVE

Biological monitoring

According to the Water Frame Directive, among the biological parameters the following should be monitored:

• Phytoplankton – taxonomic composition, abundance, frequency and intensity of occurrence of water bloom,

• Macrophytes and phytobenthos – taxonomic composition and average composition,

• Benthic invertebrates – taxonomic composition and abundance,

• Fish fauna - species composition, abundance and age structure


FRAME DIRECTIVE

Monitoring to evaluate the chemical state of the waters

monitoring to evaluate the general conditions of the chemical state of the waters is provided at present monitoring specific polluting substances also is gradually being done as shown above

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FRAME DIRECTIVE

Stanislava Bačíková, Katarína Kučárová, Magdaléna ...

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