Standards Nd Guidelines

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3.1 Emission Standards and Guidelines for PetrochemicalsIndustry

Petrochemicals are hydrocarbons, obtained from naturally occurring raw

materials viz. petroleum, natural gas, coal etc. The feedstocks can either

be cracked (in cracker complexes) to produce olefins or reformed (in

aromatic complexes) to produce aromatics.

The process emissions arising from this industry has been addressed

properly with priority pollutants and adaptable control technologies

are identified for development of standards. The air emission from

petrochemical production plant is rather unique where the emission of

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) is the predominant pollutants.

There is emission of conventional pollutants viz. SPM, SOx, and CO andNOx, which are critical from the point of view of formation of secondary

pollutants. Analytical capability and implementability of standards have

been considered in proposed emission standards. Considering the status

of emission control by Indian industries and best practicable technology,

the proposed emission standards including guidelines were finalized in

139 th Board meeting and presented before expert committee of MoEF

on 27th February, 2007.

3.2 Guidelines for Optimum Water Consumption in BulkDrug Manufacturing Industry

The minimization of waste generation and conservation of naturalresources, especially water, has become an essential component for

sustainable development in all spheres of human life. The Government

of Indias New Environmental Policy-2006 infact includes actions for the

productive consumption of water in industrial processes, amongst others

through water assessments and mandatory water audits for the identified

industries. The CPCB has taken up project for developing guidelines for

the optimum utilization of water in bulk drug manufacturing units. The

study suggests that there is a scope for the reduction of water consumption

in this sector and the adoption of the guidelines suggested, can reduce

15 to 50% water consumption depending upon the process followed and

the products manufactured.

Development Of Standards AndGuidelines

3.0

Minimization ofwaste generation

and conservation of

natural resources,

especially water, has

become an essential

for sustainable

development


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3.3 Standards and Guidelines for Chemical / Hazardous WasteIncinerator in Pesticides Industry

Pesticides are produced by chemical reactions of organic and/orinorganic materials. The final mass of an organic reaction is associated

with not only the desired product or its intermediates, but also untreated

reactants and undesired products of partially completed reactions. The

manufacture of pesticides is not accomplished in one reaction but multi

reactions are involved in most cases. In each reaction state, some raw

materials remain un-reacted and some unwanted products are formed

which remain in the system. Desired products are carefully recovered

in each step from the system. Unwanted products are discarded either

in the form of liquid or solid. In some cases, during reaction, odorous

compounds are emitted or loss of organics (solvents) occur which are the

sources of air pollution.The wastewaters generated are of high TDS and high COD and may

not be easily bio-degradable thus the wastewater streams need to be

destroyed thermally. The hazardous waste generated are also required to

be thermally destroyed, as it mainly comprise organic residue, distillation

residue, chemical sludge of ETP, some process waste and organic

impurities appearing as scum, froth or tar. Incineration is also preferred

for gaseous streams containing odorous compound like mercaptan and

hydrogen sulphide.

Many pesticides industries have therefore installed incinerators.

The CPCB took-up the task to collect, collate information related to

design and operation of incinerators installed in pesticide industries,and conducted performance study in order to evolve emission standards

for incinerators in respect of pesticide industry sector. The proposed

Emission Standard for sector specific incinerator for pesticide industry is

given below:

Proposed Emission Standard for Sector Specific Incinerators

(Pesticide Industry)

Table 3.3

Parameters Emission Standard Sampling duration(Not to exceed the emission

standard prescribed)

Particulates 50 mg/Nm3 30 minutes

HCl 50 mg/Nm3 30 minutesSO2 200 mg/Nm3 30 minutes

CO 100 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to daily average value

Total Organic Carbon 20 mg/Nm3 30 minutes

NOx 400 mg/Nm3 30 minutes

Total Dioxin and furans 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3 Standard refers to 6-8 hours

sampling. Please refer guidelines for

17 concerned congeners for toxicequivalence values to arrive at total

toxic equivalence

Sb + As + Pb + Cr + 1.5 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to sampling

Co + Cu + Mn + Ni + time anywhere between

V + their compounds 30 minutes and 8 hrs


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Note: All values corrected to 11% oxygen on a dry basis.

Chlorinated organic waste in input waste shall not be more than 1%.

The temperature in single chamber liquid waste incinerator shall bemaintained at 1100Oc. For fluidised bed technology Incinerator

temperature shall be maintained at 850 to 950OC

The liquid incinerator shall provided separate quencher and scrubber

shall not be used as a quencher.

The TOC and LOI of incineration ash and residue shall not be more

than 3% and 5 % respectively. If it contains more than the prescribed

value, the same should be re-incinerated and not be allowed to be

disposed in secure landfill.

The CO2

concentration in tail gas should not be less than 7% so as to

limit undue excess air, ingress/ leakage of unwanted air and dilution.

Wastewater Discharge Standard

Wastewater from the cleaning of exhaust gases discharged from an

incineration plant shall meet the general standards of wastewater

discharge.

TDS build up over intake raw water = not more than 1000 mg/l

3.4 Review of Environmental Statements Submitted byIndustries (Phase II)

The MoEF, GoI issued notification for submission of Environmental

Statements (ES) every year by the industries to the respective SPCBs in

April, 1992 and further amended in April, 1993. The regular submissionof ES will indicate the systematic improvement in conservation of resources

and environmental pollution control being achieved by the industry.

In order to assess the efficiency of ES, the project Review of

Environmental Statements Submitted by the industries was taken-up

by the MoEF. The studies study to review the ES have been undertaken

for the sugar, thermal power, cement, petrochemical, oil refinery, iron &

steel, textile, and pesticide sectors in the first phase. Additional 7 sectors

such as Chlor-alkali, Dye & dye intermediates, Aluminium smelter, Zinc

smelter, copper smelter, Fertilizer and paint have been taken up in

second phase in order to cover major priority industrial sectors under

the programme. The outcome of the exercise is being utilised for settingenvironmental benchmarks for attainment by all the industries.

3.5 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for EmissionTesting in Hazardous Waste Incinerator

THe CPCB has developed guidelines for common hazardous waste

incineration and recommended standards for notification. Recommended

standards for common hazardous waste incineration also include

pollutants like Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Total Organic Carbon (TOC),

heavy metals, dioxins and furans, in addition to the criteria pollutants

i.e. SOx, NOx and Particulate Matter (P.M.). As the recommended

sampling and analysis methods are not available for (HCl), Total

Methodologies

proposed by CPCB

for emission testingin hazardous waste

incinerator were

presented before

both national

and international

experts in workshop

and were ratified


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Organic Carbon (TOC), heavy metals, dioxins and furans, CPCB

has undertaken preparation of technical document on sampling and

analysis of recommended parameter acceptable in both national andinternational levels. The methodologies were proposed by CPCB and

presented before both national and international experts in workshop

and were ratified by them. Finally the document has been prepared. The

methodologies so developed may be applicable to any source emission

monitoring involving these pollutants other then the hazardous waste

incinerator.

3.6 Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on SpongeIron Industry

The study was initiated by CPCB in association with MECON, Ranchi,

with an objective to develop National Environmental Standards andto prepare Guidelines / Code of Practice for Pollution Prevention for

Sponge Iron Industry. On the basis of the study Comprehensive Industry

Document on Sponge Iron Industry has been prepared and published

under series COINDS/66/2007.

3.7 Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on StoneCrushers Units

The study was initiated with an objective to revise national environmental

standards for stone crushers and to prepare guidelines / code of practice

for pollution prevention for stone crushers. The study was taken up in

association with National Productivity Council (NPC), New Delhi. Onthe basis of the study a comprehensive industry document on stone

crushers has been prepared and submitted for printing.

3.8 Comprehensive Industry Document (COIND) for ThermalPower Plants

Study on the subject was initiated during 2005-06 in association with

Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore. The document on COIND

will cover present and future scenario of electricity production in the

country, combustion technologies including latest development in the

field, pollution potential (particulate with reference to air matter, SO2 &

NOx emissions) and water pollution. The problem of solid waste (coalash) disposal & its utilisation shall also be addressed. The COIND will

also include details about the pollution prevention technologies being

practiced and being developed. International experience regarding

pollution prevention control technologies shall also be part of the study.

Thus, the study shall be basis for the developing guidelines for pollution

prevention such as control of particulate matter, SO2

& NOx emissions

and reduction in water consumption for various purposes.


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3.9 Comprehensive Industry Document (COIND) on Iron OreMining Industry

The study was initiated by CPCB with an objective to develop nationalenvironmental standards for iron ore mining and to prepare guidelines

/ code of practice for pollution prevention. The study was taken up

in association with Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL), Environment

Management Division, Kolkata. On the basis of the study a comprehensive

industry document on iron ore mining has been prepared.

3.10 Guidelines for Prevention and Control of FugitiveEmissions from Cement Industries

Guidelines for prevention and control of fugitive emissions from cement

industries have been finalized and circulated to all SPCBs/ PCCs, Cement

Manufactures Association, and MoEF for Implementation.

3.11 Comprehensive Industry Document (COIND) on PrimaryCopper, Lead & Zinc Industries

The study for development of COIND on primary copper, lead & zinc

industries has been initiated for which In-depth study is in progress.

3.12 Revision of Comprehensive Industry Document (COIND)for Aluminium Industry

The study for revision of comprehensive industry document for aluminium

industry has been initiated for which in-depth study is presently in

progress.

3.13 Study on Performance Evaluation of Air Pollution ControlSystem, Modification and Review of Emission Standardsfor Brick Kilns

Clamp kilns, Bulls Trench Kiln (BTK), and down draught kilns are primarily

used for brick manufacture in the country. Clamp kilns of various designs

are used for brick manufacturing in Peninsular India. BTKs are used

mainly in Indo- Gangetic plains and downdraught Kiln are being used

for brick manufacturing in Karnataka. BTK, is an energy efficient clean

technology and can be an alternate technology for replacement of clamp

kilns.A large portion of the bricks are produced by BTKs as the number of

BTKs has crossed 55000 in the country. This kiln was introduced around

120 years back in the country and is the main kiln in northern and

eastern part of the country apart from small pockets in central, west and

south India. Various types of BTKs with following variations are found in

country:

The specific energy consumption in BTKs depends on the design,

operation practices, clay characteristics, quality of the product, fuel used,

local climatic conditions etc. The specific energy consumption varies

between 1.1 MJ per kg to 2.0 MJ per kg of fired bricks. The research

indicates that with better design and operating practices about 25%

Research undertaken

by CPCB indicates

that with betterdesign and

operating practices

about 25% energy

savings can be

achieved in

brick kilns


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energy savings can be achieved.

The Emision standards for BTKs are already notified vide notification

GSR No. 176 (E); April, 1996 under the Environment (Protection) Rules,1986 The notification presents maximum concentration limit of SPM and

stack height regulation for brick kilns. These emission standards have

also banned use of moving chimney. Besides, brick kilns need to install

gravity settling chamber (GSC), a pollution control system to keep the

SPM level below the prescribed standard..

It was felt that modification and review of emission standards for BTK

is required. The CPCB took up the study for evolving emission standards,

stack height regulations vis--vis pollution control measures for BTKs

in association with The Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi.

The study has been completed. Emission Standards and Stack Height

regulation, Good practices and Siting Criteria will be discussed in thePEER & CORE Committee meeting during 2008.

3.14 Minimal National Standards for Rubber ProductsIndustries

The CPCB after conducting extensive studies, developed draft Minimal

National Standards (MINAS) for rubber products manufacturing

industries. These standards were discussed and approved by the

Experts PEER & CORE Committee and subsequently by the CPCB and

got recommended for issuance of the Notification under Environment

(Protection) Act, 1986.

3.15 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Recycling of Ash Pond EffluentA study on Cost benefit analysis of recycling of ash pond effluent was

completed through IIT, Kanpur. Recycling of ash pond effluent has been

one of the recommendations under CREP for coal based thermal power

plants. Number of thermal power plants has adopted ash pond effluent

recycling and thus conserving substantial volume of water. The findings

of the study suggest that recycling of ash pond effluent is feasible and

beneficial. Based on the findings of the study it may be recommended that

all future plants should adopt recycling of ash pond effluent invariably

and all existing plants must install such system in time bound manner.

Thus recycling of ash pond effluent will help not only to conserve the

water but also to minimize environmental pollution.

Table 3.13 Variations in Bulls Trench Kiln

Parameter Variation

Shape 1. Circular2. Oval

Production Capacity 15,000 to 50,000 bricks per day

Chimney arrangements 1. Fixed masonry chimney

2. One or more metal chimney moving on side walls

3. One or more metal chimney moving on brick setting

Position of Gravity Settling 1. On both sides of chimney

Chamber 2. All around the periphery of chimney


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