Standards for Written Work

8/9/2019 Standards for Written Work

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MIDDLE EAST UNIVERSITYS TANDARDS FORWRITTEN WORK

Recommendations and Requirementsof All Faculties of the University

Middle East UniversityJdeidet El-Metn, Lebanon

2005


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CONTENTS

Chapter

1. GENERAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Style vs. Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Typeface and Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Duplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Recommended Style Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

The Term Paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3The Research Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3The Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2. CONTENTS OF THE WRITTEN WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Arrangement of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6The Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Preliminary Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Main Body of Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Student-Prepared Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Appendix and Reference Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3. THE MECHANICS OF PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Page Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Word Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Italics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4. ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING FORMAL PAPERS . . . . . 19Foreign Language in Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Who Are We? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Keep the Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Suggestions for Use of Verb Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Use Gender-Inclusive Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5. SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING TURABIAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Footnotes (General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Footnotes (Specific) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Bibliographical Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Enumerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6. SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

In-text References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Referencing Quotations in APA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31


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Reference List for APA Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Abbreviations in APA Papers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

7. SAMPLE STYLE SHEETS FOR PRELIMINARY PAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Abstract Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Sample Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Title PageMasters Theses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Title PageResearch Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Approval Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Sample Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Lists of Illustrations/Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Sample List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Sample Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Sample Page Showing Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

APPENDIX: FOOTNOTE/BIBLIOGRAPHY INFORMATIONAND SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48


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Chapter 1

GENERAL INFORMATION

This manual is intended as a guide in writing term papers, research projects, theses,and any other work in connection with course work or degree requirements. It sets forthformat requirements that are unique to Middle East University. Individual departmentsof the University may have additional requirements or may specify requirements ingreater detail. You must counsel with your adviser concerning any special departmentalrequirements that may apply. All research projects and theses should be prepared in theformat specified in this manual and in accordance with its special requirements. The

contents of this manual were adapted fromAndrews University Standards for Written Work .

STYLE VS. FORMAT

Many students ask, what is the difference between styleandformat?

Styledictates such matters as whether to use footnotes (Turabian), or in-textreferences (APA); whether to write numbers as words or figures, capitalization rules, and

whether a bibliography or reference list is produced. At the beginning of writing, youand your adviser must agree on the style to be used; that style must be followed

throughout the paper.

Middle East University requires a certain formatfor all papers and theses (regardlessofstylechosen), which includes (1) margins and line spacing, (2) the placement, content,and layout of preliminary pages, (3) placement of page numbers, (4) subheads, and (5)how to display tables and figures.

TYPEFACE AND PAPER

Typefaces similar to Times New Roman are acceptable. A serif rather than a sans

seriftypeface (such as Arial) is preferred. The size of the type is normally 12 points.Footnotes may be presented with the font size reduced, such as 10 or 11 points. Do notuse a compressed typeface or any settings on your system that would decrease thespacing between letters or words. The default settings are normally acceptable. Handinsertions and corrections are not permitted. The final paper must comply with all therules regarding format (margins, spacing, and page number placement).

Final copies of research projects and theses must be made on A4 size, high-quality,acid-free white paper20# with at least 25 percent cotton rag contentto assure alonger shelf life. This quality paper is neither demanded nor recommended until the veryfinal copy. Only one side of the paper is to be used. The ink color must be black.


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DUPLICATION

In general, research projects and theses are to be photocopied from a laser printedoriginal copy. However, students with a short research project or thesis may find it moreeconomical to laser print the required number of copies rather than use a duplicating

service. The final product must be clean, straight, and dark enough to be read andduplicated easily.

RECOMMENDED STYLE GUIDES

Before writing, supply yourself with the style guide recommended by yourdepartment or program. In matters of format not specified in Standards for Written Work,conform to the specifications of the manual prescribed by your department.

The recommended style guides according to departments are:

Kate L. Turabian,A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, [latestedition] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press); for accounting, economics, finance,agriculture, architecture, art, art history, design, aviation technology, educationaladministration and supervision, engineering, engineering technology, geography,history, political science, management, marketing, music, physical education, health,religion, biblical languages, technology education, and theology.

American Psychological Association, Publication Manual, [latest edition] (Washington,DC: Author); for behavioral sciences, communication, computer science, informationsystems, educational administration and supervision, educational and counselingpsychology, English rhetoric and composition, leadership, nursing, speech-languagepathology and audiology, and teaching and learning.

CBE Style Manual Committee, CBE Style Manual(Arlington, VA: Council of BiologyEditors), or follow journal style used by respected journal; for biology.

Janet S. Dodd, ed., The ACS Style Guide(Washington, DC: American ChemicalSociety); for chemistry.

Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achtert,MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers(New York: Modern Language Association of America); for communication, Englishliterature, and international languages.

Linguistic Society of America Style Sheet (appears annually in December issue of theLSA Bulletin); for English language.

Committee of the AMS,A Manual for Authors of Mathematical Papers(Providence, RI:American Mathematical Society); for mathematics.

Kathleen Dugdale,A Manual of Form for Theses and Term Papers(Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Bookstore); for music.

American Medical Association Manual of Style(Baltimore: Williams & Wilkens, 1989); forphysical therapy.

American Institute of Physics, Style Manual(New York: American Institute ofPhysics); for physics.

The American Speech, Language, and Hearing Association,Journal of Speech andHearing Research(Danville, IL: Illinois Interstate Publishers and Printers); for speech-language pathology and audiology.

For allied health, follow journal style as used in Diagnostic Medicine;Journal of AmericanSociety of Clinical Pathology; andMedical Laboratory Observer.

For nutrition (dietetics), follow style used byThe American Dietetics Association Journal.


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THE TERM PAPER

A term paper is written as a partial fulfillment of one particular course. Theteacher of the course sets up the requirements for the term paper. You are directlyresponsible to refer to that teacher when you write your paper.

THE RESEARCH PROJECT

The project is usually a departmental endeavor. Each project consists of (1) aformal research proposal; (2) the administration of treatments and/or instruments, andan analysis of resulting dataunless the project is entirely of a historical, philosophical,or theoretical nature; and (3) the formal reporting of the entire undertaking, including theconclusions and implications of the study.

Adviser

One faculty member is required to serve as an adviser for a project. You maychoose this adviser in consultation with your academic adviser. Before beginning workon a project, you must have the approval of the project adviser.

You must also file with the department a statement naming the project adviser. Insome departments, this statement is a written or oral agreement with the departmentchairperson; in others, the statement appears on the Statement of Adviser and Project

Approval form (obtained at the Office of the Registrar). In the case of a form statement,one copy is given to the adviser and the second is filed with the department. Should achange of adviser or research project become necessary, a new statement must be filed.

Content and QualityThe content of your research project must be directly related to your area of

concentration. The substantive content of the research project deals with (1) the testingof theory, (2) the application of theory, and/or (3) a creative, original proposition thatyou construct regarding a specific problem.

The results of the project should be significant to the existing body of research. Itshould furnish knowledge in which professional researchers will be interested.

The quality of the project report must reflect a high level of scholarship. Thereport must be written in the University-approvedformatrecommended in this manual

and in the styleof the manual approved by the department. The completed working copymust be submitted to your adviser for final suggestions and comments. The finishedreport must be publishable as it stands.

Number of Copies and BindingTwo copies of your report must be submitted unless your adviser specifies

otherwise. One copy is given to your adviser; the other is deposited in the departmentfiles. Your project should be submitted in whatever type of report covers or bindingspecified by the department for which the project is prepared. You are responsible forany expenses incurred in the preparation of your research project.

DeadlinesThe final copies of the research project report must be submitted to the research


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adviser fourteen days preceding the date of graduation. Completed and signed approvalforms for the research project must be filed in the Academic Records Office no laterthan noon on Friday, one week preceding graduation exercises, unless an earlier time isspecified by the department.

THE THESIS

A thesis advances a position or proposition and seeks to maintain it by argument.While a research project is considered a departmental endeavor, the thesis is a universityendeavor. Furthermore, the thesis is a more in-depth study and usually more lengthy. Ifyou are required or choose to write a thesis, a two- or three-member thesis committeenominated by the department chairperson or program director guides you.

The ProposalBefore you begin working on the thesis, you must first submit a proposal to your

thesis committee. The proposal must be attached to a form requesting the approval ofthe proposed thesis topic and acquiring the signatures of the thesis committee members,the department chairperson, and the Faculty Dean.

The proposal must be written in accordance with the Universitys formatguidelines. The typed contents of the proposal must range between 6 to 8 pages inlength, double spaced, and a font size of 12 points. The title page must include thefollowing: the Universitys name and facultys; the title of the proposed thesis; thestatement: A Thesis Proposal for the Degree Master of . . .; the name of the student;and the date (day, month, and year). See Exhibit D for sample format and spacing.

The proposal includes the following parts: (1) the statement of the problem, withan introduction and/or background; (2) the purpose or need of the study; (3) a briefdescription of the literature and research relevant to the problem; and (4) the proposedmethods and procedures that are to be used to solve the problem. In some proposals,the student may be required to draft a table of contents and present a work plan.

Content and QualityThe thesis must be concerned with some problem in your area of concentration.

It should contribute to the existing body of research and furnish knowledge in which thescholarly community is interested. The substantive content follows the ideas outlined inthe proposal and includes the results, conclusions, and recommendations yielded by the

study.

The quality of the thesis must reflect a high level of scholarship. It must bewritten in the University-approvedformatrecommended in this manual and in the styleofthe manual approved by the department in which you are enrolled.

When the content of the thesis has been approved by the thesis committee, it mustbe submitted before the defense to the thesis secretary who checks the format forconformity with University standards.

Abstract

A 150-word abstract must be submitted with the thesis. For details, see Exhibit B.


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Number of Copies and BindingThe University requires two copies of the thesis (including the abstract and an

approval sheet signed by the thesis committee members). These copies should bebound, and then submitted to your department chairperson. One copy is placed in thelibrary, and one is kept in the department in which you did your work.

DeadlinesYou should register initially for thesis credit no later than one semester prior to

graduation. A typed copy of the thesis must be approved by the thesis committee andthen submitted to the thesis secretary. At least two weeks before conferral of the degree,the final copy of the thesis, including an abstract and the approval sheet, should bereturned to the thesis secretary for approval.


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Chapter 2

CONTENTS OF THE WRITTEN WORK

ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS

Every research project and thesis is composed of three parts: preliminary pages,text, and reference materials. In addition, each thesis must have an abstract. All thepages of these parts are presented in a certain order and are counted and/or numberedaccording to specific rules. Listed below is the order in which the pages appear, followed

by their pertinent remarks. Full descriptions of the various parts of the paper follow.

AbstractSince the abstract with its title page never exceeds four pages, there is no need to number its pages.

Blank page Page is neither counted nor numbered.

Abstract title page See Exhibit A.

Abstract See Exhibit B. Word limit: 150 for projects and theses.

Preliminary pagesPreliminary pages are numbered at the bottom of the page in lower-case Roman numerals and centeredunder the text.

Title page A title page must appear in all papers. The format is the same.This page is usually p. i, but the number does not appear on thepage. See Exhibits C and D.

Blank page (or) This page is neither numbered nor counted. If a copyright is

Copyright page desired, notice should appear as follows: Copyright by John Doe 2005

All Rights Reserved

The copyright notice is placed in the middle of the page. There isa cost for copyrighting.

Approval page Approval page may vary according to faculty, department, anddegree. See Exhibit E. This is p. ii, but the number does notappear.

Dedication Optional. If you make a dedication, keep it brief. It is p. iii.


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Table of Contents The table of contents must reflect the first three levels ofsubheadings used; it may include the fourth level. See Exhibit F.Ordinarily, the first page of the contents is numbered iii; it isnumbered iv when there is a dedication.

List of Illustrations When two or more illustrations (or figures) are in your text, a list(or figures) of illustrations is required. See Exhibit G.

List of Tables When two or more tables appear in your text, include a list oftables. If both the list of tables and the list of illustrations can fitcomfortably on one page, this is preferred. See Exhibit G.

List of Abbreviations A paper that uses abbreviationsespecially in footnotesmusthave a list of abbreviations. See Exhibit H.

Preface/ A preface and/or acknowledgements is optional. See Exhibit I.

Acknowledgments

TextAll pages of the text and all reference materials that follow the text are numbered with consecutiveArabic numerals. The first page of each major section (such as a chapter) has the number centered inch from the bottom edge of the paper (i.e., outside the margin). Normally, this is two lines below thebottom line of a full page of text. On all other pages, the number is centered two lines above the text(also outside the margin). Occasionally, this may vary in the appendix. See more about this below.

Introduction An introduction may be used at the beginning of a two-part paper

to introduce the format of the study; it may be used beforechapter 1 to set the stage for what follows, or it may be chapter 1,so titled.

Body of paper The main body of the paper describes the study.

Summary or The summary and/or conclusion is usually the last chapter andConclusion can be so titled; however, in some papers, especially where there is

an introduction that is not chapter 1, a summary may follow thefinal discussion of the problem, methods, and findings of thestudy.

Recommendations When recommendations are made, they usually appear as a partof the final chapter or at the close of the summary andconclusions.

Appendix and bibliography/reference listThe appendix material follows the text and is numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals.

Cover sheet(s) or Cover sheets are optional. They can be used to group and/orhalf-title pages identify appendix materials. These pages, if used, are counted but

page numbers do not appear on them.


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Appendix(es) Each appendix is listed separately by number (or letter) in thetable of contents. Grouping similar materials in one appendix isrecommended unless there are very few items. The appendix titleand number appear either on a cover sheet or at the top of thefirst page of each appendix. If similar items are grouped together,

a cover sheet is recommended. For example, it is best to have allletters grouped in one appendix rather than have a separateappendix for each letter. If page numbers already appear on theappendix material, place your new page numbers at the upperright-hand corner in square brackets.

Glossary/List of A glossary at the end of the paper is optional and is seldom used. Abbreviations In some papers, it is preferable to have the list of abbreviations at

the beginning of the paper. Unknown terms needing explanationusually appear as definitions in the first chapter.

Cover sheet or Optional. A cover sheet is not used unless the same device ishalf-title page for used for the appendixes.bibliography/reference list

Bibliography or In most cases, it is preferable for the bibliography to appear inReference List one list rather than in several categories. Other scholars will find

it much simpler to search one list rather than search throughseveral categories to locate items of particular interest. If two ormore categories are deemed essential, keep them to an absoluteminimum and only with the approval of the adviser.

Vita A brief rsum in list format of your education and professionalaccomplishments is required for certain departments theses.

Blank page The last sheet that appears in your work is blank.

THE ABSTRACT

The abstract appears at the beginning of each thesis. It consists of a title page andthe abstract. Exhibit A shows a sample abstract title page. Note that the inch indicators

shown in the margins of the sample page are measured from the top edge of the page.

Certain departments require their students to use the term adviseron the title pageof theses or the term chairperson.

Abstracts for theses are limited to 150 words. This is only a little more than onepage (roughly fifteen lines that average ten words per line). These pages are neithernumbered nor counted.

Abstracts written for formal research are frequently, though not necessarily,divided into four sections. See Exhibit B.


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Abstract ContentAbstracts that give a report of an empirical study describe:

The Problem A clear statement of the purpose of the studyin one sentence ifpossible.

The Method A clear but brief description of the subjects and pertinentcharacteristics (number, age, gender, etc.) and the experimentalmethods that are used (data-gathering procedures, apparatus,instruments, etc.)

The Results A report on the findings, including statistical significance levels.

Conclusions A list of conclusions, implications, recommendations, andapplications.

Abstracts that review a theoretical or philosophical study include:

The Topic A clear, one-sentence statement.

The Purpose A statement that describes the organizing construct and scope ofthe paper.

The Sources An indication of the basic published literature used and/orpersonal observations involved.

Conclusions A statement of conclusions reached with implications or

applications.

PRELIMINARY PAGES

The preliminary pages follow a set format prescribed by the University.

Title PageThe title page gives the name of the University and of the particular faculty in

which you are enrolled. Also included is the title of the study, the course or degree forwhich the paper is submitted, the authors name, and the date. See Exhibits C and D.

Chapter number may be written in Roman numerals, words, or Arabic numerals,but used consistently throughout.

Approval PageThe approval page varies according to the department and degree. Be sure to

choose the one appropriate to your department and for the degree you are pursuing. SeeExhibit E. Consult with adviser for proper form.

Table of Contents and ListsThe table of contents recommended by the University includes at least three levels

of subheadings. A fourth level is optional. Chapter titles in the contents should bewritten in capitals; subheadings are written in headline style for the first three levels, and


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in sentence style for the fourth.

When usingTurabianheadline style, do not capitalize articles, coordinateconjunctions, prepositions of fewer than five letters, or to used as part of an infinitive.

APA capitalizes every word of four or more letters regardless of the wordsfunction. The subheads in the table of contents should appear precisely as they appear inthe text of the paper. Exhibit F has a sample table of contents.

List of tables and illustrations follow also the headline style of writing. Thewording of the titles of tables in the list should correspond precisely with that used in thetables as they appear in the text. The wording in the list of illustrations shouldcorrespond exactly with the initial portion of the legend that appears beneath theillustrations in the text. If the legend is expanded to give further explanatoryinformation, the expanded portion is not included in the list. See Exhibit G.

When a list of abbreviations is included in the paper, the list is arrangedalphabetically according to the abbreviation. The abbreviations (usually in capitals)appear in the left-hand column, with the source they stand for in the right-hand column.Publishing information is not included in the list of abbreviations; however, on rareoccasions the name of the author(s) or editor(s) may be included. See Exhibit H.

Preface, Acknowledgments, and DedicationThe preface gives a brief insight into the paper presented. See Exhibit I. The

preface usually ends with the acknowledgments. If you write acknowledgments only,simply entitle the page Acknowledgments.

Some writers like to add a page of dedication. If you use one, make it brief. Itfollows the approval sheet. See Turabian for recommendations.

MAIN BODY OF TEXT

ChaptersChapter numbers may be written in Roman numerals, words, or Arabic numbers.

Rules for Tables and Figures (Illustrations)The preparation of tables and figures requires care regarding spacing, arrangement

of headings, and placement with respect to the text; therefore, early consultation with thethesis secretary is recommended. (Students following Turabian style may choose fromtwo different styles regarding placement of table title and number. Students following

APA style must follow only one style. See below the general and the specific rules.)

1. Tables are numbered consecutively throughout the text and appendix withArabic numerals. Table titles should be presented in accordance with the style manualused in your department. Designations such as 3-1 or 2b are not used.

2. Either double or single spacing may be used in creating visually appealingtables.

3. A table or figure that takes up a half page or more should be centered on a


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separate page. It can then be inserted into your paper immediately after its firstintroduction. Each table and figure must be introduced in the text before it can appear.

4. Do not place short bits of textfewer than three linesbefore, between, orafter tables on a table page. Two short tables or figures that are in succession and are

first mentioned on the same text page may share a page.

5. Open tables are preferred; boxed tables may be used if they are short enough tobe contained on one page; tables in grids are not recommended.

6. A table may be continued over two or more pages. However, a table that iscontinued must start at the very top of the page or from the left margin if landscaped.On the continued page, Table XContinued. appears at the top left corner of thecontinued table. A solid line at the end of the table shows that the table is complete.

7. Illustrations include graphs, charts, plans, photographs, diagrams, maps, etc.

Sometimes it is advisable to group all illustrations in one section (usually near the end ofthe paper).

8. Titles of tables appear above the table; captions of figures appear below thefigure. A source note follows a table that is not the writers own, introduced by the wordSource(in italics), followed by a colon. Give the source in complete bibliographic form,even if the source has been cited earlier in a footnote.

9. A caption for a figure starts at the left-hand margin and is written in sentencestyle. If the illustration fills the page so completely that there is no room for the caption,the caption is centered on a facing page. In this case, the page number appears on the

page with the figureno page number appears on the facing page; however, the page iscounted. (This format is most typical of and frequently used in Biology papers.)

10. Tables or figures that appear on a page with text must be preceded andfollowed by a quadruple space (three single skipped lines).

Turabians traditional styleThis style shows the table number and title centered and in all capitals. For

example:

TABLE 1

POPULATION BY COUNTRY__________________________________________________

City Males Females__________________________________________________

Beirut 000,000 000,000Zahle 00,000 00,000

Tripoli 000,000 000,000__________________________________________________

Turabians run-in styleWith Turabians run-in style, the table number and title start above the upper left


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margin of the table. Notice that in this style, the Title goes no further to the left or rightthan the limits of the table and a runover line is centered under the rest of the title. Inthis style, the table title may be written in either sentence of headline style. For example:

Table 2. Factors Influencing Students Choice of

Middle East University MastersPrograms (N= 24)

________________________________________Response Percentage

________________________________________Length of program 22.1Flexible program 30.2Pleasant faculty 15.7

________________________________________

APA style

APA style recommends that the table number appear at the left margin above thetitle. The table title is written in headline style and is italicized. See sample below. Notethat the APA manual shows table samples with double-spaced lines. Remember that the

APA manual shows you how to prepare manuscripts for journal publication, whereasyour thesis is a finished product for Middle East University. Therefore, double spacingin this case is not mandatory. Single and line-and-a-half spacing may be used as well.

Table 3

FrequenciesAge Group, Gender, and Moral Orientation_____________________________________________________________________

Moral Orientation Totals ___________________________ ________________ Justice Integrated Care Age

Age Group M F M F M F M F Group_____________________________________________________________________ Young Adults 7 5 6 10 6 11 22 21 45Mature Adults 6 2 3 8 3 12 13 25 37

_______________________________________________________ Totals 13 7 9 18 9 23 35 46 82

_____________________________________________________________________Note. M = males; F = females. From John Doe, Gender Study, 2000, . . .

Notes to tables take three forms: a general note that refers to the whole table, a specific note that

refers to a particular column or row, and a probability note, which indicates the results of tests ofsignificance.

Rules for SubheadsA paper is more readable when the chapters are divided into sections, which in

turn may be divided into subsections. Readability is further enhanced by the titlescustomarily given to these sections and subsections. Such titles, called subheadings, mustbe used in the correct order. Headings, such as the chapter number and the titles ofchapters, must not be confused with subheads. Italics or underlining are not acceptedfor subheads. You may choose to use levels 1, 3, and 4, or 1, 3, and 5, omitting level 2, ifyou desire. However, once you omit level 2, you cannot add it in later chapters. (See

samples below.)


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1. The most important subheadings, called first-level subheadings, are centeredand placed in boldface.

2. Second-level subheadings are centered and in plain text type.

3. The third level begins at the left margin and is in boldface.

4. The first three levels of subheads are written in headline style. That is, whenusing Turabian, all words are capitalized except coordinate conjunctions, articles,prepositions, and to when used as part of an infinitive. APA capitalizes all words offour or more letters. The last two levels (levels 4 and 5) of subheads appear in sentencestyle (only first word and proper nouns capitalized).

5. Fourth-level subheadings begin at the left-head margin and are in plain texttype.

6. Fifth-level subheadings are indented and run into the paragraph; they are inbold type and end with a period.

7. Centered subheads (and titles) may not exceed 4 inches and are arranged ininverted-pyramid style.

8. Margin subheads may not extend beyond mid-page. The left side is flush withthe left margin; the right is arranged in inverted-pyramid style.

9. Words in titles and subheads may not be hyphenated at the end of a line,neither does punctuation appear at the end of a line (except level 5, which ends with a

period).

10. A triple space (skip 2 single lines) appears before subheads. See Exhibit J.

11.A double space (skip 1 single line) appears after subhead. See Exhibit J.12. A subhead cannot be the last line on a page. At least one line of text,

preferably two, must appear after the subhead.

Sample subheads:

Experimental Programs in Lebanon Level 1Seventh-day Adventist Education (centered, bold)

Experimental Cases in Business Level 2(centered, not bold)

Student-Teacher Cooperation in Level 3Syllabus Development (left margin, bold)

Importance of financial contribution Level 4(left margin, not bold)

Students feel responsible. When the students . . . Level 5(indented, bold)


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Summaries, Conclusions, and RecommendationsOrdinarily, a study is summarized at the close, and the principal findings of the

research are briefly stated. By studying the table of contents and reading the summary,another researcher should be able to determine whether further reading would contributeto his or her own research.

Recommendations, when made, usually appear at the close of the summarychapter.

In some papers, it may be advantageous to write a brief overview of what thechapter contains at the beginning of each chapter and a short summary of what thechapter has said at the close of each chapter. However, this is not essential or evenpractical in all papers. Consult with your committee adviser or chairperson on this point.

STUDENT-PREPARED QUESTIONNAIRES

Many research papers require student-prepared questionnaires. If your paperrequires such an instrument, be aware that your instrument must appear in the appendixas it is presented to the respondents. Parts of the instrument may also appear in themain body of your paper. With this in mind, observe the following:

1. Each question/statement must be in the same tense and in parallel grammaticalconstruction.

2. Spelling, grammar, and punctuation must be corrected before the instrument isused.

3. Rules governing margins, spacing, etc., of the thesis should be followed in thepreparation of the questionnaire.

APPENDIX AND REFERENCE PAGES

AppendixThe appendix contains materials that are not essential to the paper but that are

useful to the reader. When the materials in the appendix fall into several categories,group similar materials in one appendix. For example, all letters should appear in one

appendix, all maps in another, all tables in another, etc. Each category of the appendix isgiven a number or a letter (Appendix 1, Appendix 2, or Appendix A, Appendix B). Eachcategory of the appendix is numbered/lettered and titled. For example (centered on half-title page or centered at the top of first page of the specific appendix):

APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 (or) APPENDIX A

LETTERS QUESTIONNAIRES RAW DATA

GlossaryA glossary may be included in a paper that uses many technical names or foreign

words likely to be unfamiliar to the reader. A list of words and their definitions ortranslations would be very helpful. If all such words are listed under Definitions of


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Terms in the main text, it is unnecessary to include a glossary.

Bibliography/Reference ListList all bibliographic entries in one alphabetical list. It is much easier to find a

specific entry in such a list and, therefore, is a courtesy to the reader. If two or more

categories are considered essential, keep the categories to an absolute minimum andmake it clear to the reader how the list is divided and why.

The style for writing bibliographical entries follows the recommendations of theparticular department for which you are writing. If your department permits more thanone style, establish with your adviser the style you are to follow at the very outset of yourstudy before typing or putting your material into a computer. Be sure this information is

written down and is always passed along to all committee members, the thesis secretary,and your typesetter each time the material is distributed.

Most, but not all papers in Education follow APA style (the latest edition); Biology

theses follow the journal style most appropriate for the publication of the specific topic;certain departments recommend the style of a specific journal or manual appropriate tothe discipline. Religion papers follow Turabian (latest edition) style B. Certain types ofentries used in certain departments may somewhat be modified.

There may be a time when a particular topic lends itself to an alternate style. It isvery important to establish very early in your writing the style you are going to use.Modified styles presented in this manual and preferred primarily for theology and religionpapers take precedence over those presented in other style manuals.

Papers using Turabian usually include fairly extensive background sources as well

as references. These papers have a bibliography. If only the most pertinent backgroundsources are included, use a selected bibliography.

Papers in APA include only those sources mentioned in the paper. In this case,use the term reference list.

In all three cases, all sources quoted or mentioned in the text must appear in thebibliography/reference list.

VitaA vita, the last entry in a paper, is required for most research papers. No set form

exists for a vita, but it should be very briefno more than one page.


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Chapter 3

THE MECHANICS OF PREPARATION

MARGINS

For research projects and theses, the left-hand margin must be at least 1 inchesand all other margins must be at least one full inch. Some pages, because of the way thetext falls, may have a bottom margin greater than 1 inch, but the text may not extendbelow that 1-inch margin. The initial page of a chapter or a major section (i.e., table of

contents, bibliography, etc.) has a full 2-inch margin at the top of the page. For termpapers, a left-hand margin of one inch is preferred.

Margins may be slightly larger than prescribed, but they may not be smaller.

PAGE NUMBERS

All preliminary pages and those with major headings (i.e., the first page of achapter or major section) are numbered at the bottom of the page. All other pages arenumbered at the top. Page numbers are centered above or below the text (the same for

appendix material). When the page number appears at the top of the page, allow adouble space (skip one single line) between page number and first line of text. Pagenumbers at the bottom of the page always appear approximately inch from the bottomof the edge of the paper no matter where the text ends. At least one double space (skipone single line) must appear, however, between the last line of text and the page number.Placement of numbers must be consistent so all page numbers appear in the same place(either above or below the text, as just described) on every page. Page numbers do nothave any periods or other embellishments. Pages in the appendix that have photocopiedpages or original sources, such as tests of other instruments that already carry numbers,are numbered consecutively with your paper, but the numbers may be placed just insidethe margin in the upper right-hand corner and within square brackets.

SPACING

General RulesAll text is double-spaced. Block quotations are single-spaced. Appendix material

may be either. Reference lists/bibliographies are single spaced, but double spacedbetween entries. Paragraphs are indented one-half inch and block quotations areindented one-quarter inch. (A block quotation is a direct quote of eight or more lines[Turabian and MLA] or forty or more words [APA].)

Runover lines of bibliographic entries are indented one-half inch.


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Use a ragged right margin rather than a justified margin.

The last line of a paragraph should not appear at the top of a page (widower line)unless it reaches at least to the midpoint of the page.

Specific Spacing Rules

Four spaces (skip three single lines)When a table or figure appears on a page with text, leave four spaces (skip three

single lines) both above and beneath the table or figure.

Triple space (skip two single lines)Triple spacing is used1. between chapter number and chapter title2. between chapter title and whatever follows3. before subheads that are followed by text.

Double space (skip one single line)Double spacing is used1. between lines of the text2. between lines of a two-line title3. between two subheads and text that follows4. between subsequent (or consecutive without intervening text) subheads5. between footnotes6. between bibliography entries7. between captions in a list of tables or illustrations8. between footnote line (which is 20 spaces long) and the first footnote (Note

this rule carefully as it is here that many problems arise when material is enteredinto the computer.)

9. between page number at the top of page and text10. between main divisions of table of contents and subsections11. between table number and table title when using either the traditional

(Turabian), or APA style.

Single spaceSingle spacing is used1. between lines of the title, a chapter title, and table titles when they are more

than two lines in length

2. between lines of subheads that are more than one line long3. between lines in a block quotation4. between lines of a footnote5. between lines of entries in the bibliography6. between lines of a source note below tables and figures7. between lines of the subsections in the table of contents8. between lines of a caption in a list of tables or illustrations9. between text (no matter where it ends) and the 20-space footnote line

10. between some entries in a long table.

Spacing of tables and illustrations (figures)

When tables are typed, the overall size of the table, the limitations of margins, andeye appeal should all be considered. Use double spacing, space and a half, or even


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single spacing to produce the best-appearing, most-readable, and practical table. In somecases, it may be necessary to reduce the size of the table to show it to best advantage andstill comply with the margin limitations. In that event, the page number must be addedafter the reduction process.

Spacing after punctuation1. One space follows commas (including Bible texts and page numbers),

semicolons, and colons used in the text and references. One space follows periods usedwith initials of personal names.

2. Either one or two spaces follow end-sentence punctuation (but should beconsistently done). Use only one space after periods in references.

3. No spaces appeara. after periods of abbreviations (except for personal names)b. between chapter and verse in Scripture referencesc. between hour and minutes in timed. between volume and pages in references

e. between components of a ratiof. before and after hyphens or dashes.

4. Ellipsis points are used only in quoted material and have one space before andafter each of three dots used to indicate omitted material. Four dots, with no spacebefore the first dot, indicate material omitted at the end of a sentencethe first dotrepresents the period. Do not use ellipsis points at the beginning or end of anyquotations unless it is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of the quotation.

WORD DIVISION

In general, words at the ends of lines should be divided only when absolutelynecessary, and then according to syllabication as shown in the dictionary. Never make aone-letter division; avoid two-letter divisions; divide hyphenated words only at thehyphen; and never divide the last word in a paragraph, the last word of the text, or thelast word on the page. Avoid placing two hyphens in a row at the right margin. Morethan two are not permitted. Turabian (6th ed.) has an excellent section on Division of

Words (3.35-3.53).

ITALICS

Place in italics foreign words and titles of books, journals, and magazines.Underlining is no longer accepted. Italics for emphasis should be used very sparingly.


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Chapter 4

ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS FORWRITING FORMAL PAPERS

FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN TEXT

Questions concerning the language to be used arise in many research projects andtheses. Ordinarily, only one language should be used in the main body of the text. Adirect quote, therefore, in a foreign language should be translated or taken from a

translation. If the wording in the original language is important, the translation should begiven in the text and the original in the footnote. If there is to be systematic discussionof the meaning of the language of the original, the quotation may be given in the text.

When the quote is taken from an edition other than the original text, the reference tothat edition is given; when it is taken from a translation, the reference to the translation isgiven. The most authoritative edition of the text, if several editions are available, shouldbe used. You should discuss this issue with your adviser or committee so that you couldreach an agreement on how the foreign language is to be treated before you begin to

write.

WHO ARE WE?

Do not use the editorial we. We did not carry out the research, choose thetopic, or make any conclusions. However, you may assume that your reader is followingalong with you (e.g., We now turn to or Let us now look at).

Writing in the third person (i.e., using this writer, this researcher) gives theimpression that you did not take part in the research, or that you are distancing yourselffrom what you have done. Either use the first personI instructed the studentsorrecast the sentence to say, Students were instructed.

KEEP THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

When you are writing, keep in mind your reader who may be reading in the future.For example, if you write, Todays educators promote [something], consider how yourstatement may be understood in the year 2020. It is better to clarify such a statement

with Educators in the 2000s promote [something].

Also consider carefully the historical perspective of your subject, especially in yourliterature review. Comparisons, agreements, or disagreements should be thought out

very carefully. For example, it would be misleading to say that Brown, who died in 1920,

disagreed with Smith, who wrote in 1965. It would be permissible, however, for Smith,in 1965, to express an opinion that disagrees with what Brown wrote in 1915. Also,


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because of disparity of the dates, Brown and Smith can hardly concur with each other. Itwould be possible for Smith to concur with Browns opinion, though.

Another historical problem is the writings of Ellen G. White. If her writings areused in a historical setting, it is important to include the date when the quoted statement

was made as well as the date of a compilation, which was probably done years after herdeath.

SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF VERB TENSE

Some general principles concerning the use of verb tenses in written researchreports should be kept in mind.

1. References made to the study itself are in the past tense. You are commentingon work you did before the report was written.

2. The discussion within the report that interprets the data presented may be inthe present or past tense.

3. Principles that you identified, formulated, or created may be stated in thepresent tense.

4. A timeless principle that you use but that has been identified by someone elsemay be stated in the present tense.

Examples

Tense Occasion

1. Past References made to the study itself in explainingprocedures, analyses, etc., during the course of the study.Example: The instrument was refined, the data analyzed,and the findings summarized.

2. Present or Speaking directly to the reader in explanation orcombination of interpretation.present and past Example: Table 5 shows that most people like oranges.

Example: Table 5 shows that most people liked oranges.

The reference to the table is always present, but the interpretation of the data may beexpressed either in the present or the past tense.

3. Present or past Referring to other researchers.Example: Freud differed with Skinner where personalitydevelopment is concerned.Example: Freud differed with Skinner where personalitydevelopment was concerned.

When writing from the view of the historical past, use the past tense. If stating what

carries weight now, use the present tense. It is usually easier to write in the active voicein the present tense, and the active voice is usually easier to read than the passive voice.


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4. Present Referring to principles you or other researchers identified.Example: Bodies that are heavier than air fall toward the earth.Example: Husbands differ from wives when it comes tochild-rearing practices.

5. Past, present, or a When reviewing other persons research reports.combination Example: Jones (1963) found that children did not like

interacting with hostile parents.Example: Jones (1963) found that children do not likeinteracting with hostile parents.

Keep in mind when reporting on the research of others that there is the chance thatthe researcher has at some point changed opinions. You may write: In his 1968 study,Brown states that this test revealed . . . Or you can say: Brown (1968) stated that thistest revealed . . . However, it may give a false impression to state unequivocally:Brown states that this test reveals . . .

USE GENDER-INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE

For almost twenty years, the editors of many professional journals have beenadvocating the use of gender-inclusive language for the articles they print. This isespecially true of those who prepare journals representing disciplines that include many

women (i.e., education, library science, and nursing).

The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), among others, makesseveral suggestions as to how to handle the general problems of sexist language.

Omission of Women1. Manin its original sense carried the dual meaning of adult human and adult

male, but its meaning has come to be so closely identified with adult male that thegeneric use ofmanand other words with masculine connotation should be avoided

whenever possible.

Example Alternative

mankind humanity

man-made synthetic, manufactured, machine-made

the common man the average person, ordinary people

2. The use ofmanin occupational terms where persons holding the jobs could beeither male or female should be avoided.

Example Alternative

chairman coordinator (of a committee or adepartment), moderator (of a meeting),

presiding officer, head, chair, chairperson


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steward, stewardess flight attendant

policeman, policewoman police officer

3. Since there is no generic singular pronoun to denote gender, we have used he,

his, and himin such expressions as the student . . . he. Seek alternative approaches toavoid the exclusion of women.

a. recast into plural.Example AlternativeGive each student his paper as Give students their papers assoon as he is finished. soon as they are finished.

b. Reword to eliminate problem.Example Alternative

The average student is worried The average student is worried

about his grade. about grades.

c. Replace masculine pronoun with one,you(only in informal text), or (verysparingly) he or she.

Example AlternativeIf the student was satisfied with The student who was satisfied withhis score, he took the test. his or her score took the test.

If he passes the test, he has the One who passes the test has theoption to go on to the next unit. option to go on to more difficult problems.

d. Alternate male and female expressions.Example AlternativeLet each student take an active Let each student take an active role.role. Has he had a chance to Has she had a chance to talk? Doestalk? Does he feel left out? he feel left out?

e. Certain phrases assume that all readers are men.Example Alternative

The delegates and their wives The delegates and their spouses were invited to a dinner. were invited to a dinner.

Demeaning Women1. Men and women should be treated in parallel terms in descriptions, marital

status, and titles.

Example Alternativethe lady doctor the doctor

Senator Percy and Shirley Charles Percy and Shirley Chisholm,Chisholm Mr. Percy and Mrs. Chisholm, Senator

Percy and Representative Chisholm

2. Terms that patronize or trivialize women should be eliminated.


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Example Alternativegal Friday assistant

ladies women (unless ladies is paired withgentlemen)

poetess poet

coed student

Gender-Role Stereotyping1. Women should be shown as participating on an equal basis. The statement

Charles is a male nurse and Louise is a woman doctor are equally objectionable.

Example AlternativeExecutives become so involved Executives become so involved

with business that they neglect with business that they neglecttheir wives and children. their families.

Janes husband lets her have a Jane works part time.part-time job.

2. Jobs and roles should not be stereotyped.

Example Alternative The elementary teacher . . . Elementary teachers . . .she . . . they . . .

The principal . . . he . . . Principals . . . they . . .

A nurse . . . she . . . Nurses . . . they . . .

Have your mother send a Ask your parents to send alunch with you. lunch with you.

ResearchThose involved in writing up the results of their research should keep in mind the

following counsel from Guidelines for Nonsexist Use of Language in NCTE Publications.

1. Careful consideration should be given to the methodology and content ofresearch to ensure that it carries no sexist implications. (This does not deny thelegitimacy of research designed, for example, to study gender differences in theperformance of certain skills.)

2. The sample population should be carefully defined. If both males and femalesare included, references to individual subjects in the report of the research should notassume that they are male only.

3. The examples used for case studies should be balanced in numbers of male

and female subjects if both genders were involved in the study.


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Chapter 5

SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING TURABIAN

Before you start to work on the references for your term paper, research project,or thesis, make sure that Turabian-style references are those preferred by yourdepartment and/or chairperson. Certain types of references lend themselves to certaindisciplines.

Footnotes follow different guidelines. The style recommended by Middle EastUniversity is that which is designated style N in Turabians Manual (latest edition).

Specific recommendations for certain types of footnotes appear in this manual.

FOOTNOTES (GENERAL)

Footnote numbering starts over with each page. Thus the first note on each pageis numbered 1. This eliminates extensive renumbering if a footnote is added or deleted.Footnotes may be presented in a typeface smaller than the text; however, they may notbe smaller than 10 points.

The first note to a reference includes all the facts of publication. Subsequent

footnotes to the same work are given in a shortened form.

References to E. G. Whites books should follow the same guidelines as otherworks. Abbreviations familiar to Seventh-day Adventists may be used in the text onlywhen the research deals specifically with Whites writings. In such a case, a list ofabbreviations must be included in the preliminary pages, and the date of the writing, as

well as the date of the edition quotedif there is a difference, should be indicated.Some sample entries typically used in theological papers appear in the appendix.

FOOTNOTES (SPECIFIC)

Several specific suggestions are given here to guide the writing of footnotes.

1. TurabiansManual(6th ed.) recommends that an authors full name appears inthe first footnote reference.

2. Turabian (2.67) gives a detailed table for using continued or inclusive pagenumbers in references. You may use this system or you may write out all numbers;

whichever system you use, follow it consistently throughout the paper.

3. Footnotes for encyclopedia articles should include the following sequence of

information: Author, article title, name of encyclopedia, edition, date, volume, and pagenumber(s) for the first citation of the article. This is a departure from Turabian 11:43.


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However, unsigned encyclopedia articles are written with the name of the encyclopediafirst, followed by the number of the edition and s. v. with the name of the articleasrecommended by Turabian 11.42. (Bible dictionary and Lexicon references follow thesame form as that used for encyclopedias except that publishing information is includedin the bibliography.)

4. References for commentaries with unsigned articles include the followingsequence: article title, commentary title, name of editor, place of publisher, publisher,date, and volume and page numbers. In commentaries such as the SDA BibleCommentary, some articles appear on specific subjects. Where this occurs, the article titlecan be used. Comments on the Bible text often appear without a specific title. In thisinstance, use the title of the book under discussion (e.g., Isaiahin quotation marks)as the article title and follow with the pertinent information. (See appendix for samples.)

5. References for journal articles should follow Turabian 11:39 and 11:40. Themonth or season designation may be omitted, leaving only the year date, unless each

issue starts pagination at page 1. However, it may be a courtesy to your reader to leave inthe month or season to facilitate his/her research. If the volume year spans two or morecalendar years, the years should be hyphenated and only one space follows the colonbefore the page numberi.e.,JSOT1 (1978-79): 34.

6. When a reprint edition is used, imprint information as the original source maybe limited to whatever information is available in the reprinted edition itself (usuallyappearing on the front or back of the title page). Paperback editions may be referenced

with whatever information is available in the specific paperback edition itself. In bothcases, however, students must realize that in certain papers which deal with historicalsequence or with systematic thought development of a particular authoror where the

date of a reprint might mislead the readerit is very important to include originalpublication dates. Seek your advisers counsel in this matter.

7. Since the purpose of references is to identify sources and to make it easy for thereader to locate them, supplementary information such as translators, authors offorewords and introductions, names of lecture series, colloquia, etc., are optional unlessthey are of specific importance in any given case.

8. References to ancient and medieval works (such as classical, patristic, andrabbinic sources) should use Arabic numbers (as recommended in Turabian 8.119-8.127).Note that no spaces occur between periods and numerals, but spaces do follow commas

and semicolons.

9. Abbreviations may be used in footnotes for commonly used sources (but neverin the bibliography). If such sources are abbreviated, a list of abbreviations must appearin the preliminary pages of the paper. Counsel with your thesis committee members anddetermine their preference on this matter before writing. (See information onabbreviations below.)

10. When Bible references are used, they are assumed to be from the King JamesVersion (KJV) unless otherwise indicated. Other versions should be indicatedimmediately following the reference, whether in the body of the text or in a footnote, i.e.,

Luke 4:1 (RSV); Mark 1:10 (Moffat). When a version other than King James is theprimary source for references, you must state this in a footnote with the first reference.


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In such a case, the KJV as well as any others used must be noted each time a text is cited.

11. The title of a set of commentaries (ICC, NICOT, etc.) used as an often-quoted source may be abbreviated, provided it appears in a list of abbreviations. Eachtime a new contributing author of an article for a commentary is introduced, the footnote

follows the requirements for a first footnote.

12. When referencing a series, the name of the series (abbreviated, if appropriate)and the item should be supplied; however, the name of the series editor may be omitted.Each time a different author from the series is cited, the footnote follows therequirements of a first footnote.

13. Remember that every direct quote (whether in the text or written as a block)must have a reference. The reference number appears immediately after the quotationmark (when in the text) or at the end of the block. Other specific information, whether adirect quote or not, should also be referenced.

14. Refer to the electronic sources (Internet) only when items are not publishedelsewhere. Make sure the Internet address is correct. Place the date you retrieved theitem in parentheses at the end of the footnote entry. Retain copies of downloadedmaterial until after the defense.

It is impossible for any manual to give detailed information to cover every type ofreference. If your paper requires specialized types of references, you should meet withyour adviser, department chairperson, and/or thesis committee when you begin writing.

The form to be followed for specialized references should be agreed upon and writtendown. A typed copy of the agreed-upon style should be presented to each committee

member, the thesis secretary, and your typesetter whenever reading, editing, ortypesetting is done so that all are aware of the style and that consistency can bemaintained throughout the paper.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES

Students using Turabian footnotes (style N) must use Turabian bibliographyentries (style B). The appendix of this manual has some examples of entries that aretypical of the theology discipline.

Rules for Bibliographical Entries

1. Bibliographic entries should appear in one alphabetical list. If more than onecategory is considered essential, categories must be kept to an absolute minimum and becarefully explained.

2. Runover lines in bibliographic entries are indented one-half inch.

3. Entries are single-spaced; a double space appears between entries. One entryshould not be split between two pages.

4. Every source (except Bible versions) used in the text must be referenced in thebibliography.


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ENUMERATIONS

Use enumerations for material that will be clearer to the reader if presented in alist. Do not use bullets. For a short list that is contained within one sentence, use (1), (2),and (3) before the numbered elements. For a longer list that contains complete

sentences or lengthy material, use numbered paragraphs.

ABBREVIATIONS

The list of common abbreviations given by Turabian (2.26) and the rules thatgovern them are generally to be followed. However, there are a few exceptions.

1. Turabian 2.13 gives the abbreviations for states and territories to be used infootnotes and bibliographies.

2. Use words for numbers for one hundred and below, unless the particularsection or paragraph contains statistical material. With percentages, use a numeral and a

word percent.

3. Always spell out the words appendix, line, lines, and versus. Theabbreviation etc. is accepted in all papers, in text as well as footnotes. Theology papersalso use the following abbreviations in the text when they are followed by a number:chap., chaps.chapter, chapters; vs., vss.verse, verses. Other abbreviationsaccepted by nearly everyone in theological circles are OT, NT, MS, MSS, MT, and LXX.

These are used without periods and MS and MSS are used only for specific citations.

4. The abbreviations f. or ff. are not to be used for pages in books or anarticle. (If scattered information occurs, cite the exact page references and addpassim.) These abbreviations f. or ff. may occasionally be used in connection with

verses or with lines of a text, but, if possible, the specific verses and specific lines shouldbe indicated.

5. Scripture references that include chapter, and chapter and verse are to beabbreviated. Scripture abbreviations are not followed by a period (i.e., Dan 12:2).

6. References to biblical passages, Apocrypha, and Mishnah may be put inparentheses in the text with prior consent of the thesis adviser. Standard abbreviations,

as shown below, should be used.

7. Abbreviations of theological sources may be used in footnotes, but only when alist of abbreviations is included in the paper and with prior consent of the thesis adviser.

8. Biblical languages may be printed in Greek or Hebrew characters, ortransliterated.

Biblical Book AbbreviationsIt is suggested that the biblical book abbreviations would be written with no

periods. Abbreviations are used when specific chapter, or chapter-and-verse references

are given, not when the Bible book name alone is used.


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Gen 1 Kgs Prov Amos Matt Phil 1 PetExod 2 Kgs Eccl Obad Mark Col 2 PetLev 1 Chr Cant Jonah Luke 1 Thess 1 JohnNum 2 Chr Isa Mic John 2 Thess 2 JohnDeut Ezra Jer Nah Acts 1 Tim 3 John

Josh Neh Lam Hab Rom 2 Tim Jude Judg Esth Ezek Zeph 1 Cor Titus RevRuth Job Dan Hag 2 Cor Phlm1 Sam Ps Hos Zech Gal Heb2 Sam (Pss) Joel Mal Eph Jas


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Chapter 6

SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE

IN-TEXT REFERENCES

In some disciplines, references are given in text and not as footnotes. Completeinformation appears only in the bibliography or reference list. In the text, only theessential portion of the reference is given (i.e., the surname of the author(s), date ofpublication, andwhere necessarythe page(s) of the reference). The Publication Manual

of the American Psychological Association(Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation, [latest ed.]) provides excellent material on how to write in-text referencesand how to make up a reference list.

TurabiansManual(latest edition) also recommends a style for in-text references.These are referred to as parenthetical references by Turabian and designated PR in thesample pages. If these are used, then the Turabian-style entries labeled RL in her manualshould be used for the Reference List.

The in-text style generally recommended is APA. If you plan to write a majorpaper using APA style, consider the APA Publication Manualan essential tool. A brief

review of APA in-text referencing is shown here; however, students using this styleshould purchase a manual of their own to be apprised of all the details.

Citing One AuthorIn 1985, Smith studied . . .; or Smith (1985) studied . . .; or A recent study (Smith,

1985) indicates that . . .; or The results of the experiment (Smith, 1985, pp. 73-75) . . .; orSmith (1985, chap. 5) gives a summary . . .

Citing Two AuthorsSmith and Johnson (1986) found . . .; or A recent study (Smith & Johnson, 1986)

found . . .

Note that when Smith and Johnson appear in the text, the word andis written out. When thenames appear in parentheses, an ampersand (&) is used. An ampersand is also used within tables andcaptions, and in the reference list.

Citing More than Two Authors

First citationSmith, Johnson, and Brown (1985) found . . .; or One study (Smith, Johnson, &

Brown, 1986) found that . . .

Subsequent citationsSmith et al. (1985) found . . .; or One study (Smith and others, 1985) found . . .; or

Smith and others (1985) found that . . .; or Another study (Smith et al., 1985) found that . . .


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Note very carefully the punctuation used in the samples above. The word et is not an abbreviatedword. It does not take a period. The word al. is abbreviated, and always takes a period. If et al. isfollowed by a year, a comma always follows the period: One study (Crosby et al., 1992) found that . . .However, in the following sample a comma is not needed: Crosby et al. (1992) found that . . .

Several Works at the Same Point

Same authorSeveral studies (Smith, 1977, 1982, 1983) show . . .

Note that the works are separated by commas.

Different authorsRecent studies (Brown, 1984; Johnson & Smith, 1987; Morrison, 1979; Smith, Abel,

& Oglethorpe, 1982) indicate . . .

Note that the authors names are listed in alphabetical order and separated by semicolons.

Six or more authorsFor six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

and the yearfor the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, however, provideinitials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.

Several Studies by One Author in the Same YearSmith (1984a) has pointed out that . . .; or Several studies (Brown, 1980; Smith,

1985a, 1985b, in press) indicate that . . .

No Author Given

Current information (Education Handbook, 1987) shows . . .; Recent studies in this area(Six Studies on Learning, 1975) seem to show . . .

Corporate AuthorThe names of groups that serve as authors (corporations, associations, etc.) are

usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation, but also may be abbreviatedafter the first citation. For example, Statistics released (NIMH, 1986) seem to show . . . Inthe reference list, this entry needs to be found in the Ns.

In the reference list this would be spelled out as National Institute of Mental Health. Other exampleswould be : (GC, 1975, pp. 1-5) (NEA, 1979).

Authors with the Same SurnameIf two or more authors have the same surname, use the initials or, if necessary, the

complete name of each author in all citations to avoid confusion.

Electronic SourcesIf the source being cited was found on the Internet, give author, year, and page

number if available. If not, provide paragraph numbers (e.g., 5, or para. 5). If neitherpage numbers nor paragraph numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of theparagraph after the heading.

Personal CommunicationE-mail messages, letters, memoirs, telephone conversations, and personal interviews

with the author do not provide recoverable data and therefore are not included in the


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reference list. In the text, treat them as a personal communication. Complete date andname (initials) are preferred. For examples: L. R. Jones (personal communication, October20, 1987) said . . .

Multivolume Works

Style 1: Smith (1983, 3:65) points out . . .; orStyle 2: Smith (1982, vol. 3, p. 65) points out . . .

Once a style has been chosen, it should be used throughout the paper.

Secondary SourceBrown (as cited in Smith, 1985) stated that . . .; or A recent study (Johnson, 1984, as

cited in Smith, 1987) points out . . .

Note: In the reference list, only the source where you found the materialis listed.

Translated, Reprinted, or Republished Works(Freud, 1933/1974)

Note that the first date is that of the original publication and the second is the date it was republished,reprinted, or published in the translated form. This information is especially useful if the study is following ahistorical sequence.

Second Use of the SourceA study or an author may be mentioned again without the year as long as it is very

clear to the reader which study is indicated. APA suggests that the date should reappearwith each new paragraph. This is true if several studies are being compared or introduced.If one study is being discussed, the date should appear just often enough to reassure the

reader that the same study is under consideration.

The term ibid. is not used in APA references. If the author and date are mentionedin the immediate text, the page number only, e.g., (p. 6), appears in-text. If the authorshipof the quote may be in any doubt, the full reference, e.g., (Smith & Brown, 1986, p. 6),must be repeated.

REFERENCING QUOTATIONS IN APA

Three types of quotations may be used in a paper: direct quotations, indirect

quotations, and block quotations. Direct quotations, which include block quotations,always include a page-number reference. With indirect quotations, be sure to include apage number whenever a specific opinion or important piece of information is credited to aspecific author even though you phrase that opinion and/or information in your own

words.

Direct QuotationHe stated, The entry of the child into the strange environment causes the disturbed

behavior (Smith 1985, p. 123), but he did not specify how the behavior was disturbed.

Smith (1985) did not specify how the childs behavior was affected, but he did state


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entry of the child into the strange environment caused disturbed behavior (p. 123).

Note here that the page reference appears after the quotation mark but before the period.

Indirect Quotation

In his study, Smith (1985) observed that when the child entered the strange

environment, disturbed behavior resulted (p. 123).

Block QuotationA direct quotation of forty words or more should be treated as a block quotation. In

a block, the quote is single spaced, no quotation marks are used, and the final punctuationfollows the material quoted, not the page number. The page number follows the finalpunctuation and is not followed by any punctuation. The block is indented of an inch.

Smith (1985) stated:

After the child made some friends and identified with the adult in charge, the disturbedbehavior decreased. The time factor required for this settling in process varied fromchild to child, depending on the age of the child, the general atmosphere of the newenvironment, and the temperaments of both the child and the adult involved. (p. 124)

REFERENCE LIST FOR APA PAPERS

The APA Publication Manualrecommends a reference list, where each source actuallyused in the paper must be included in the list. No extra works are allowed. However, APA

advises that some committees may require evidence that students are familiar with abroader spectrum of literature. Therefore, if sources other than those actually used in thepaper are included, the reference list would be titled Bibliography.

Rules of Reference Lists1. Reference lists should appear as one alphabetical list.

2. Runover lines in references are indented by the regular default.

3. Entries are single-spaced. (APA manual shows double spacing for thosepreparing journal copy for publication. Since you are preparing a document in final form,

double spacing is not used here.) A double space is used between entries.

4. One entry should not be split between two pages.

5. Each entry must have an authors name (an eight-space line is not permitted).

6. Several references by one author are arranged by year of publication, the earliestfirstnot alphabetically by title.

7. References by the same author with the same publication date are arrangedalphabetically by title in the reference list and assigned lowercase lettersa, b, c, etc. The

year, along with the letter, also appears in each in-text reference. For example: Smith, B. J.(2000a). Specific concerns . . .; or Smith, B. J. (2000b). Trying to overcome . . .


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8. Give the city and state (or city only, if well-known) for publishers of books,brochures, and other non-periodical publications. Use the official two-letter U.S. PostalService abbreviations for states, with no periods. A short form is used for the publisher.For example:

Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in Organization: An introduction toorganizational behavior(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Note: Do not use NY for New York in this case. That would indicate the state. What is needed isthe city. Cities are not abbreviated.

Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Child of Color: Psychological interventions withminority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

ABBREVIATIONS IN APA PAPERS

If you use APA style, follow the abbreviation rules in the APA Publication Manual(pp.103-111). Abbreviations for states and territories (used in reference list) are shown on p.218. If your paper uses biblical references, follow the abbreviations recommended abovein the section for writers using Turabian style. Note that biblical abbreviations are notfollowed by a period.

MISCELLANEOUS

Use of NumbersUse figures to express number 10 and above and words to express numbers below

10 (APA, 2001, p. 122). Any numbers referring to time, dates, ages, sample, and points ona scale are written as figures. See the APA manual for all the exceptions to this rule. Forexample: In about 3 years; 2 weeks ago; 2-year-olds; scored 4 on a 7-point scale.

Percentage SymbolThe percentage symbol (%) is used for percentages, but only when it is preceded by

a numeral. Use the wordpercentagewhen a number is not given (APA, 2001, p. 140). Forexample, A study found that 18% of the rats never left their cages; The researchersdetermined the percentage of rats to be insignificant for this particular study.

Statistical SymbolsAll statistical symbols are set in italics: N,M, df,p, SE, t, F,MS, r, SD, etc. This is

true for every place they occur, even in tables. Pay particular attention to whether thesymbol is uppercase or lowercase. A ttest is lower case even if it begins a sentence. Forexample: A one-tailed ttest was used to determine whether a significant difference existed(p = .191). [Note that ttest is not hyphenated.] Another example: The authors t-testresults could not be explained by . . .

Use of IDo not use the experimenters or the researcher when you mean yourself. This

can be ambiguous and may give the impression that you did not take part in your ownstudy. Instead, use a personal pronoun: We instructed the participants (APA, 2001, pp.37, 38). However, do not use the editorial we when you mean only yourself. Use I.


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EnumerationsShort enumerations, which identify elements in a series, are set off by lowercase

letters within parentheses. For example: The participants three choices were (a) workingwith another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone. Longenumerations are treated like numbered paragraphs, with each point starting on a new line

and indented.


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Chapter 7

SAMPLE STYLE SHEETS FOR PRELIMINARY PAGES

The following sample style sheets indicate the format for the abstract and forpreliminary pages required by the University. The stipulations are mandatory except whereotherwise specifically indicated. Not every study necessitates the inclusion of all preliminarypages illustrated. For example, studies do not always contain tables or figures. However,every preliminary page necessitated by the nature of the study must follow the indicatedform precisely.


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[Exhibit A: Abstract Title Page][Approximate inches are measured from the top edge of the paper.]

[3 ] ABSTRACT

[5 ] STUDY OF THE CRITERIA AND SELECTIVE PROCESSESFOR ADMISSION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

TO SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST COLLEGESAND UNIVERSITIES

[8 ] by

John F. Doe

Chairperson: Roger Smith [10][or Adviser]


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[Exhibit B: Sample Abstract]

[2 ] ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH[double spaceskip 1 line]

Thesis[triple spaceskip 2 lines]

Middle East University[double spaceskip 1 line]

Faculty of Education[triple spaceskip 2 lines; if more than one line long, single space and line up with first letter of title.]

Title: VALUE SYSTEMS IN BLACK AND WHITE LOWER-CLASS CHILDREN

Name of researcher: John F. Doe

Name and degree of faculty chairperson: Robert L. Johnson, Ph.D.[or faculty adviser]

Date completed: June 2004[triple spaceskip 2 lines]

Problem

Compensatory education programs have recently received extensive publicity,

particularly regarding the question of teaching values. This present study was to determine

to what extent the values of lower-class African-American children differ from those of

lower-class White children.

Method

The Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, modified for use with children,

furnished scores for six value classifications. The two-way analysis of variance was used to

analyze the influence of race and gender on each of the six values.

Thirty-six African-American and 26 White lower-class children in Grades 5 and 6

were studied.

Results

No differences appeared in the theoretical, economic, aesthetic, and political values.


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The African Americans had a higher religious value than Whites (p < .03), while Whites had

a higher social value (p < .05).

Conclusions

Differences in values of African-American and White lower-class children do exist,

but educators can use shared values when planning classes. Apparently, neither race nor

social class significantly determines ones values; values differ within social classes and races

according to other variables.


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[Exhibit C: Title PageMasters Theses]

[3 ] Middle East University

Faculty of Business Administration

[5 ] THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEENTRUST AND THE ASSESSED VALUE OF

MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES

[7 ] A Thesis

Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Business Administration

[9 ] by

Mary J. White

June 2000


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[Exhibit D: Title PageResearch Projects]

[3 ] Middle East University

Faculty of Philosophy and Theology

[5 ] THE DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION IN

THE OLD TESTAMENT

[7 ] A Research Project

Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Course

RELB499 Research in Religion

[9 ] by

Joy V. Roberts

June 2000

Standards for Written Work

Documents

Transcript of Standards for Written Work