Standardization in mobile communications Background and … · 2006-10-02 · 2©NOKIA...

1 © NOKIA“Standardization in mobile communications - Background and Future Trends “ Presentation for Tampere University of Technology / 5-October-2006 / Teemu Savolainen - Nokia

Standardization in mobile communications -

Background and Future Trends

Teemu SavolainenStandardization Manager

Technology Platforms / Wireless [email protected]

Tampere University of TechnologyOctober 5th, 2006


People often take the view that standardization is the enemy of creativity. But I think that standards help make creativity possible -- by allowing for the establishment of an infrastructure, which then leads to enormous entrepreneurialism, creativity, and competitiveness.

-Vint Cerf, TCP/IP co-developer and Internet pioneer, in Fast Company, April 2000.


GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

R


Outline

• Why standardization?• When standards should be ready?• Standardization approaches

• Telecom - 3GPP and 3GPP2• Next Generation Networks• Datacom – IETF• Open Mobile Alliance• Unlicensed Mobile Access• WiMAX Forum• Standardization in China• Proprietary Technologies• Intellectual Property Rights

• Conclusions


Why Standardization is ImportantTelecom Market is Governed by Standards

Functional Reasons• Global network interconnectivity• Global service interoperability• Regulatory reasons -- radio spectrum is limited

Commercial and political interests• Open interfaces -- more competition• Volume effect on costs• Merging of Markets and Industries• Wide coverage wireless systems require so massive

investments that it is not feasible for a single company to specify and launch a complete system


When?• If a standard appears too early

• it may preclude further development• not mature enough technology for productization

• If a standard appears too late• it may have to compete with proprietary implementations or

de facto standards -- In these cases e.g. patents might prevent others to enter the market

• Technology might be capable of more...

• Note that predicting the future is difficult• “The telephone will be used to listen to operas remotely”• “There is no future in the oil business -

electric lights will replace oil lamps”• “2 digits is enough to store the year”• "IP(v4) addresses will never run out"


Trends in Standardization -Industry Alliances vs.

Traditional Standardization

Industry Alliances, De facto(Datacom, Consumerelectronics)

Traditional Standardization(Telecom)

• Industry alliances are the only way for fast marketpenetration

• Partners crucial factor forsuccess

• Mature technology

• Quality important to achieve for adoption of standard • Slow political/ technical process• Compromise solutions• Timing w.r.t. technology

development (implementation)

important but difficult to control


3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)


AC EIR HLR

BSC

BTS

BTS VLR

MSC

ALL OTHERALL OTHERSYSTEMSSYSTEMS

SIM

A

Abis

MAP

Abis

GSM — A Quality Standard• GSM is a modern traditional standard

• Comprehensive services• High quality, capacity and security• Based on ISDN principles

• Stable complete standard• Recognized, proven

digital cellular standard in markets around the world

• Open system• Open interfaces:

SIM-ME, Air-if, A-if, MAP• Multiple vendors for systems and terminals • Economies of scale for manufacturers,

operators, and consumers• Not dominated by the IPR of a single

manufacturer⇒ flexible and cost-effective,

widely deployed system


GSM Releases

Release 1997

1997 1998 1999

Release 1998

Release 1996

1996

• Release completion at year's end


Traditional standardization --ETSI GPRS Specifications

• First idea of a “GSM packet data” 1992• GPRS phase 1: GSM Phase 2+ Release 1997• March 1998, Core specifications for GPRS phase 1

completed• June 1998, Complete GPRS ciphering algorithm• End of 1998 - Target to complete type approval

specification• Late 2000 / 2001 - First GPRS products

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

R


3GPP• 3GPP was created in 1998 to facilitate single global 3G standard

development• Joint agreement by Europe (ETSI), Japan (ARIB, TTC), USA (TIA) • Based on GSM core standards• First 3GPP release is Release 99

• new air interface (WCDMA)• GPRS core network

• Further 3GPP releases• (Release 2000 was split to Release 4 and Release 5)• Release 4• Release 5

• IP Multimedia (Core Network) Subsystem = IMS:IPv6-only SIP-based multimedia services network domain

• Specifications frozen• Release 6

• e.g. WLAN interface included / Interworking Scenarios 1, 2, 3• Release 7 (work ongoing, planned specification availability at 2007)

• Standardization work going on… Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antennas, Radio interface improvements etc..

• Release 8 (future)• Standardization work starting… This release will have Long Term Evolution (LTE) and

3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE), All-IP, OFDMA, peak data rates of 100Mbit/s downlink and 50Mbit/s uplink


3GPP structure

TSG = Technical Specification Group


3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)


3GPP2 - "3GPP's American Counterpart"• 3GPP2 is chartered to work on CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

Radio and network specifications.• 3GPP2 has four Technical Specification Groups:

• TSG-A: works on A-Interface and Inter-Operability Specs (IOS)• TSG-C: works on cdma(2000) radio• TSG-S: works on Services, Architecture, Security, OAM&P, and

Requirements. TSG-S also has a program management team (PMT)

• TSG-X: works on network issues including both Circuit Switched and Packet Switched.

• 3GPP2 TSGs meet for one week 10 times a year. • Usually 3 meetings in Asia and 7 meetings in North America.

• TSG-C is the largest of the TSGs and typically has about 75 – 100 participants in it’s meetings. TSG-C has 5 working groups and numerous Sub-working Groups.

• A typical 3GPP2 TSG meeting has about 200 total attendees


3GPP2 organizational structure• Organizational Partners:

• ARIB – Japan• CCSA (CWTS) – China• TIA – America• TTA – Korea• TTC – Japan

• Market Representation Partners:• CDMA Development Group (CDG)• IPv6 Forum

• 3GPP2 Steering Committee meets 3 times a year and via conference call as needed.

• SC has final say and approval on all technical work in 3GPP2

• All 3GPP2 TSG’s report to the SC.• 3GPP2 technical specifications and

reports are available to the public.

Organizational PartnersChair: Hosting SDO

Steering Committee

TSG-XTSG-STSG-CTSG-A

ARIB =Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan)

CWTS = China Wireless Telecommunication Standard Group (China)

TIA = Telecommunications Industry Association (NAFTA countries: USA, Canada, Mexico)

TTA = Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea)

TTC =Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)


Examples of 3GPP2 Work Items• TSG-C:

• CDMA2000 1x [1x = 1xRTT / 1.25 MHz] specified & in use• 1xEV-DO (Rev A) radio interface [EVolution Data Only]• 1xEV-DV (Rev D) high-speed radio interface [EVolution Data Voice]• Wideband Codec

• TSG-X:• IMS / MMD (MultiMedia Domain)

• Based on 3GPP IMS specs• “Revision 0” based on 3GPP Rel5 IMS specs ready end/2003• "Revision A" based on 3GPP Rel6 IMS specs

• IPv6 and Mobile IPv6 for CDMA (Mobile IPv6 mode in IS-835D)• TSG-A:

• Inter-Operability Specs (IOS) for DV and DO• TSG-S:

• PoC [Press/Push to talk over Cellular]• Etc.


NGN = Next Generation Networks

Material by Miguel Garcia / Nokia Research Center


The NGN concept

• NGN is a packet-based network able to provide Telecommunication services and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent from underlying transport-related technologies

• It enables unfettered access for users to networks and to competing service providers and/or services of their choice

• It supports generalized mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.

Source: ITU-T Rec. Y.2001


NGN characteristics•A new telecommunications network for broadband fixed access•NGN facilitates convergence of networks and services•NGN enables different business models across access, core network and service domains•NGN will be an IP-based network•SIP will be used for call & session control•3GPP release 6 IMS will be the base for NGN IP Multimedia Subsystem•NGN enables any IP access to Operator IMS; from

•Mobile domain•Home domain•Enterprise domain

•NGN enables service mobility•NGN enables interworking towards circuit switched voice •NGN maintains Service Operator control for IMS signaling & media traffic

•A new telecommunications network for broadband fixed access•NGN facilitates convergence of networks and services•NGN enables different business models across access, core network and service domains•NGN will be an IP-based network•SIP will be used for call & session control•3GPP release 6 IMS will be the base for NGN IP Multimedia Subsystem•NGN enables any IP access to Operator IMS; from

•Mobile domain•Home domain•Enterprise domain

•NGN enables service mobility•NGN enables interworking towards circuit switched voice •NGN maintains Service Operator control for IMS signaling & media traffic


The NGN players

3GPP

ITU-T NGN FG

ATISNGN FG ETSI TISPAN

Legend

ATIS NGN FG:Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions, Next Generation Networks Focus Group

ITU-T NGN FG: International Telecommunication Union (Telecom), Next Generation Networks Focus Group

ETSI TISPAN:European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks

3GPP: Third Generation Partnership Project


ETSI TISPAN• The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is

independent, non-profit organization, whose mission is to produce telecommunications standards for today and for the future

• “Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks (TISPAN)”

• The Next Generation Network will provide:• A multi-service, multi-protocol, multi-access, IP based network -

secure, reliable and trusted• Multi-services: delivered by a common QoS enabled core network. • Multi-access: several access networks; fixed and mobile terminals.• Not one network, but different networks that interoperate seamlessly

• An enabler for Service Providers to offer• real-time and non real-time communication services• between peers or in a client-server configuration.

• Nomadicity and Mobility• of both users and devices• intra- and inter-Network Domains, eventually between Fixed and Mobile

networks


ETSI TISPAN NGN architecture

Resource and Admission Control Subsystem

RACS

Based on3GPP IMS

IP ConnectivityAccess NetworkAnd related functionality

Network AttachmentSubsystem

NASS

Other Multimedia Components …Streaming Services

(RTSP based)

Applications

Core transport Network

3GPP IP-CAN

Access Transport Network

3GPP Terminals

NGN Terminals

CustomerNetworks

UserProfiles

Other N

etworks

LegacyTerminals

GW

PSTN / ISDN Emulation(SIP-I based)

IP Multimedia Component (Core IMS)

(SIP based)Service layer

Transport layer


NGN summary

• NGN networks will provide access to services over fixed broadband connections

• The architecture is layered: Service layer and Transport layer• The architecture is modular: Different subsystem added on demand• ETSI TISPAN NGN Release 1 will offer two subsystems:

• PSTN/ISDN Emulation Subsystem (PSTN/ISDN replacement)• PSTN/ISDN Simulation Subsystem (Core native IMS)

• NGN Release 1 was launched by TISPAN in December 2005, providing the robust and open standards that industry can use as a reliable basis for the development and implementation of the first generation of NGN systems.

• TISPAN is now working on Release 2, with a focus on enhanced mobility, new services and content delivery with improved security and network management.


The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)


Role of the IETF• IETF specifies the protocols used in Internet

• Internet Protocol (versions 4, and 6)• Transport Control Protocol (TCP)• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)• Internet Relay Chat (IRC)• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)• Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)• DHCP• Etc. “above the wire and below the application”

• IETF protocols are for the whole Internet• Access/link layer technology independent• These are the building blocks that make

the Internet work• Implementation oriented

• “Rough consensus and running code…”• IETF does not specify systems/architectures

Presentation

Physical

Link

Network

Transport

Session

Application

Ethernet, GPRS, WLAN,

xDSL, …

IP (v4, v6)

TCP, UDP, SCTP, RTP

E-mail, HTTP, SIP, XMPP,

LDAP, FTP, IRC, SSH, …


IETF protocols in mobile networks• IETF Protocols are essential for mobile networks SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Email)

IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol (Email)

POP3 - Post Office Protocol (Email)

RTSP - Real Time Streaming Protocol (Streaming)

RTP - Real Time Protocol (Multimedia)

SIP - Session Initiation Protocol (Call initiation)

HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol (Browser)

IPSec - IP Security (Virtual private network)

FTP - File Transfer Protocol (File download)

Mobile access and

core network

Value added service network

AAA – Diameter, Radius

DiffServ - Differentiated Service (QoS)

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol (transport)

UDP - User Datagram Protocol (best effort transport)

Mobile IP (Inter-domain mobility management)

SIP - Session Initiation Protocol (Call Control)

Megaco* - Media Gateway Control (media gateway control)

SCTP - Stream Control Transmission Protocol (IP transport)

COPS - Common Open Policy Service (Policy)

M3UA - MTP3 User Adaptation (SS7 adaptation)

Routing protocols – OSPF, BGP, etc.

DNS - Domain Name System (Addressing)

DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (addressing)

RADIUS - Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (Authentication, accounting, authorization)

LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (database)

SNMP - Small Network Management Protocol (Network management)

HTTP – HyperText transfer Protocol

E-mail – POP, IMAP, SNMP

ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol (control)

PPP – Point to Point Protocol (transport)

UDP – User Datagram Protocol (transport)

TCP – Transmission Control Protocol (transport)

DNS – Domain Name System (addressing)

DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (addressing)

*Megaco is an ITU standard (H.248) adopted by IETF

IT network (e.g. billing, provisioning, etc.,)

TCP – Transmission control protocol (transport)

FTP – File transfer protocol (file handling)

SNMP - Small Network Management Protocol (Network management)


IETF principles• IETF is not a membership organization

• One cannot join the IETF• Anyone can participate, no company memberships, etc.• But company rules behind the scenes…

• Most of the work and all decisions are made in the mailing list• Meetings may have consensus calls for guidance• Difficult issues are easier to discuss face-to-face• However, everything has to be discussed on the mailing lists

• IETF holds three meetings a year• Individual WGs can additionally have interim meetings

• “We reject kings, presidents and voting. We believe in rough consensus and running code.”

• No formal voting – consensus calls• Running code (implementations) are important


IETF: Organization

Internet Research TaskForce (IRTF)

Internet EngineeringSteering Group

Applications Area

Operations & Mgmt

Security Area

Internet Area

Routing Area

Transport Area

General Area

IETF WGs in these Areas

RIPE ARIN

APNIC LACNIC

Regional Internet Registries(RIRs)

IETF Secretariat

IANA(Internet AssignedNumbers Authority)

ICANN(Internet Corporation for

Assigned Names and Number)

ISOC (Internet Society)

Internet ArchitectureBoard (IAB)

AfriNIC

IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA)IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA)IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA)IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA)---- IETF Administrative Oversight Committee (IAOC)IETF Administrative Oversight Committee (IAOC)IETF Administrative Oversight Committee (IAOC)IETF Administrative Oversight Committee (IAOC)---- IETF Administrative Director (IAD)IETF Administrative Director (IAD)IETF Administrative Director (IAD)IETF Administrative Director (IAD)

Real-time Applications and Infrastructure Area


IASA, IAOC, IAD• The IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA) structure ensures accountability

and transparency of the IETF administrative and fiscal activities to the IETF community

• The IETF Administrative Oversight Committee (IAOC)directs and oversees the IASA

• IAOC consists of volunteers, chosen by the IETF community, as well as appropriate ex-officio members from the ISOC and IETF leadership

• The IAOC is accountable to the IETF community for the effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of the IASA

• IAOC responsibilities• Provide direction to the IETF Administrative Director (IAD) • Review regular reports • Oversee the IASA functions to ensure administrative needs of the IETF community are met

• The IAOC's mission is not to be engaged in the day-to-day operations of the IASA, but to provide appropriate direction, oversight and approval

• The IAD is responsible for negotiating and maintaining contracts with outside organisations as well as providing any coordination necessary to make sure the IETF administrative support functions are covered properly


Internet Architecture Board• IAB is both committee of the IETF and as an advisory body of the

ISOC• IAB has 13 members

• In addition, liaisons• IAB’s main activities include

• Responsibilities include architectural oversight of IETF activities• Standards Process oversight and appeal• Appointment of the RFC Editor • Responsible for the management of the IETF protocol parameter

registries (IANA)• External Liaisons

• IAB’s role is documented in RFC2850


Internet Engineering Steering Group• IESG consists of Area Directors and the IETF Chair

• 15 members• In addition, liaisons

• IESG is responsible for direct operation and for ensuring the quality of work produced by the IETF

• Charters and terminates working groups• Selects WG chairs• Monitors WG progress • Coordinates efforts between WGs• Performs technical review on documents to be published as RFCs• Approves documents on standards track• Administers IETF logistics, including operation of the Internet-

Draft document series and the IETF meeting event• IESG charter is documented in RFC3710


Working Groups• 120+ Active Working Group in following areas

Applications

General

Internet

Operations & Management

Real-time Applications and Infrastructure

Routing

Security

Transport

• Basic Principles• No membership, anybody can contribute• Small, Focused efforts• Limited lifespan• “Rough consensus and running code...”

No formal voting, consensus driven

• Technical Work done in WGs• Mostly on the mailing list• Meetings mostly for presenting results


Document Structure – I-Ds• Describe work in progress• Expiration after six months

• Two different kinds• Individual Drafts• Working Group Documents

• Internet drafts are not specifications• Anybody can write an individual Internet-Draft• No change control• Disappear after six months• Cannot be referenced• Standard implementation sometimes difficult to do due to lack

of Assigned Number allocations


Document Structure - RFCs• Permanent Documents (~4700 currently)• Different types of RFCs exist

• Standards Track• Proposed Standard• Draft Standard• Standard

• Best Current Practice• Informational • Experimental• Historic

• Only Standards Track, and BCP are standards• Experimental goes through similar process than Standards track• Informational may be anything between specification, and a joke• Historic specifications are out-dated


Standardization Process – RFCs• Standards Track RFCs

• Proposed StandardComplete specificationHas gone through standardization processCan be elevated, deprecated, recycled

• Draft StandardInteroperability shown through implementationsSome operational experienceCan be elevated, deprecated, recycled, or back to Proposed

• StandardDemonstrated StabilityWidely deployedCan be forever standard, or made historic after obsoleteNew versions start from beginning


Standardization Process - Flow• A protocol can be standardized

• Through a WG• As individual submission

• The Standardization flow• Publish a draft (normally individual at first)• Becomes a WG document• Goes to WG Last Call (ca. two weeks)• Area Director review• IETF Last Call (ca. two weeks)• IESG Review• Submit to RFC Editor

New I-D WG Document

WGLast-Call

Submit to RFC Editor

IESG Review

ADReview

IETF Last Call


Liaisons – IETF Liaisons• Active Liaisons

• IETF – ITU-T (RFC2436)• IETF – 3GPP (RFC3113)• IETF – 3GPP2 (RFC3131)• IETF – OMA (RFC3975)

• There has been different approaches for inter-SDO cooperation• Joint WGs

• E.g. MEGACO with ITU-T SG 16• Liaison statement driven relationship

• 3GPP2 and Mobile IP WG• External SDO experts working in IETF WGs

• E.g. 3GPP experts working in SIP WG

• 3GPP-IETF is an example of successful liaison• Having well defined dependencies

• Published on a web site• Having well defined contact person• Experts work in the IETF on the IETF protocols

• OMA follows the same model as 3GPP


3GPP-IETF Cooperation• 3GPP has long and successful history in cooperation with the IETF

• Framework for cooperation documented in RFC3113• Well known, well working methods in cooperation

• IETF is responsible for Internet Protocols and their development• IP, SIP, etc.

• Work on those protocols done in the IETF• 3GPP experts actively participate to the IETF work

• 3GPP discusses its requirements internally• 3GPP and IETF have nominated contact persons to manage

cooperation• 3GPP: Hannu Hietalahti (Nokia)• IETF: Thomas Narten (IBM)

• Summary: 3GPP and IETF have fruitful cooperation• Roles are clear• Cooperation working well• Both parties acknowledge each others expertise


Comparison: Internet vs. Telco standardization

• IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

• No membership required, open to “public”

• “Rough consensus, working code”

• Home for most IP related standards

• Internet equipment vendors/service providers

• Originally academics / researchers, not much money involved

• IETF standards are de facto, i.e., by popular acceptance, NOT de jure (by force of law)

• 3GPP, 3GPP2, ITU (International Tele-communications Union), ATM Forum, ..

• Corporate membership based• Voting involved in evolution of

standards• Traditional telecom standards

developed• Historically dominated by

telecom vendors/telcos• Purely industry/Government

driven• (ITU-T and ETSI standards have

the weight of governments / legislative bodies behind them)

• Systems view


OMA - Open Mobile Alliance


OMA - Open Mobile Alliance• The mission

• Grow the market for the entire mobile industry by removing the barriers to global user adoption and by ensuring seamless application interoperability while allowing businesses to compete through innovation and differentiation.

• The charter• Deliver responsive and high-quality open standards and specifications

based upon market and customer requirements• Establish centers of excellence for best practices and conduct

interoperability testing• Create and promote common industry view on an architectural framework• Be the catalyst for the consolidation of standards fora; working in

conjunction with other organizations such as IETF, 3GPP, 3GPP2, W3C, JCP • The principles

• Products and services are based on open, global standards, protocols and interfaces and are not locked to proprietary technologies

• The applications layer is bearer agnostic (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, CDMA, UMTS, ...)• The architecture framework and service enablers are independent of

Operating Systems (OS)• Applications and platforms are interoperable, providing seamless

geographic and inter-generational roaming


Current OMA work items include• OMA PoC (Push to Talk over Cellular) Release 1.0

• Completed, in maintenance mode• Specification status is Candidate Enabler • Interoperability tests ongoing

• OMA PoC Release 2.0• Should be ready during 2007

• Device Management• Maintenance updates and support for new features

• OMA Presence SIMPLE 2.0• Work ongoing e.g. on requirements architecture documents

• OMA Digital Rights Management

• OMA SyncML Common specification


UMA - Unlicensed Mobile Access

Nokia 6136• Uses Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) technology - giving you GSM/GPRS voice and data services over an affordable broadband connection • Superior indoor network coverage and faster data services through broadband access • Smooth and seamless transitions between GSM and WLAN networks


Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) Solution

Broadband Access

Home / Enterprise / Public hotspots

GSN MSC

UMA Controller

Handover

Base Station Controller

Mobile Core Network

Carrier cellular access network

IP Access NetworkAP

BTS

Generic use case:Voice calls and GSM services through broadband connection with mobile terminal connected to wireless access point (WLAN or Bluetooth)


Voice/Data

MM/CC/SM/SMSUMA Solution

IP

UMA Spec

IP Access Network

UMAController

UMA -enabledMobile

AccessPoint

MobileCore

TDM/Enet/Frame

Traffic

Signaling

Transport

http://www.umatechnology.orgUMA Network

ControllerMobile Core

Network


UMA Technology Fully Transitioned to 3GPPUMA Technology Fully Transitioned to 3GPPUMA Technology Fully Transitioned to 3GPPUMA Technology Fully Transitioned to 3GPPNotice: June 19, 2005

UMA Technology Fully Transitioned to 3GPP

The UMA effort was initiated by a number of leading operators and vendors in January 2004. The goal of this work was to develop and publish an open set of technical specifications for extending mobile voice and data GSM/GPRS services over unlicensed spectrum technologies (including both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi), and subsequently encourage the specifications to be adopted by a formal global standards organization. The Participating Companies published the initial UMA Technology specifications on 2nd September 2004. The companies then contributed the specifications to the 3GPP organization as part of 3GPP work item "Generic Access to A/Gb interfaces". On 8th April 2005, the 3GPP approved specifications for Generic Access to A/Gb interfaces for 3GPP Release 6.Having achieved their two goals, the UMA participating companies have agreed to discontinue operating as an independent group and continue their efforts to further develop the technology within the 3GPP organization.

http://www.umatechnology.org


WiMAX(Worldwide Operability for Microwave Access)

& IEEE 802.16

(All WiMAX & IEEE 802.16 related “marketing”material here is from www.wimaxforum.org or from

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/ )


WiMAX is for Metropolitan Area Networks

http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/downloads/MobileWiMAX_PersonalBroadband.pdf


The IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN™ Standard • Broadband wireless access (BWA) has become the best way to meet

escalating business demand for rapid Internet connection and integrated data, voice and video services. BWA can extend fiber optic networks and provide more capacity than cable networks or digital subscriber lines (DSL).

• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association (IEEE-SA) sought to make Broadband Wireless Access more widely available by developing IEEE Standard 802.16, which specifies the WirelessMAN Air Interface for wireless metropolitan area networks. The standard was published on 8 April 2002.

• IEEE 802.16 addresses the "first-mile/last-mile" connection in wireless metropolitan area networks.

• IEEE Standard 802.16 BWA systems offer true differentiated broadband services at minimal cost. They let thousands of users share capacity for data, voice and video. They also are scalable: carriers can expand them as subscriber demand for bandwidth grows by adding channels or cells.

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/


WiMAX Forum - about• About the WiMAX Forum

• The WiMAX Forum™ is working to facilitate the deployment of broadband wireless networks based on the IEEE 802.16 standard byensuring the compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless equipment.

• The Forum is a nonprofit association formed to promote the adoption of IEEE 802.16 compliant equipment by operators of BWA systems.

• The WiMAX Forum's key objectives for 2006 are:• Promote and accelerate global WiMAX deployments • Make WiMAX service the platform of choice and the worldwide

market segment leader for broadband wireless • Deliver a framework for a high performance end-to-end IP network

architecture supporting fixed, portable, and mobile users • Assure WiMAX Forum Certified products are trusted by Service

Providers worldwide • Develop WiMAX profiles based upon an IEEE 802.16 and ETSI

interoperable client serving a global market • Increase user demand by enabling competitive new applications and

service models • Promote a favorable IPR policy • Deliver the framework for deployment of personal broadband on a

global scale by leveraging the contributions of the majority of players within the ecosystem

source: www.wimaxforum.org


WiMAX Forum - why• Why WiMAX Forum?

• The WiMAX Forum is the only organization bringing compliance and interoperability to the wireless broadband industry with itstesting and certification program, WiMAX Forum Certified™.

• This is similar to Wi-Fi Certified

• Why WiMAX Forum Certified? • Before WiMAX Forum Certified systems were available, every

solution was custom and not interoperable. Every piece of WiMAX Forum Certified equipment based on a common profile is interoperable with other WiMAX Forum Certified equipment.

• WiMAX Forum Certified means a service provider can buy equipment from more than one company and be confident everything works together.

• WiMAX Forum Certified means a more competitive industry, lower costs, and faster growth for broadband wireless everywhere around the globe.



WiMAX Forum - organization• Organization and working groups:

• Members: Currently, the WiMAX Forum has more than 350 members, including leading equipment manufacturers, service providers and systems integrators.

• e.g. Nokia, Intel, Samsung, Sprint, Motorola, Huawei, Ericsson..



WiMAX Forum - technology• WiMAX Technology

• WiMAX is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to wired broadband like cable and DSL.

• WiMAX provides fixed , nomadic, portable and, soon, mobile wireless broadband connectivity without the need for direct line-of-sight with a base station.

• In a typical cell radius deployment of three to ten kilometers, WiMAX Forum Certified™ systems can be expected to deliver capacity of up to 40 Mbps per channel, for fixed and portable access applications. This is enough bandwidth to simultaneously support hundreds of businesses with T-1 speed connectivity and thousands of residences with DSL speed connectivity.

• Mobile network deployments are expected to provide up to 15 Mbps of capacity within a typical cell radius deployment of up to three kilometers.

• It is expected that WiMAX technology will be incorporated in notebook computers and PDAs by 2007, allowing for urban areas and cities to become “metro zones” for portable outdoor broadband wireless access.



WiMAX strengths• Superior performance, made possible by the adoption of OFDMA

multiplexing, which gives WiMAX a performance edge in delivering IP data services compared to 3G technologies.

• Flexibility, which allows service providers to support multiple usage models, including fixed and mobile access, over the same WiMAX infrastructure and to operate their networks in multiple spectrum bands.

• Advanced IP-based architecture, which includes IMS support to facilitate a rapid, low cost, rollout of new applications and ofinterworking with 3G and other technologies.

• Attractive economics, driven by a standards-based approach, cost-effective infrastructure, mass adoption of low-cost subscriber units, and attractive IPR royalties.



WiMAX Air interface• The Mobile WiMAX Air Interface adopts Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for improved multi-path performance in non-line-of-sight environments.

• Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA) is introduced in the IEEE 802.16e Amendment to support scalable channel bandwidths from 1.25 to 20 MHz.

• The Mobile Technical Group (MTG) in the WiMAX Forum is developing the Mobile WiMAX system profiles that will define the mandatory and optional features of the IEEE standard that are necessary to build a Mobile WiMAX compliant air interface that can be certified by the WiMAX Forum.


WiMAX Network IP-Based Architecture

http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/downloads/Mobile_WiMAX_Part1_Overview_and_Performance.pdfCOTS = Commercial-off-the-shelf


Mobile WiMAX: performance• Some WiMAX

advantages:• OFDM/OFDMA technology

is more suitable for broadband wireless data communication. In fact OFDM/OFDMA is one proposal being considered in 3GPP/3GPP2 as the solution for LTE

• An OFDM/OFDMA-based system has high granular resource allocation, better uplink efficiency, and can support a full range of advanced antenna technologies.

http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/downloads/Mobile_WiMAX_Part2_Comparative_Analysis.pdf

SIMO = Single Input, Multiple Output (Antenna)

MIMO = Multiple Input, Multiple Output (Antenna)


WiMAX trials around the world



A brief overview on standardization done in China


About standardization in China

• The Chinese standardization work is grouped under CCSA

• Mainly driven by the Research Institute of Telecomm. Transmission (RITT)

• RITT is an institute led by MII (Ministry of Information Industry)

• Organizes China telecommunication (industry) standard work

• Grants type of approval of telecommunication equipment in China

⇒ Chinese standards are more government-driven than other international standardization fora

General Assembly

Council

Network and SwitchingTechnical Committee

Transport and access networkTechnical Committee

Wireless CommunicationTechnical Committee

IP and Multimedia Technical Committee

Network Management Technical Committee

Network and InformationSecurity Technical Committee

Communication Power SupplyTechnical Committee

Mobile Internet ProtocolSpecial Group

Sub-Committees

China CommunicationsStandards Association

Secretariat

AdvisoryCommittee

General Office

TechnologyDepartment

Planning and DevelopmentDepartment

Standardization-Promoting

Department

ExternalCommunication

Department


TD-SCDMA• TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple

Access) • A 3G mobile telecommunications standard, being pursued in the

People's Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT), Datang and Siemens AG, in an attempt to develop home-grown technology and not be "dependent on Western technology“

• Found to help decreasing patent fees in other technologies (3GPP & 3GPP2)

• The standard has been adopted by 3GPP since Rel-4, known as "UTRA TDD 1.28Mcps Option"

• China has postponed awarding of any 3G-licenses (i.e. WCDMA or CDMA2000) before TD-SCDMA is ready

• 3G should be deployed in China by 2008 Olympics

Source: Wikipedia


Proprietary Technologies


What about these players, then?

• Well, many are also using IETF-specified and other standard protocols• But proprietary extensions and add-ons are typical

• Why would Skype need to wait for a standard - it just works…???• GoogleTalk is using Jabber (IETF protocol), plans to start using SIP…• Yahoo! and MSN interoperability agreement


Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)


IPR• IPR can be Trademarks, Patents and Designs• Patents:

• are used to protect technical inventions• give right to control use of technology• are based on territorial registration (e.g. USA, Finland)• provide protection 20 years from filing• application is public after 18 months from priority filing• protect R&D investments

• Different standardization organization have different approachesfor patents

• Proprietary – commercial - technologies are most often protected by IPR


Patent royalties• There are several licensing possibilities for patents, e.g.

• Royalty Free (RF)• Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory Licensing (RAND)

• Standardization organizations usually have agreed IPR model• Who pays to whom, and how much

• Companies owning more essential IPRs generally pay less than companies owning less essential IPRs

• Essential IPR = IPR that has to be implemented in order to compliant with the standard

• Only part of IPRs in large standards, like GSM, are essential• In WCDMA royalties paid by handset manufacturers range at about

10%-15% of the Average Selling Price (ASP)• The higher the royalties that newcomers need to pay, the less there

will be newcomers. For example:• Completely free = anyone can enter (e.g. applications

communicating over IP)• No licensing at all = newcomer would have to buy the company

owning the IPR..


Patents can be a source of problems• Agreeing is sometimes difficult:

• “Nokia to pay $253 million in patent dispute”• “Kyocera will pay Nokia a royalty covering technology used in its CDMA,

PHS and PDC handsets and systems. “• “With respect to the patents alleged to be essential to the

GSM/GPRS/EDGE standards, Qualcomm has a duty to license those patents on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms.”

• Sometimes IPRs change the course of standardization work, if IPR holder does not give RF licenses:

• An alternative solution may be used (even if less good)• Work may be halted indefinitely

• Sometimes it may happen, that IPR holder is not participating tostandardization work, or purposefully hides IPR from standardization process

• This can hinder adoption of a standard • Example cases:

• GIF – LZW compression had been patented by Unisys, who started requiring royalties on their patent

• JPEG - Forgent Networks asserted that it owns and will enforce patent rights on the JPEG technology – later on their patent was found invalid


IPR in IETF• Defined in RFC3979

• Specifies WHO, WHEN, HOW, WHAT to disclose, what if disclosure is failed etc

• A contributor shall promptly disclose any relevant IPR, if contributor is aware that there is such – otherwise the contributor is not allowed to contribute or participate to that specific work

• IETF does not take responsibility of identifying possible IPRs in the RFCs

• Which would be impossible, as IPR holders do not necessarily participate to IETF work

• Source of continuous dispute


Conclusions


Conclusions• Telecom market is governed by standards

• Wide coverage wireless systems (e.g. UMTS) require so big investments that it is not feasible for a single company to specify and launch a complete system

• Datacom and Consumer industry have different approaches• Convergence of datacom and telecom is happening

• Wireless market is rapidly growing ⇒ Many new players in standardization ⇒ Different views, interests and positions ⇒ Traditional standardization is getting slower

• But remember: e.g. the IETF is not as fast as some people claim! ⇒ Industry alliances are used increasingly (e.g. WiMAX Forum)

• Co-operation (liaisons) between different SDOs is important• 3GPP-IETF, 3GPP2-IETF, 3GPP-3GPP2 (IMS), 3GPP-OMA, ...• Important example: 3GPP / IETF dependencies

www.3gpp.org/TB/Other/IETF.htm• Competition between long-range broadband standards is increasing• Some standards (e.g. 3GPP & IETF) are so large and complex that real-life

implementations do cherry picking for features • Are the rapidly moving Internet players changing

the standards game??


Links to various standardization organizations and to sources of some material in this presentation

• Audio Video coding Standard Workgroup of China www.avs.org.cn/en/• Bluetooth Special Interest Group www.bluetooth.org• China Communications Standards Association www.ccsa.org/english/• Chinese Electronics Standardization Association www.cesa.cn• Consumer Electronics AT Attachment www.ce-ata.org• Content Management License Administrator www.cm-la.com• Digital Living Network Alliance www.dlna.org• Digital Video Broadcasting Project www.dvb.org• European Telecommunications Standards Institute www.etsi.org• FuTURE FORUM www.future-forum.org/en/• Internet Engineering Task Force www.ietf.org• Infra Red Data Association www.irda.org• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers www.ieee.org• International Telecommuncations Union www.itu.int• JEDEC Solid State Technology Association www.jedec.org• Java Community Process www.jcp.org• Liberty Alliance www.projectliberty.org• Multi Band OFDM Alliance www.multibandofdm.org• Mobile Industry Processor Interface Alliance www.mipi.org/• Multi Media Card Association www.mmca.org• Near Field Communications www.nfc-forum.org• Organisation for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards www.oasis-open.org• Open Mobile Alliance www.openmobilealliance.org• Open Mobile Terminal Platform www.omtp.org• Secure Digital Card Association www.sdcard.org• TD-SCDMA Forum www.tdscdma-forum.org/EN/index.asp• Third Generation Partnership Project www.3gpp.org• Third Generation Partnership Project 2 www.3gpp2.org• Trusted Computing Group www.trustedcomputinggroup.org• Universal Series Bus www.usb.org• Unlicensed Mobile Access Technology www.umatechnology.org• Wi-Fi Alliance www.wi-fi.org• Worldwide Operability for Microwave Access www.wimaxforum.org• WiMedia Alliance www.wimedia.org• Web Services Interoperability Organisation www.ws-i.org• Wikipedia www.wikipedia.org• World Wide Web consortium www.w3.org


End

Standardization in mobile communications Background and … · 2006-10-02 · 2©NOKIA...

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Transcript of Standardization in mobile communications Background and … · 2006-10-02 · 2©NOKIA...