STANDARDPRECAUTIONS

Clinical Internship

Governmental Agencies

•OSHA

•Protects Workers

•CDC

•Protects Patients &Workers

Defense Systems

• External

• Skin

• Tears

• Mucus

• Internal• Immune

System• T Cells• WBC• Antibodies

Immunity• Active• Made by

person• Exposure to

pathogen• Vaccination

• Passive• Not made by

person• From mother • From

injection

• Bacteria• Live outside

cells• Complete cell• Produce spores• Respond to

antibiotics

• Virus• Live inside

cells• DNA or RNA• Do not respond

to antibiotics

AIDS/HIV• Virus that infects T Cells• Spread by blood & body fluids• 6 month “Window of Infectability”• Begins with Flu-like symptoms• Can be HIV + for years before

developing full-blown AIDS• 15 –24 most rapidly growing group

Tuberculosis• Bacteria that infects alveoli• “Super Bug” mutation• Begins with LRI symptoms• Spread by air-borne droplets• BCG vaccine available• Most respond to antibiotics

Hepatitis B/C• Virus infects liver cells

• Spread by blood & body fluids

• Begins with Flu-like symptoms

• Causes jaundice

• Vaccine for Hepatitis B available

• Hepatitis C increases risk of cancer

Meningitis• Bacteria or Virus infects meninges• Spread by blood, body fluids & air-

borne droplets• Begins with Flu-like symptoms &

nuchal rigidity• “Super Bug” mutation• Bacterial treated with antibiotics

Herpes II• Viral infection of skin & mucous

membranes

• Causes blister-like lesions

• Spread by direct contact

• Antivirals available

• Herpetic Whitloe on fingers

Fomite – inanimate object that spread

infectionVector – animal or insect that spreads

infection

Vaccines• MMR• Hepatitis B• Flu• Tetanus• Chicken Pox• DPT

Needed for Infection• Reservoir• Portal of exit• Mode of transmission• Portal of entry• Susceptible person• Sufficient number of pathogens

Symptoms of Infection• Fever• Malaise• Inflammation• Swelling• Pain• Elevated WBC

Antibiotic• Drug that kills microorganisms:

pathogens & non-pathogens• Culture and Sensitivity• Topical, PO, IM, IV• Penicillin, Bactrin, Tetracycline,

Doxycycline, Cipro

Portals of Entry/Exit

• Skin

• Mucous Membranes

• Respiratory Tract

• GI Tract

Components of Standard Precautions

• Personal Hygiene

• Protective Barriers

• Environmental Controls

• Cleaning and Disinfection

Personal Hygiene

• Daily Bathing

• Hand washing

• Scrubbing removes pathogens

Protective Barriers

• Mask – respiratory tract & mucous membranes

• Goggles – mucous membranes

• Gown – skin

• Gloves - skin

Environmental Controls

• Equipment and supply placement

• Red color

Cleaning and Disinfecting

• Clean first

• Disinfect second

• Dispose of all materials

Cleaning removes dirt & debris – soap & water.Disinfection slows reproduction & kills most pathogens – chemicals. Bleach 10% solution.Sterilization kills all microorganisms & spores – chemicals & autoclaving.

Asepsis• Medical• Clean technique• Concurrent• Terminal• Slows or kills

most pathogens, but not spores

• Surgical• Sterile technique• Prior• Concurrent• Kills all

microorganisms and spores

Post-Exposure

• Wash area STAT

• Report incident

• Write incident report

Exposure Control Plan• Required by OSHA

• States hazards

• Transmission methods

• Protection methods

• Employer/employee responsibilities

• Post-exposure procedures

To Clean Up Spill• Put on gloves

• Soak up fluid

• Clean area

• Disinfect area

• Place all debris in Red Biohazard bag

• Wash hands

Biohazard

• Red colored items

• Biohazard symbol