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STANDARD GRADE

HOMEWORK BOOKLET

Standard Grade Homework Booklet

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CONTENTS

Unit 2B: International Cooperation and Conflict: 1890s –

1920s

Causes of World War 1 page

New Technology page

Trench Life page

The Home Front page

The End of the War page

Unit 1C: Changing life in Scotland and Britain: 1880s –

Present

Population page

Housing page

Health page

Transport page

Shipbuilding page

The Role of Women page

Democracy page

Unit 3D: People and Power: Germany 1918-1939

Germany after WW1 page

The Weimar Republic page

Economic Problems of Weimar page

The Rise of the Nazis page

Nazis in Power page

Opposition to the Nazis page


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How to answer KU questions!!

There are 3 main types of KU question:

‘Describe’ questions simply require detailed information

about a certain event.

‘Explain’ questions also require you to give reasons why

something happened.

‘How important’ questions require you to make a

judgement on the importance of a certain event, perhaps

in relation to other factors.

General KU

Write an introductory sentence.

E.g. There were many reasons why people emigrated

from Scotland during the 1800‟s.

Take 2 or 3 relevant points from the source. Explain each

point in your own words, in separate sentences.

(ie. for a 3-mark question take 2 points from the source;

for a 4-mark question take 3 points from the source)

Add 1 – 2 pieces of evidence from your own recall

knowledge – try to be as specific as possible

Make sure you write your answer in a proper paragraph

Write a concluding sentence summing up your answer.


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Credit KU

Write an introductory sentence

E.g. The naval race was an important cause of World

War One in the years leading up to 1914 for several

reasons.

Answer the question using relevant, detailed information;

this should be specific and accurate with names and

dates, explanations of events and examples where

appropriate

Write a concluding sentence summing up your answer.

Make sure you write your answer in a proper paragraph


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Unit 2B: International Cooperation and Conflict: 1890s –

1920s

Causes of World War 1

Q.1 Source A is about the system of alliances in Europe

before the First World War

Source A

The Alliance System caused Europe to be divided into

two armed camps. The new German Empire formed an

alliance with Austria-Hungary. That power bloc,

stretching across central Europe and later joined by Italy,

became known as the Triple Alliance. This scared the

French and the Russians.

What were the results of the system of alliances in

Europe before the First World War?

(3 marks)

Q.2 Source B is from a modern history textbook by Tony

Howarth.

Source B

On 28 June 1914 the heir to the Austrian throne,

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were shot dead

in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. The assassin, Gavrilo

Princip, was a Bosnian Serb who wanted Bosnian

independence from Austria. But Austria blamed Serbia

and used the murders as an excuse to smash Serbian

nationalism.


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Explain why the assassinations at Sarajevo led to the

outbreak of the First World War.

(4 marks)

Q.3 Source C is from „The First World War‟ by John

Keegan.

Source C

Almost one month after they had been blamed for the

assassinations at Sarajevo, the Serbian Government

received the ultimatum from Austria-Hungary. At first,

they thought they would have to give in and accept all

ten points. However, on hearing that Russia was very

much on their side, they decided to attach conditions to

six points and reject absolutely the most important point.

On hearing this, Austria-Hungary declared war on

Serbia.

Explain why Austria-Hungary went to war against Serbia

in 1914.

(3 marks)


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Q.4 Source D shows the strengths of the British and

German navies in 1914.

Source D

Describe the Arms Race in Europe in the years 1900-

1914. (3 marks)


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Credit KU

How to answer 8 mark essay questions!!!

Your essay should have an INTRODUCTION

MIDDLE SECTION

CONCLUSION

Introduction

Think about how you are going to answer the essay

before writing the introduction!

Your introduction should set out what you are going to

do in the essay.

Middle Section

4 or 5 developed points. Each point should be fully

developed as a paragraph containing:

~A strong main sentence that links to the introduction.

~Accurate factual information that is relevant.

~A „summing-up‟ sentence that links the information

back to the main question, and makes clear why the

factual information is being included.

Conclusion

**MUST BE INCLUDED**

~Should sum up what you have already said and provide

an overall answer to the question

~NEVER ADD NEW INFORMATION INTO THE

CONCLUSION


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Q.5 How important as a cause of the First World War

was EITHER

(a) the alliance system? (8 marks)

OR

(b) the Naval Arms Race? (8 marks)

Q.6 How important were the assassinations of the

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in causing the

First World War? (5 marks)

Q.7 Describe the agreements and alliances made by the

Great Powers before 1914. (4 marks)


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Enquiry Skills

HOW TO ANSWER A ‘HOW USEFUL’ QUESTION

Source A is (useful/valuable/reliable) to a

(certain/large/small) extent in......

The author of the source is (name/magazine/newspaper/

nationality). The source is useful because it is (an

eyewitness account/written by someone who experienced

the event/researched the event)

The source was written in (date/year) which makes it a

(primary/secondary) source. The source is (useful/

valuable/reliable) because it was produced (provide

background context e.g. at the outbreak of WW1)

The detail of the source holds great value because it

mentions that „...(extract from the source)...‟ which

means that (in your own words)

The source is rather limited because...(it is a single

viewpoint/perspective/gives a one sided view/bias)

The source does not provide a full explanation of the

issue because it does not mention (use your own

knowledge)

The general purpose of the source is to warn/illustrate/

defend/argue....


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General Enquiry Skills

Q.8 Source A was written by a British government

official in 1902.

Source A

The German people dream of getting a great empire.

They believe that to become a world power Germany

must gain land overseas. This is needed to allow its

overflowing population to emigrate. An empire requires

Germany to build up a great navy. When told there are

no colonies left, they reply that the world belongs to the

strong. Such ambition is a clear threat to Britain.

How useful is Source A as evidence of the growing

tension between Britain and Germany before 1914?

(4 marks)

Credit Enquiry Skills

Q.9 Source B was written by Herbert Sulzbach in his

diary on August 1st, 1914.

Source B

Our Glorious Kaiser has ordered general mobilisation of

the army and navy. Try as I might, I can‟t convey the

splendid spirit and wild enthusiasm that has come over

us all. We have always felt that Russia was going to

attack us and now the idea that we are going to be able to

defend ourselves gives us considerable strength. Russia‟s

dirty intrigues are dragging us into this war; the Kaiser

warned the Russians as late as 30th

July. I still cant


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imagine what it‟s going to be like – putting the Russians,

and hopefully the British Navy, in their places.

How useful is Source B as evidence of international

tensions before the outbreak of World War One?

(4 marks)


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MODERN WARFARE

General K.U.

Q.1 In Source A George Coppard describes his

experiences of the First World War

Source A

The battalion moved up the communication trench to the

front line trench at a snail‟s pace, suffering heavy

casualties from shrapnel fire. We passed stretcher bearers

with the many wounded and groups of tired troops going

to the rear. We would soon be in the attack on the

German front line.

What methods of fighting were used on the Western

Front in the First World War? (4 marks)

Q.2 Source B is from „Landships‟ by David Fletcher.

Source B

The British tanks, in three great waves, rolled down on

the German defences at Cambrai. Working to a pre-

arranged pattern, the tanks easily crossed the main trench

lines and pushed on, with the German infantry scattering

before them. However, if the success came as a surprise

to the Germans, the British command were also surprised

as they had not expected such a breakthrough and had no

reserves to exploit it.

How important was the tank as a weapon in the First

World War? (4 marks)


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Q.3 Source C is taken from „World History from 1914 to

the Present Day‟ by C. Culpin.

Source C

Aircraft were still new inventions in 1914, and the part

they could play in war had not really been thought out.

At first they were used for reconnaissance, to find out

what the enemy was doing. The light spotter planes could

fly over enemy lines to take photographs. Later, fighter

planes were designed to shoot down enemy aircraft and

protect troops in the trenches. The Royal Flying Corps,

which had been founded in April 1912, became the basis

of the Royal Air Force.

How important a role did air technology play on the

Western Front during the First World War?

Credit KU

Q.4 In the Allied victory over Germany by 1918, how

important was Allied use of new technology?

(8 marks)


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Enquiry Skills

HOW TO ANSWER A ‘SOURCE COMPARISON’

QUESTION

Sources A and B (agree/disagree) to a (certain/large/

small) extent about....

Sources A and B agree over...(point of comparison)...

(1 mark)

Source A says (extract from source)...while Source B

agrees by saying (extract from source) (1 mark)

Repeat this process as many times as necessary

Sources A and B disagree over...(point of comparison)...

(1 mark)

Source A says (extract from source)...while Source B

disagrees by saying (extract from source) (1 mark)

Repeat this process as many times as necessary

However Source (A/B) mentions (extract from source)

...while there is no mention of this in Source (A/B)


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Q.5 Source A is a photograph from the Imperial War

Museum collection of a tank in action in 1916.

Source A

**INSERT PICTURE OF TANK HERE***

How useful is Source A as evidence of the use of tanks

in the First World War? (4 marks)

Q.6 Source B is from a modern history textbook.

Source B

The tank had a maximum speed – on a good road – of

about six kilometres an hour. It was driven by caterpillar

tracks, protected by steel armour and could carry four

machine guns. They were to be used against

entanglements of barbed wire. Tanks had a crew of eight

who had to face many problems.

How far do Sources A and B agree about the tank?

(4 marks)


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Q.7 Source C was taken by an official British

Government photographer at Ovillers on the Somme in

1916.

Source C

How useful is Source C as evidence of methods of

fighting in the First World War? (3 marks)

Q.8 Source D is taken from „The First World War‟ by

S.L. Case.

Source D

No single weapon provided a means of breaking out of

the trenches. The Vickers machine gun could fire an

ammunition belt of 600 rounds in 10 seconds but it was

not a mobile, attacking weapon. Gas was also largely

ineffective because it was an easy weapon to counter.

How far do Sources C and D agree about methods of

fighting in the First World War?


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TRENCHES

General K.U.

Q.1 Source A is about conditions on the western Front.

Source A

The trenches stretched from the Swiss Alps to the

English Channel. In these trenches, soldiers were often

knee-deep in mud. Many were drowned when they

slipped into flooded shell holes. When the temperature

dropped they suffered from frostbite.

Describe conditions for soldiers in the trenches on the

Western Front. (3 marks)

Q.2 Source B is taken from „Forgotten Voices of the

Great War.‟

Source B

By 1915, the trench system stretched for hundreds of

miles. In a trench you can just imagine the agony of a

fellow standing up to his waist in mud, with just his mess

tin to bale the water out. Trench foot was common,

owing to mud soaking through your boots. In many cases

your toes nearly rotted off. When a fellow got a very

high temperature, you could tell he‟d probably got trench

fever.

Explain why many soldiers were unhappy with life in the

trenches. (4 marks)


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Credit KU

Q. 3 Describe what trench life was like for front line

soldiers on the Western Front. (5 marks)

Q.4 Explain why the experiences of soldiers on the

Western Front changed their attitudes towards the war.

(4 marks)

Enquiry Skills

HOW TO ANSWER A ‘ATTITUDE OF THE

AUTHOR’ QUESTION

Start the answer by providing the „big picture‟ opinion. Is

the Source positive or negative about the issue?

The author of Source A (provides a positive view of/is in

favour of/sympathetic towards) or (provides a negative

view of/critical of/hostile to)...(issue in question)...

Extract points from the Source that identify the

attitude/opinion of the author.

Use words like „he believes‟, „he feels‟, „he suggests‟,

„he thinks‟

The author feels that „...(extract from source)...‟

This means that (explain source extract) (1 mark)

For 4 marks, the step above must be undertaken 4 times.


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Q.5 Source A is a photograph taken in 1917 on the

Western Front.

Source A

***INSERT PHOTO HERE***

How useful is Source A as evidence of the conditions in

which men fought in the First World War?

Q.6 Source B was taken from the diary of Private Ernest

Atkins who fought on the Western Front in 1917.

Source B

Not a tree, not a blade of grass: just one vast stretch of

poisoned mud and water-filled shell-holes through which

men have to trudge on their constant labours. No one can

imagine such a place unless they have actually seen it.

The effect on me is worse than shelling or fighting,

although there is that as well. Willpower alone keeps me

going. Once you lose that, you are finished.

How far do Sources A and B agree about conditions on

the Western Front? (4 marks)


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Q.7 Source C was written by a soldier who was involved

in a battle on the Western Front in 1916.

Source C

We struggled on through the dreadful mud and rain.

Then came a terrific crack above my head and I felt a jolt

in my left shoulder. I watched in an amazed, detached

sort of way as my right arm twisted upwards and hung

limp. I realised that I had been hit. Suddenly I was filled

with happiness that I was saved from death and that I

would be sent to hospital for treatment. I quickly forgot

that I had just taken part in a failure and that I had done

nothing to win the war.

Discuss the author‟s attitude towards fighting on the

Western Front. (5 marks)


21

THE HOME FRONT

General K.U.

Q.1 Source A is about the employment of women during

the First World War.

Source A

No one would have dreamed about employing women

bus conductors before the war but now they needed

them. Women also found jobs on the railways, in shops

and factories, and even as policewomen. In 1917, the

Women‟s Land Army was formed to release male farm

labourers for war work.

How important a role did women play during the First

World War? (4 marks)

Q.2 Source B is from the war memoirs of British Prime

Minister, Lloyd George.

Source B

The steady improvement in our national health figures

during and after the war shows that food rationing did

more good than harm. Although there was some scarcity,

we were never faced with famine or actual hardship.

How serious a problem was rationing for British civilians

during the First World War? (3 marks)


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Credit KU

Q.3 How far do you agree that during the First World

War, the difficulty of food supply was the most

important problem faced by EITHER

(a) civilians in Britain? (8 marks)

OR

(b) civilians in Germany? (8 marks)

Enquiry Skills

HOW TO ANSWER A ‘HOW FULLY’ QUESTION

You must use evidence from the sources and from your

own knowledge and give reasons for your answer.

Source A explains/describes ..... to a certain extent

It tells us (extract from source)

However, it does not tell us....(use your own knowledge/

recall) A minimum of 2 points of recall

REMEMBER THAT YOU MUST INCLUDE THE

SOURCE AND RECALL


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Q.4 Source C is a poster produced by the British

Government in 1917.

Source C

How useful is Source C as evidence of women‟s

contribution to the war effort during the First World

War? (3 marks)

Q.5 Source D describes women‟s war work during the

First World War.


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Source D

Many thousands of women became nurses. Some of

these women had a chance to work abroad. Others

worked in military hospitals and army bases in Britain.

The Voluntary Aid Detachment was an organisation set

up to provide help for the sick and wounded, in case of

enemy invasion. For this work,

the VADs were at first unpaid but, from 1915, they were

paid £20 a year. Although they had free board and

lodgings, they had to buy their uniform out of their

earnings.

How far do Sources C and D agree about the work

women did during the First World War? (4 marks)

Q.6 Source E is from “Britain and the Great War” by G.

Hetherton.

Source E

Desperate attempts were made to grow more food.

Nearly everybody started to keep an allotment

where they could grow food. The amount of land used

for farming increased from eleven million acres

in 1914 to fourteen million in 1918. However, many

farmers had joined the army, and much of the work

on the land was now carried out by the new Women‟s

Land Army.

How fully does Source E describe the ways the British

people managed to get food during the First World War?


25

You must use evidence from the source and from your



Q.7 Source F is from a leaflet published by the No-

Conscription Fellowship in May, 1916.

Source F

Conscription is now law in this country. Our liberties

have now been attacked. We are now under military

dictation. We cannot assist in the war.

War is Wrong

Conscience, it is true, has been recognised in the

Conscription Act, but it has been placed at the mercy of

tribunals.

Repeal the Act

If this is not done military control and government

restrictions will increase in every aspect of our national

life.

How fully does Source F show the opinions of British

civilians in World War One towards the conduct of the

government?



(5 marks)


26

Q.8 Source G is from the Illustrated London News of

March, 1918.

Source G

How useful is Source G as evidence of the ways in

which World War One affected civilian populations?

(4 marks)


27

Q.9 Source H is from „World War One‟ by S.R. Gibbons

and P. Morican.

Source H

The food shortage in Britain was beginning to make itself

really felt by the last year of the war. The government

took action to ensure fair distribution of food throughout

the community. Sugar was rationed, quickly followed by

meats and fats. However, the starving Berliners would

gladly have changed places with the Londoners queuing

for food in 1918. Many foods had long been scarce in

Germany and only ersatz coffee was available on the

rations. There was a flourishing trade in potato peelings.

How far do Sources G and H agree about the effects of

food shortage during World War One? (4 marks)


28

Q.10 Source J is a photograph of a street in Berlin in

1917, showing people queuing for rationed potatoes. The

wording has been translated on the photograph.

Source J

How useful is Source J as evidence of the effects of the

First World War on German civilians? (4 marks)

Q.11 Source K describes the effects of war on German

civilians.

Source K

The food situation is unbearable. The promises of

German government have brought us only

disappointment. The bread ration was reduced in spring.

The potato supply has become insufficient. The army is

growing short of the means of waging war. To get food,

queuing has become a way of life for most people. There


29

is no disorder, people patiently stand in line.

Undernourishment is spreading which is damaging the

health of people.

How far do Sources J and K agree about the effects of

the First World War on German civilians? (4 marks)

Q.12 How fully do Sources J and K show the effects of

the First World War on German civilians? (5 marks)


30

THE END OF THE WAR

General K.U.

Q.1 Source A is from a biography of Georges

Clemenceau who represented France at the Treaty of

Versailles.

Source A

Clemenceau was a firm believer in the view that you

must not negotiate with a German; you must dictate to

him; on no other terms will a German respect you.

Clemenceau was convinced that the negotiators at

Versailles had to treat Germany firmly. He had twice

seen his beloved France invaded by the Germans in his

lifetime. He was determined it must never happen again.

How important were Clemenceau‟s views on how

Germany should be treated after the First World War?

(3 marks)

Q.2 Source B was written by historian John Clare.

Source B

The League of Nations aimed to stop wars, encourage

disarmament and enforce the Treaty of Versailles.

Judged against these aims, the League was quite

successful in the 1920s. It stopped border squabbles

turning into wars. It solved a dispute between Sweden

and Finland over the Aaland Islands in 1922. The League

also improved people‟s lives.


31

How successful was the League of Nations in solving the

world‟s problems in the 1920s?

Q.3 Source C is about the effects of the Treaty of

Versailles

Source C

In 1920 Keynes published a book criticising the Treaty of

Versailles. He said that the Treaty would eventually

prove disastrous. He was very critical of the economic

terms of the Treaty. The reparations, he said, could never

work. Keynes argued that the Treaty would cripple

Germany. A poor Germany would mean a poor Europe.

Many Britons growing up during the next twenty years

agreed that the Treaty of Versailles was not worth

defending.

Explain why many people criticised the Treaty of

Versailles. (4 marks)

Credit KU

Q.4 Describe the economic terms imposed on Germany

by the Treaty of Versailles. (3 marks)

Q.5 Describe the difficulties faced by the League of

Nations in keeping international peace between 1919 and

1928. (4 marks)

Q.6 How successful was the League of Nations in

dealing with the problems it faced after 1919?

(4 marks)

Q.7 Describe the military terms imposed on Germany by

the Treaty of Versailles. (4 marks)


32


Q.7 Source A is a 1920s cartoon showing the League of

Nations taking steps towards world peace across „shark-

infested waters‟.

Source A

What is the attitude of the author of Source A towards

the League of Nations‟ progress in achieving world

peace? (3 marks)


33

Q.8 Source B is taken from „The Struggle for Peace,

1918-1989‟ by J. Traynor.

Source B

By 1928, ten years had gone by without a major war.

Over sixty nations had sworn not to go to war as a means

of settling their disputes. The next step forward would be

disarmament. In such conditions of economic depression

and suspicion, countries were less likely to work together

on behalf of the League. A further problem was the rise

of dictators in Europe, such as Mussolini in Italy.

Dictators who had seized power by force were not likely

to work with others to prevent war and for the peaceful

ideals of the League.

How far do Sources A and B agree about the problems

faced by the League of Nations in the 1920s?

(4 marks)


34

Q.9 Source C is taken from „Modern World History‟.

Source C

The setting up of the League of Nations was written into

the Treaty of Versailles. Refugees fleeing from conflicts

were given vital help. A famous Norwegian explorer,

Fridjof Nansen, worked for the League on the problems

of prisoners of war stranded in Russia and he helped half

a million men to return safely home. The Health

Organisation organised work on health matters,

especially in poorer countries. It worked successfully to

reduce the number of cases of leprosy. The absence of

the USA, however, greatly weakened the authority of the

League.

How fully does Source C show the successes of the

League of Nations during the 1920s?



(4 marks)


35


Q.10 Source D was written by Sir Philip Gibbs who was

a British representative at the peace conference.

Source D

It was a peace of vengeance and consequently was very

unfair. The economic terms of the Treaty were mad.

Germany had to pay for all the damage caused during the

war. The impossibility of getting all this money from a

defeated country was obvious even to the most ignorant

schoolboy.

Discuss the attitude of Sir Philip Gibbs towards the

Treaty of Versailles. (4 marks)

Q.11 Source E is part of a speech by Lloyd George in

July 1919.

Source E

The last time I spoke about the Treaty I called it a „stern

but just treaty‟. I stick to that description. The terms are

in many respects terrible terms to impose upon a country.

Germany‟s war debt is more than doubled in order to pay

reparations. However, in so far as territories have been

taken away from Germany, it is a restoration – they are

all territories that ought not to belong to Germany.

How far do Sources D and E disagree about the Treaty

of Versailles? (5 marks)


36

Q.12 Source F is part of a speech made by Arthur

Balfour, chief British representative at the League of

Nations in 1920.

Source F

The League is not set up to deal with a world in chaos, or

with any part of the world which is in trouble. The

League of Nations may give assistance but it is not, and

cannot be, a complete instrument for bringing order out

of chaos.

How useful is Source F as evidence of attitudes towards

the League of Nations? (4 marks)

Q.13 Source G is from „The League of Nations‟ by

historians Gibbons and Morican.

Source G

The League, handicapped as it was by the absence of

major powers, did achieve a measure of success during

the Corfu crisis. The League had been designed to deal

with just such a dangerous problem as this. It had acted

fairly and promptly and it had condemned the violence of

the Italians towards the Greeks. But it had lost the

initiative. The result was that a great power had once

again got away with using force against a small power.

Discuss the attitude of the authors of Source B towards

the League of Nations. (4 marks)


37

Q.14 Source H is from „World History from 1914‟ by C.

Culpin.

Source H

The most serious blow was the refusal of the USA to

become a member. The League was consequently

weakened when it came to dealing with incidents such as

the Corfu crisis. The League quickly discussed the matter

and offered a solution. However, under pressure from

Italian dictator, Mussolini, the terms of the agreement

were altered in favour of Italy. The League had been

ready to act but the Great Powers acted on their own,

ignoring the League. Bullying tactics had paid off.

How far do Sources G and H agree about the League of

Nations? (4 marks)


38

Unit 1C: Changing Life in Scotland and Britain: 1880s-

Present Day

POPULATION

General KU

Q.1 Source A is about changes in population.

Source A

The greatest change in Scotland between 1880 and 1980

was the size and population of the towns. At the start of

the period, people were coming from the countryside and

from overseas to live in Scotland‟s towns. Thousands of

people flocked into the bustling city centres looking for

work.

Why did the population in towns in Scotland increase

after 1880? (3 marks)

Credit KU

Q.2 Why did the population of Scotland increase

between 1880 and 1939? (4 marks)

Q.3 Explain the impact upon people‟s lives of EITHER

(a) Immigration into Scotland (8 marks)

OR

(b) Scottish emigration overseas (8 marks)


39

Enquiry Skills

HOW TO ANSWER A ‘SELECTING EVIDENCE’

QUESTION AND ‘COMING TO A CONCLUSION’

QUESTION

Selecting Evidence

Evidence in the sources

that supports the view

that...(issue)...

Evidence in the sources

that opposes the view

that...(issue)...

Source A

Source A

Source B

Source B

Source C

Source C


40

Coming to a conclusion

I agree to a (large/certain/small) extent that...(issue in

question)

I agree/disagree to an extent because (use information

from one side of table which agrees with issue)..]

I also agree because (use your own knowledge)...

On the other hand (use information from the other side of

the table which agrees/disagrees with issue)...

I also disagree because (use your own knowledge)...

In conclusion, I believe that (give your overall opinion/

to what extent do you agree/disagree).


41


Q.4 In Source B Mary McEwan writes about the 1930s

in „I Can Remember‟, published in 1976.

Source B

The Italians in Glasgow were always friendly. I liked

their cafes which stayed open a‟ the time and sold fags,

ice cream and fish and chips. I loved to sit in the wi‟ ma

friends and listen to the waiters chattering in Italian and

many girls went out with them later. It brought a new

dimension to the drab city. It was something warm and

cheerful away frae ma single end (house).

How useful is Source B for investigating the impact of

immigrants on Scotland? (3 marks)

Q.5 Source C is from „The Scottish Nation‟ by T.M.

Devine.

Source C

A Parliamentary Committee suggested that Italian ice-

cream parlours were lowering moral standards as the

owners allowed young people of both sexes to meet there

after proper opening hours and sometimes misbehave

themselves. After closing time, at 10.00pm on a Saturday

in Glasgow, many went to buy their fish suppers. The

food was not always consumed peacefully and the police

had to be called to control fights. However, all in all, the

Italians attracted much less hostility than did the Irish

and the Lithuanians.


42

What evidence in Source B agrees with the view that the

arrival of immigrants was good for Scotland?

What evidence in Source C disagrees with the view that

the arrival of immigrants was good for Scotland?

(5 marks)

Q.6 How far do you agree that the arrival of immigrants

was good for Scotland? (4 marks)

You must use evidence from the sources and your own

knowledge to come to a conclusion.

Q.7 Source D is by a Scottish emigrant living in the

USA in 1931.

Source D

Many Scottish families live in basic two roomed houses.

They have no idea what life is like here. Scotland is a

poor and backward country. The stay–at–home Scot does

not begin to realise how low his living standards are. A

Scots family may stay in a two roomed house but once

they emigrate their house can have five or six rooms with

a bathroom, dining room and living room. The average

Scots family could never afford many of the things that

the Americans take for granted.

How useful is Source D for investigating reasons for

Scottish people emigrating in the 1930s? (3 marks)

Q.8 Source E explains why many Scots were attracted to

countries overseas.

Source E


43

There were many reasons why Scots emigrated in such

large numbers. Many families in Scotland had relations

living somewhere in the world. This usually meant that

Scots who emigrated had family or friends to provide

accommodation. They also lined up work. Poorer Scots

still at home enviously read letters from relatives abroad

telling how they were paid twice as much.

What evidence is there in Source D that supports the

view that Scottish people emigrated because of poverty

and hardship?

What evidence is there in Source E that does not support

the view that Scottish people emigrated because of

poverty and hardship?

(5 marks)

Q.9 How far do you agree that Scottish people emigrated

because of poverty and hardship?




44


Q.10 Source F is from the memoirs of John MacDonald,

a Highlander who emigrated from Uist to Canada in

1912.

Source F

We settled in British Columbia, on the west coast of

Canada. Many Scots emigrated because of the better

living prospects that life in Canada offered them. Unlike

some emigrants, we had no difficulty settling down as we

had two uncles and an aunt to welcome us. Scottish

emigrants received a special warm welcome from the

Canadians. I met hundreds of Scottish, mainly Highland,

emigrants in Vancouver. All of our family in Canada

stayed on at school until they were fourteen. None of us

regretted leaving Uist.

How useful is Source F for investigating emigration

from Scotland after 1880? (4 marks)

Source G is from Bibby‟s Quarterly, a magazine for

British farmers, published in May, 1899.

Source G

Many people have been persuaded to leave by the

exaggerated claims of emigration agents. They contrast

the poverty and hardship in Britain with the greater

freedom and wealth overseas. By telling such lies,

thousands have been encouraged to leave comfortable

homes and good friends but at the end of their journey

they have found hostile land and crowded cities. We


45

know many individuals and families who have emigrated

and who have returned home, after great expense and

loss of time.

Source H is from „Expansion, Trade and Industry‟ by C.

Culpin, published in 1993.

Source H

Huge numbers of people left Britain, some for „push‟

reasons and others for „pull‟ reasons. The „push‟ reasons

included the terrible living conditions many workers

faced. Poor wages made life a hard struggle to survive.

The „pull‟ reasons were the opportunities for a better

future offered by Australia, Canada and America. Some

emigrants were attracted by the promise of cheap

farmland. Although improvements in ships made the

emigrants‟ journey safer and easier, they still suffered

considerable hardships on the long voyages.

Look at Sources F, G, and H

Q.11 What evidence is there in the sources to support the

view that emigration was beneficial for emigrants from

Scotland?

What evidence in the sources disagrees with the view

that emigration was beneficial for emigrants from

Scotland? (6 marks)

Q.12 How far do you agree that emigration from

Scotland after 1880 was beneficial for the emigrants?




46

HOUSING

General KU

Q.1 Source A is about rural housing in Caithness in the

early twentieth century.

Source A

They had no piped water supply. Rain or well water was

used. They had no indoor sanitation or even an outdoor

toilet. Some favourite corner on the hill or in a quarry

was used by both men and women. Nor was there a

proper bath. A big wooden tub used for the annual

washing of blankets could be used for this purpose.

How serious a problem was poor rural housing in the

early twentieth century? (3 marks)

Q.2 Source B is about tenement housing in Glasgow in

1925.

Source B

The filthy backcourts in many areas today are the

playgrounds of younger children from the surrounding

tenements. In the houses themselves the rooms are drab.

There are a large number of residents living there. The

problem is not just disease but also morals and conduct.

No wonder the infant death rate is doubled in such

surroundings or that physical defects are common among

children.

Explain why tenement housing was unhealthy for the

people living in twentieth century Scottish towns.

(3 marks)


47

Credit KU

Q.3 How far do you agree that the condition of housing

in Scotland improved after 1945? (4 marks)

Q.4 Explain fully the reasons why people‟s lives got

better in twentieth-century Scotland as a result of

improvements in housing. (8 marks)

Q.5 How important was slum clearance in improving

people‟s health in the period 1890 – 1939?

(5 marks)

Q.6 Describe some of the problems of living in high-rise

flats after 1950. (3 marks)


48


Q.7 Source A is from a local council report on council

housing, written in the 1940s.

Source A

Wishaw Town Council has laid out new housing

schemes where the houses have been built in pairs or in

fours, all with gardens. The houses all have a living

room, a bathroom and a kitchen and 2 or 3 bedrooms.

Old slum houses have also been torn down and new

council houses erected. Sometimes there are public parks

and playing fields with swings, see-saws and sand-pits.

How useful is Source A for investigating the effects of

council housing estates by the 1940s? (3 marks)

Q.4 Source B describes council housing in the 1940s/

Source B

These new houses were built as cheaply as possible to

keep rents low. They were crammed into estates built on

poor land near railway lines and gas works. They lacked

shops and other facilities. The poorest families with the

biggest problems were taken from the old slums and

grouped together in these large council housing schemes.


49

What evidence is there in Source A to support the view

that council housing estates provided good living

conditions by the 1940s?

What evidence is there in Source B to support the view

that council housing estates did not provide good living

conditions by the 1940s? (5 marks)

Q.5 To what extent do you think council housing estates

provided good living conditions by the 1940s?



(4 marks)

Q.6 Source C is from a lecture given in the early 1880s

by J.B. Russell, Medical Officer of Health for Glasgow.

Source C

At the present time, 25%, of the population of Glasgow

live in one-room houses. Those small houses cause

Glasgow‟s high death rate, especially in childhood. One

of every five born in a house of one room never sees the

end of their first year. Of those who die so young, a third

have never been seen in their sickness by a doctor. The

bad air in the houses leads to death from lung disease at

all ages. As a result of poor conditions, the streets are

filled with bandy-legged children.

How useful is Source C for investigating conditions in

the growing towns and cities of Scotland in the period

1880–1939? (3 marks)


50

Q.7 Source D is from “Expansion, Trade and Industry”

by C. Culpin.

Source D

By 1939, city life for working people had improved a

little. Housing Acts forced Councils to demolish disease-

ridden slums. Councillors recognised that health meant

fresh air as well, so parks were provided in many towns

and cities. Some lucky families were able to escape to a

cleaner, healthier environment in the council housing

estates which began to be built. However, there were

never enough of these new houses.

What evidence in Source C agrees with the view that

conditions in the growing towns and cities were bad for

people‟s health?

What evidence in Source D does not agree with the view

that conditions in the growing towns and cities were bad

for people‟s health? (5 marks)

Q.8 How far do you agree that conditions in the growing

towns and cities in Scotland from 1880 to 1939 were bad

for people‟s health?


knowledge to come to a conclusion. (4 marks)


51

HEALTH

General KU

Q.1 Source A describes improvements to water supply.

Source A

It was far better to stop disease from spreading by

tackling their causes such as dirty contaminated

(polluted) by sewage. Water was cleaned up and by 1900

most towns had a clean supply. Proper sewage systems

were built. Pipes and tunnels were laid to take waste to

places where it was treated.

How important was clean water to the improvement of

health in towns? (3 marks)

Q.2 Source B is from „British Social and Economic

History‟ by Ben Walsh.

Source B

By the 1880s, improvements in farming meant people

enjoyed a better diet. Clean water helped to wipe out

many of the killer diseases such as cholera and typhoid

fever. By the 1930s, people were spending more money

on fruit than on bread, which improved their health. A

healthier diet increased people‟s resistance to disease. In

more modern times, the risk of cancer and heart disease

has been reduced through an improved diet.

How important was better diet as a reason for Scotland‟s

population increasing after 1880? (4 marks)


52

Credit KU

Q.3 Explain fully the reasons why people‟s lives got

better in twentieth-century Scotland as a result of

improvements in health. (8 marks)

Q.4 How far do you agree that government action was

the most important factor in improving health in

twentieth-century Britain? (5 marks)


Q.5 Source C is from the Third Statistical Account of

Scotland for the Parish of Moulin in Perthshire, written

in 1962.

Source C

The population of the parish has steadily increased. This

is due to a number of factors, including people enjoying a

more varied diet. The provision of school meals helps

improve the diet. So too does the increasing pre-packing

of food. This has given housewives more freedom to

work in shops or hotels. Refrigeration provides a greater

variety of fresh meat and fish throughout the year.

How useful is Source C for investigating the causes of

population growth in Scotland between 1900 and 1970?

(3 marks)


53

Q.6 Source D is from “British Economic and Social

History 1850–Present Day” by Philip Sauvain.

Source D

There were many reasons why the population grew in the

twentieth century. The infant mortality rate fell. The

removal of slums and building of better homes was

another factor. Much higher standards of cleanliness also

helped. People were eating better, more nourishing food,

such as fruit and vegetables. Improvements in medicine

meant people lived longer.

What evidence is there in Source C that improved diet

and food supply caused population growth in Scotland

between 1900–1970?

What evidence is there in Source D that other factors

caused population growth in Scotland between 1900 and

1970? (5 marks)

Q.7 How far do you agree that improved diet and food

supply were the main causes of population growth in

Scotland 1900–1970?




54


Source E is from an official medical report to the

Government published in 1972.

Source E

A century ago tuberculosis was the most fatal of all

diseases in Britain. It killed many children. In 1900 the

death rate due to tuberculosis was 360 in every 1000 of

the population. Today that figure has fallen to 10 men

and 3 women for every 1000. Many factors have

contributed to these results: better diet, earlier diagnosis

through mass X-rays and the success of the B.C.G.

vaccination campaign.

Source F is an extract from „A Social and Economic

History of Industrial Britain‟ by J. Robottom, published

in 1986.

Source F

Since 1948 the most obvious cause of a rising population

has been the final victory against fevers which killed

thousands as recently as fifty years ago. Immunisation

has wiped out diphtheria and typhoid. For a time, there

were growing numbers of victims of polio until it was

beaten by new vaccines. Rising living standards and free

medical treatment have brought about a big improvement

in general health and consequent population growth.


55

Source G is an extract from „British Economic and

Social History‟ by Philip Sauvain, published in 1988.

Source G

Improvements in living standards and nursing care

helped bring the death rate down in the early years of the

twentieth century. In the last thirty years, the decline of

heavy industry, the introduction of effective legislation to

minimise air pollution and the use of antibiotics have all

helped to reduce the incidence of disease and have

brought down the death rate still further.

Q.8 How useful are Sources E and F for investigating

the causes of population growth between 1880 and 1980?

(4 marks)

Look at Sources E, F and G.


view that better health care was a cause of population

growth between 1880 and 1980?

What evidence is there in the sources that other factors

caused population growth between 1880 and 1980?

(6 marks)

Q.10 How far do you agree that better health care was

the main cause of population growth between 1880 and

1980?




56

TRANSPORT General KU

Q.1 Source A describes changes which motor transport

has made to the countryside.

Source A

Motor transport now takes villagers to the town. Children

are collected by school bus. The town doctor‟s practice

extends into the countryside. On the other hand, every

beauty spot has been ruined by the need to build roads.

Explain in what ways motor transport affected the lives

of people living in the countryside. (4 marks)

Q.2 Source B is about the growth of the motor car

industry.

Source B

The motor car industry was a new industry in 1900. New

technology meant that the car industry could use mass

production methods. It produced a large number of cars

cheaply and quickly. Machinery made the parts to the

same quality. Workers specialised in one task only,

which they could do quickly and which earned them

good wages. In 1914 Britain produced 34,000 cars; by

1930 output had risen to 180,000.

How important was new technology in the development

of the motor car industry? (4 marks)


57

Credit KU

Q.3 Why did developments in road transport affect the

lives of people in Scotland in the twentieth century?

(4 marks)


Q.4 In Source C a Glasgow resident remembers when

the M8 motorway was built in the 1960s.

Source C

There were good streets here, with tenements built at the

start of the century. They were very solid houses with

good sized bedrooms. Well, a slum order was put on

them and we were forced out in 1965 and rehoused in

new flats. There was nothing wrong with our old place.

The council were just desperate to pull it down for the

new, noisy motorway coming through.

How useful is Source C for investigating the effects of

developments in road transport in Scotland?

(3 mark)

Q.5 Source D is from a modern history textbook

Source D

Petrol vehicles have brought a great deal of fun and

freedom into many people‟s lives. They have helped

bring cheaper goods into shops. Thousands of Scots

make their living from transport industries. Communities


58

that were once isolated are now within a few hours‟

reach of Glasgow and Edinburgh.

What evidence in Source C does not agree with the view

that developments in road transport were good for

Scotland?

What evidence in Source D agrees with the view that

developments in road transport were good for Scotland?

(5 marks)

Q.6 How far do you agree that developments in road

transport were good for Scotland?




Source E is from an interview with a person living in a

remote glen in the Highlands of Scotland in the 1970s.

Source E

In the old days everyone had bicycles. Nowadays, you

find there are few young people without a motor cycle or

a car. Half the time they are people who can‟t afford it

and that has cut down their standard of living. People

have become lazy. They never think of cycling

anywhere. And for those who don‟t own cars, if you live

off the main bus routes, then the problems are enormous.

Local shops have shut down.


59

Source F was written by historian Richard Tames in

1970 and describes the development of road transport.

Source F

The petrol driven vehicle offered many advantages. It

could go almost anywhere. The manufacturer and

shopkeeper with deliveries to make saw obvious

advantages in door-to-door service and freedom from

railway timetables. Motor transport was often cheaper, as

road haulage companies were able to offer special rates.

Source G is from „The Pendulum Years‟ by B. Levin.

Source G

Container lorries revolutionised the entire pattern of

shifting goods and therefore provided a better standard of

living for all. However, every lorry added to the burden

of impossibly overcrowded roads and contributed its

poison to the atmosphere.

Q.7 How useful are Sources E and F for investigating

the effects of motor transport on people‟s lives in the 20th

century? (4 marks)


view that motor transport greatly improved people‟s lives

in the 20th

century?

What evidence is there in the sources that motor transport

has not improved people‟s lives in the 20th

century?

(6 marks)

Q.9 Did motor transport greatly improve people‟s lives in

the 20th

century?




60

TRANSPORT General KU

Q.1 Source A describes the decline of Scottish

shipbuilding after the Second World War.

Source A

World War Two had revived Scottish shipbuilding but,

by the late 1950s, some shipyards began to close as there

was less demand for ships. A world slump in 1955

affected Scotland more than her rivals. Often other

countries were building vessels quicker and cheaper.

Scotland could not compete with such stiff foreign

competition. Instead, Scottish yards stuck to old ways of

working.

What was the importance of foreign competition in the

decline of Scottish shipbuilding after World War Two?

(4 marks)

Credit KU

Q.2 Explain why Scottish shipbuilding was in trouble by

the 1970s. (5 marks)

Q.3 Describe how new technology improved ship-

building in the twentieth century. (4 marks)


61


Q.4 Source A is from the recollections of a retired

British shipyard manager, written in the late 1980s.

Source A

I‟ve heard many opinions but, in my view, the collapse

of the ship building industry in the 1960s was certainly

the fault of the trade unions. Their attitude towards

progress was really lamentable. The Swedes invented a

small, portable hand-welding machine. In Sweden, four

machines were worked by one man. The same happened

in Germany and France. But in Britain, it was one man to

one machine, so it took much longer for work to be done.

The fact that the machine was automatic was what

British shipyard workers objected to and the trade unions

backed them up.

How useful is Source A for investigating the causes of

the decline of British shipbuilding in the twentieth

century? (4 marks)

Source B is from a history textbook written by historian

Faith Geddes in 2002.

Source B

After World War Two, the British government gave

fewer subsidies than most foreign governments gave to

their shipyards. Relations between management and men

in British yards were often far from good. The frequent

disputes and stoppages of work often led to late

deliveries and setbacks to Britain‟s reputation as a

shipbuilder. Only yards which adopted modern

technology survived in Scotland. But even Yarrows,


62

which pioneered glass-fibre hulls, were still forced to lay

off men from time to time.

Source C describes problems with British shipbuilding

in the twentieth century.

Source C

A world slump in shipbuilding after World War Two

affected Britain more than its rivals who modernised

their yards and introduced the latest technology. On the

other hand, British yards were slow to adapt to new

technology. Industrial disputes over such factors as pay

and conditions often resulted in strike action.

Management attempts to introduce more modern, labour-

saving devices led to lengthy demarcation disputes.

Consequently, in 1985, Britain was producing only 2%

of the world‟s new ships.

Look at Sources A, B and C.

Q.5 What evidence is there in the sources that

technological change was a reason for the decline in

shipbuilding?

What evidence is there in the sources to suggest that

there were other reasons for the decline in shipbuilding?

(6 marks)

Q.6 How far do you agree that technological change was

the main reason that shipbuilding declined in Britain in

the twentieth century?


knowledge to reach a balanced conclusion. (5 marks)


63

ROLE OF WOMEN

General KU

Q.1 Source A is from „Changing Lives‟ by Sydney

Wood.

Source A

Mrs Pankhurst gathered around her women with the

ability to speak at large meetings and organise

processions and gatherings. When nothing happened, the

WSPU turned to more noisy and forceful methods. They

tried to spoil the meetings of Prime Minister Asquith and

also smashed windows and set fire to the contents of

letter boxes.

Describe the militant tactics used by suffragettes to try to

gain the vote for women. (4 marks)

Q.2 Source B is from „Change in Scotland, 1830-1930‟

by W. Doran and R. Dargie, published in 1994.

Source B

The Equal Pay Act said men and women should be paid

the same wage for doing the same work. Between 1970

and 1975 women‟s earnings rose from 63% to 72% of

men‟s wages. They have remained about the same ever

since. Some employers got round this by transferring

women to jobs where there were no male workers to

compare themselves with.

How important was the introduction of new laws in

improving employment and working conditions for

women? (4 marks)


64

Credit KU

Q.3 In what ways did the employment of women change

after 1918? (3 marks)

Q.4 Describe the non-violent methods used by women to

campaign for the vote. (4 marks)


Q.5 Source C was written in 1916 by Eunice Murray

who had been a Suffragette in Scotland.

Source C

After the war, men will speedily forget the fine work

done by women. They will not think about the work she

has done in factory and office during the war but that she

is still employed at his job – she is a competitor with

him. Men‟s natural instinct will be to expel women from

the work place and that is what will happen.

How useful is Source C for investigating work

opportunities for women during the First World War?

(3 marks)

Q.6 Source D is from a history textbook written by Faith

Geddes in 2002.

Source D

In 1918 women were expected to stop war time work and

return home. However, there were still new job

opportunities with the development of light industries

and service industries such as banking. The 1919 Sex

Discrimination Act ended legal restrictions on women


65

entering universities. More women trained for

professional jobs. It became more common for women to

have a career and marry at a later age. Female trade

union membership grew.

What evidence in Source C does not agree with the view

that the First World War will improve work opportunities

for Scottish women?

What evidence in Source D agrees with the view that

work opportunities for Scottish women improved after

the First World War? (5 marks)

Q.7 How far do you agree that the First World War

improved work opportunities for Scottish women?



Q.8 Source E is from the „Daily Express‟ written in

1909.

Source E

The Suffragettes‟ militant action have gone too far.

Politicians have been interrupted while making speeches.

The Prime Minister has had his windows broken. Last

year, we warned the government that the time for dealing

gently with these mischievous women had ended. Those

who call themselves militant Suffragettes need to be

halted. These women who unite to create disorder

deserve to be forcibly arrested. It is good to see

government now using its full force against the WSPU.

How useful is Source E for investigating government

action against the Suffragettes? (3 marks)


66

Q.9 Source F is from „Scotland and Britain 1830-1980‟

by S. Chalmers and L. Cheyne.

Source F

In response to Suffragettes going on hunger strike, the

government introduced force feeding, as they argued

they could not let women die. Many people were

horrified at the cruelty of the government. The

government was condemned for its brutality to women.

Force feeding was a dreadful, painful business. The

bravery and determination of the women being force fed

gained them the admiration of many people. It caused

many men to take them more seriously. The General

Election of 1910 showed the Liberal Government had

lost a lot of support.

What evidence in Source E agrees with the

government‟s use of forceful action against the

Suffragettes?

What evidence in Source F disagrees with the

government‟s use of forceful action against the

Suffragettes? (5 marks)

Q.10 How far do you agree that the British government

was right to use forceful action against the Suffragettes in

Britain?




67


Q.11 Source G was written by the historians Richard van

Emden and Steve Humphries in “All Quiet on the Home

Front”, published in 2003.

Source G

At the beginning of the war thousands of women were

made unemployed. However, when it became clear that

there was a shortage of labour, many job opportunities

opened up for women especially in the new white-collar

jobs. The development of new technology had created

more secretarial or clerical work. In July 1914 there were

1,500 women working in banks but by 1916 there were

30,000. Domestic service was no longer the largest

employer of women as it had been before the war.

How useful is Source G for investigating the impact of

the First World War upon the employment of women?

Source H is from “The Scottish Nation, 1700–2000” by

T. M. Devine, published in 1999.

Source H

The First World War did not change deep-seated beliefs

about women and work. Men were the providers and

should be paid more. Women were destined for marriage

and to be home makers. Even during the war men

resented women workers as sources of cheap labour.

Furthermore, trade unions made sure women were paid

less. The war did see women flood into factories,

engineering jobs and many other occupations once

dominated by men. However, at the end of the war many

women were sacked, as one trade union official put it,


68

“because women in industry had a bad effect on public

morality”.

Source J is from a meeting of Glasgow Corporation

about the employment of married women held on

September 10th, 1921.

Source J

The corporation has 286 female employees working on

the tramways. However, no additional women have been

employed since the war ended in November 1918. All

Heads of Departments employing large numbers of

women including tramways, libraries and education,

have been instructed to do away with the services of

married women immediately. Suitable male or unmarried

females can be employed instead. This should not be

difficult as most women who were employed during the

war are still only classed as temporary employees.

Look at Sources G, H and J.


view that the First World War improved employment

opportunities for women?

What evidence is there in the sources to support the view

that the First World War did not improve employment

opportunities for women? (6 marks)

Q.13 How far do you agree that the First World War led

to improved employment opportunities for women?


knowledge to reach a balanced conclusion.

(5 marks)


69

DEMOCRACY

General KU

Q.1Source A was said by Lord Birkenhead in 1928.

Source A

In 1918 I was against the extension of the franchise to

women of any age. I am now against the giving of the

vote to women over 21 years of age. This all began in

1918 when a Member of Parliament said, „If you are

giving the vote to our brave soldiers how about our brave

female munition workers as well?‟

Describe changes in voting between 1900 and 1969.

(3 marks)

Credit KU

Q.2 Describe the ways in which the 1918 Reform Act

made Britain more democratic. (3 marks)


70

TRADE UNIONS

General KU

Q.1Source A describes the development of trade unions

in the early twentieth century.

Source A

Improving working conditions were partly due to the

better organised and more numerous trade unions of the

time. In the early twentieth century many small unions

combined to form bigger unions. What had once been

only Scottish unions sometimes merged with English

ones.

Describe the changes in trade unions in the early

twentieth century. (4 marks)

Q.2 Source B is from “Change in Scotland, 1880 –

1980”.

Source B

Throughout the nineteenth century, working people in

Scotland had a very hard life. In order to improve their

working conditions, many skilled craft unions were

formed in the 1880s. Later on, unskilled workers

combined into larger trade unions. In 1889 dock workers

marched through the streets carrying fish heads to show

what they lived on. More people now believed that the

poor should be able to join a trade union to fight for a

better standard of living. Others hoped it would raise

their wages.

Why did trade unions grow during the period 1880–

1914?


71

Unit 3D: People and Power: Germany 1918 - 1939

GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR 1

General KU

Q.1 Source A is about the response in Germany to the

Versailles Peace Settlement.

Source A

There was angry reaction in Germany to the Treaty of

Versailles. This was not just because they had been

forced to accept the treaty and the punishments it

contained. They were angry because many Germans

would now have to live under foreign rule and because

German-speaking Austria was not allowed to join with

Germany.

Why were many Germans unhappy with the Versailles

Peace Settlement? (3 marks)

Q.2 Source B explains the reasons why the Kaiser

abdicated in November 1918.

Source B

The Kaiser had to abdicate to save Germany from civil

war. The great majority of German people held him

responsible for the bloodshed of the war. Disorder had

already occurred. It might at first have been possible to

put this unrest down with force, but once blood was shed

the cries for vengeance would be heard everywhere.

Explain why the Kaiser abdicated in November 1918.

(3 marks)


72

Credit KU

Q.3 Describe some of the reasons for German anger over

the Treaty of Versailles.

THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC

General KU

Q.1 In Source A a modern historian describes the

Spartacist uprising.

Source A

The Spartacists wanted Germany to have a Communist

government like Russia. Ebert‟s government used armed

force to crush this Communist rising in Berlin. Hundreds

of Communists were slaughtered, including their leaders.

Describe the Spartacist uprising. (3 marks)

Q.2 Source B describes Hitler‟s trial after the 1923 Beer

Hall Putsch in Munich.

Source B

Hitler stood accused of treason. It seemed that his short

political career was over. In fact, it was just beginning.

His trial lasted twenty-four days and it was front page

news in every German newspaper. Everything that Hitler

said in court was read by millions of people, the biggest

audience he had ever had.

Describe what happened to Hitler in the months

following the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923. (3 marks)


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Credit KU

Q.3 Describe what happened during the Spartacist revolt

in Berlin. (3 marks)

Q.4 Describe the rights which Germans were given in the

Weimar Republic. (4 marks)

Q.5 How important was the Munich Putsch in causing

Hitler and the Nazis to lose support in the 1920s?

(4 marks)


74

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND DISCONTENT

WITH THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC

General KU

Q.1Source A is an account of the problems facing the

Weimar Republic by the end of 1932.

Source A

The leaders of the Weimar Republic found it very hard to

deal with the problems of unemployment which hit

Germany after 1929. Between 1930 and the end of 1932

there were three general elections but Germany‟s

problems still continued. During this time, Hitler toured

Germany attacking the Weimar politicians and promising

an end to Versailles.

Explain why the Weimar Republic was unpopular in

1932. (3 marks)

Q.2 Source B is from a report by the Mayor of Berlin in

1923.

Source B

Many children, even the youngest, never get a drop of

milk and come to school without a warm breakfast. The

children frequently have no shirt or warm clothing.

Terrible poverty gradually weakens any sense of

cleanliness and leaves room only for thoughts of the

struggle against hunger and cold.

Describe some of the problems faced by Germans during

the period of hyperinflation in 1923. (3 marks)


75

Credit KU

Q.3 How important were economic problems in making

the Weimar Government unpopular by 1923?

(4 marks)


Q.4 Source A is from „Germany, 1918-1945‟ by J.A.

Cloake.

Source A

Throughout its life the Weimar Republic had few real

supporters. It was always associated with the Peace

Treaty and its dishonour. It was further disgraced by the

French occupation of the Ruhr. Economically, Weimar

Germany was saddled with the war debt and reparations.

The period of inflation in the early 1920s created

insecurity and suffering amongst all classes and most

blamed it on the Weimar Government. When the Wall

Street Crash triggered the Great Depression, the

measures taken by the Weimar Government to cope with

the crisis further angered the majority of Germans. Many

looked for alternative solutions.

How fully does Source A show why the Weimar

Republic was so unpopular?


knowledge and give reasons for your answer.

(5 marks)


76

Q.5 Source B is from „Hitler and the Third Reich‟ by

Richard Harvey.

Source B

The Weimar Republic had a difficult start. By signing the

Treaty of Versailles, the Republic, however unfairly, was

forever associated with it. It had also been left with a

huge national debt and compensation money to pay. As

hyperinflation set in, anyone with savings or pensions

lost their money and, more importantly, their faith in the

Weimar Republic. The American Stock Market crash

marked the beginning of the end as Germany was

particularly badly hit by the economic crisis which

followed. Unable to agree on measures to deal with the

Depression, the government lost the support of the

people. Many disgruntled Germans began to turn to other

political parties.

To what extent do Sources A and B agree about the

problems experienced by the Weimar Republic?

(4 marks)


77

RISE OF THE NAZIS

General KU

Q.1 Source A is about Hitler‟s rise to power.

Source A

The Depression had created the conditions for Hitler‟s

rise to power. Hitler appealed to people‟s fears and hates

and these emotions flourished in the hard times of the

early 1930s. A brilliant master of the dark arts of

propaganda, it was he who turned the Nazis into a party

of the masses. Never far below the surface was also an

element of brutality and control.

Explain why Hitler was so successful in winning power

in Germany. (3 marks)

Q.2 Source B is about the support Hitler enjoyed during

the 1930s.

Source B

Hitler was popular because he was successful. He gave a

strong lead after years of weak government and social

conflict. Through the use of rallies and ceremonial events

the Nazis kept up an image of confidence and purpose.

Why was Hitler so popular with many Germans in the

1930s? (3 marks)


78

Credit KU

Q.3 Describe the ways in which Hitler gained total power

in Germany. (4 marks)

Q.4 Explain fully the reasons why the Nazis were able to

come to power in 1933 as a result of EITHER

(a) their own actions and activities (8 marks)

OR

(b) the failures of the Weimar Government. (8 marks)

Q.5 In what ways did the Nazi party manage to attract

many German people by January 1933?


Q.6 Source C is from Kurt Ludecke‟s book “I Knew

Hitler”, published in 1938.

Source C

When Hitler stepped onto the platform, there was not a

sound to be heard. Then he began to speak, quietly at

first. Before long, however, his voice had risen to a

hoarse shriek that gave an extraordinary effect. He was

holding the masses, and me with them, under a hypnotic

spell. I don‟t know how to describe the emotions that

swept over me as I heard this man. When he spoke of the

disgrace of Versailles, I felt ready to spring on any

enemy.

What is the attitude of the author, in Source C, towards

Hitler‟s appeal as a speaker? (3 marks)


79

Q.7 Source D describes Hitler speaking at a Nazi rally.

Source D

When Hitler moved onto the stage, 100,000 people

became silent. Hitler started his speech very quietly.

People had to strain to hear him. By the end, however, he

was yelling at the crowd and the crowd yelled back.

Hitler spoke of how awful the Treaty of Versailles was

and of the need to tear it up. The crowd were hypnotised

by Hitler. When he finished, the audience rose and

cheered and cheered.

To what extent do Sources C and D agree about Hitler as

a speaker? (4 marks)


Q.8 Source E is from an account by a National Socialist

of the reactions of Germans to the Night of the Long

Knives.

Source E

Hitler‟s courage in taking decisive action has made him a

hero in the eyes of many Germans. He has won strong

approval and sympathy for the steps he took. People

think his action is proof that he wants order and decency

in Germany. Reports from different parts of the country

are unanimous that people are expressing satisfaction that

Hitler has acted so decisively against the serious threat

posed by Rohm and the SA to Germany and her people.

Discuss the attitude of Germans to the Night of the Long

Knives as shown by the author of Source E. (4 marks)


80

Q.9 Source F is from “Hitler‟s Domestic Policy” by

Andrew Boxer.

Source F

On the morning of 30th June 1934, Rohm and other SA

leaders were arrested and eventually shot. Hitler‟s

personal popularity soared as a result of the Night of the

Long Knives, as this event became known. Most

Germans disliked the corruption and arrogance of the SA

and welcomed the decisive action against it. President

Hindenburg‟s telegram to Hitler seemed to sum up the

relief felt by most Germans: “By your determined action

and gallant personal intervention, you have saved the

German nation from serious danger. For this, I express to

you my most grateful thanks and that of the German

people.”

To what extent do Sources E and F agree about the

attitude of Germans to the Night of the Long Knives?

(4 marks)


81

NAZIS IN POWER

General KU

Q.1 Source A describes the use of propaganda by the

Nazis in the 1930s.

Source A

The Nazis tried to control all forms of expression and

communication. This was done through propaganda and

censorship. In overall charge of propaganda was

Goebbels who headed the Nazi Ministry of People‟s

Enlightenment and Propaganda, set up in 1933. He

controlled the media to spread the Nazi message. Those

who ignored the message were made to suffer.

How important was Goebbels‟ propaganda work in

controlling the German people? (4 marks)

Q.2 Source B is from “Hitler‟s Domestic Policy” by

Andrew Boxer.

Source B

In 1933 the Nazi Government introduced a number of

restrictions on Jews. In April, laws were passed forcing

Jews out of the Civil Service and legal professions.

President Hindenburg insisted this should not apply to

Jews who had fought in the war and Hitler agreed. Later,

in April, a law banned Jewish doctors from working for

the state. Increasing numbers of Jews now tried to leave

Germany.

Describe the ways Hitler treated the Jews before 1939.

(3 marks)


82

Credit KU

Q.3 Describe fully Nazi policies between 1933 and 1939

towards EITHER

(a) the Jews (8 marks)

OR

(b) young people (8 marks)


Q.4 Source C is from a children‟s colouring book

produced by the Nazis in the mid 1930s.

Source C

***INSERT PICTURE FROM 2001 GENERAL***

How useful is Source C as evidence of the popularity of

the Hitler Youth in Nazi Germany? (4 marks)

Q.5 Source D is from a recent textbook describing some

of the activities of the Hitler Youth.

Source D

Many young people were attracted by the exciting and

interesting range of activities of the Youth movement.

There were many outdoor events such as camping and

hiking as well as sports. Some enjoyed the military

aspects of the Youth movement: the uniforms; the

marching and the discipline. Other young people liked

the music that was a frequent part of their military

parades.

To what extent do Sources C and D agree on the appeal

of the Hitler Youth movement? (4 marks)


83

Q.6 How fully does Source D describe the ways Nazis

attracted young people?

You should use your own knowledge and give reasons

for your answer. (3 marks)

Q.7 Source E is from a speech made by Hitler in 1922.

Source E

The Jews are a people of robbers. They have never

founded civilisation, though they have destroyed

civilisations by the hundred. They have created nothing

of their own. They have no art of their own but bit by bit

they have stolen it from other people. They have watched

them at work and then made their copies.

What was Hitler‟s attitude towards the Jews?

(3 marks)

Q.8 In Source F a modern historian describes Hitler‟s

attitude towards the Jews.

Source F

Hitler believed that Aryan superiority was being

threatened by the Jewish race. He argued that they were

lazy and had contributed little to world civilisation.

According to Hitler, Jews were responsible for

everything he did not like, including modern art. He also

claimed that Jews had been responsible for Germany

losing the First World War.

How far do Sources E and F agree about Hitler‟s

attitude to the Jews? (3 marks)


84


Q.9 Source G is from the diary of a German writer, Von

Hassell, who was writing on November 25th

, 1938.

Source G

I am writing under the crushing emotion evoked by the

evil persecution of the Jews after the murder of Von

Rath. Not since the Great War have we lost so much

credit in the world. Goebbels has seldom been so

disbelieved as when he said that an unplanned outburst of

anger among the people had caused the outrages. As a

matter of fact, there is no doubt that we are dealing with

an officially organised anti-Jewish riot which broke out

at the same hour of the night all over Germany.

Discuss the attitude of the author of Source G towards

Nazi treatment of the Jews. (3 marks)

Q.10 Source H is from a report by the American consul

in Leipzig in November 1938.

Source B

The attacks on Jewish property, which began in the early

hours, were hailed subsequently in the Nazi press as a

„spontaneous wave of righteous indignation throughout

Germany, as a result of the cowardly Jewish murder of

Von Rath‟. As far as many Germans are concerned, a

state of popular indignation that would lead to such

excesses can be considered as non-existent. On the

contrary, all of the local crowd I observed were

obviously stunned over what had happened and horrified

over the unprecedented fury of the Nazi acts.


85

To what extent do Sources G and H agree about attacks

on the Jews? (4 marks)

Q.11Source J is a photograph showing young girls at a

Nazi rally in Coburg in the 1930s.

Source J

How fully does Source J show the extent of Nazi control

of young people in the 1930s?

You should use evidence from the source and your own


(5 marks)


86

Q.12 Source K is a photograph of Nazis enforcing the

boycott of Jewish-owned shops in 1933.

The poster says “Germans fight back. Buy nothing

Jewish.”

How useful is Source K as evidence of the way the

Nazis treated Jewish people? (4 marks)

Q.13 Source B is from “Hitler‟s Germany” by Josh

Brooman.

Source B

In many ways life in Nazi Germany became more like

military life. Many mass rallies took place. The most

famous of them were held each year at Nuremberg in one

of four specially built arenas outside the town. Just one

of these arenas could hold 400,000 people. There they

watched military parades and listened to choirs and to

speeches. Each event at the rally was staged to

perfection. At the 1937 rally, 100,000 men, each exactly


87

0.75 metres apart, marched past Hitler carrying 32,000

flags and banners.

How fully does Source B describe the military features

of life in Nazi Germany?

You must use evidence from the source and your own


(4 marks)


88

OPPOSITION TO THE NAZIS

Credit KU

Q.1 How far would you agree that the main reason that

opposition groups in Nazi Germany failed was EITHER

(a) the weaknesses of the opposition groups? (8 marks)

OR

(b) the powers of the Nazi state? (8 marks)


Q.2 Source A is from “Germany 1918–1945” by Josh

Brooman.

Source A

Germany‟s Protestants belonged to twenty eight church

groups. In 1933, under Nazi pressure, they agreed to

unite to form a “Reich” Church. Many Protestants broke

away and set up their own Confessional Church. This

was a clear challenge to Nazi power. As a result, several

hundred Confessional Church ministers were arrested

and many were put into concentration camps. The

Church‟s youth organisation was also banned.

How fully does Source A describe the steps taken by the

Nazis to control the churches in Germany?



(4 marks)

Q.3 Source B is from a statement issued by the

Confessional Church in Germany in 1935.


89

Source B

The Nazis officially deny any intention to interfere in the

life of the Confessional Church but in fact they

constantly interfere. Several years ago the Nazis banned

the Church‟s youth organisation. We are also alarmed

that Christian influence in public life has grown weaker.

In addition, the Confessional Church is ashamed that

concentration camps still exist.

What is the attitude of the Confessional Church in

Source B towards the Nazi Government? (3 marks)

Q.4 In Source C a trade union official describes a Nazi

raid on Trade Union headquarters.

Source C

Nazi storm troopers broke into the building and opened

fire. Employees were brutally driven together and held.

The former police chief was repeatedly beaten until he

was unconscious. Even then he was kicked and dragged

across the yard in a most savage attack. This was

shameful treatment of a veteran from the Great War. He

was left a broken man physically and mentally. This was

not an untypical case. Those who showed such shocking

disrespect in carrying out this attack were mere 20 year

old lads.

What was the author‟s attitude towards the intimidation

of people by the Nazis? (3 marks)


90

Q.5 Source D describes Nazi intimidation.

Source D

The Nazis are continuing to arrest and treat working

people in a dreadful manner. They abduct a man from his

home and keep him for a week or a fortnight. They

thrash him over and over again. Often they are beaten

unconscious. They constantly threaten him with death.

When the man returns home, he is a physical and mental

wreck. And so it goes on.

How far do Sources C and D agree about Nazi

intimidation? (4 marks)


Q.6 Source E was written by Werner Best, Gestapo

Deputy Chief in the late 1930s.

Source E

Nazi belief in totalitarianism does not tolerate the

development of any political opposition. Any attempt to

gain support for opposing ideas will be ruthlessly dealt

with, as the symptoms of an illness which threatens the

healthy unity of the State. To discover the enemies of the

state, to watch them and make them harmless is the duty

of the political police. In order to achieve this task, the

political police must be free to use every means

necessary.

Discuss the attitude of the author of Source E towards

opposition to the Nazis. (4 marks)


91

Q.7 Source F is from „Modern World History‟ by Ben

Walsh.

Source F

Any opposition to Nazi rule was unacceptable to the Nazi

authorities and all political opponents of the Nazis were

thrown into concentration camps. This began as early as

1934. This made it very difficult for these groups to

organise resistance to the Nazis and they were easy prey

for the political police. Despite the Concordat with the

Catholic Church, many individual priests did resist the

Nazis and this led them to being dealt with harshly. One

priest who gave an anti-Nazi sermon was visited by the

SS who smashed up his church and beat him up.

To what extent do Sources A and B agree about

opposition to Nazi rule? (4 marks)

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