Standard Grade Computing Automated Systems. What is an Automated System When computers are used to...
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Transcript of Standard Grade Computing Automated Systems. What is an Automated System When computers are used to...
Standard Grade Standard Grade ComputingComputing
Automated SystemsAutomated Systems
What is an Automated SystemWhat is an Automated System
When computers are used to When computers are used to control a system consisting of control a system consisting of machinery and equipment.machinery and equipment.
Examples of Automated Examples of Automated SystemsSystems
washing machinewashing machine central heating systemcentral heating system video recordervideo recorder microwave ovenmicrowave oven controlling machinery in a factorycontrolling machinery in a factory traffic light controltraffic light control aircraft guidanceaircraft guidance
Why use Automated Systems?Why use Automated Systems?
faster than a humansfaster than a humans do boring and repetitive jobsdo boring and repetitive jobs accurate - don’t make mistakesaccurate - don’t make mistakes efficient – don’t need breaksefficient – don’t need breaks can be used in dangerous situationscan be used in dangerous situations flexible - can be programmed to do flexible - can be programmed to do
different tasks different tasks
Stationary RobotsStationary Robots
Stay in one place all the timeStay in one place all the time e.g. used on factory assembly linese.g. used on factory assembly lines Control programs are stored on disc or tapeControl programs are stored on disc or tape Can be reprogrammed to do a different Can be reprogrammed to do a different
tasktask
Anatomy of a Robot ArmAnatomy of a Robot Arm
Some robots have parts that Some robots have parts that resemble human limbsresemble human limbs
A jointed robot arm has aA jointed robot arm has a• waistwaist• shouldershoulder• elbowelbow• wristwrist• hand (specialised to suit the robot’s hand (specialised to suit the robot’s
task)task)
Waist
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
Degrees of FreedomDegrees of Freedom
The number of The number of degrees of freedomdegrees of freedom is the number of ways the arm can is the number of ways the arm can move.move.
To work in three dimensions the arm To work in three dimensions the arm must have at least three degrees of must have at least three degrees of freedom.freedom.
The human arm has eight degrees of The human arm has eight degrees of freedom.freedom.
Degrees of FreedomDegrees of Freedom
ROTATE BASE OF ARM PIVOT BASE OF ARM BEND ELBOW
WRIST UP AND DOWN WRIST LEFT AND RIGHT ROTATE WRIST
End EffectorsEnd Effectors
The ‘hand’ of the robot arm is specialised The ‘hand’ of the robot arm is specialised to the task the robot is programmed to to the task the robot is programmed to do.do.
The ‘hand’ could be aThe ‘hand’ could be a• grippergripper• paint spray gunpaint spray gun• welding electrodewelding electrode• suction capsuction cap• paint stripperpaint stripper• magnetmagnet
Mobile RobotsMobile Robots
Robots which move are called Robots which move are called mobilemobile robots. robots.
The robot Dante walks into volcanoes. In 1994, NASA, Carnegie Mellon University and the Alaskan Volcano Observatory used satellite and Internet connections to manoeuvre Dante into the active crater of Mt. Spur, an Alaskan volcano 90 miles west of Anchorage.
Mobile RobotsMobile Robots NomadNomad is a four wheeled is a four wheeled
robot that has been robot that has been looking for asteroids in looking for asteroids in Antarctic. Antarctic.
Nomad was built to Nomad was built to explore the Antarctic in explore the Antarctic in search of new meteorite search of new meteorite samples in January 2000. samples in January 2000.
Nomad spent nearly two Nomad spent nearly two weeks in the Arctic frost, weeks in the Arctic frost, examining over 100 examining over 100 indigenous rocks and indigenous rocks and ultimately classifying ultimately classifying seven as bona-fide seven as bona-fide meteorites.meteorites.
Automated Guided VehiclesAutomated Guided Vehicles
Remote-operated VehiclesRemote-operated Vehicles
Underwater ROV’s
Computer Aided DesignComputer Aided Design
BuildingsBuildings CarsCars MotorwaysMotorways Mobile PhonesMobile Phones Circuit BoardsCircuit Boards ProcessorsProcessors
Benefits of CADBenefits of CAD
Easier to produce complex drawingsEasier to produce complex drawings Making changes to design is easierMaking changes to design is easier Can make multiple copiesCan make multiple copies Can use library shapesCan use library shapes
CAD HardwareCAD Hardware
High resolution High resolution monitormonitor
Powerful processorPowerful processor High capacity High capacity
backing storagebacking storage Graphics tabletGraphics tablet Graphics plotterGraphics plotter
Computer Aided ManufactureComputer Aided Manufacture
Use of computers to control Use of computers to control machinery in the production processmachinery in the production process
Car manufactureCar manufacture Fabric cutting in making clothesFabric cutting in making clothes Fitting components to circuit boardsFitting components to circuit boards
CADCAMCADCAM
Objects are designed using CADObjects are designed using CAD Design is fed to the controlling Design is fed to the controlling
computercomputer Robots and machines assemble the Robots and machines assemble the
productproduct
Benefits of CADCAMBenefits of CADCAM
Faster processFaster process More accurate processMore accurate process Less waste Less waste Increases productivityIncreases productivity Higher quality end productHigher quality end product
Effects of CADCAMEffects of CADCAM
Machines have replaced peopleMachines have replaced people Fewer jobsFewer jobs Remaining jobs have become Remaining jobs have become
deskilleddeskilled More jobs for computer programmers More jobs for computer programmers
and engineersand engineers
SimulationSimulation
A computer mimics a real world A computer mimics a real world activityactivity
Flying a planeFlying a plane Driving a carDriving a car Crashing a carCrashing a car Performing surgeryPerforming surgery Computer gamesComputer games
Virtual RealityVirtual Reality
The user is immersed in the The user is immersed in the computer generated worldcomputer generated world
Virtual reality headsets/helmetsVirtual reality headsets/helmets Sensory glovesSensory gloves
Intelligent RobotsIntelligent Robots
Have a range of sensorsHave a range of sensors Mimic the human senses and Mimic the human senses and
functionsfunctions Hear : microphoneHear : microphone See : sonar beams / optical sensorsSee : sonar beams / optical sensors Feel : tactile/pressure sensorsFeel : tactile/pressure sensors Walk : Human-like legsWalk : Human-like legs
AsimoAsimo
Robots in the FutureRobots in the Future
Hovering the houseHovering the house IroningIroning
Open Loop ControlOpen Loop Control
Control computer
Control Information
Closed Loop ControlClosed Loop Control
Control computer
Traffic Sensor
Feedback from sensor
Control Information
SensorsSensors
A sensor detects physical quantities A sensor detects physical quantities e.g. heat, and provides this input to e.g. heat, and provides this input to the controlling computer.the controlling computer.
Types of SensorsTypes of Sensors
There are sensors to detectThere are sensors to detect• heatheat• lightlight• collisionscollisions• proximityproximity• magnetic fieldsmagnetic fields• pressurepressure
Analogue SignalsAnalogue Signals
Most electrical signals are Most electrical signals are analogueanalogue signals. signals. Analogue signals vary continuously over time.Analogue signals vary continuously over time. They can have any value between the upper They can have any value between the upper
and lower limits.and lower limits.
Digital SignalsDigital Signals
Computers can only work with Computers can only work with digital signals.digital signals.
Digital signals have only two Digital signals have only two values - on or off.values - on or off.
Signal ConvertersSignal Converters
A computer is connected to a device by a A computer is connected to a device by a circuit called an circuit called an interfaceinterface..
The interface must be able to convert the The interface must be able to convert the computer’s digital signals to analogue signals computer’s digital signals to analogue signals if required.if required.
This is done by a This is done by a digital to analogue digital to analogue converter.converter.
Signals can be changed in the other direction Signals can be changed in the other direction by anby an analogue to digital converter. analogue to digital converter.
AA transducer transducer is a device which changes a is a device which changes a physical input e.g. heat, pressure or light into physical input e.g. heat, pressure or light into an analogue signalan analogue signal..
AD ConverterAD Converter
Analogue to Digital Converter
Processor
Sensor+
(transducer)
DA ConverterDA Converter
Digital to Analogue Converter
Device
Processor
Teaching RobotsTeaching Robots
Programming by Example (Programming by Example (lead-throughlead-through))• a human guides the robota human guides the robot• the positional sensors in the robot tell the the positional sensors in the robot tell the
computer about the movement of each jointcomputer about the movement of each joint• the robot’s actuators (motors) repeat the the robot’s actuators (motors) repeat the
stored sequence of movements.stored sequence of movements.
Teaching RobotsTeaching Robots
Programming RobotsProgramming Robots• a programmer works out the whole a programmer works out the whole
sequence of movements and describes sequence of movements and describes them in a them in a high level languagehigh level language
• writing a new program will enable the robot writing a new program will enable the robot to do a different task.to do a different task.
Control LanguagesControl Languages Computer programs are always written Computer programs are always written
in a programming language.in a programming language. You have learned to program in You have learned to program in Visual Visual
BasicBasic.. Most robots are programmed to move Most robots are programmed to move
using a special using a special control languagecontrol language.. They use meaningful commands like They use meaningful commands like
forward, right, left, wait, grasp, upforward, right, left, wait, grasp, up and and down down which relate to the robot which relate to the robot world.world.
Control ProgramsControl Programs
Disc/TapeDisc/Tape Stationary robots may have the Stationary robots may have the
control program stored on disc or control program stored on disc or tape.tape.
Can be changed easily.Can be changed easily.
Control ProgramsControl Programs
ROM ChipsROM Chips Mobile robots are more likely to have Mobile robots are more likely to have
the program stored on a ROM chip.the program stored on a ROM chip. Chips are more expensiveChips are more expensive More permanentMore permanent Give a faster start upGive a faster start up
Social ImplicationsSocial Implications
DisadvantagesDisadvantages• workers will lose their jobs.workers will lose their jobs.• Some jobs may become de-Some jobs may become de-
skilled and offer less job skilled and offer less job satisfactionsatisfaction
Social ImplicationsSocial Implications AdvantagesAdvantages
• workers can be retrained to do more workers can be retrained to do more interesting and skilled jobs.interesting and skilled jobs.
• fewer people work in dangerous fewer people work in dangerous factory conditions.factory conditions.
• workers who did boring jobs will have workers who did boring jobs will have more leisure time.more leisure time.
• jobs will increase in the computing jobs will increase in the computing and leisure industries.and leisure industries.
Technical ImplicationsTechnical Implications
SafetySafety• moving parts of machine must be covered.moving parts of machine must be covered.• robot vehicles have sensors to detect if robot vehicles have sensors to detect if
anything is in the wayanything is in the way• they can be programmed to move slowly so they can be programmed to move slowly so
that people can get out of their waythat people can get out of their way• people are kept out of some areas of the people are kept out of some areas of the
factoryfactory• robot arms etc. should only operate when an robot arms etc. should only operate when an
item is in positionitem is in position
Economic ImplicationsEconomic Implications
Automated Systems are Automated Systems are Capital IntensiveCapital Intensive• very expensive to installvery expensive to install• but don’t demand wage risesbut don’t demand wage rises• don’t require lunch breaksdon’t require lunch breaks• don’t require canteens and toilet facilitiesdon’t require canteens and toilet facilities• money will be saved in the long termmoney will be saved in the long term
Factories used to all be Factories used to all be Labour IntensiveLabour Intensive• large number of workers requiredlarge number of workers required
Increased ProductivityIncreased Productivity• more goods manufactured in the same time for more goods manufactured in the same time for
the same costthe same cost