Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications Automated Systems and Industrial...
-
Upload
stuart-norton -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
2
Transcript of Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications Automated Systems and Industrial...
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Standard Grade
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
What is an automated System?
An Automated system is a system where
• the user provides the input • the computer carries out the
process defined by the program• the computer then provides the
user with the output
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Examples of Automated Systems
• Automatic washing machine• Microwave oven• Digital camera• Video recorder• Car manufacture• Bread making• ….
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Why use an Automated System?
• are faster than humans• can be programmed to do repetitive
tasks • are more efficient than humans (can
work accurately and continuously with no need for rest/meal breaks).
• can be used in dangerous/harmful places
• are adaptable – can be reprogrammed to carry out different tasks.
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
How do they work?
• All automated systems are controlled by a program
• Most systems use sensors to provide feedback – this allows the program to react to it’s working environment
• The motion of an automated system is usually performed by a motor
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Example of feedbackPicking up an egg.
If the gripper goes too far,it breaks the egg.
If the gripper does not go far enough, it doesn’t pick the egg up.
If the gripper ”can feel” when it touches the egg, it can pick the egg up every time.
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Other examples
• Washing machine• Traffic lights• Automatic lifts• Digital cameras (speed/aperture
settings and focus)• …..
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Sensors
• Pressure• Heat• Light• Magnetic• Infrared• …….
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Robots• Robots can be stationary or mobile• The direction of the movement of a
mobile robot can be controlled by magnetic or light guides
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Robot parts• Some robot parts resemble human
limbs.• Their components are called :
• Waist, Shoulder, Arm, Elbow, Wrist
• The end of a robot arm can have a tool attached to do certain tasks:• gripper, spray can, suction cup, …
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
More Robots• Guided robots (autonomous guided
vehicles - AGV)• autonomous – works on it’s own• types of guides/sensors
• Remotely operated vehicles - ROV• E.g. bomb disposal, deep sea vehicle
• Intelligent robot• Incorporates an expert system.
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
The InterfaceAutomated systems work in the real world performing real tasks that have to be linked in some way to a computer system. The meeting point between a computer and something or (someone) outside of it is called the interface. The biggest problem the interface has to cope with is the difference between two types of signal - analogue and digital
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Analogue
An analogue signal is one which is continuously variable between two limits.That means it can have any value (within limits) at any time.
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Digital
An digital signal is one which is changes in discrete steps between two limits.That means it can only have certain values at certain times.
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Analogue/Digital Conversion
The big problem is the real world is essentially analogue and computers work digitally. So we need to convert • from analogue to digital
• to get data into the computer.
• from digital to analogue• to get information out of the computer.
This is one of the tasks carried out by the interface
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Programs• Automated systems are controlled by
programs.• A program is usually a list of instructions.• The program can be in
• A high level language• A control language
• The program can be • held in ROM• part of an embedded system
• The program will work in real time.
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Programming
Programs can be entered• through the keyboard• by lead-through programming,
sometimes called programming by example.
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
SimulationSimulation• a computer version of a real-life
situation• use of a computer-based model to
predict the behaviour of a system.• a representation of a situation or
problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results.
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Examples of simulation
• flying a plane• driving a car• designing an office block• designing a bridge• weather prediction • …
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
3D modelling and Virtual Reality
• 3D modelling• A 3-dimensional representation on a
computer screen
• Virtual reality• A 3-dimensional representation in
which the user is immersed. Usually involves the use of headsets, gloves, …
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
CAD/CAM
The use of CAD and CAM is very important in industry
• CAD - Computer Aided Design• CAM - Computer Aided
Manufacture
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Technical (safety) implications
• Must make sure moving parts of machines are covered
• Sensors fitted to robots to avoid collisions
• Robots/vehicles programmed to move about slowly so workers are not injured
• Robots programmed to work only when in position
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Workplace implications
In cases of industrial automation we must consider:
• design of workplace• modern factory• need for systems analysis
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Social implications
• Loss of those jobs where computers can do tasks faster and cheaper
• Re-training of staff• People’s skills will change• More leisure time for society• More people will work from home
with increased use of networks
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Economic implications• High initial cost
• System analysis• design of workplace• hardware• software• Training
• Replacement costs• Long term savings
• no wages or facilities to be supplied• increased productivity
Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
Automated Systems and Industrial Applications
End of presentationStandard Grade