APPENDIX III

STANDARD EXPRESSIONS

~ The following is a list of standard expressions used by M. in his commentary I and which may form part of any w ya-commentator's vocabulary.

ata~ ' therefore '. Indicates a logico-causal connection of mean-

ata lva

atra

atha

athavii

antna (anaya)

anyatra

anyatha

avasthita iti itijiityam iti tatparyarth.a/l iti dik it; bhavai)

iti yavat

iti rahasyam

iti vigrahalz

iti viveka!z, iti vivecanryam iti Stfa!: iti samiisa!: iti sthitam iti smararuit ity atra

ity anvayali

mgs. ' that is why' . Indicates a logico-causal connection of meamngs. ' in this (stanza)'. Often used when the alaTJ1kiira used is indicated. ' next '. Used at the beginning of a commentary to indicate continuation of a previous matter. 'or rather'. Introduces a new explanation , often as cor-rection of the one previously given. A passive form followed by anma/anaya indicates deriva-tion in the sense of kara!la. ' in th.e other case'. Introduces a meaning-explanation in connection with the upamana. 'otherwise ,. May be used to point out the special significance of adjectives in connection with parikara. See s. v. sthita.

' this is how we should understand'. ' the point is that. .. ' 'this is the general idea'. 'the intention is that. .. ' . Usually put at the end of a statement in which the commentator presents the author's intention in his own words. Often the preceding statement ends with a word in the ablative. In that case, the ablative is not rendered as such in English, but as a simple nominative. 'it amounts to saying ... '. Used in the explanation of wordmeanings when they are freely glossed. 'this is how the matter really is', ' this is the important point' . 'this is the non -technical meaning-paraphrase'. Used when explaining the formation of cps. 'this is how we should distinguish'. 'this is how we should consider'. 'supply ... ' . 'the cp. has been formed in the sense of ... '. 'this has been established'. ' on the strength of the Smrti-passage which reads . . . '. ' with regard to this', 'thinking thus'. Varying meanings according to the context . 'this is how we should construe (grammatically),.

566

ity artha~

ityiidi yogyam

ityiifaizlcya

ityiiSayab ityiiSayena ity aha

ity iihu~ ity ulctam zva

ukta'tJ't ca upalak~ita

ubhayatra

ekatra

eva

eva'tJ't sthite kararza

kartr

kimu kim uta kim u vaktavyam kiT(! ca

kiT(! bahunii

kiT(! vaktavyam kuta~

krtvii

APPENDIX 111

'that is to say'. Indicates a word-explanation with the help of a synonym. The difference with iti bhiivab is clearly shown in the commentary on Kir. 3.33 and 3.42. 'this is the meaning (of the passage),. This rendering is chosen when the translation ' that is to say' can be used with difficulty only, due to requirements of idiom. 'like this the connection should be made ' .. Used in con-nection with qualifying words which go with more than one word qualified. 'anticipating this objection' . Used when the author think-ing of a possible objection to what he has said removes that objection. 'with this idea'. id. Often used in avatiirikiis. May refer to the speaker at that moment in the story, or to the poet himself. ' so they say'. Often refers to authorities left undefined . 'thus it has been stated ' . Used to conclude a quotation. When used in vigrahas of the type gandha iva gandha~ (commentary on KiT. 1.16), refers to cp. -formation by Vt . XII on P.2.2 .24. . For iva sthitam see s. v. sthita. 'and it has been stated (that ... )'. Introduces a quotation. 'characterized by'. Used to explain the meaning of an in-str. 'in both cases'. Used when one and the same meaning applies in connection with both the upameya and the uparnana. 'in the one case'. Introduces a meaning-explanation in connection with the upameya. May be used to indicate svarthe, that is, a derivational suf-fix used without any change of meaning of the pratipadika after which it has been added. 'this being established' . Used (in the case determined by the word which it describes) to indicate instrumental function. U sed to indicate that a particular word functions as the agent. Sometimes added (as kartra) after words used in the instr. to specify their syntactic function . 'what at all'. 'how much morelless' . 'what else need be said?' . 'moreover'. Indicates the continuation of a description, argument or enumeration . 'what is the use of (saying) more?' . Compare kim u vaktavyam. Same as kim u vaktavyam. 'why (does the author say like this)? ' . Indicates a logico-causal connection of meanings . 'functions as the means'. Indicates the syntactic function of the preceding word.

jiita

tathii

tathiipi tathii hi tathokta

lad uktam tadvat nanu

nimitta

punas ca

purvam . .. paSciil

purvokta bhavati madhye

yalab kiira~iit yathii yathii tathii yathii .ryiil tathii yad vii

rahasyam linga

vacana

vl~aye

vyatireke sakiisiit

sati/ satyiim/ satsu san/sati

sa na bhavati

sa1!/-bandhin

APPENDIX III 567

'has/have become like that' . Added by way of explanation that x was not so previously. ' similarly ' . Indicates a repeated pattern of construction or reasomng. ' still ' . Indicates a meaning-contrast. ' to explain' . Indicates the use of arthiintaranyiisa. ' thus described' . Is a commentator's shorthand to refer to items , especially cp.-constituents , explained before. ' this has been stated '. O ften introduces a definition. ' like that ' . Sometimes preceded by yathii. ' (Objection). But ' . Introduces an objection . Often followed by iti cen na ' if this objection is made (we answer , no , this is) not so '. Used to indicate 'cause ' as the meaning of an instrum . ending. ' no difficulty here '. Removes an objection pointing out a mistake or shortcoming. ' and further ' . Used to introduce the commentary on following stanzas of groups of stanzas , and, generally, to indicate continuation . ' first . .. then ' . U sed in the non-technical vigraha of cps consisting of two ppp-s , to indicate the time-order of the actions signified. ' stated before' . See s. v . sa na bhavati. 'among'. Often added to indicate nirdhiirarzfl.!a~.thi ' par -titive genitive '. 'because ' . See s. v . tadvat. Indicates adverbial function. id. See fn. 314 on Canto I. ' or rather ' . Introduces an alternative, frequently the preferred explanation . See s. v . iti rahasyam. Indicates the reason. The term takes the case of the word which it describes, e .g. lingena. ' statement ' . Frequently in the expression iti vacaniit ' on the strength of the statement that ... ' . 'conveying the sense of vi,raya "domain" .' Explains the meaning of a loco ending, " with regard to " . ' in the opposite case ' . ' from'. Explains the meaning of an abl. case ending as apiidana. Indicate the use of a loco abs., sg. masc . , sg. fern . and pI. Presumed to indicate appositional use . Often used after bv. cps. and after ppp-s. Bharavi uses san inja.tiidharab san in Kir. 1.44. ' this is not the case '. Explains the meaning of the negative particle in naiisamiisa. ' connected by means of relation in general'. Explains the

568

sthita

spa$.tam sphu.tam hi he helu

helo~

APPE DIX m

meaning of the gen. case ending in its general sense of sambandha 'relation '. Added after iua to indicate utprek$ii. [va sthita is rend ered as 'being, as it were ' . Instead of 5thzla somet imes auasthita is used. The word sthita varies in gender and number accor-ding to the expression used as utprek$ii in the stanza. 'clear'. No explanation is needed. id. May be used to indicate a following gnomic expres ion . Indicates the use of a vac. '(functions as the) cause ' . Explains the meaning of an ab!. ending. 'for that reason ' . Explains the meaning of an ab!. ca e ending.