Stan is Oara

8/13/2019 Stan is Oara

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THE REVOLUTION AND RESTORATION PERIOD

By classical literature we mean the literature written in the peri! "etween Dry!en

an! Dr# $hnsn# The classicists ha! a %reat respect &r the classics in the sense & the

ancient writers & 'reece( an! especially & Rme# The i!eal & neclassical writers was thecra&tsman)s i!eal( an i!eal which !eman!e! the utmst &inish & a literary wr*#

Hwe+er the mst imprtant &uture which !istin%uishes the neclassical peri! &rm

the se+entieth century was nt its classicism( "ut its ratinalistic utl*# The e&&ect &

ratinalism was tw,&l!- the clear li%ht & reasn nt nly swept away all srts &

superstitins li*e &airies %hsts an! witches it als ten!e! t un!errate( r e+en !eny the

pssi"ility & attainin% *nwle!%e thru%h &aith( re+elatin( the intuitin an! the

ima%inatin# Accr!in% t H""es ima%inatin was a thin% t "e &un! in chil!ren(

ma!men( an! the une!ucate!#

'enerally spea*in%( the pets & the .A%e & reasn/ seem t ha+e &llwe!

H""es)s an! Ppe)s a!+ice# In 01th century the petry reasn is mre imprtant than

ima%inatin( whereas in rmantic petry it is the ther way run!#In the 02thcentury scientists ha! !isc+ere! many %eneral laws thru%h e3periment#

4illiam Har+ey !isc+ere! the circulatin & the "l! in 0505( an! Sir Isaac Newtn the

laws & uni+ersal %ra+itatin in 0512# These an! ther !isc+eries ma!e peple aware & the

imprtance & %eneral laws & nature( "y which nature "ecame su"6ect t reasn-

.Nature an! nature)s laws lay hi! in ni%ht-

'! sai!( let Newtn "e7 An! all was li%ht#

Ppe/

In&luence! "y science the pets themsel+es "e%an t "e intereste! in the %eneral an!

uni+ersal( instea! & in!i+i!ual an! particular# As man was the mst imprtant part &

nature( the stu!y & man was ne & the &irst !uties & man*in!-

. The prper stu!y & man*in! is man#

8Ppe( Essay n man9/

T the 01th century En%lishman unerrin%) nature seeme! t mani&est itsel&( amn%

ther thin%s( in the esta"lishe! :hurch( the esta"lishe! mnarchy( the esta"lishe! scial

r!er( an! the &irm psitin & En%lan! as a wrl! pwer# This thin%s shul! nt "e

;uestine! r chan%e! "ecause

.One truth is clear( whate+er is( is ri%ht#

8Ppe( Essay n man9/

The tw %reat satirists & the a%e were Ale3an!er Ppe 8wh wrte in +erse9 an!

$nathan Swi&t 8whse "est wr* is in prse9# Ppe( amn% ther thin%s ri!icule! human

pri!e an! the arti&icialities & plite sciety in The rape & the Lc* 80209# Swi&t( in his 'ulli+er)s Tra+els

802


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$OHN DRCDEN 805>0,029

The &irst %reat writer a&ter the restratin is $hn Dry!en( pet( !ramatist( critic

an! satirist# He num"ere! @arlwe an! Ben $hnsn amn% his literary ancestrs an!

&resha!ws all that is "est in the petry & the 01 thcentury# 'enerally spea*in%( his

petry appeals mre t the intellect than t the emtins# One & his early pems isAnnus @ira"ilis 805529( which !eals with the +ictry +er the Dutch an! the &ire in

Ln!n in 0555 ne & his &inest !es is A sn% &r :ecilia)s Day#

Durin% the restratin peri! a new *in! & play( the heric tra%e!y( "ecame

ppular in En%lan!# These plays were calle! heric plays( "ecause they imitate! the

epic( r heric pem( "y inclu!in% a warrir,her# His "est heric tra%e!y in "lan* +erse

is his a!aptatin & Sha*espeare)s Antny an! :lepatra( which he calle! All &r l+e

805219# In all his plays Dry!en "ser+e! the !ramatic unities & time( place( an! actin#

In A"salm an! Achitphel Dry!en t* the Try si!e "y supprtin% the true

successin# The "i"lical alle%ry & his satire was easily un!erst!- A"salm was

@nmuth the &alse Achitphel( Sha&tes"ury# The e3cellence & the pem lies mainly in

the numerus satirical prtraits# This is Dry!en)s cmple3 prtrait & Buc*in%ham( whappears as imri#

Dry!en was als ne & the &irst in En%lan! lan! t write a !irect( luci! prse

style# This may "e seen in the &llwin% selectin &rm his Pre&ace t the a"les 8029(

stries &rm :haucer( Bccacci( an! O+i!#

$OHN @ILTON 8051,052=9

$hn @iltn was "rn in a &amily in which was "th musical an! reli%ius- his

%ran!&ather was a cn+ince! :athlic( his &ather a prtestant "ut als a %i&te! musician

an! cmpser# He learne! t play the r%an an! sin% an! this ma*es clear the many

re&erences t music in his petry# At the a%e & 05( he entere! :am"ri!%e where he was

prepare! in law( me!icine an! !i+inity# The su"6ect & church %+ernment was re&lecte!

in his antiepiscpal writin%# He ser+e! '! utsi!e the esta"lishe! church as a &reelance

writer#

A&ter his mther)s !eath( he ma!e a trip t rance an! Italy where he "ecame

&amiliar with the Italian pera 8!rama &r music9 which he wul! later !e+elp in his

literary career# It was nt until 05=F that he "e%an writin% n plitical su"6ects# He als

mani&este! a hi%h interest in the e!ucatinal re&rm an! wrte a"ut it in .O&

E!ucatin/ an! .Aerpa%itica/# A&ter his !i+rce he wrte tw +ery recei+e! pamphlets

n the matter & !i+rce#

He was a sp*esman &r :mmnwealth an! he e+en pu"lishe! mre essays in

its !e&ense( ne & them nly a mnth "e&re the return & the *in%# As a yun% man@iltn was smethin% & a supprter & Bacnian science an! at :am"ri!%e he was an

anti,tra!itinalist#

I# Between 051 @iltn in his yuth

At 02 he wrte .On the !eath & a &air In&ant Dyin% & the cu%h/# The cnclusin is a

reli%ius ne in which the chil! is seen as an an%el interce!in% &r man in ha+en# In the

l+e snnets he &llwe! the Italian rather than the En%lish e3amples & the snnet &rm(

&ten calle! Petrarchan#

His &irst ma6r pem .On the mrnin% & :hrist)s Nati+ity/shws a mature

han!in% & the use & si%ni&icant ima%es an! myths#

The early writin%s are als &ille! with @iltn)s chice &r usin% &airy tales an!

mythl%y in such &amus pems li*e .L)alle%r/ an! .Il Pensers/ which are shape!as representatins & appr+e! states & min!- the &irst & the pems see* t "anish

melanchly( the secn! t culti+ate it# in pint & +ersi&icatin the "asic meter he uses is

the ctsyla"ic 8ei%ht,sylla"le9 cuplet ppular with :haucer an! Eli?a"ethans#


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Anther pem written in this peri! .:mus/ uses supernatural pa%an &i%ures in

a :hristian cnte3t# .:mus/ represents a latter &llwin% & the &rms e+l+e! at the

curt earlier in the cuntry the mas;ue 8a *in! & unin & all arts in wich music an!

sn% "ecame mre imprtant( much li*e Italian pera "ut !i&&erent &rm "th pera an!

!rama in tw imprtant respects- it was "uilt arun! the !ance rather than the sp*en

wr! an! the chie& per&rmance were nt pr&essinals "ut n"les lr!s an! la!ies9#The +ersi&icatin in .:mus/ is the "lan* +erse with ccasinal &eminine

en!in%s 8in which the stress !es nt &all n the &inal sylla"le & a line9#

@iltn was als attracte! t the pastral %enre an! in this &rm he wrte the

mst cmple3 & his early wr*s .Lyci!as/( a !ramatic pem with a surprisin% amunt

an! +ariety & !irect speech# He uses pa%an mythl%y &r the alle%rical e3pressin &

:hristian truth( &inally !iscar!in% the myth# The name .Lyci!as/ is ta*en &rm 'ree*

"uclic pet an! there are eches & classical pastral petry that run thru%h this ele%y#

The &rm is that & an En%lish a!aptatin & current Italian can?ne( a pem in which the

+erse para%raphs ha+e irre%ular len%ths an! the lines are als & une+en len%th the

nearly always rhyme( "ut in an irre%ular manner# It "len!s elements & the pa%an an! the

:hristian an! intermi3es %!s an! saints( nymphs an! an%els# Lyci!as is in &act E!war!in%( wh was shipwrec*e! an! !rwne! in the Irish Sea at the a%e & F,055 the years & re+lutin

A&ter his cmin% "ac* &rm rance( Italy an! Swit?erlan! he "e%ins writin%

pamphlets n church %+ernment( a!+catin% a"litin & "ishp# His &irst cllecte!

+lume & +erse( the .Pems & @r# $hn @iltn/( "th En%lish an! Latin cmpse! at

se+eral times 805=G9 ha! "een the &ruit & 0G years & e3periment with En%lish an! Latin

meters# It is als the peri! & his petical writin%s in the !e&ense & the :mmnwealth

li*e .A De&ense & the En%lish Peple/#

Apart &rm the early Snnet I( .A ni%htin%ale/ an! his Italian se;uence (

@iltn)s snnets !i&&er &rm thse & the Eli?a"ethan a%e in nt "ein% a"ut l+e# They

were mre .heric snnets/ in the manner & Spenser in the .aerie ueen/ a!!resse!

t mem"ers & ueen Eli?a"eth)s curt an! als snnets & &rien!ship an! praise &ten

!escri"e! as Hratian#

III# a&ter 055, the %reat epic mainly re&ers t his mst &amus pem .Para!ise

Lst/# A +ery lar%e an! cmple3 wr*( the em"lem & his literary %enius#

The su"6ect is the &ailure & human *in! t li+e accr!in% t !i+ine r!er an! the

cnse;uences & the all# The myth he uses( li*e in mst & his writin%s is an e3plratin

& the theme & li&e( in ur case( the mral cnse;uences & !is"e!ience# The !isc+ery

& the *nwle!%e & %! an! e+il is neither acci!ental nr happy# The central character

A!am( has n heric !estiny# .In a pr&un! sense A!am an! E+e &all &rm the i!eal

int the human cn!itin/# The %reat theme & the pem is "e!ience t the "ehestsimplicit in the creati+e r!er & mniptent '!# The will & '! is imprinte! in the

harmny & nature( an! the !iasaster & the all is as much ecl%ical as is mral#


4/22

In+entr an! artisan- Daniel De&e

0# Literary career

He ha! an a%itate! yuth as a "usinessman( a plitician( a 6urnalist# He ha! the

ccasin t tra+el a lt all +er Britain an! n the cntinent# In 0511( he pu"lishe! his

&irst plitical tract a%ainst $ames II in 020( the satirical pem The True Brn

En%lishman# He wrte a"ut


5/22

Sme critics 8Raymn! Stephansn( 0F129 appreciate De&e &r his sustaine!

stylistic "alance( &r the unity & theme an! structure#

De&e !e+elpe! a special techni;ue *nwn as circumstantial realism# It is

!eri+e! &rm the reprtrial style an! cnsists & a care&ul e3plitatin & !etails( a swi&t

an! reslute narrati+e rhythm( an! an impersnal( "6ecti+e an! plain tne# It aims at

cncreteness# at a pht%raphic presentatin & shapes( which shul! all increase theillusin & +eri&ia"le &acts# Li*e a cnscientius reprter( De&e care&ully ntices(

wei%hs an! measures e+erythin%( emplyin% !cuments( ;ute! letters( hspital "ills#

De&eKs n+els are narrate! &rm the pint & +iew & the central character# De&e

%raspe! the ptentialities & the &irst persn narrati+e( whse su"6ecti+ity an! limitatins

helpe! him inau%urate the tra!itin & unrelia"le narrati+es#

He create! a memra"le wrl!( ppulate! with memra"le characters( in which

the rea!er cul! &in! a realistic presentatin & the 01th century sciety#

'ULLIVER)S TRAVELS

Althu%h .'ulli+er)s Tra+els was written &r a!ults( it is &re;uently a!apte! t"ecme a te3t &r chil!ren( Especially the &irst tw "*s are %reatly en6ye! "y yun%

rea!ers( chie&ly &r the in+ersin inherent in the chan%e &rm the lan! & the !war&s t

that & the %iants#

Lilliput the cuntry where 'ulli+er &in!s himsel& a&ter a &irst shipwrec*( is

ppulate! "y inha"itants that are,nly 5 inches 80G cm9 tall# Its capital( @il!en!( is the

si?e & a s;uare whse si!es are &i+e( hun!re! &eet 80G m9 ln%# The tw %reat streets

that crss it are &i+e &eet 80(G m9 wi!e# It is( in &act( a wrl! inha"ite! "y puppets li+in%

in !ll,huses#

'ulli+er)s si?e stan!s ut in sharp cntrast# In r!er t &ee! him( the Lilliputians

"rin% his meals in twenty +ehicles# They ma*e him a "e! ut & si3 hun!re! "e!s &

their wn an! pr+i!e him with "lan*ets an! sheets "y the same cmputatin#

The perspecti+e is re+erse! in Br"!in%na%( where the %iants#are 5 &eet 801m9

tall# The main temple & the metrplis( Lr"ru"%ru!( is three thusan! &eet 8F m9

hi%h( the hrses G &eet 80G m9 tall( an! their caches are a"ut the si?e & the s;uare &

4estminster,hall# This wrl! is +ery !an%erus &r 'ulli+er( wh is cnstantly e3pse!

t Jri!iculus an! tru"lesme acci!entsJ#

Swi&t creates a s%yer% criticism & En%lan!Ks current pr"lems such as the

situatin in Irelan! the ecnmic crises( the &i%ht "etween the plitical parties( an! the

reli%ius !iscussins "etween the :athlic an! the Prtestants# The mral smallness &

the Lilliputians is ren!ere! "y such tri+ial matters as their &i%ht +er the en! where ne

shul! "rea* the "ile! e%%s r +er what heels t wear n the shes( hi%h r lw#J'ulli+erKs Tra+elsJ A plitical n+elM

The plitical satire in the &irst tw "*s is e+i!ent# The- Lilliputians are

r%ani?e! in tw parties( the Tramec*san an! Slamec*san# 8meanin% the 4hi%s an! the

Tries9( !i&&erin% nly in the hi%ht & the heels wrn "y their mem"ers#

At the "e%innin%( the plitical satire is "ase! n a parallelism "etween the

Lilliputians an! the en%lish# Later in the secn! "*( the wise an! 6ust rule & the

illuminate! *in% & Br"!ina% is meant t satiri?e "y cntrast#

The thir! "*( that & 'ulli+erKs tra+els t La%a! an! Laputa( re+eals anther

perspecti+e# The La%a! pliticians accept science as a means & carin% plitical e+ils#


6/22

$ONATHAN S4IT AND HIS @ANC A:ED,NOVEL

In 020( Swi&t starte! his literary career in Ln!n( where he wrte his &irst

plitical pamphlet( A Discurse n the :ntests an! Dissensins "etween the N"les

an! the :mmns in Athens an! Rme# There &llwe! in 02= A Tale & a Tu" an!

The Battle & the B*s( a series & +erses( reli%ius an! satirical writin%s whichculminate! in 02


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"tain sil* threa! &rm spi!ers( a uni+ersal artist wh has &i&ty men wr*in% t "tain

na*e! sheep an! pillws ut & mar"le stnes#

There is als a +ery m!ern science,&ictin theme that Swi&t en6ys when

'ulli+er +isits the ne3t cuntry( 'lu""!u"!ri"- the return in time#

.'ULLIVER)S TRAVELSJ A UTOPIAM

In the &urth "*( Swi&t ta*es us t the cuntry & the Huyhnhnms( the ratinal

hrses# is where 'ulli+er meets a Utpian cmmunity in which e+ery citi?en is his wn

lea!er# The hrses are le! "y reasn an! cmmn sense s that they ! nt nee! the

tra!itinal institutins & the army( plice( parliament( an! curt# They are i%nrant &

e3plitatin( & p+erty( an! wars# All these e+ils characteri?e the wrl! & the Cahs#

Incline! t &rien!ship an! "ene+lence( !ecency an! ci+ility( temperance an! in!ustry(

the hrses represent the Jper&ectin & natureJ# In ppsitin( men are &ilthy(

treacherus( spite&ul( an! nasty# Instea! & reasns( they are pssesse! "y %reat +ices#

ANTASTI: REALIS@

The precise an! !etaile! !escriptins %i+e the impressins & circumstantial

realism# Hwe+er( the realism & Swi&t &llws the line & &antastic realism s

master&ully culti+ate! "y Ra"elais :ntrary t De&e( Swi&t !i! nt ta*e int accunt the

realistic &acts & !aily li&e( "ut presente! the cmple3ity & e3istence in an alle%rical

&rm# His pictures reach the !epth & %eneral truth( puri&yin% them & their temprary

empirical elements# Amn% the meth!s he use! t create a &antastic impressin &

reality are the alternatin & !escriptin an! !ial%ue( the %ame &

mirrrs( an! the !i&&erent &rms & cntrast#

On a mre sphisticate! le+el( irny ta*es +arius &rms- that & "lame "y means

& praise( & para!3ical !e&ense( &allacius ar%umentatin( un!erstatement( cncessin(

par!y( &ar,&etche! metaphrs( an! e3ten!e! anal%ies#

SA@UEL RI:HARDSON- 4O@EN( LETTERS( TEARS AND I:TION

LITERARC :AREER

S# Richar!sn inau%urate! the n+el & sensi"ility in En%lish &ictin# He starte!

his literary career with Pamela( r Virtue Rewar!e!# In a Series & amiliar Letters &rm

a Beauti&ul( Cun% Damsel( t Her Parents#

A&ter the !eath her mistress( a%rees t stay in the ser+ice & the latterKs sn( @r#B# Pamela is "lithely ulna ware & the &act that her new master will attempt t ta*e

a!+anta%e & his psitin in r!er t se!uce her# Nt "e&re ln%( Pamela !isc+ers the

truth a"ut her master# The letters written t her parents "ecme a minute recr! & the

!esperate &i%ht she lea!s t *eep her +irtue unstaine!# Pamela remains &irm in spite &

@r# Bs prmises( threats( an! success&ul attempts t ma*e her a prisner# In a mment

& utter !espair( she e+en tries t cmmit suici!e# 4hen @r# B# Disc+ers her !iary( he

really &alls in l+e with the herine an! !eci!es t marry her#

Be&re Richar!snKs !eath in 0250( tw mre n+els &llwe!# One was :larissa(

r The Histry & a Cun% La!y#

The stry "e%ins with the cn&lict "etween :larissa an! her &amily cause! "y a

!isa%reement +er whm :larissa shul! marry# Althu%h her parents ha+e chsenSlmes( :larissa pre&ers t elpe with R"ert L+elace# She resists the a!+ances &

L+elace &r a ln%er peri! & time( "ut &inally( when the latter prmises t marry her(

she %i+es in# As he !es nt *eep his prmise( :larissa !ies & mral misery# L+elace

in turn is *ille! "y :larissaKs cusin( :lnel @r!en#


8/22

Sir :harles 'ran!isn 802G>9( Richar!snKs last n+el( is the stry & a %enerus

an! !e+te! %entleman( whse literary prtrait was suppse! t cunter,"alance the tw

ra*es & the pre+ius n+els#

The criticism & Richar!snKs cntempraries was e3tremely &a+ra"le#His &ame

remaine! cnstant in the century t cme# 4illiam Bla*e( $ane Austen( 4illiam

Ha??litt( 'er%e Elit( an! Henry $ames( amn% thers( penly cn&esse! that they%reatly en6ye! Richar!snKs n+els# Althu%h t!ay he is less rea!( the pinins & the

schlars are still &a+ra"le# r! @a!3 r! 80F( p# 59 less prn%raphically than Pamela r

:larissa Harlwe#Assciate! with rape an! mur!er( the e3plratin & ertic per+ersins ha+e

intereste! the rea!in% au!ience e+er since the "* was written( interest that seems t

ha+e culminate! with the serial Twin Pea*s( a m!ern parallel t Richar!snKs n+els#

LETTERS

Richar!sn "elie+e! that &ictin shul! maintain an air & pr"a"ility "y

reprtin% actins minutely an! circumstantially# These cn!itins cul! "e &ul&ille! "y

the epistlary techni;ue as a narrati+e techni;ue#

It is e+i!ent that the epistlary techni;ue &&ere! similar pssi"ilities &

in+esti%atin as thse which were %i+en in !rama "y the slil;uy an! in m!ern &ictin

"y the stream , & , cnsciusness techni;ue# Bein% intimate an! "6ecti+e( it permitte! a!irect cntact with the cnsciusness & the character an! it in+l+e! intrspectin in the

present !e+elpment & the actin#


9/22

$ANE AUSTEN

LITERARC :AREER

$ane Austen was "rn n Decem"er 05( 022G( at Ste+entn Hampshire( as the

se+enth chil! & a parish rectr# In 02F= she "e%an t write her &irst n+el( Sense an!Sensi"ility 8ri%inally entitle! Elinr an! @arianne9( which came t "e pu"lishe! nly

in 0100# Pri!e an! pre6u!ice &llwe! in 02F2 8its initial title was irst impressins(

pu"lishe! in 010>9( Nrthan%er A""ey in 02F2 8initial title Susan( pu"lishe!

psthumusly in 01029( @ans&iel! Par* written an! pu"lishe! in 02F2( Emma in 010G(

an! Persuasin in 0105# A&ter a !epressin%ly une+ent&ul li&e( she !ie! at the a%e & &rty#

She was cntent with a m!est li&e in which her creati+e acti+ities were *ept

secret e+en &rm her wn &amily# 4riters an! critics partially appreciate! an! partially

re6ecte! her wr*# 4alter Sctt was ne & the &irst a!mirers & her .!eli%ht&ul !ial%ue/

an! .!istin%uishe! characters/( while :harltte Brnte( @ar* Twain ( an! Ralph 4al!

Emersn "lame her &r mral narrwness( an! !ry passin#

In the


10/22

The lar%e %allery & wmen she prtraye! in her si3 n+els cnclu!es intr+ert(

passi+e( an! +iceless wmen such as anny ice8@ans&iel! Par*9 r Anne Allit

8Persuasin9# 4h pre&er % unntice! "ecause they are &ri%htene! "y sciety e3tr+ert

ener%etic wmen Q li*e @ary Bertram 8@ans&iel! Par*9 an! Emma 8Emma9 whse

!esire is t "e the center & attentin !eserte! wmen 8@arianne in Sense an!

sensi"ility9 se!uce! wmen 8 @aria @ans&iel! Par* an! Ly!ia in Pri!e an! pre6u!ice 9the l! mai! 8Anne Ellit9 the %rtes;ue( unculti+ate!( an! stupi! wman 8@rs# Bennett

in Pri!e an! pre6u!ice9# Althu%h they are &re;uently !cile an! sweet( !elicate an!

calm( these wmen ha+e an e3hausti"le ener%y whene+er they en%a%e in cn+ersatins(

% n imps( !ance at parties( r ri!e# At mments & %reat tensin( whene+er they &aint(

ha+e +ilent hea!aches( ner+us &e+ers( r hysterical ( we un!erstan! that "ehin! their

mas* & smilin% !lls they lea! a +ery a%itate! li&e#

4O@EN VS @EN

In ppsitin t the +arie! &emale characters( tw %rups & males appear clearly

!elineate!# One is represente! "y the &athers( usually ne%li%ent an! insensiti+e(tyrannical an! +ulnera"le li*e @r# Bennett# The thers are the l+ers an! r hus"an!s

li*e Darcy ni%htley#

The relatin "etween wmen an! their &athers( "rthers( an! hus"an!s

esta"lishes a clsely,*nit &amily we" with a +ery cmple3 !ynamic & its wn#

In Pri!e an! pre6u!ice( the intricate structure & &amily relatinship appears mst

pre%nant# It is the n+el & the Bennett &amily with it)s se+en mem"ers- the ne%li%ent

&ather( the +ul%ar an! unculti+ate! mther( an! the &i+e !au%hters- Eli?a"eth( $ane(

Ly!ia( itty an! @arry# @r# Bennett resents ha+in% marrie! a "eauti&ul "ut in&erir

wman an! islates himsel& &rm his &amily ta*in% re&u%e in the li"rary( where he &in!s

peace an! entertainment amn% his "*s# $ane Bennett is the "est per&rmer- "ein% a

!au%hter( sister( l+er( an! wi&e at the same time( she impresses the rea!er with her

penness an! can!r# Eli?a"eth is the mst instance!# She is intelli%ent enu%h t

un!erstan! that she was pre6u!ice! in cnsi!erin% Darcy pru! an! cntemptuus#

@ary( wh stan!s &r hllw pe!antry( is !me! t &ail in &alse accmplishments#

4O@EN)S EVOLUTION

The superirity in !elineatin% wmen is als t "e ntice! in the &act that they

are the nes wh e+l+e# :atherine @rlan!( Emma 4!huse( Elinr( an! @arianne

Dashw! un!er% a ln% re+lutinary prcess mar*e! "y their !esire t &i%ht a%ainst

their wn imper&ectin#The ri%rus e3aminatin & her e% is un!erta*en in chapter 05( when Emma

pain&ully !isc+ers the truth a"uth hersel&( is ;uintessential &r her e+lutin# Li*e

Eli?a"eth Bennett an! :atherine @rlan!( Emma is rea!y t learn the rules & li&e &rm

her wn mista*es( &rm her &amily an! &rm the peple arun!# She !isc+ers that she

cannt "e mista*en as ln% as she &llws a mral c!e an! !es nt i%nre true

sentiments#

DIALO'UE( IRONC( POINT O VIE4

$ane Austen)s style has "een attac*e! &r it)s l! &ashin tuch in the

presentatin & e3ternal !etails( &r its t minute sense & "ser+atin an! &r a certain!ryness & style# N ne can !eny( hwe+er( her mastery in han!lin% the !ial%ue( irny(

an! narratrial pint & +iew#


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Althu%h the !ial%ue is cncentrate!( it has a multiplicity & &unctins- it

!isclses the characters) real i!entity( impr+es the rea!er)s un!erstan!in% & their

psychl%y( animates an therwise rather static plt an! &&ers a humrus insi%ht#

$ane Austen cm"ines the internal apprach & Richar!sn with the e3ternal ne

& iel!in% happy slutin( which anticipates the re&lectin% cnsciusness #

This inn+atin( t%ether with all the ther chan%es she a"ut the n+el,writin%(renewe! the wrl! & &ictin an! prepare! the rea!ers &r the %reat chan%es that were t

cme#


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HENRC IELDIN' THE HCPO:RISIS O A 4RITER

LITERARC :AREER

Henry &iel!in% was "rn in 022 & wealthy Smersetshire &amily# E!ucate! at

Etn an! Ley!en( he came t Ln!n were he supprte! himsel& "y writin% cme!iesan! &arces# He starte! with a shrt par!y & Samuel Richar!sn)s Pamela( which he

entitle! An apl%y &r the li&e & @rs# Shamela An!rews 802=09# In ppsitin t the

writers an! critics wh praise! Richar!sn)s n+el( iel!in% &elt that the "eha+ir &

Pamela was !ictate! "y pru!ence rather than +irtue#

iel!in% create! a series & cmic inci!ents mc*in% at the ri!iculus %enerate!

"y hypcrisy( a theme that wul! als preccupy him in his ne3t n+els#

A year later( he e3ten!e! the par!y & Pamela int a ln%er n+el( The histry

& the a!+entures & $seph An!rews( an! & his &rien!( @r# A"raham A!ams( the &irst

;ui3tic n+el in En%lish literature#

In the pre&ace t $seph An!rews( iel!in% annunce! his intentin t create a

new &rmula &r the n+el which he calle! .a cmic epic pem in prse/#iel!in%)s aim was t imitate reality "y !escri"in% manners nt men( species nt

in!i+i!uals# The result was a cmic rmance which !ealt with the ri!iculus %enerate!

"y +anity an! hypcrisy( "ut als &&ere! a !etaile! ra!i%raphy & the cntemprary

epch# The "eha+ir( "elie&s( an! custms & En%lish sciety in the mi! 01 thcentury was

suppse! t entertain an! e!ucate the rea!ers & all cate%ries#

The wr*s that &llwe!( The histry & the li&e & the late @r# $nathan 4il! the

'reat 802=>9( The histry & Tm $nes( a &un!lin% 802=F9( an! Amelia 802G09(

esta"lishe! his reputatin as a %reat n+elist# The impressins & his last 6urney were

!escri"e! in a psthumus wr*( entitle! $urnal & a +ya%e t Lis"n 802GG9

THE 8HCPO9:RITI:AL PLOT

The &irst ele+en chapters & the n+el are a clse imitatin & Richar!sn)s plt#

They are "uilt arun! a similar pr"lem & mral ;uality- the preser+atin & chastity#

$seph An!rews( the "rther & Pamela( is persua!e! "y la!y B""y( wh wants t

se!uce him in r!er t marry him#

Besi!es peratin% an entertainin% re+ersal & the relatin manwman 8the &rmer

"ecmes the +ictim( while the latter is chan%e! int the +ictimi?er9( iel!in% trans&rms

$seph An!rews int an anti,rmance "y !isclsin% all the !an%ers an! ina!e;uacies &

a t *eenly culti+ate! rmantic attitu!e#

Althu%h $seph is the title her( the e+lutin & the stry is in n way!etermine! "y his !ecisin#

$seph)s psture & nn,her seems "rin% e+en t iel!in% himsel His tra+el is

nt merely a prete3t &r a!+enture "ut als a &rm & !isc+ery( & initiatin#

Bth in $seph An!rews an! Tm $nes( the tw n+els in which the central

ima%e is the ra!( the heres( li*e the rea!er himsel&( ha+e t *eep m+in% until they

reach a happy en!in% t their tri"ulatins#

There is als a switch &rm $seph An!rews t a much mre interestin%

character( Parsn A!ams# The latter is the &irst En%lish character wh imitates !n

ui3te at len%th# Li*e !n ui3te( Parsn A!ams is a "i?arre &i%ure( whse

eccentricity lies especially in his cmic aspect 8his clthes are s !irty an! ra%%e! that

he is mista*en &r a pi%,&armer9 an! unusual "eha+ir 8when he is happy he snaps his&in%ers( !ances( an! 6umps acrss the rm9# His a"sent,min!e!ness an! i%nrance &

the ways & the wrl! cmplicate his relatins with his &ellws#

The plt is nt what it preten!s t "e( "ut a intrinsic part & a prcess & "etrayin%

the rea!er#


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:HARA:TERS AND @ASS IN .TO@ $ONES/

The plt & T# $nes is much mre r%anic an! strai%ht &rwar! than that & $se

An!rews# It has &ten "een praise! "y critics as an e3ample & per&ect narrati+e

structure# All the characters wear mas*s# Tm)s whle li&e is !etermine! "y thehypcrisy & his &amily especially "y that & his mther#

Presente! t the rea!er as a &un!lin%( "ecause @iss Bri!%et re&uses t

ac*nwle!%e her sin( the stry & Tm $nes turns ut t "e in &act the stry & his

search &r i!entity#

The ei%hteen "*s & the n+el are !i+i!e! int three units# The &irst ne( ma!e

up the early si3 "*s( ta*es place in the cuntrysi!e( where Tm is "ru%ht up t%ether

with Bli&il#

The secn! part & the n+el 8"*s VII t II9 &llws the tri"ulatins & Tm

$nes an! his cmra!e( Partri!%e( !urin% their 6urney t Ln!n#

The thir! part & the n+el 8"*s III t VIII9 presents li&e in Ln!n( where

Sphia( !isappinte! "y the amrus a&&airs & Tm( hi!es at her sphisticate! cusin(La!y Bellastn# All a!+entures culminate with Tm)s lan!in% in prisn &r mur!er# He

is sa+e! "y the !isc+ery that he is the sn & @iss Bri!%et an! the nephew & s;uire

Allwrthy( !isc+ery which permits him t marry Sphia#

THE NOVEL O @ANNERS

.Amelia/ is the stry & a +irtuus la!y wh runs away &rm hme t marry

4illiam Bth( a yun% an! han!sme( "ut rather &lish captain# They li+e a li&e &ull &

renunciatins "ecause Amelia)s sister has &r%e! their mther)s testament# Bth is e+en

thrwn in prisn( where he meets @iss @atthews( whse charms spell him# In the

meantime( Amelia is pursue! &r her "eauty "y certain a!mirers# The cuple)s

mis&rtunes &inish when the !ishnesty & the sister is !isc+ere!# Amelia &r%i+es the

un&aith&ulness & her hus"an! an! the stry cnclu!es with a happy,en!#

On the ther han! .Amelia/ stan!s &r what is usually calle! a n+el & manners#

It represents a !elineatin & the main characteristics & the cntemprary sciety( an! &

the human types with which it is ppulate!( !escri"in% their custms( manners

cn+entins an! ha"its#

IELDIN')S INTELE:TUAL REALIS@

iel!in% !isli*e! "th De&e)s meth! & a reprter wh cnscientiusly cpie!

reality an! Richar!sn)s meth! & .writin% t the mment/( in which the main

characters %a+e lts & !etails t cn+ince the rea!er & the truth&ulness & their

e3psure# He pre&erre! the pint & +iew & the mniscient spectatr wh cmmente! n

e+erythin% with %reat &aculty & "ser+atin( with curisity( tlerance( an! sense &

humr#

Because his apprach t the wrl! is realistic an! "ecause his intelli%ent

cmments are suppse! t hi!e a lar%e e3perience & li&e( his meth! has "een terme!

.intellectual realism/#

THE DISE@PO4ERED AUTHOR LA4REN:E STERN

Laurence Sterne was "rn in 020> as the %reat,%ran!sn & an An%lican "ishp#

He stu!ie! at :am"ri!%e( t* r!ers( an! a&ter ha+in% marrie!( settle! at New Cr*# In

025 he pu"lishe! the &irst +lume & his n+el Tristram Shan!y#


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Tristram Shan!y is a n+el & such stunnin% cmple3ity that is has attracte! the

mst !i+erse pinins# 4hile it was critici?e! &r its "rin% structure( "aw!y tales( an!

lu!icrus !ial%ue( it was appreciate! &r its wit( satire( &un( paths( humanism( an!

wantnness#


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Uncle T"y( Tristram( Cric*( an! the rea!er himsel They are amia"le( "ene+lent(

%enerus( an! &ree & e+il r "a!ness & heart#

THE @ETHANOVEL

Since Tristram Shan!y is als a n+el a"ut the writin% & a n+el( it can "einclu!e! in the line & %reat metan+els such as A# 'i!e)s The cunter&eiters A#

Hu3ley)s Pint cunterpint D# Leassin%)s The %l!en nte"*( an! S# Bec*ett)s

@alne !ies# Sterne !eli%hts in ma*in% cntinuus re&erence t the way in which his

n+el is "ein% written#

Tristram Shan!y is( in &act( nthin% else "ut the cmplete an! respnsi"le

interpretatin & the wrl!( attempte! "y a writer & unusual wis!m an! eru!itin#

TOBIAS S@OLLETT- THE I@POSSIBLE 4ORLD O THE PI:AROONS

LITERARC :AREER

Brn in Sctlan! in 02


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17/22

the authr the n+el)s .principal en%ine/ is terrr# The authr als a!!s that there is

nthin% else unusual in the stry with the e3ceptin & the miraculus#

@# '# LE4IS AND THE DAR SIDES O LOVE

@# '# Lewis wrte the mst !arin%( the mst shc*in% an! the mst 'thic &.


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4ILLIA@ 4ORDS4ORTH 8022,01019

4# 4r!swrth with Samuel Taylr :leri!%e pu"lishe! in 02F1 +lume &

rmantic petry entitle! . Lyrical "alla!s/ which has t "e cnsi!ere! a theretical

apprach & rmantism in which the tw pets e3pse! the rmantic cree!# In thepre&ace t the .lyrical "alla!s/ 4# 4r!swrth claime! that the %reat su"6ect & his

petry where .the essential passins & the heart/#

The ri%inality & 4r!swrth petry lies in its "ein% cmplete respnse t the

pr"lems raise! "y the nature#

r 4r!swrth nature is the spiritual pwer# In 4r!swrth)s wrship &

nature lies his !eep sense & slitu!e# 4r!wrth is the pet & the muntains in which

he !e+urs slitu!e 8A# :# Bra!ley9#

@re that any ther rmantic pets 4r!swrth is a pet & cmmunity "ecause

many +erses & his are !eci!e! t the !escriptin an! praise & hme an! cuntry#

The pets !ctrine & nature is als cnsi!ere! with the ntins & chance an!

eternality# The "eauty pwer an! mystery & nature are the same car!inal ;ualities thatcharacteri?e the &ilin%s an! passins & man#

4# 4r!swrth is als utstan!in% &r his l+e & humanity which is passinate

an! intense an! this ccasine! him t write such pems as- .The i!it "y/( .The

Thrn/#

His petic creatin &alls int tw peri!s & time- The early peri! an! the peri!

& maturity 8the mi!!le peri! & creatin9 when he wrte the .Lyrical Balla!s/

In the early pems the main theme is nature arun! the la*es an! their

surrun!in%s# Re+isite! a&ter many years this place &ill the pets heart with melanchly

an! re%rets#

A pem & this peri! which was "th praise! n acclaime! an! critici?e! was

.An e+enin% 4al*/#

The lyrical "alla!s pene! the way &r rmantic petry in En%lan!# In this

cllectin the mst utstan!in% pems !e+elpe! 4r!swrth l+e & humanity#

The i!it "y was 4r!swrth &a+rite pem# The su"6ect is +ery simple an! it

seems unwrthy & petical treatment # Susanne 'ale is sic* an! n"!y is ne3t t her

&r help( her nei%h"r sen!s her i!it "y t &etch the !ctr "ut neither & them cmes#

4r!swrth insiste! & the "eauty & nature that cul! impress e+en the simplest

min!#

Anther i!ea that appeare! in the .Lyrical Balla!s/ in the secn! e!itin was the

pets "elie+e! that man# 4as almst ttally "ser+e! in nature in chil!h! an! l! a%e#

This i!ea appear in the pem .Be%%er# In this peri! he als wrte a cllectin &&i+e shrt pems calle! .The &ancy pems/#

They represente! the nly l+e petry that 4# 4r!swrth wrte# T wrte

+lumes & Pems which cntenmeal sme & the &inest lyrics in 4r!swrth petry

li*e- .The slitary reaper/( .@y heart leaps up when I "ehl!/( .cmpse! upn

4estminster "ri!%e/( .I wn!ere! lnely as a clu!/#

This cllectins als cntains sme snnets# The pem .@y heart leaps up when

I "ehl!/ e3pun!s the respnse & the rmantic pet t the elements & nature which

sterns the pet t me!itatin#

.:mpse! upn 4estminster "ri!%e/ presents an the man an! the human

"ein% wh lst the cntact t nature he !escri"es the ima%e & Ln!n as a part & nature

an! the i!ea is that Ln!n is inte%rate! r%anically in the nature#4r!swrth remains ne & the %reatest in&luences & m!ern En%lish Petry

ne & the %reatest literary artist that En%lan! has e+er ha!#


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SA@UEL TACLOR :OLERID'E

T%ether with 4r!swrth he pr!uce! the Lyrical "alla!s an! als t%ether

they le&t &rm 'ermany were they translate! the wr!s & the &amus 'erman pet

Schellin%#

In his pems as 4r!swrth he was attracte! t nature which he e3plre! withhi%h sensiti+ity an! !i&&erently &rm 4r!swrth he e3plite! the pwer & ima%inatin

with %reat pwer & e3pressin#

He wrte such cllectins as- .Pems n +arius su"6ects/( "ut the &ull &lwerin%

& his %enius came with .The rime & the ancient @ariner/( .u"la,han/ an!

.:hrista"el/#

The +lume .Pems n +arius su"6ects/ cntains >5 pems the s calle!

.Pems & &rien!ship/ "ecause it was ccasinate "y !i&&erent e+ents in the pets li&e

with re&erences t certain places an! peple# Sme & them were calle! "y :leri!%e

.:nser+atin pems/# This pems ha+e a peculiar petic e&&ect( it is &irst & all a

rmantic lyric in which the pet is a slitary spea*er in a particular lan!scape#

It m+es thru%h *in! & me!itatin an! than %es "ac* t the penin%!escriptin( "ut in a mre pwer&ul way# Amn% the mst imprtant are- .The Elian

harp/( .rst at mi!ni%ht/( .ears in slitu!e/( .The Ni%htin%ale/#

.rst at mi!ni%ht/ is :leri!%e)s masterpiece amn% the .cn+ersatin pems/#

The scheme & the pem is wr*e! ut in cncrete ima%es .cl!( silence( mnli%ht

utsi!e the ctta%e( the &ire in the rm#

Startin% &rm this elements the pet is le! "ac* t his chil!h! an! that t the

chil!h! & his sn an! &inally &rm the chil! :leri!%e t the mature pet#

The pet is an e3ample & the circuitus &rm#

The .The rime & the ancient @ariner/ is the mst &amus .art "alla!/ "ecause

the pet e3plite! the ppular "alla! in En%lish as a m!ern style#

Is a tale & crime an! punishment( it &alls int se+en sectins an! each sectin is

a new sta%e in the prcess#

In the &irst tale the @ariner %i+es his accunt & the +ya%e the ship is ta*en "y a

strm t the Suth ple an! su!!enly when they ere shippe! the Al"atrss cmes t

their ship which is recei+e! "y the crew with %reat 6y "ecause it is a "ir! & %! men

"ut the @ariner *ills the al"atrss an! this is an act which pr!uces !isaster t the ship#

A&ter the crime the punishment cmes( the mariner "e%ins t su&&er the whle

crew is trture! "y thirst an! they "e%in t ima%ine !eath#

4hen the mariners *ills the al"atrss he is sym"itically islate! &rm li&e he

turns t slitu!e "ut in the ther sectins & the pem the mariner "ecmes cnscius &

his ;uilt#Once he "ecmes cnscius & his %uilt he su&&ers much t%ether t the sailrs#

He is &inally sa+e! "y repentance#

Thus the pem is a myth & %uilt an! repentance# In the pem :leri!%e appeal

t the e3perience & !ream & the atmsphere & !ream an! this a rmantic element# He

is als attracte! t the supernatural t the sym"lism & nature an! t the wrl! &

mysteries)

The mysterius atmsphere & the pem is %i+en "y the literary !e+ius he uses

li*e- alliteratin( repetitins an! archaism#

u"la,*han was als entitle! .A +isin in a !ream . # the central ima%e & the

pem is a ri+er which lin*s the past t the &uture an! u"la hears the +ices & the past

pre!ictin% the &uture# Elements li*e the ma%ic( the !ream an! the mistery are present#The mst imprtant & :leri!%e)s cntra+entins lies in his thery & ima%inatin in the

pwer he %i+es t ima%inatin#


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Stan is Oara

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