ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY [ ARC 60203] PROJECT 2: REPORT ( GROUP & INDIVIDUAL )

STADIUM NEGARASource: Building Merdeka

TUTOR: MS. SITI BALKISH ROSLAN

GROUP MEMBERS: STUDENT ID:ZOE LOW LI MIEN 0319444YANG JING LOO 0323066YEW WING KEE 0323555YONG AI YI 0321977HOH JEAN MING 0322496

BAKHT JALAL KHAN 0326850

CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

2.1 Site Accessibility

2.2 Relationship of building to surroundings

2.3 Climate

3.0 ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT OF BUILDING

3.1 Concept of Stadium Negara

3.2 Entrance of Stadium Negara

3.3 Circulation of space

3.4 Organization Analysis

4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS

4.1 Metaphorical approach and expressionism

4.2 Machine Regionalism

4.3 Modernistic Features

4.4 Comparison of Stadium Negara with other buildings in the region

4.5 Architectural Style

4.6 Comparison: Stadium Negara VS Astrodome (Houston Taxes)

5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIAL ANALYSIS

5.1 Comparison: Similarities Or Differences Between Stadium Negara and Houston

Astrodome.

5.2 Similarities Between Stadium Negara and Astrodome

5.3 Differences Between Stadium Negara And Astrodome

6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

6.1 Roof

6.2 Comparison of roof structures

6.3 Entrances

6.4 The Arena

6.5 Columns

6.6 Windows

6.7 Seats

7.0 CONCLUSION

8.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Stadium Negara known as the National stadium was the first indoor and the 2nd stadium in

Malaysia. Located at Jalan Stadium, 50150 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur -

North East Kuala Lumpur. It was constructed from 25 September 1956 to 21 August 1957, the

day after Malaya became Malaysia. However due to the persistent leaks, in 1982 it is renovated

as to replace the roof with a dome. Currently in 2016, the stadium are still being refurbish to

maintain the significant elements and bring back the glory of the stadium. PNB Merdeka

Ventures is currently the owner of Stadium Negara.

In 1949, when Britain was hosting the Thomas Cup, Malaya along with Singapore won the

international badminton tournament against the Dutch by 8-1. By winning this competition, it

enables Malaysia to host the next Thomas Cup. Since this enthusiast the Malaysia, gaining

international recognition for its specialty in Badminton, a sports venue is needed to be built to

hold this competition.

The government hired Jewkes to design and built the stadiums such as Merdeka and Negara

themselves. Negara was built not only to host the Thomas cup but to function as concert halls,

exhibitions, conventions and sporting events. Designed as to accommodate over 10,000 people.

The stadium became one of Malaysia’s monumental buildings having the largest bicycle roof

that dedicates to Merdeka.

ARCHITECT

Stanley Edward Jewkes

Born on the 9th of October, 1913. He was an American architect as well as an engineer. He

studied Architecture in the UK in Northampton Institute and London Polytechnic, associated

with RIBA. He was the most influential architect in Malaya during the first decade of Malaysian

Independence. He was known to build Merdeka Park, Stadium Merdeka and Stadium Negara.

2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

YONG AI YI (0321977)

Stadium Negara is located at Jalan Stadium, Bukit Bintang, 50150 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah

Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur. It is very near to Kuala Lumpur which has only 2 km of distance.

Which is very convenient for user to access and also easily to be found. Moreover, it is very

near to stadium merdeka. It is located at the south-west side of Stadium Negara. The

coordinate of Stadium is 3°8 26″N 101°42 10″E. At the side of the building there are 80 parking ′ ′spaces for visitor to park their car. This building was built on a small hill.

(image 2.1 shows the location of Stadium Negara ) Google map

2.1 Site Accessibility

There are few methods to access Stadium Negara for example, by taxi ,private car, and LRT. Me

and my teammates visited Stadium Negara by taking LRT. We take from Kelana Jaya LRT

Station because it is more convenient for us to access. Then we stop at Pasar Seni which is the

nearest LRT station to Stadium Negara. After that , we have to walk to Stadium negara, which

required us to walk for approximately 18 minutes with a distance of 1.4 kilometers. The whole

journey took us one hour and 27 minutes to reach Stadium Negara.

(image 2.2.1 shows 2

differents route by car)

(image 2.2.2 shows the route by LRT)

2.2 Relationship of building to surroundings

Other than Stadium Negara, there are another two type of stadiums which is very near to

Stadium Negara which are Stadium Merdeka, located at the south-west side and Stadium Chin

Woo which placed at the west side. There are two type of school which can be found very near

to Stadium Negara which are Sjk (c) Jalan Davidson and Victoria Institution.Sjk (c) Jalan

Davidson is located at the north side while Victoria Institution was placed at the south side of

Stadium Negara. On the north-east side,there are two condominiums built next to each other

which are Casa Residency Condominium and Sri Emas Condominium.While In the north-east

side of Stadium Negara, where Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Kuala Lumpur can be found.

In these buildings there are similarities and also differences between Stadium Negara and other

buildings in term of architecture style, design and other purpose.

2.2.1 Stadium Merdeka

Stadium Merdeka is a famous building where located very near to Stadium Negara. It is one of

the historical and important building in Malaysia.Declaration of independence of the Federation

of Malaya on 31 August 1957 was held at Stadium Merdeka and it is also the first modern

building of the new nation. It was built before Stadium Negara. Both of the stadium held sports

event and also concerts.Moreover, both of the building was designed by the same architect,

Stanley Jewkes. In term or architecture style both of the building having a modernist style

design.

(2.2.1.1 image shows Stadium Merdeka)

2.2.2 Stadium Chin Woo

Stadium Chin Woo was open in 1953.it was built by Dato Y.T. Lee. The design of this building is

Art Deco which is different from Stadium Negara.Stadium Negara is more towards Brutalism

design. The architectural style of this building is modern which is same as Stadium Negara .The

main purpose of this stadium is for sport events which completed with sport facilities. The

capacity of this building is about 2000 users and below while Stadium Negara can fit in almost

10,000 people.

(2.2.2.1 image shows Stadium Chin Woo)

2.2.3 Victoria Institution

Among all the building that had mentioned, Victoria Institution is the oldest building where

located near to Stadium Negara.It was founded on 14th August 1893. Victoria Institution is a is

a secondary school and it is one of the oldest schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is also one of

the historical building. The school was named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and it

was established by the British.The architecture style of Victoria Institution is different from

Stadium Negara it is more towards Moorish Influence, Neoclassical and Neo-Gothic styles. Its

significant element that can found in this building is the clock tower.

(2.2.3.1 image shows Victoria Institution)

2.2.4 SJK(c) Jalan Davidson

SJK © Jalan Davidson is a primary chinese school.It was built in 1928 which is also a historical

building in Malaysia. It was the first chinese school in this country. It survived from japanese

occupation of Malaya. In this building, it was decorated with prominent pediment while

Stadium Negara main design decoration is the dome-like roof and centralized form. Despite the

short distance from the school to Stadium Negara there are few times where this school has

organized basketball competition at the Stadium.

(2.2.4.1 image shows SJK © Jalan Davidson)

2.2.5 Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Kuala Lumpur

It is Located on a hill opposite the defunct Pudu Prison. IPK Kuala Lumpur is the state police

headquarters for Wilayah Persekutuan KL and also Putrajaya. Comparing IPK Kuala Lumpur with

Stadium Negara, both of them are in the style of modern architecture but Stadium Negara is

more towards to Modernist Expressionist style. From the picture below,the architecture design

of IPK Kuala Lumpur is more emphasis on the lines. This building is quite near from Stadium

Negara. It is very convenient to call police to reinforce security whenever there are activities

held in Stadium Negara.

(2.2.5.1 image shows Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Kuala Lumpur )

2.3 Climate

Malaysia only has two type of seasons which is wet or dry.Wet seasons is mostly happening in

November to March. Rainy day can up to 20 days in a month.While the dry seasons mostly

happening in May to September. The driest month will be in the month of June.

(Graph above shows the average rainfall of Kuala Lumpur)

The changes of season will cause the rate of temperature. Mostly the temperature in Malaysia

remains constant at 28-32 degree celsius every year.

(Graph above shows the average temperature of Kuala Lumpur)

2.3.1 Climate Response

Different building has different way to cope with malaysian whether. As mentioned earlier,

Stadium Negara was built on a small hill which makes the building higher than other building

which means Stadium Negara will exposed more to sunlight. In order to solve this problem, the

architect decided to create more opening to the building. Other than that, the form of the

building allows more sunlight and wind to penetrate into the building.

(image 2.3.1.1 shows the sunpath) Google map

The picture below shows the opening which improve the ventilation of the building which let

the hot air flows out through the opening and also let cool breeze flows in. Other than that, the

dome structure was added later on due to the rainy and hot weather of Malaysia so that users

are protected from rain dropping down and direct sunlight shines into the building. Moreover,

when there are hot air trapped in the building it will rise up and concentrate in the middle and

flows out from the tip of the

roof.

(image 2.3.1.2 shows the openings of the building)

3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING HOH JEAN MING (0322496)

3.1 Concept of Stadium Negara

Stadium negara is located at the city of Kuala Lumpur. Stadium Negara is known as an indoor

stadium that could accommodate up to 10,000 people. This structure is used for multiple

purposes such as sports, indoor concerts and gathering etc. This structure was designed based

on the concept of a concentric circle with the impression of an earthen bowl with geometric

elements forming the exterior of the structure.

Figure 3.1.1 Plan of Stadium Negara Figure 3.1.2, 3.1.3 Exterior of Stadium Negara

Based on the floor plan, the structure is based on a radial form which centralised the arena

surrounding by up to 10,000 seats. The radial form of the structure is practical as it achieved

the intention of creating a visual balance where all users could have a clear vision of the arena

by increasing the height of the seating from high to low.

The exterior of Stadium Negara has a combination of geometric elements to create an

interesting visual experience for the user. And also the intention of achieving a modern

architectural style by using various geometric elements such as triangles and rectangles.

3. 2 Entrance of Stadium Negara

Diagram 3.2.1

- Main Entrance - Backstage Entrance

- Arena Entrance

There are mainly 3 types of entrances for stadium Negara and one located at the south is the

main entrance whereas the one located at the north is located at the north side where has

more sense of privacy. There are 3 entrances into the arena from 3 different directions to

provide better circulation in the stadium. The main entrance is used for audiences to enter the

arena for concerts or sports events. Whereas the 3 arena entrances are open to allow a better

flow of circulation to avoid any difficulties to enter or exit the stadium. The backstage entrance

is usually used for VIP and staff, the backstage entrance provide a more convenient access to

the stadium and also provide a better sense of privacy.

3.3 Circulation of space

Diagram 3.3.1

The structure is constructed in a circular method where the circulation of space is centralized

from each entrances leading toward the center, which is the field or stage. Depending on the

events, the seats that are located closer to the center has more advantage as it has better view

and also user can experience natural sunlight from the roof. The entrance on the south is

mainly for public use whereas the entrance on the north side will lead them to the stage/field

therefore it is a private section. Various entrances to the stadium and the circulation of the

space has the advantage of having a better flow of circulation.

3.4 Organization Analysis

Balance and Symmetry

Diagram 3.4.1

Balance and symmetry are found in the structure as it is designed in a circular method and each

sides of the structure are the same size, leading toward the center point of the structure. The

design intention is to allow users to have a better view from different sides of the structure.

Repetition

Diagram 3.4.2

Repetition of circles could also be found in the structure, leading towards to center point. From

the outside which is the structure itself to the middle row seat, and to the front row seat and

lastly to the field or stage. The hierarchy of the structure gives better advantage to the user to

have a better view from higher ground all the way towards the lower ground.

4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS

ZOE LOW LI MIEN (0319444)

The stadium has a Modernistic Expressionist style. Jewkes adopted it in order to represent

Malaysia as a new nation through their sportsmanship. Back before Independence, when the

Thomas Cup was held in Britain in 1949, Malaya known as Malaysian back then won the

international competition. While winning this event, it has enabled the country to host the next

Thomas Cup. This enthusiast the Malaysians, which they decided to construct an arena to held

this event as an opportunity to boost their developing country. Malaysia intended to break

away from the British colony, which this specific sports building was constructed to become a

national symbol of decolonisation.

In order to express their independence, it uses strong symbolism and boldness to create an

image for Malaysia. By symbolism it uses a bicycle wheel to present it as a sports arena. The

arena creates the national identity due to Malaysia’s specialty on badminton. It was

transforming the building as a grand in scale as to represent it as a monument.

4.1 Metaphorical approach and expressionism

Diagram 4.1.1 Bicycle Wheel transformed as an abstractive design which its outlines were used for the

plan

Image 4.1.2 Perspective Drawing of Stadium Negara showing the bicycle wheel design

[Source; Building Merdeka]

Jewkes takes the bicycle wheel as a symbol for the stadium’s design. Creating a circular design

for the stadium for ventilation purposes as to oscillate wind like a bicycle wheel moving and

rotating. It was used to define the building as a sports arena, making it bold as to signify

Malaysia’s specialty in sports like Badminton. This makes the stadium very significant especially

as making the country to be more dominant due to this building.

Image 4.1.3 Murals designed by Yee Chin Ming [top] and Phoon Poh Hong [bottom] (Source: Building

Merdeka)

Besides using a symbol of a bicycle wheel, in a cultural aspect, to portray the Malaysia the

architect implements murals in the stadium. It uses the theme of a Malay folklore to represent

the Malay culture. The murals are designed this way consisting of colourful human figures of a

Malay band and a group of ronggeng girls. Displaying the bright and cheerfulness of the

country in a form of a celebration showing the Malaysian people as kind and opened.

4.2 Machine Regionalism

Like Le Corbusier, the architect goes for a machine approach. Although modernism can be

applicable in the west but for Malaysia’s hot and humid climate is different as it affects the

modernist principles. Rather than to simply design it due to climate as fact, Jewkes focuses on

providing ventilation for the building to address the warm climate. Using newer construction

methods and materials to make natural ventilation using the wind to cool down the interior so

does the usage of light.

Triangular Egg Crate Recessed Windows

Image 4.2.1 Triangular Egg Crate Recessed Windows above [left, photographed] and

Image 4.2.2 Interior of the building [Right, Source: Building Merdeka]

The windows are designed geometrically to make use of light from the sun to brighten up the

interior.

Repetitive Vertical Louvres

Image 4.2.3 Southern side of the building [Source; Building Merdeka]

They are repeatedly constructed to provide shade for the building as to cool the interior down.

Concave Roof

Image 4.2.4 A flat concave roof

Suspended in order to discharge the rain water when poured.

4.3 Modernistic Features

Modernistic aspect of this stadium focuses more onto the new materiality implemented upon

the building.

Reinforced Concrete Ring;

Image 4.3.1 Construction of Stadium Negara [left, Source: Building Merdeka] and

Image 4.3.2 The Concrete Ring [Right]

Reinforced Concrete Ring is constructed to enable air ventilation to flow through around the

spaces internally.

Horizontal Array of Windows

Image 4.3.3 Source; Building Merdeka

The design focuses more on the elevation and horizontal aspects of the building. Beautifying it

as well as providing ventilation.

4.4 COMPARISON OF STADIUM NEGARA WITH OTHER BUILDINGS IN THE REGION

BAKHT JALAL KHAN (0326850)

4.5 Architectural Style

Following the independence of Malaysia in 1957, the nation has struggled in finding its own

identity, in it’s strive towards becoming an advanced nation.

For long, the region has been subject to foreign rule of various identities. The latest of which

being the British rule, that lasted for over a century. Unrest in this region and other reasons also

encouraged immigration, people of many different religion and cultures ended up living

together.

As a result, after the independence, the nation had no real identity. However being an Islamic

state and under Muslim rule, the need to accommodate the various other cultures was realized

in order to obtain unity.

Malaysian leaders of the past choose a modernist approach for the future. Mahathir, the ex.

prime minister of Malaysia wanted the people of Malaysia to move out of the fields and into

office jobs. In other words, it was decided that Malaysia was to become a modern nation but

with roots from Islam.

This theology can be seen in the architecture of the national iconic buildings and is also visible

in the design for the National stadium Negara.

- An example being the PETRONAS twin towers:

- Another being the KLIA :

- Wisma Lee tower:

Compared to other buildings in the region built with the same theology, there are many striking

similarities.

Alike other building, influences from Le Corbusier’s Brutalist architecture are used in different

parts of the design. These characteristics include the use of natural ventilation, which in the

case of stadium Negara is achieved by louvers and open spaces in the top components of the

building. “Egg crate” windows serve the same purpose in the lower walls. Furthermore, the idea

of exposed concrete construction is also adopted as can be seen with the seating on the

terrace.

The architects adopted the International style of building design with the use of visible steel

frames which support laminated glass panels. Such can be seen in many newly constructed

mega structures all around the country.

Finally, a trait common amongst the many designs, is the use of Islamic shapes and patterns on

the exterior of the buildings. In the case of Stadium Negara, the architect has made use of the

Islamic Star, repetitive circles and even murals depicting cultures of Malaysia.

Although Stadium Negara shares many similarities with other buildings in the region, it is a

stadium and thus falls in a different category. The building has a horizontal elevation. It is

circular in design with a dome atop its walls. Unlike the commercial buildings which rise

vertically and are generally shaped like cubes or cuboids.

Comparing Stadium Negara with other stadiums in Malaysia, with those built near that time,

the stadium Merdaka. The main difference lies in the shape of the design as Stadium Negara is

circular while the other is an oval.

- Stadium

Merdeka: -

Stadium

Negara:

However other modern circular stadiums have also been constructed later that are hard to

distinguish in terms of design properties.

4.6 Comparison: Stadium Negara VS Astrodome (Houston Taxes)

The Astrodome, located in Houston Taxes, USA, was the world’s first domed stadium that was

built in the early 1960’s. Initially known as “Harrison County Domed Stadium”, it was later

changed to “The Astrodome” once it started to home the Major League baseball team, The

Houston Astros.

Perhaps the best reason to compare Stadium Negara with this building is the fact that they

serve the same theology. Yes both buildings lay in the opposite ends of the world, but both

were designed as a symbol of the future. Both these buildings were an intent, as the step away

from the past.

Expanding on the similarities, both buildings share the same circular design and to a great

extend, the same construction technique.

Steel unites are interlocked in the desired shape to form space frames. These space frames

support the structure of the stadium.

However there are some differences between the characteristics of the two buildings.

Firstly, in comparison with Stadium Negara, The Astrodome housed baseball games and light

was a major requirement for the maintenance of the game pitch. Thus the Astrodome featured

a glass paneled roof. This allowed sunlight to penetrate the building. These panels could also be

used as windows, allowing a pathway for air, taking care of ventilation.

- Roof of the Astrodome:

In the case of Stadium Negara, the stadium covered a hard

turf. There was no need for heavy glass panel roofing to

serve the game pitch, and thus other, simpler means of

sunlight exposure were used.

The roof linings are paneled with light weight PVC. The clerestory on the lower circumference

of the building allows sufficient light inside.

- Roof of Stadium Negara:

The use of clerestory also helps Stadium Negara in that it provides a mode of natural ventilation

and a cool interior. Unlike the case with the Astrodome, which used massive air conditioners to

do the same job.

5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIAL ANALYSIS

YEW WING KEE (0323555)

Stadium negara was built on 1960 and opened on 19 April 1962 and was renovated on 1982. It

cost RM34 million to built stadium negara. It was built by the architect Stanley Edward Jewkes

and by the contractor Mr M.D Canavan, Encik Koon Yew Yin and Encik S. Makendra. Stadium

negara was opened by the third Yang Di Pertuan Agong. The late Tuanku Syed Putra, of Perlis,

making stadium negara the first indoor stadium in Malaysia.

The most attracting feature of Stadium Negara is the dome shaped rooftop. It is covered with

corrugated plastic sheeting over the ceiling that made of the hardboard. The whole roof was

very light, this is to solved the aerodynamic movement.

However, the outer layer of the rooftop and the inner of roof were supported by tensile steel

wires and steel wires. The outer wire and inner wire are actually connected which provided

rigidity to the two wire level and illuminated

the central arena with a clerestory section.

The rooftop of stadium negara is the circular

suspended roof. The material used to built

the rooftop is corrugated plastic which is

used to covered the surface of the roof, and

the ceiling is built by hardboard, and using

pvc to reduced maintenance cost, the

material used on the roof help to reduce the

weight of the rooftop.

The main promenade was roofed with a light

reinforced concrete folded shell which was

hinged to the center building and supported by

the columns placed at the exterior wall.

In 1985, a dome roof was designed and added on

the building. This is to protect visitor from

rainy weather or water leakage caused by the flat roof design. Mr. Stanley Edward have

designed the space with minimal interior support and with sound proof to avoid disturbance to

the other citizen.

The clerestory near the perimeter of the stadium allowed air to flow in and provide citizen that

are in the stadium a refreshing and comfortable place to watched sports games indoor.

The seats in stadium negara is concrete made and is unplastered, and there are some narrow

slit on concrete terrace.( in red circle) these slit allowed air to passed through eery seats in the

stadium.

Different type of floor

tiles have used in the

stadium. Most of the

tiles is square shaped

pattern.

Dome roof structure using space framed structure. The dome rooftop of stadium negara is

saucer dome roof. Saucer dome roof is also named as segmental dome, or calottes. Saucer

dome is a dome that are less than half a circle. This is because to reduced the portion of dome

in tension. Saucer dome are strong but it also will increased radial thrust. Many of the other

building have used this type of dome rooftop.

Masonry saucer dome is entirely with compression. They can be built much more thinner than

other dome roof. And compared of stability, saucer dome have not much differences than the

other dome roof. The proportion of the roof top have reduced and it has increased horizontal

thrust on abutments. The decreasing weight and number of material constructing the rooftop

can be more economical compared to the others.

5.1 Comparison: Similarities Or Differences Between Stadium Negara and Houston

Astrodome.

Astrodome is a multipurpose hall with a dome shaped rooftop and is the first and biggest

stadium in the world which located in Houston, Texas. Astrodome begin construction on

January 3,1962 and opened on April 1965. It has been renovated on the year of 1981 to 1989.

And it was closed on 2008. This construction had cost 35 million dollar. Architect who involved

in this construction is Hermon Lloyd and W.B. Morgan Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson

Praeger. This construction is also helped by Walter P Moore who is the structural engineer.

Astrodome is known as the biggest indoor stadium made by man. Astrodome intention is to

solve the climate problem in Texas , which is always hot or warm weather in Texas. Before the

astrodome was built. Citizen need to watch sports games under very hot and humidity weather

and mosquitoes biting which made interruption to citizen that wanted to enjoy the games. And

if rained, the games have no choice but to paused it. Astrodome was built as a protection for

the citizen to watch sports games without interruption. But unfortunately, Astrodome had

closed down in 2008.

5.2 Similarities Between Stadium Negara and Astrodome

5.3 Differences Between Stadium Negara And Astrodome

6.0

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

YANG JING LOO (0323066)

Stadium Negara was the first indoor stadium in Malaysia, designed by architect Sir Stanley

Edward Jewkes. Located in North East Kuala Lumpur. It had been refurbished for several times

especially the roof, to restore, preserve and conserve the significant elements and structures of

the building. The architect used various architectural elements and components to enhance the

user experience on every spaces. By visiting the stadium and further analysis, we able to

understand the whole function of the spaces with its elements.

6.1 Roof

The roof of Stadium Negara was constructed with reinforced concrete ring to support the steel

bicycle wheel roof in the 1962. Compare to Stadium Merdeka and Stadium Chin Woo, Stadium

Negara's roof look aesthetically grand and it is considered the most popular "bicycle steel roof"

in Southeast Asia. Due to leakage problem, the roof was replaced by a new imposing dome roof

which gives the stadium a new expression. Besides that it also benefits the interior where it

provides sufficient shading.

Image 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 Structure of dome roof

Image 6.1.3 Tubular columns

Diagram 6.1.4 Dispersion of transverse loads

Transferring weights of ceiling towards walls to the ground. The main material used was with a

light reinforced concrete and hinged to building. The tubular columns placed around the

stadium are used to support the weight of the stadium and transfer the load to the ground

which prevents building to collapse. Material used were steel column which are durable and

sustainable for outdoor usage.

6.2 Comparison of roof structures

Astrodome’s roof constructed using sheet glass creating a huge glass dome roof with the

purpose of skylights and sheltering from interior. As the use of transparency glass are an

advantage for the space inside; the ground was fully covered with grass which is essential for

plants to absorb

natural light. The space

were used for

baseball and

any outdoor

activities.

Image 6.2.1 Astrodome roof structure

Stadium Negara’s roof was constructed with sheets of PVC covered over the dome for non-

costly maintenance and lightweight structure. As for the light penetration was through the

clerestory,

which the the highest

windows

located below

the roof.

Image 6.2.2 Stadium Negara roof structures

6.3 Entrances

Sliding doors and overhead windows on the North West entrance of building are made of

tempered glass. It allows greater penetration of sunlight to transmit into the entrance hall.

Lighted space usually giving user a

sense of welcoming and

harmonize atmosphere.

Image 6.3.1 Front entrances

Tempered glass are also known as safety glass where it is durable on chemical resistance, bullet

resistance and so on. In short the advantage of placing tempered glass on entrance is for safety

purposes. Overhead windows above the doors are for air ventilation and rain resistance. It is

adjustable.

Diagram 6.3.2 Light penetrates in space and Diagram 6.3.3 hierarchy of space

The corridor between entrance hall and the arena had lower ceiling compare to the other

spaces as it is designed for visitors to have a sense of curiosity passing through a space to the

other. Two different spaces are connected along with the narrow hallway to indicate as a sign

of transferring to the other spaces. Showing the hierarchy or the focal point of space. In the

diagram, shows the narrow hallway to the central core of the building which is the arena.

6.4 The Arena

The windows known as clerestory are designed and functioned similar as the entrance hall.

Installed on surroundings to improve the air ventilation in the Arena as the area of space is

greater. As well as preventing the space from air pollution, these opening can be adjusted

according to each situations. Besides that, it also give user experience to view exterior activities

from the indoor. Light able to penetrates into the building during sunrise and sunset which

allow user to experience the ambience according to the temperature.

Image 6.4.1 Clerestory surround the arena

Boxes in red highlighted the figure of clerestory surrounding the arena. Locate above the seats

and below the ceilings. Suitable placement for the circulation of wind, light and temperature.

6.5 Columns

Solid timber columns supporting the roof, ceilings and beams surrounding the arena. These

columns act as structural support and also for aesthetic purpose. The design was in rectangular

prism rather than typical cylinder columns as it was created along with the building massing. As

well as prevent the restriction of light penetration and air ventilation to the space, increase the

sense of secure, being protected indoor.

Image 6.5.1 Interior column Image 6.5.2 Exterior column

INTERIOR COLUMN

Cylindrical column were located after the entrance hall where the circular element above the

column has hidden lighting in it creates a different atmospheric experience when entering the

Arena; space of importance. Besides that the rectangular column were located beside the

staircase, act as a ceiling supporter where it gives user a guidance to enter from a space to

another. Creating a hierarchy in space.

Diagram 6.5.3 Cylindrical

column Diagram 6.5.4 Rectangular column

6.6 Windows

International style modernist designed windows with visual emphasis on horizontal and vertical

lines, as well as the arrangement of forms. Inspired by Islamic geometrical patterns and motifs

applied in Stadium Negara architectural style. Openings are covered with glass in private areas

while in public areas does not covered completely. Windows arranged in angled form, benifit

spaces with greater ventilation and light penetration. The triangular angled opening (egg crate)

in image 6.6.2 are basically for the allowance of air ventilation and below it are rectangular

windows which is facing towards the garden view rather than the busy streets beside the

building; have a limitation towards the views.

Image 6.6.1 Windows in grid form

Image 6.6.2 Angled windows

Image 6.6.3 Entrance Hall clerestory Image 6.6.4 Clerestory in Arena

Diagram 6.6.5 Types of openings used in Stadium Negara

6.7 Seats

Seating is divided into upper and lower areas.

Seats made from concrete are located on the

upper tier. There are small openings on the

vertical surfaces of the seats which allow

sufficient air ventilation. Seats are inspired by

the form of staircase, allow back resting when

user sit on one of the surfaces.

Image 6.7.1 Upper tier seats

Towards the stage, seats consist layered concrete overlapped with wooden floor tiles as

finishing. These seats able to get better views of the center core rather than from the upper tier

as it costs more and allow comfort seating. Layering of seats able to provide users to experience

different scenes from different

perspectives.

Image 6.7.2 Seating arrangements

7.0 CONCLUSION

Overall, the design of Stadium Negara focuses on a vernacular and a contextual approach. What

makes this building significant in the history of Malaysian Architecture is that it’s known to

address the humid climate using newer materials during its independence period to construct a

cantilevered concrete ring. An innovative construction method that makes the building

appealing to represent Malaysia in a field of sports symbolically and culturally. Making the one

of the known stadiums for its large interior, full usage of natural ventilation such as light and

wind. A bold expressive building.

8.0 REFERENCES

Site Context Analysis

1.Stadium Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from

https://www.facebook.com/pages/Stadium-Negara/110746238976781

2.Olimpik, M. (1970). Reliving the past with Merdeka Stadium. Retrieved November 27, 2016,

from http://thesportsmuseum.blogspot.my/2009/09/reliving-past-with-merdeka-stadium.html

3.Stadium Negara, Kuala Lumpur. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from

http://www.asianarchitecture.info/Building/193/Stadium-Negara.php

4.Victoria Institution(n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from http://smkvictoria.edu.my/

5.UNESCO Office in Bangkok: Stadium Merdeka. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from

http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/heritage/wh/heritageawards/previous/2008/award-

winners/2008ex2/

6.Chin Woo(n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from

http://www.chinwoo.org.my/cn/home.php

7.Planet, L. (n.d.). Chin Woo Stadium - Lonely Planet. Retrieved November 27, 2016, from

https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/kuala-lumpur/activities/water-sports/chin-woo-

stadium

8. S.J.K.(C) Jalan Davidson. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from

http://www1.davidson.edu.my/

9.Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur Monthly Climate Average, Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved November

27, 2016, from https://www.worldweatheronline.com/kuala-lumpur-weather-averages/kuala-

lumpur/my.aspx

Architectural layout of building

1. Stadium Negara, Kuala Lumpur. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from

http://www.asianarchitecture.info/Building/193/Stadium-Negara.php

2. Olimpik, M. (1970). Reliving the past with Merdeka Stadium. Retrieved November 27, 2016,

from http://thesportsmuseum.blogspot.my/2009/09/reliving-past-with-merdeka-stadium.html

3. (2016). Retrieved 28 November 2016, from Astrodome - history, photos and more of the

Houston Astros former ballpark. (2016). Ballparks of Baseball - Your Guide to Major League

Baseball Stadiums. Retrieved 28 November 2016, from

http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/ballparks/astrodome/

Architecture style analysis

1. Modernism – Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2016 from

https://www.architecture.com/Explore/ArchitecturalStyles/Modernism.aspx

2. Chen, V.F. (1998). The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Architecture. Archipelago Press.

3. Lai, C.K. (2007). Building Merdeka Independence Architecture Kuala Lumpur, 1957-1966.

Petronas

4. Konemann. (1996). The Story of Architecture From Antiquity to the Present. Imago Publishing

Ltd., Thame

5. Mohamad, T.M.R. (2005) Malaysian Architecture Crisis Within. Utusan Publications &

Distributors.

6. Khan, H.U. (2001). International Style Modernist Architecture from 1925 to 1965. Taschen.

7. Chan Chee Yoong. (1987). Post Merdeka Architecture Malaysia 1957-1987. PAM

Comparison of buildings

1. Stadium Negara, Retrieved 25 November 2016, From

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Negara

2. Documentation of Stadium Negara, Retrieved 25 November 2016, From

http://www.slideshare.net/kyenmin/documentation-of-stadium-negara

3. Stadium Negara Trip, Retrieved 12th November 2016, From

https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/Attraction_Review-g298570-d10250624-Reviews-

Stadium_Negara-Kuala_Lumpur_Wilayah_Persekutuan.html

4. Stadium Negara, Malaysia Convention and Exhibition Bureau, Retrieved 12th November 2016

From http://venue.myceb.com.my/venue/stadium-negara

5. How to get to Stadium Negara, Retrieved 12th November 2016, From

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxn9F9NF4Os

6. Megastructures Twin Towers, Retrieved 01 November 2016, From

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UP4KJrpZHAU&t=1874s

7. Astrodome, Retrieved 12th November 2016, From

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrodome

8. Astrodome, Retrieved 12th November 2016, From

http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/ballparks/astrodome/

Building construction, structure & materials analysis

1.Stadium Negara (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia): Top Tips Before You Go - TripAdvisor. (2016).

Tripadvisor.com.my. Retrieved 28 November 2016, from

https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/Attraction_Review-g298570-d10250624-Reviews-

Stadium_Negara-Kuala_Lumpur_Wilayah_Persekutuan.html

2. Astrodome - history, photos and more of the Houston Astros former ballpark. (2016).

Ballparks of Baseball - Your Guide to Major League Baseball Stadiums. Retrieved 28 November

2016, from http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/ballparks/astrodome/

3. Astrodome - history, photos and more of the Houston Astros former ballpark. (2016).

Ballparks of Baseball - Your Guide to Major League Baseball Stadiums. Retrieved 28 November

2016, from http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/ballparks/astrodome/

Architectural elements/component analysis

1. Stadium Negara | Venue Directory. (2016). Venue.myceb.com.my. Retrieved 28 November

2016, from http://venue.myceb.com.my/venue/stadium-negara#verticalTab6

2. Stadium Negara | Wikiwand. (2016). Wikiwand. Retrieved 29 November 2016, from

http://www.wikiwand.com/ms/Stadium_Negara