1

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - I

BO- 7115 PAPER - I

DIVERSITY OF VIRUSES, MYCOPLASMA, BACTERIA AND FUNGI (60 Hrs)

Unit I Five kingdom, Eight kingdom classification and Three domains of 02 hrs

living organisms.

Unit -II Viruses – general characters, nomenclature, classification; 08 hrs

morphology, structure, transmission and replication. Purification of

plant viruses.

Symptoms of viral diseases in plants

Unit-III

Mycoplasma – General characters , classification ,ultrastructure 05 hrs

and reproduction.

Brief account of mycoplasmal diseases of plants- Little leaf of Brinjal.

Unit -IV Bacteria –Forms, distribution and classification according to 12 hrs

Bergy’s System, Classification based on DNA-DNA

hybridization, 16s rRNA sequencing;

Nutritional types: Autotrophic, heterotrophic,

photosynthetic,chemosynthetic,saprophytic,parasitic and

symbiotic ; A brief account on methonogenic bacteria ;

Brief account of Actinomycetes and their importance in soil and

medical microbiology.

Unit – V Fungi 20 hrs

General characteristics, Classification (Ainsworth 1973,

McLaughlin 2001), structure and reproduction.

Salient features of Myxomycota, Mastigomycotina,

Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and

Deuteromycotina and their classificafion upto class level.

Unit - VI Brief account of fungal heterothallism, sex hormones and 09 hrs

Parasexual cycle.

Brief account of mycorrhizae,lichens, fungal symbionts

in insects, fungi as biocontrol agents ( Trichoderma and

nematophagous).

Unit – VII Isolation, purification and culturing of microorganisms

(bacteria and fungi).

04 hrs

2

PRACTICALS: Micrometry.

Haemocytometer.

Activity/PIA

Isolation, culture and staining techniques of Bacteria and Fungi.

Type study: Stemonites, Synchytrium, Saprolegnia, Albugo,

Phytophthora, Mucor/Rhizopus , Erysiphe, Aspergillus, Chaetomium,

Pencillium, Morchella, Hamileia, Ustilago Lycoperdon, Cyathes,

Dictyophora, Polyporus, Trichoderma, Curvularia, Alternaria,

Drechslera and Pestalotia. Study of few bacterial, viral, mycoplasmal diseases in plants (based

on availability). Project work related to above topics

REFERENCES

• Alexopoulus, C.J. and Mims, C.W (1990) Introductory Mycology,

5th

edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

• Aneja, K.R. (1993) Experiments in Microbiology, plant pathology

and tissue culture, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi. • Burnet, F.M. and Stanely, W.M. (1970) Biochemical biological and

biophysical properties Vol-I general virology 3rd

edition Academic

Press, NY, London. • Conrat, F.H.; Kimball, P.C. and Jay, L. (1988) Virology prentice

Hall, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey. • Kodo, C.I. and Agarwal, H.O. (1972) Principles and

techniques in Plant Virology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold company, NY. Pelczar, M.J. (Jr.) Cjan, E.C.S. and Kreig, N.R. (1988)

Microbiology, 5th

edition McGraw Hall book company, Singapore. • Prescott, M.L., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (1990) Microbiology

Wm C Brown publisher's, USA. • Schlegel, H.G. (1993) General Microbiology, 7

th edition Cambridge

University Press Cambridge, UK. • Stanier, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L.; Wheelis, M.L. and Painter,

P.R.(1992) General Microbiology, Mac Millan Ltd., NY.

• Wistreich, G.A., and Lechtman, M.D. (1988) Microbiology, 5th

edition, Mac. Millan publishing company, NY

• Hudson, Fungal biology. • Mehrotra R.S. and Aneja K.R.(1990)An introduction to Mycology.

New Age International Publications.

• Webster. J.(1980) Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge Univ.

3

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

M. Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - I

BO - 7215 PAPER II

DIVERSITY OF ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES

(60 hrs)

Unit I

ALGAE (30 hrs)

A comparative study of important traditional and modern 05 hrs

systems of algal classification; criteria of classification.

Diversity of algal habitats; a general account of the ecology of

fresh water and marine algae. Epiphytic, Endophytic and

Parasitic algae.

Unit II A comparative study of the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic 03 hrs

Unit III

algal cells; Pigments in algae and their significance.

Thallus organisation in algae with reference to different groups 09 hrs

(Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae, Bacillariophyceae.

Xanthophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae).

Unit IV Reproduction in algae; vegetative, asexual and sexual reproductive 09 hrs

structures; Patterns of life cycles in algae; phylogenetic relationships of

algae.

Unit V Economic importance of algae; algal bloom, algal toxins, and 04 hrs

extracellular products.

PRACTICALS

Type study of representative species of the following : 1. Cyanophyceae : Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Rivularia,

Gloeotrichia, Nostoc,Stigonema

2. Chlorophyceae : Scenedesmus, Zygnema, Oedogonium,

Desmids, Cladophora, Draparnadiopsis. Coleochaete,

Bulbochaete, Neomeris, Ulva, Enteromorpha, Codium,

Helimeda, Caulerpa.

3. Charophyceae : Chara/Nitella

4. Xanthophyceae : Vaucheria/ Botrydium.

5. Bacillariophyceae : Pennate diatoms.

6. Phaeophyceae : Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Sphacelaria, Padina,

Turbinaria, Fucus.

7. Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia,Gracilaria

REFERENCES • Bold, H.C., and Wynne,M.J.1978. Introduction to the algae:

structure and reproduction. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,N.J.

• Chapman and Chapman, 1973. The algae, Macmillan & Co.,

4

• Dixon, P.S. 1973. Biology of the Rhodophyta. Oliver

and Boyd, Edinburgh. • Dodge, J.D. 1973. Fine structure of algal cells.

Academic Press, London.

• Fritsch, F.E. 1945. Structure and reproduction of algae.

Vols. I and II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. • Kingsley.R. 1998. Photosynthetic pigments of algae. • Round, F.E. 1973. Biology of the algae. Edward

Arnold, London. • Smith, G.M. 1951. Manual of phycology, Chronica

Botanica Publ. Co. Waltham, Mas.

5

BRYOPHYTES: (30 hrs)

UNIT- I General characters of Bryophytes – Gametophytic characters; Sporophytic

characters; Vegetative reproduction; sexual reproduction; heteromorphic

alternation of generation

02 hrs

UNIT - II Classification of bryophytes and criteria of classification. 06 hrs

Characteristic features of the classes- Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida,

Bryopsida

Characteristic features and affinities of the orders- Marchantiales,

Sphaerocarpales, Calobryales, Takakiales, Jungermanniales,

Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Andraeales, Funariales, Polytrichales

Unit - III Diversity in habitat, habit, morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the

following genus- Plagiochasma, Sphaerocarpos, Calobryum, Takakia,

Porella, Notothylus, Sphagnum, Andraea, Funaria, Polytrichum

14 hrs

UNIT - IV Origin of Bryophytes- Algal origin and Pteridophytean origin, Inter

relationships of bryophytes- 02 hrs

UNIT - V Fossil Bryophytes; General structure of Bryophyte cell 03 hrs

UNIT - VI Experimental work on bryophytes (In Brief). 03 hrs

Economic importance of Bryophytes.

6

Bryophytes – Practicals

Study of Morphology and anatomy of the following:

1) Riccia fluitans; 2) Lunularia; 3) Dumortiera;

4) Asterella; 5) Porella; 6) Pallavicinia;

7) Riccardia; 8)Anthoceros; 9) Sphagnum;

10) Funaria 11) Polytrichum 12)Plagiochasma

13)Targionia

PIA/Activity – topic with reference to above

REFERENCES

• Cavers, F. 1964. Inter-relationships of Bryophytes. • Chopra, R.N. and Kumar, P.K. 1988. Biology of bryophytes.

New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

• Parihar, N.S. 1970. An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I

Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.

• Sharma, P.D. 1978. Introduction to Bryophytes. • Smith, G.M. 19. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II. McGraw-Hill

Book Company, New York.

• Watson, E.V. 1971. The structure and life of Bryophytes.

Hutchinson and Co., London.

7

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M. Sc BOTANY SEMESTER - I

ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Paper: III, BO7315

(60 hrs) Unit - I History, scope of ecology ,

(Interdependence,Holocoene, Limiting factors, Tolerance, Dynamism,

Thermodynamics). Levels of ecological organization

05 hrs

Unit - II Ecosystem – Concepts, Structure, Components, Functions, Dynamics.

Homeostasis and feedback mechanism in the

ecosystem.

05 hrs

Unit - III Ecological factors - Climatic, Edaphic and Biotic factors

(amensalism, commensalism, protocooperation, symbiosis,

epiphytism , myrmecophily, saprophytism, parasitism).

10 hrs

Unit - IV Population Ecology

(a)Growth and Characteristics of Population

(b) Ecological niche.

03hrs

Unit - V Plant communities - Concept of Communities, Structure of

Communities; Methods of Studying Vegetation (Quadrat, line and

belt methods). Types: Evergreen forests, Dry and moist deciduous forests, scrub jungles, Grasslands, boreal forests, tundra, deserts

and mangroves. General account of vegetation of Karnataka.

15 hrs

Unit - VI Environnemental Pollution -

(a)Sources, impact and control of Air, Water and Soil Pollution

(b)Solid waste disposal and management

(c)Radio Active Pollution - a brief account.

(d) Noise pollution - Sources, effects, control and management

(e) Heavy metals as pollutants – concept of biomagnification,

12 hrs

Unit - VII

Mercury and Lead as pollutants.

Global Environmental Problems : Acid rain, Ozone Depletion,

Global warming and Climate Change

02 hrs

Unit - VIII Environmental Education (primary, secondary, and tertiary levels),

Management and Conservation of Natural Resources,

Environmental Impact assessment, rainwater harvesting and

water- shed management. Application of Remote Sensing in Plant

Science (GIS).

08hrs

8

PRACTICALS

• Study of vegetation by Quadrat method. • Determination of importance value index (IVI) • Ecological Instruments : Maximum and Minimum thermometer,

Anemometer, Thermohygrograph, Aneroid barometer, hygrometer,

luxmeter, Rain gauge etc. • Analysis of water samples: Estimation of Dissolved oxygen,

Carbonates and Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Free Carbon dioxide,

Hardness, organic matter in soil. • Measurement of Noise in different Environment. • Adaptations of Aquatic macrophytes. • Adaptations of Xerophytes. • Adaptations of halophytes. • Adaptations of epiphytes and parasites.

REFERENCES • Mullar - Dombois, Dand Ellenberg H (1974), Aims and Methods of

Vegetation Ecology - Willey, New York. • Odum - E.P. (1971) fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders,

Philadelphia. • Kormondy, E.J. (1996) Concepts of Ecology, Prentice hall India,

New Delhi.

• Foin, T.C. (1996) Ecological system and environment, Mifflin,

Boston. • Nobel, B.J. and wright R.T. (1996) Environmental science, prentice

hall, New Jersey. • Treshow, M. (1985) Air pollution and plant life. Wiley inter

science.

• Heywood, V.H. and Watson R.T. (1995) Global Biodivrsity -

assessment, Cambridge University pass. • Mason, C.F. (1991) Biology of fresh water pollution, Long man

publication. • Hill, M.K. (1997) understanding environmental pollution,

Cambridge University Pass.

• Lillesand T.M. and Kiefer R.W. (1987) Remote sensing and image

interpretation, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

9

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

M. Sc BOTANY SEMESTER - I

BO- 7415: PAPER IV

PALEOBOTANY, PALYNOLOGY AND PLANT ANATOMY

(60 hrs)

Paleobotany (18 hrs)

Unit - I Introduction to Paleobotany with particular reference to its

history,development and scope.

02 hrs

Unit - II Geological phenomena: Indirectly and directly responsible for

Fossilization

02 hrs

Unit - III Types of fossil plant preservations: Impression, compression

nodule, petrifaction, coal balls, cast, mold and amber.

05 hrs

Unit - IV Paleobotanical techniques used in studying plant fossils:

Techniques to study microfossils : Maceration of coal and lignite.

Techniques to study macrofossils: Impression, compressions, thin

ground sectioning and peel technique for petrified specimens

05 hrs

Unit - V Paleobotanical Nomenclature, provisions made in ICBN for naming

of fossil plants.

02 hrs

Unit - VI Application of paleobotanical studies: Fossil fuels (coal and oil)

exploration

02 hrs

PRACTICALS

BO 7P2

• Study of non - fossiliferous and fossiliferous rocks.

• Types of fossil plant preservations

Impression,Compression,Cast,Silicified petrifaction

Calcified petrifaction (coal ball), Nodule

Palynology (14 hrs)

Unit - I Introduction of Palynology and its basic branches and their scope 01 hrs

Unit - II General account of pollen morphology: Polarity, size, shape,

symmetry, aperture (NPC classification included). Exine

stratification, Ornamentation and L.O. analysis.

02 hrs

Unit - III Pollen morphological studies of commonly occurring dicot,

Casuarina, Parthenium, Acacia, Hibiscus, Polygala, Amaranthus

and

Citrus and monocot - Grass, Cocos. Spore morphology of

commonly

occurring pteridophytic taxa Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella

Equisetum and Pteris. Gymnosperms – Cycas, Ginkgo, Pinus,

Araucaria and Ephedra

02 hrs

10

Unit - IV Palynological techniques used for studying modern pollen and

spores: Wodehouse Technique, Erdtmans Acetolysis technique. 02 hrs

Unit - V Aspects and prospects of Melittopalynology, pollen analysis of

honey, honey pollen flora and its applications. 03 hrs

Unit - VI General Account of Aerobiology and its applications in human

respiratory allergy and immunology. Methods used in atmospheric

pollen monitoring, compilation of pollen calendar. Application of

pollen calendar in the detection and treatment of respiratory allergy.

04 hrs

PRACTICALS

• Demonstration of acetolysis technique • Study of pollen morphology of common angiosperm taxa

from permanent slides. • Preparation of permanent pollen reference slides using

Acetolysis technique.

REFERENCES

• Agashe, S.N. (2006).Palynology and its application,

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, • Agashe, S.N. (Ed.) 1997. Aerobiology, Oxford & IBH

Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp. 615. • Agashe, S.N. 1995. Paleobotany : Plant of the past, their

evolution, Paleoenvironment and application in

exploration of fossil fuels. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

PVT. LTD. pp. 359. • Erdtman, G. 1957 "Pollen & spore Morphology / plant

taxonomy Vol. 1 - V. Hafner Pub. Co. New York. • Shaw, A.B. 1964. "Time in Stratigraphy". • Wadia, D.N. 1957. "Geology of India". • Wodehouse .R. 1965. "Pollen grains" their structure,

identification and significance in Science and Medicine". • Steward, A.C. 1959 Plant life through the Ages. Hafner

Publishing Company, New York. Pb. • Steward, A.C. Fossil Plants (Vol. 1, 2, 3 and 4, 1989, 1910,

1977, 1919). • Surange, K.R. Lakhanpal, R.N. Baradwaj, D.C. 1974.

Aspects and appraisal of Paleobotany, Birbal Sahni

Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow, 675, 77. • Stuart, 1983, Paleobotany and evolution of Plants. • Tilak, S.T. 1982 "Aerobiology"

• Nair, P.K.K. 1970. Pollen Morphology of Angiosperms : a historical

and phylogenetic study. Scholar publishing house, Lucknow. • Ogden, E.C. Rayner, G.S. Manual for sampling Airborne

Pollen. Hafner Press, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, New

York.

11

PLANT ANATOMY(28 hrs)

Unit I Plant cell wall: Ultra structure and organization. Types of 06 hrs

Vascular bundles- collateral, bicollateral, concentric ,medullary

bundles, Internal Phloem.

Nodal Anatomy - Unilacunar, Trilacunar and Multilacunar nodes :

Split –lateral condition, Root-stem transition.

Unit II Leaf Anatomy : Dorsiventral, Isobilateral and Centric leaves, 03 hrs

Bundles sheath, foliar sclereids (types and distribution), mature stomatal types and distribution, major and minor venation

Unit III Primary Xylem : Concepts of Protoxylem - metaxylem ; 06 hrs

Diversity in structure of wood : Heart wood, sap wood, growth

rings, ring – porous wood : diffuse - porous wood : diversity in

axial parenchyma distribution, diversity in ray system.

Unit IV Shoot apical meristem : Structural organization - Tunica – corpus 08 hrs

Theory, Cytohistological zonation, apices with primary thickening

meristem, summit meristem - Acyclic changes in shape and size of

shoot apex during different phases of development. Cyclic

changes (plastochronic changes). Root apical meristem-apical cell

theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory, quiescent centre concept, promeristem concept. For suggestions

Unit V Vascular Cambium : Structure and activity, uniseriate / 05 hrs

Multiseriate nature, cambium zone, types of diversion in the

fusiform initials.

Anomalous structure in Bignonia sp., Mirabilis sp. And

Aristolochia sp. PRACTICALS BO 7P2

• Study of epidermal appendages • Stomatal types • Tracheary cells • Root Anatomy • Stem anatomy • Leaf anatomy • Double staining technique. • Maceration technique

• Activity- stress related experiments/ study of galls

12

REFERENCES

• Abraham, F. 1982, Plant anatomy - II edition, Pergaon Press, Oxford. • Carlquist, S. 1967, Comparative plant anatomy - Holt Reinert and Winston.

• Cutter, D.G. 1971, Plant anatomy - Part I, Cell and Tissues Edward Arnold. • Cutter, D.G. 1971, Plant Anatomy - Part II, Cell and Tissues Edward Arnold. • Eames and McDaniel. 1947, II edition, "Plant Anatomy" McGraw Hill, NY.

• Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy II Edition, John, Wiley and Sons, NY. • James D. Mauseth, 1988, Plant Anatomy, The Benzamin / Cummings publish. • Katherine Esau, 1979, Anatomy of seed plants - First Wiley Eastern.

• Fahn.a(1989) Plant anatomy .III Edition.Pergomon Press NY(Maxwell • Macmillan International Editions)

13

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous) M. Sc. Botany

SEMESTER II

BO 8115: PAPER I

PLANT MORPHOGENESIS AND REPRODUCTION

(60hrs) Unit - I Plant Morphogenesis: 05 hrs

Aim, scope and historical account.

Morphogenetic Studies: Morphogenesis in vivo (Field concepts

and meristemoid); Experimental studies on shoot apex, root apex

and differentiated organs.

Unit - II Organogenesis in Plants: 09 hrs

Formation of leaves ; phyllotaxis ; transformation of vegetative apex

into reproductive apex.

Nature of organs: Theories on nature of shoot (Phytonic and axial

theories) and flower (Monaxial, pluriaxial, suigeneris and acarpy:

appendicular and axial theories of inferior ovaries).

Unit - III Polarity:

Contemporary understanding at different levels of organization and 03 hrs

in different organisms.

Unit - IV Flower:

Serial evocation of genes and floral development ; genetic analysis

04 hrs

of floral development ABC model (Arabidopsis), flower regulatory

genes ( MADS box genes).

Unit - V Microsporangium:

Development and structure; differentiation of anther wall and their

role.

Microsporogenesis: General account, ultrastructure and physiology;

role of callose.

Male gametophyte: Development and structure; differential

behavior of generative and vegetative cells; formation of male

gametes, sperm dimorphism, male germ unit. Pollen abnormalities - 10 hrs

pollen sporophytes, Nemec phenomenon, pollen development in

Cyperaceae.

Unit - VI Ovule: A general account of ontogeny, types and diversity in 10 hrs

structure.

Megasporogenesis: General account, Ultra structure and

physiology.

Female gametophyte Diversity in organization; ultra structure of

female gametophyte, embryosac haustoria.

14

Unit VII Fertilization : Structure of stigma and style, role of stigmatic 5hrs

exudates; pollen germination in vivo ; pollen tube entry into the

stigma ; pollen tube growth ; entry of pollen tube into female

gametophyte ; double fertilization ; hetero fertilization and single

fertilization., in vitro fertilization, Polyspermy.

Unit VIII Sexual incompatibility: Self incompatibility, genetic basis, barriers

to fertilization, physiology and biochemistry of incompatibility,

stigmatic surface and stylar inhibition, biological significance. 5hrs

Unit IX Endosperm: Types, Development and reserve food materials,

embryo endosperm relationship, Endosperm haustoria.

Embryo: classification based on early development; structure,

composition early embryogenesis (2 celled, proembryonal tetrad,

quadrant and octant stages) ; octant to mature embryo in Capsella

(Dicot) and Najas (Monocot). Chimeral embryos, Polyembryony,

apomixis in brief. 9hrs

PRACTICALS BO 8P1

• Study of shoot apices by dissections using aquatic plants

• (Ceratophyllum & Hydrilla).

Study of cytohistochemical zonation in the shot apical

meristem in sectioned and double stained micropreparation

of a suitable plant. Study of development of bisected shoot

apices.

• Study of L.S. of roots from permanent micropreparation to

understand the organization of root apical meristem and its

derivatives - origin of lateral roots. Study of development of

bisected root apices.

• Study of alternate and distichous, alternate and superposed,

opposite and superposed, opposite and decussate leaf

arrangement.

• Diagrammatic representation to show the polarity in higher

and lower plants, Experiment to cause alterations in plants in

polarity, Regeneration experiment with stem cuttings to

• show polarity.

Study of the following stages from permanent micro

preparation ;

Anther wall, Microsporogenesis

Male gametophyte in general and in Cyperaceae

Types of ovules and ovular parts

Megasporogenesis and female gametophyte

(polygonum type)

Endosperm - Three types (Cellular, Nuclear,

Helobial)

Embryo - Mature dicot and monocot embryo

Activity/PIA- project work related to the above topic

15

16

17

PTERIDOPHYTES (30hrs)

Unit I

Unit II

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous) M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II

DIVERSITY OF PTERIDOPHYTES & GYMNOSPERMS BO - 8215 (PAPER II)

(60 hrs)

General characters of pteridophytes and classification

(according to Reimer, David W. beirhost, Gifford and Foster). Characteristic features of the order – Psilotales,

Lycopodiales, Isoetales, Equisetales, Ophioglossales,

Marattiales, Osmundales, Marsileales, Salviniales,

Psilophytales, Lepidodendrales and Calamitales

02 hrs

14 hrs

Unit III Unit IV Unit V

PRACTICALS

Systematic position, Structure of sporophytes and gametophytes 06 hrs and Reproduction of the following genera – Tmesipteris, Phylloglossum, Isoetes, Equisetum,Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Marselia, Azolla and Pteris (Developmental details not required). Fossil Pteridophytes – Systemic position, Structure of 04 hrs sporophytes and gametophytes, Reproduction of the following

genera – Horneophyton, (Comparative account of

Horneophyton with Rhynia) Asteroxylon, Lepidodendron and

Calamites. Heterospory and seed habit. Stelar evolution, phylogenetic 04 hrs Relationship, experimental work on Pteridophytes. Economic importance of Pteridophytes.

BO 8P1

Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive

structures of the following; Psilotum, Lycopodium Isoetes,

Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Glichenia,

Trichomanes, Pteris, Cyathea, Marsilea, Salivinia and Azolla.

Fossil pteriodophytes studied in theory (specimens and slides).

18

REFERENCES

• Eames, A.J. 1936. Morphology of vascular plants (lower

groups), McGraw - Hill, New York.

• McClean, R.C. and Ivimey - Cook, W.R. 1964. Text book

of theoretical botany. Vol I. Longmans, Green and Co.,

Ltd., London.

• Parihar, N.S. 1977. The morphology of pteridophytes.

Central Book Depot. Allahab.

• Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic botany. Vol. II. McGraw

- Hill, New York.

• Sporne, K.R. 1966. The morphology of pteridophytes.

The structure of ferns and allied plants. Hutchinson

University Library, London.

.

19

GYMNOSPERMS (30 hrs)

Unit I Introduction and General characters of Gymnosperms.Classification

(Birbal Sahni 1920, Pant 1957 , Sporne 1974, Takhtajan 1966

),Distribution of Gymnosperms with special reference to India.

03 Hrs

Unit I Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive

structures of the sporophytes and gametophytes of the

following Genera -Medullosa, Williamsonia,, Glossopteris,

Bennettites, Pentoxylon, Cordaites, Zamia, Ginkgo, Cedrus,

Podocarpus ,Taxus, Welwitschia

(Developmental stages not required)

18 Hrs

Unit I Origin of Gymnosperms, Affinities of Gymnosperms, with special

reference to order Gnetales, Xylotomy of Gymnosperms,

Polyembryony in Gymnosperms with special reference to conifer

ales. Evolutionary significance of Gymnosperms. Economic

Importance of Gymnosperms

07 Hrs

Unit I Experimental work on Gymnosperms with special reference to forest

biotechnology

02 Hrs

Practicals A study of the morphology and anatomy of vegetative and

reproductive structures of the following :Medullosa, Cycadeoidea,

Williamsonia, Pterophyllum, Ptilophyllum, Glossopteris,

Phyllotheca, Vertebraria, Pentoxylon, ,Cornoconites, Zamia, Ginkgo,

Cedrus, Araucaria, Podocarpus, Cupressus, Cryptomeria and Ephedra

and Welwitchia (Spotters/slides/ specimens

References Agashe, S.N. 1995. Paleobotany. Plants of the past, their evolution,

paleoenvironment and application in exploration of fossil fuels.

20

Oxford & I.B.H. New Delhi.

Andrews, H.N. 1961. Studies in Paleobotany. John Wiley, New

York.

Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. 1997. Gymnosperms. New Age

International Ltd., New Delhi.

Biswas, and Johri, B.M. 1997. The gymnosperms. Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi.

McClean, R.C. and Ivimey - Cook, W.R. 1964. Text book of

theoretical Botany. Vol I. Longmas, Green and Co., Ltd., London.

Sporne, K.R. 1965. The morphology of gymnosperms. The

structure and evolution of primitive seed plants. Hutchison

University Library, London.

21

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous),BANGALORE M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II

BO 8315: PAPER III

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & METABOLISM

(60 hrs)

Unit - I Energy flow: Principles of thermodynamics (all the laws with

examples) free energy and chemical potential, redox reactions,

structure and functions of ATP.

05 hrs

Unit - II Fundamentals of enzymology : General aspects, Active and

Regulatory sites, isozymes, kinetics of enzymatic catalysis, Michael's

– Menten equations and its significance, allosteric mechanism.

08 hrs

Unit - III Membrane transport and translocation of water and solutes :

Plant water relations (General aspects and SPAC concept), passive

and active transport, Membrane transport proteins aquaporins

05 hrs

Unit - IV Photochemistry and Photosynthesis: General concepts and Historical

background, photosynthetic pigments & photo oxidation of pigments,

light harvesting complexes, photo oxidation of water, mechanisms of

electron and proton transport and photophosphorylation.

10 hrs

Unit - V Carbon assimilation: The Calvin cycle, the C4 cycle, the CAM

pathway, Photorespiration and its significance, synthesis and

degradation of Starch and Sucrose.

08 hrs

Unit - VI Respiration: General aspects, Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron

transport and ATP synthesis, Pentose phosphate pathway and

Alternative oxidase system and pathways.

08 hrs

Unit - VII Lipid Metabolism : Structure and function of Lipids, Synthesis And

degradation of fatty acids, synthesis of Phospholipids and

Gylcolipids, Glyoxylate pathway and Gluconeogenesis.

06 hrs

Unit - VIII Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen cycle, Biological Nitrogen fixation,

Nodule formation and nod factors, Nitrogenase – its properties and

mechanism of action.

05 hrs

UNIT - IX Plant growth hormones: Physiological effects and mechanism Of

action of hormones including poly amines, agricultural applications

and hormones.

05 hrs

22

Practicals

1. Preparation of solutions and reagents

2. Determination of water potential by gravimetric method

3. Effect of temperature and different solvents on the membrane permeability in plant tissues

4. Determination of chl a and chl b in C3 and C4 plants

5. Determination of total chlorophyll content in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and Angiosperms

6. Separation of chlorophyll pigments by solvent wash method

7. Determination of absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments

8. C3/C4/CAM plant anatomical studies and pH estimations

9. Measurement of respiration by Warburg method

10. Experiments on enzyme kinetics (Polyphenol oxidase)

11. Estimation of Lipase activity.

12. Physiological effects of phytohormones

Activity /PIA – project work related to above topics

REFERENCES • Conn, EE., Stumpf, PF., Bruening, G and Doi. RH. 1987.

Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New

York, Chichester, Bisbane, Toronoto and Singapore.

• Hall, DO and Rao KK 1999, Photosynthesis 6th edition,

published in association with Institute of Biology,

Cambridge University Press.

• Hopkins, WG 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology,

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA.

• Moore, TC, 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant

Hormones (Second edition) Springer - Verlag, New York,

•

USA.

Stumpf, PK, and Conn, EE (eds.) 1988. The

Biochemistry of Plants - A comprehensive treatise,

Academic Press, New York.

• Taiz L and Zeiger E. 1998. Plant Physiology (second

edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers,

Massachusetts, USA.

• Wilkins, MB (eds.) 1989. Advanced Plant Physiology.

ELBS / Longman.

23

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous)

M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II

BO 8415: PAPER IV

BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS

(60 hrs)

Unit I

PART-A: BIOSTATISTICS (30 hrs)

Introduction, brief history and applications of biostatistics.

Sampling techniques: Methods of sampling. Random and non

random sampling. Sampling and non sampling errors. Study

design – concepts of control, replicates and randomization.

04 hrs

Unit II Methods, types, significance and limitations: Diagrammatic and

graphic representation of data: Line diagrams, bar diagrams and

pie diagrams. Histograms, frequency polygons and frequency

curves.

02 hrs

Unit III

Concepts and problems: Measures of central tendency; mean,

median and mode. ( Problems to be given related to the theory

part)

Measures of dispersion: Variance, standard deviation,

coefficient of variation. Skewness and Kurtosis.

10 hrs

Unit IV Correlation and Regression: Analysis of Correlation and

Regression, Scatter plot method, graphic method, coefficient of

correlation, coefficient of regression.

04 hrs

Unit V Probability: Introduction and Rules of probability. 03 hrs

Unit VI Probability distributions: Normal, Poisson and Binomial

Distribution. Properties and importance of distribution.

03 hrs

Unit VII Hypothesis Testing: Introduction, basic concepts and rules. 02 hrs

Unit VIII

PRACTICALS

Tests of significance: Degrees of freedom,

Chi-square test and ANOVA.

BO 8P3: Project: Work Related to the Applications of

Biostatistics

Activity/PIA – R programming/SAS

02 hrs

24

REFERENCE

Bailey, N.T.J. 1995. Statistical methods of Biology 3rd

edition, Cambridge University Press.

Daniel, W.W., 1978. Biostatistics : A foundation for

analysis in health sciences 2nd edition. John Wiley, NY.

Khan, I.A. and Khanum, 1994. Fundamentals of

Biostatistics, Ukaaz Publications Hyderabad.

Remington, R.D. and Schork, M.A. 1970. Statistics with

applications to the Biological and health sciences,

Prentice Hall Inc. NY.

Sundar Rao, P.S.S. and Richard, J. 1996. An

introduction to Biostatistics, 3rd edition Prentice Hall

India.

Eynon B.P. and T.W. Anderson, Minitab guide to

Statistics.

25

PART-B: BIOINFORMATICS (30 hrs)

Unit I Introduction and brief history of bioinformatics

Biological databases: Introduction, types, bibliographic

databases, nucleotide sequence databases, protein sequence

databases, and genome databases. Human Genome Project

06 hrs

Unit II Computer Networking and programming languages

Types of Network, The Internet, Networking standards,

Navigation through web. Brief account of Java, Bio-Perl and

Python

03 hrs

Unit III Genomics and Proteomics

Genomics: Introduction, types, gene sequencing methods,

analysis of raw sequence data and annotation.

Proteomics: Introduction, experimental approaches, protein-

ligand interactions and molecular interaction prediction.

05 hrs

Unit IV Pair Sequence Analysis

Introduction, Dot plot, Sequence Alignment, Dynamic

programming, Searching sequence databases.

04 hrs

Unit V Multiple Sequence Analysis

Introduction, Dynamic programming method, and Progressive

alignment method.

04 hrs

Unit VI Protein Structural Analysis

Peptides and Protein Primary Structure, Secondary structure and

backbone conformation, Super secondary structure, Tertiary

protein structure, Quaternary structure, Protein structure

visualization.

05 hrs

Unit VII

PRACTICALS

Drug Designing; Introduction, CADD, NCE and protein

docking

Data Retrieval-NCBI, Expasy, PDB

Pairwise sequence analysis- BLAST

Multiple sequence analysis – Clustal Omega

Secondary structure prediction- Jpred

Molecular visualization tools –RASWIN

03 hrs

26

REFERENCES

Fundamentals of Bioinformatics

Author: Dr. Jayarama Reddy: SS Education Series: 1st

edition 2011

Bioinformatics and Biostatistics

Author: Dr. Jayarama Reddy, Geetha Publishers,

Bangalore. 2017 Edition

Introduction to Bioinformatics

Author(s): Teresa Attwood, David Parry-Smith: 1999, 1st

edition; Prentice Hall

Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of

Genes and Proteins, Second Edition

Author(s): Andreas D. Baxevanis and B. F. Francis

Ouellette (Eds): 2001; 2nd Edition; Willey&Sons

Problems and Solutions in Biological Sequence Analysis

Author(s): Mark Borodovsky and Svetlana Ekisheva:

Cambridge University Press; 1st edition (September 11,

2006)

Computational Modeling of Genetic and Biochemical

Networks

Author(s): James M. Bower and Hamid Bolouri : 2011:

MIT Pubs

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS)

M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III

SEMESTER - III

PAPER BO 9115

CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

(60 hrs.)

Unit I CYTOLOGY Ultra-structure of cell membrane and cell organelles: nucleus,

nucleolus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi

bodies, lysosome, and peroxysomes. Cytoskeleton and its role.

07 hrs

Unit II Eukaryotic chromosome: Ultrastructure, Centromere-kinetochore

complex, centromere proteins (CENPs), telomere and its role in

segregation of chromosomes and cellular ageing; secondary

constriction-SAT chromosomes; sister chromatid cohesion; C- value

paradox, programmed cell death(Apoptosis)- A brief account.

10 hrs

Unit III GENETICS

Mendelism,Non-mendelian inheritance- incomplete and co-

dominance, multiple alleles (maize, blood group), lethal genes,

penetrance, expressivity, pleiotropy.

Gene interactions- supplementary, complimentary, epistasis,

inhibitory genes, duplicate genes (plant examples only)

Inheritance of quantitative characters- polymerism, multiple genes

Sex linked inheritance; sex influenced, sex limited traits; sex

determination and sex reversals in plants

09 hrs

Unit IV Mutation- importance, types, causes; DNA repair Mechanism

(mismatch, base excision) 02 hrs

Unit V Population genetics –Genetic variability in population, factors

responsible for variation. Calculation of gene frequency

02 hrs

Unit VI MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Genetic basis of heredity : DNA - chemistry and structure,

polymorphism in DNA structure, DNA replication - models,

Gene: present concept; split genes; fine structure of r II locus

(Benzer’s concept).

Genetic code : Poly – U experiment and cracking of the first genetic

code; Universality of genetic code, degeneracy; Wobble

hypothesis, Dictionary of genetic code ;use of synthetic RNAs ;

central dogma, gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

RNA – types ( hnRNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and functions; RNA

editing and post transcriptional modifications

16 hrs

Unit VII Biochemistry and molecular biology of cancer, OncogenesChemical

carcinogenesis. Nucleic acid Hybridization – andcot curves,

Southern, Northern and Western blottingtechniques - Dot and slot

blots – PCR, RAPD and RFLP -DNA finger printing in forensics

14 hrs

Practicals Preparation of stains and reagents for cytology; root tip squash and smears-

Rhoeo, onion; preparation of Kayotypes, idiogram, mitotic and meiotic

analysis;

Genetic problems (monogenic, digenic, test cross, gene interactions,

population genetics)

Isolation of plasmid and genomic DNA.

Separation of DNA by Agarose gel electrophoresis

Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method

Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method

Restriction Endonuclease digestion of DNA

RAPD and finger printing

Gel filtration

Ion exchange

References Cytology

Singh, V. &Sinha, S., Cytogenetics, plant breeding and evolution. II

Revised

• Singh, V. &Sinha, S., Cytogenetics, plant breeding and evolution. I

Revised edition, Vikas Publications House Pvt. Ltd., Sanibahad, U.P. • Swanson, C.P., Cytology and Cytogenetics, Macmillan. • Swanson, C.P.T., Cyto genetics, Prentice Hall, New Delhi. • Conn, N.S., (1979) Elements of cytology, Harcourd could. • Verma, P.S. &Agarwal, V.K. Cytology, Chand & Company

Ltd.

GENETICS • Gardner, E.J., M.J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad (1991). Principles of Genetics - 8th edition, John Wiley, New York. • Herskowitz, J.H., Principles of Genetics, II edition - Collier MacMillan

International edition. • Sansfield, W.D., Theory and problems of genetics, Schaum's outline

series, New York.

• Sinnott, Dunn and Dobzhansky, Principles of Genetics, TMH edition. • Strickberger, Genetics, II edition, MacMillan Publication, Company,

New York. • Swanson, C.P.T., Cytogenetics, Prentice Hall, Mers& W.J. Young,

New Delhi.

• A.C. Pal, Fundamentals of Genetics, TMH edition

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

• Brown, T.A., 1990. Gene cloning, Chapman & Hall. • Friefelder, D., 1987. Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Jones and Bartlett publishers, Boston. • Grierson, D. 15 and Covey, S.N., 1988. Plant Molecular biology, 2nd edition, Blackie, Chapman and Hall, New York, USA. • Lewin, B., 1990. Genes, Vol. I to VI, Oxford University Press, Madras • Kahl, A. and Schell, J.S., 1982. Molecular Biology of plant tumour,

Academic Press, New York. • Malchensky&Frifelder, Molecular Biology, Academic Press (2000).

• Verma and Agarwal., 1998. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology,

Evolution and Ecology - S. Chand and Company Ltd., 1998. • J. Perry Gustafson - Genetics, Development and evolution - 17thStadler Genetics Symposium - Ed. Plenum Press New York and London. (1986)

• Strickberger., 1990. Evolution. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston,

London.

• U. Sinha and SunitaSinha. 1985. Cytogenetics, Plant breeding and

Evolution. Vikas Publications Private Limited. • A.P. Jha., 1993. Genes and Evolution. MacMillan India Limited. • ChandrasekharanNayar., Advanced Organic Evolution. Sudarasana

Publications.

Edward O., Doson., 1962. Evolution : Process and Product. Reinhold

Publishing Corporation, New York, 1962.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS)

M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III

BO 9215

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ECONOMIC

BOTANY

(60 hrs.)

Unit I Systems of Classification: Bentham & Hooker; Engler&Prantl;

Hutchinson, and Takhtajan.

Taxonomic hierarchy; concept of characters;

Taxonomic literature - Floras, Monographs, Indices, Keys and

Journals. Field & Herbarium Methods.

9 hrs

Unit II Plant nomenclature: ICN, Typification, Principles of priority

and their limitations - Effective and valid publication – Authors,

Citations Retention, choice and rejection of names

5 hrs

Unit III Modern trends in taxonomy - Role of the following in taxonomy:

Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology, Embryology, Cytology and

phytochemistry.

Phy

04 hrs

Unit IV Systematic Position (according to Engler & Prantl’s system

Syllabus der Pflanzen familien, Melchior ed. 1964); salient

features and economic importance of the following families.

Monocotyledonae: Commelinaceae, Zingiberaceae, Marantaceae

andPoaceae.

Dicotyledonae: Santalaceae, Loranthaceae, Aristolochiaceae,

Amarantaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Moraceae, Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae,

Capparidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae,

Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae,

Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Bignoniaceae,

Acanthaceae, and Asteraceae.

26 hrs

Unit V Comparison of families:

Annonaceae&Magnoliaceae; Rutaceae&Meliaceae;

Apocynaceae&Asclepiadaceae; Tiliaceae&Sterculiaceae;

Verbenaceae , Lamiaceae&Acanthaceae; Zingiberaceae&

Marantaceae.

06 hrs

Unit VI Economic Botany: Distribution, Botanical name, systematic

position, Description & Economic uses of the following:

Fibre - Cotton, Coir, Jute

Timber - Rosewood, Teakwood and Sal

Medicinal Plants- (i)Drugs from roots- Aconite, Belladona, Sarpagandha,

Ashwagandha;

(ii)Drugs from underground stems- Turmeric, Ginger,

Onion, Garlic; (iii)Drugs from bark- Cinnamon, Quinine, Ashoka,

10 hrs

Berberry;

(iv)Drugs from leaves- Aloe, Holybasil, Vasaka,

Stramonium;

(v)Drugs from stems and woods- Ephedrine, Catechu,

Digitalis, White Sandalwood

(vi)Spices and Condiments- Asafoetida, Cinnamon, Clove,

Cardamom, Saffron, Black Pepper, Anise, Coriander,

Cumin, Fennel, Fenugreek, Poppy.

(vii)Oils: I. Extraction methods of essential oil and edible

oil. Classification of vegetable oil.

(viii)Essential oil: Sandal wood, Eucalyptus, lemon-grass.

Jasmine, Rosemary, Mint.

(ix)Edible oil: Linseed, Sunflower, Sesame & Groundnut

(x) Biofuels: Jatropa, Pongamia

Practicals Study tour ( mandatory)

Students must undertake a tour in the III Semester for not more than 5 days to

study flora and submit 05 herbaria, 15 digital herbaria (hard and soft copy) and a

tour report. To be submitted during practical examination.

Construction of floral diagrams, descriptions using technical terms to bring

out salient features of the taxa

Preparation of dichotomous keys

Identification of economically important plants and plant products mentioned

in the theory syllabus

References Benson, L.B., 1962. Plant Taxonomy: Methods and principles

Beck, C.B., (ed) 1976 Origin and early evolution of Angiosperms, Columbia

University Press, New York

Bhattacharya, B., &Johri, B.M., (eds) 1988 Flowering Plants: Taxonomy and

phylogeny, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi

Carlquist, S., 1961 Comparative plant anatomy - A guide to taxonomic and

evolutionary application of anatomical data in Angiosperms

Cronquist, A., 1988 The evolution and classification of flowering plants, 2nd

ed., New York Botanical Garden, New York

Dahlgren., 1980 A revised system of classification of the Angiosperms. Bot. J.

Linn. Soc. 80 : 91 – 124

Davis, P.H., & Heywood, V.H., 1973 Principles of Angiosperm

taxonomy. Robert E Kriegen Publ. Co., New York

Lawerence, F.H.M., 1951 Taxonomy of vascular plants. MacMillan, New

York

Erdtman G., 1952 Pollen Morphology and plant taxonomy, Chronica

Botanica, Waltham, Maas

Heywood, V.H., & Moore D.M. (eds) 1984 Current concepts in plant

taxonomy, Academic Press, London

Nair, P.K.K., 1970 Pollen morphology of angiosperms: a historical and

phylogenetic study. Barnes and Noble, New York

Lam, H.J., 1959 Taxonomy: general principles and angiosperms. Vistas in

Botany Vol. II page 3 - 75.

Radford, A.E., Dickinson, W.C., Massey, J.R., & Bell, C.R., 1974 Vascular

Plant systematics, Harper & Row, New York

Smith, P.M. 1976 The chemotaxonomy of plants. Edward Arnold, London

Sneath, P.H.A., &Sokal R.R., 1973 Numerical taxonomy : The principles and

practice of numerical classification. W.H. Freeman, Sanfransisco

Swain, T., (ed.) 1966 Comparative phytochemistry, Academic Press, New

York

Turrill, W.B., (ed) 1964 Vistas in Botany Vol. IV : Recent researches in plant

taxonomy, Pergamon Press, London

Yough, D.A., &Siegler, D.S. (eds) Phytochemistry and Angiosperm

phytochemistry, Praeger Scientific, New York

ST JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

MSC BOTANY SEMESTER III

ELECTIVE (Intradepartmental)

BO - 9315

ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY (60 HRS)

Unit I PHOTOBIOLOGY

Phytochromes : discovery, structure, photochemical and

biochemical properties, physiological function of phytochromes.

Molecular mechanism of photoreceptor action.

Cryptochromes : discovery, structure and physiological functions.

A brief account of phototropins and zeaxanthin

8 hrs

Unit II SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

General overview, types of cell signalling, ligands/ cell signalling

molecules, signalling receptors – characteristics, properties and

structural classes.

G- proteins and G-protein Coupled Receptors.

Role of cyclic nucleotides as second messengers, calcium –

calmodulin cascade.

Plant specific signalling mechanisms – Plant wound signalling

pathway, Phospholipid signalling, JAK-STAT pathway and

Stomatal guard cell signalling.

15 hrs

Unit III STRESS PHYSIOLOGY

Water stress – Causes. Effect of drought on physiological

processes in plants, mechanisms of drought resistance in plants,

anti-transpirants, drought hardening, molecular mechanism of

drought stress.

Flooding stress – Causes, Physiological effects of flooding stress,

anaerobiosis, tolerance mechanism.

Salt stress – definition of saline soil, salinity and sodicity, cause of

soil salinization, Physiological effects of salinity stress, tolerance

mechanism.

Ionic stress – Effect of ion toxicity (iron,zinc), heavy metal

toxicity and aluminium toxicity. Transgenic approaches.

Thermal stress –Heat stress, chilling and freezing stress.

Physiological effects, mechanisms of high and low temperature

tolerance, hardening.

Gaseous stress, radiation stress, oxidative stress,

Biotic stress – Effect of fungal infection on plant metabolism,

phytoalexins, biochemical mechanism of disease resistance and

allelopathy.

Role of proteins and enzymes related to the above stresses.

Engineering of plants for stress tolerance

25 hrs

Unit IV DEFENSE MECHANISM IN PLANTS

Structure, role and mode of action of secondary metabolites like

terpenes, phenolic compounds and nitrogen containing compounds

( alkaloids , cyanogenic glycosides and non protein amino acids)

as defense molecules. Plant – plant interaction and communication

through secondary metabolites.

Post-infectionally formed compounds – Phytoalexins.

Proteins and enzymes involved in defense mechanism

12 hrs

Practicals BO9P2

Estimation of activity of enzyme succinic dehydrogenase by colorimetric

method.

Estimation of activity of the enzyme super oxide dismutase (SOD).

Estimation of protein: Colorimetric estimation of total protein by Lowry-Lopez

method.

Determination of isoelectric point of protein

Colorimetric estimation of α-Amylase activity

Estimation of soluble and insoluble phenolics -- Lowry-Lopez method

Estimation of ATPase activity by Fiske-Subba Row method.

Estimation of Proline in stressed plants

B) Projects: Related to theory

Advanced Physiology

I Practicals:

CIA 25 Marks

Conducted practicals 20 Marks

Record 05 Marks

II Project and Viva

25 Marks (20 + 5)

References Biswas, S.K., Mallik, D.C.V., and Vishveshwara, C.V., 1989. Cosmic

perspective, Cambridge University Press

Burrows, C.J., 1990. Processes of vegetation change, Unwin Hyman, London

Campbell, D.H., 1972. Evolution of land plants, Central Book Depot, Allahabad

Capra, F., 1983. The Turning Point - Science, Society and the rising culture,

Flamingo, London

Dey, P.M., &Horborne, J.N., 1977. Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, New

York

Goodwin &Mercep., 1993. Introduction to plant biochemistry, Pergamon Press,

New York

Hall, D.O., &Rao, K.K., 1999. Photosynthesis 6th

ed., Published in association

with the Institute of Biology, Cambridge University Press

Moore, T.C., 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant hormones, Narosa Pub.

House, New Delhi

Singh, B.N., &Mengel, K., 1995. Plant physiology and biochemistry, Panima

Pub. Corporation, New Delhi

Singal, G.S., Genger, G.C., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D., &Govindjee, 1999.

Concepts in photobiology, photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis, Narosa Pub.

House, New Delhi

Stumpf, P.K., & Conn, E., (eds) 1988. The biochemistry of plants - A

comprehensive treatise, Academic Press, New York

Taiz, L., &Zeiger, E., 1998. Plant physioloogy, the Benjamin / Cummings

Publishing Co., Inc., New York

Wilkins, M.B.A (ed.), 1989. Advanced plant physiology, ELBS / longman

L. Lehninger, 1982. Principles of biochemistry - C.B.S. publications and

distributors, New Delhi

Salisbury, F.B., and Ross, 1974. Plant physiology - Prentice Hall India Ltd., New

Delhi

Neggle, R. and Fritz., G.J., 1989. 2nd

edition. Introductory plant physiology,

Prentice Hall of India Publishers Ltd., New Delhi

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS)

M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III

Elective BO 9415

Plant Tissue Culture

Elective (Intradepartment)

(60 hrs)

Unit I A brief historical account (contributions of Haberlandt, White, Morel,

Murashige and Skoog); Terminologies:- Totipotency, Competency,

differentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, cytodifferentiation,

Xylogenesis, rhizogenesis, embryoid,meristemoid and determinism.

4 hrs

Unit II Preparatory steps for tissue Culture: Requirements for tissue culture

facility, Laboratory organization, instrumentation, surface

sterilization of materials, basic procedure for the inoculation of

explant, growth room conditions and acclimatization techniques.

5 hrs

Unit III Culture media: Composition of media, (Macro elements, micro

elements, Vitamins, hormones, carbon and nitrogen sources,

organicsupplements, activated charcoal, unidentified supplements)

An appraisal of different media and selection of media

( Murashige&Skoog’s, White’s, Vacin& Went).

8 hrs

Unit IV Hormones (Applications in Plant tissue culture) : Auxins(NAA,

IBA, 2,4-D), cytokinins( Kinetin, BAP, Zeatin), Gibberellins (GA3),

and Abscissic Acid.

Factors affecting Tissue Culture (Growth Regulators, selection of

explant, light, Temperature, Polarity, Subculture, Genotype), Juvenility

v/s Adult phase.

9 hrs

Unit V Establishing callus and cell cultures, Dynamics of callus growth, callus

subculture and maintenance, Harvesting and Growth Measurements.

Organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and somaclonal variations

(induction, origin and significance).

7 hrs

Unit VI Principles, techniques and applications ofcell suspension culture and

organ culture (meristem, root, stem, leaf, floral bud, ovary, anther and

embryo), Production of haploid plants: Anther, pollen and ovule

cultures.

6 hrs

Unit VII Principles, techniques and applications of protoplast culture.

Isolation and culture of protoplasts. Action of cellulase and

pectinase (Macerozyme) on plant cell, important properties of

isolated protoplast and its significance. Protoplast fusion and

somatic hybridization - method, spontaneous fusion, induced

fusion, mechanical fusion, chemo-fusion, electro-fusion;

mechanism of protoplast fusion, hybrid identification, hybrid

isolation and post-fusion events,

Cybrids; Importance of protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization.

10 hrs

Unit VIII Principles of in vitro biotransformation: Agrobacterium

(A.tumefaciensandA.rhizogenes) mediated electroporation and particle

bombardment technique. Commercialization of plant tissue culture:

Application of bioreactors and robotics. Entrepreneurship in plant

tissue culture.In vitro production

7 hrs

Unit IX Application of plant tissue culture – forestry, production of secondary

metabolites and microtubers.

4 hrs

Practicals • Instrumentation - Laboratory equipments and glassware. • Media chemicals and preparation of media such as White's, MS and others.

• Sterilization of media and equipments. • Protocol for media and inoculation techniques. • Organ culture - Leaf, Root, Embryo, Ovule, Anther and Pollen. • Callus culture . • Protocol for cell suspension and protoplast culture. • Synthetic seeds - protocol. • Micropropagation of Banana • Hardening techniques

Submission : project report

Reference Steve Prentis, Biotechnology - An industrial revolution

Wisemann, Principles of Biotechnology, 1983

Bull, A.T. et. al., Biotechnology, 1983

Rehm, H.J. and CAS (eds). Biotechnology, Vol. 1-8, VerlagChimic Wens

Hemm, Florida

Dharmalingam, K., Gene cloning and DNA sequencing, MacMillan & Co., New

Delhi

Ferranhi, M.P. &Fierchter, A. (eds), Production and Feeding of single cell

protein, Applied Science Publishers, New York, 1983

Renert, J.H., & Bajaj, Y.P.S. Plant cell, Tissue & Organ culture, A laboratory

manual, Narosa Publications, New Delhi, 1977

Trevan, M.D., Biotechnology the Biological Principal, 1987

Lynch, J.M. Biotechnology 1983

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV

PAPER I: METHODS IN PLANT SCIENCE AND

BIOPHYSICS.

B0 0115

(60 HOURS)

Unit I Literature survey, collection and indexing, outline of preparing a

scientific paper.

2 hrs

Unit II Principles of Microscopy, metric units, properties of light in

relation to microscopy: Wavelength, resolution, reflection,

transmission, absorption, refraction, diffraction; Relationship

between revolving power and numerical aperture.

Principles and uses of light microscopy, polarization

microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, confocal, Nomarski

(DIC) microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, electron

microscopy (TEM, SEM, STM),atomic force microscope,

calibration of microscope (micrometry),camera lucida,

indicating magnification in illustrations. Photomicrography.

13 hrs

Unit III Microtomy and ultra microtomy techniques, fixatives, clearing

agents, dehydrants, stains, staining schedules, freeze facturing,

freeze etching; maceration technique; cryopreservation.

4 hrs

Unit IV Physiological methods: general principles, instrumentation,

types and uses of chromatography (paper, thin layer, HPLC,

gas chromatography), centrifugation (low speed, table top, high

speed, ultra centrifuge), spectrophotometry, (visible, UV, X-

Ray, IR, and NMR).Electrophoresis (agarose and PAGE);

radioisotope techniques,autoradiography; a brief account of cell

fractionation.

16 hrs

Unit V Introduction to biophysics and overview Intra and intermolecular

interactions: atomic structure, chemical bonding: ionic, covalent,

hydrogen and coordinate bonds and their applications in

biological investigation. Forces of dispersion. Hydrophobic interactions: Van der Walls interactions and

London forces of dispersion

6 hrs

Unit VI Properties of matter: Gaseous, liquid and solid state of the

matter. Kinetic theory of gases: Boyle’s law, Charles law,

Avogadro’s law Boltzmann’s distribution.

5 hrs

Unit VII Properties of colloids: Properties, dispersion system,

classification of colloids (sol, gel, suspension and emulsion).

Tyndall effect and Brownian movement. Applications of

colloids.

5 hrs

Unit VIII Principles and applications of phosphorescence, fluorescence

and bioluminescence. 4 hrs

Unit IX Principles and applications (brief account) of biomechanics,

radiation biophysics, nano-biotechnology and protein

engineering.

5 hrs

Practicals BO 10P1 Research Methodology. Study of the following Instruments and

applications

Dissection, stereo and light microscopes, camera lucida, photomicrography

Phase contrast Microscope

Transmission Electron Microscope, scanning electron microscope

Atomic force microscope, Scanning tunneling microscope

Microtomes ,ultramicrotome and tissue maceration

Experiments related to Chromatography and centrifugation techniques

Colorimetry, Determination of complementary colours,

Visible – single and double beam,UV-VIS Spectrophotometers

IR, X-ray and NMR spectroscopy

Observation of working of GC and HPLC

REFERENCES

• Banwell, C.N., and McCash E.M. 1994. Fundamentals of Molecular

spectroscopy, (4th

edition), Tata McGraw - Hill, Publishing Co. Ltd • Narayanan, P. 2000. Essential of Biophysics. New Agri. International

Publishers. • Berlyn, G.P. &Miksche, J.P. 1976 : Botanical Microtechnique

and cytochemistry, • Iowa State Univ. Press. • De Robertis, E.O.P., & De Robertis, E.M.R. Jr. 1987. Cell and molecular

biology, 8th

ed., B.I. Wasberly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. • Dhopte, A, M. 2002. Principles and Techniques for plant scientists,

Agrobios (India). • Grey, P. (ed.) 1973. Encyclopedia of microscopy and Microtechnique, van

Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

• Jensen, W.A. 1962. Botanical histochemistry, Freeman & Co., San-

Fransisco. • Johansen, D.A. 1940. Botanical Microtechnique, McGraw Hill, New York. • Kaul, A.D., Singh, N., Sonkusare, A., Kumar, P. &Wadhwa, S.S. 1997.

Design of an Atomic force microscope for topographic studies, Curr. Sci.

73 (9) : 738 - 743.

• Purvis, M.J., Collins, D.C., & Wallis, D. 1966. Laboratory techniques in

Botany (2nd

ed.) Butterworths, London

• Running, M.P., Clark, S.E. &Mayerowitzz, E.M. 1995. Confocal

microscopy of shoot apex, in methods in cell biology, Vol. 49, pp. 355 -

366, Academic Press, New York.

• Sadasivam, S &Manickam, A. 1966. Biochemical methods (2nd

ed.), New

Agent Int. Publishers, New Delhi. • Sanderson, J.B. 1994. Biological microtechniques, BIOS Sci. Pub.,

London.

• Wilson, K., &Goulding, K.H. (eds.) 1986. A biologists guide to principles

and techniques of practical biochemistry (3rd

ed). Cambridge Univ. Press.

• Schmidt R.F., Thews G. Human Physiology. Berlin Heidelberg, 1989 (in

English)

• Sternheim M.M., Kane J.W. General Physics. NY etc, Wiley & Sons, 1991

Vol. 1986.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE AUTONOMOUS

M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV

BO 0215

PLANT BREEDING AND PLANT PROPAGATION

( 60 hrs)

Unit I History and scope of plant breeding; Plant genetic resources;

Sources of germplasm, Systematic evaluation and utilization,

Germplasm conservation, Global and National organization for crop

improvements, pattern of evolution in crop plants. Introduction of

plants and acclimatization

06 hrs

Unit II Conventional breeding methods :

Reproduction, genetic basis, sexual and asexual, apomixis, gene

induction and significance in plant breeding.

Domestication, plant introduction and acclimatization. Selection in

self, cross pollinated and vegetative propagated plants.

Hybridization: In self and cross pollinated plants. Vegetative

propagated plants.

Back cross: Technique and importance

09 hrs

Unit III Heterosis breeding: Inbreeding depression, Homozygous and

heterozygous balance, genetic basis.

Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in Plant breeding

Resistance breeding : Disease, insects and drought, Types of

resistance, genetics of host and parasite relationship, mechanism of

drought resistance, breeding

methods for disease, and drought resistance.

10 hrs

Unit IV Distant hybridization: Introduction, history, barriers (to the

production). Techniques for production of distant hybrids; sterility,

Quality seeds: Classes, production, maintenance.

The Indian seed act.

06 hrs

Unit V

PLANT PROPAGATION:

Basic concepts and principles of plant propagation. Propagating

structures Green house

Plastic greenhouses – (a) PVC film (b) polyester film (c) Fibre -

glass,

Hot –beds, Lath houses Miscellaneous propagating Structures –

(a) Mist beds (b)Mist chamber (c) Nursery bed (d) Fluorescent light

boxes (e) Propagating cases (f) Hardening tunnels

Media for Propagation

Qualities of an ideal rooting and growing media, selection criteria

for media, media for propagation and growing nursery plants

(a) soil (b) sand (c) peat (d) sphagnum moss (e) vermiculite

(f) perlite/ soilrite (g) pumice (h) leaf mold (i) saw dust and wood

shavings (j) coco peat

Propagating methods

Seed propagation, Methods of cuttings, grafting, budding and

layering in ornamentals and fruit crops. Natural vegetative methods-

underground, subaerial and aeriel suckers, bulbs, Rhizomes, Stolons,

Tubers, Corms, Runners, bulbils.

12 hrs

Unit VI Floriculture

Indoor and outdoor cultivation methods and harvest of rose

Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Carnation, Anthurium and orchids; post,

harvest storage of flowers, packing, transportation and marketing

08 hrs

Unit VII Pomiculture

Cultivation, harvest, post harvest storage, fruit processing, packing,

transportation and marketing of grapes and apple

Cultivation and propagation techniques of some important medicinal,

and aromatic plants. Rauwolfia ,Costus, Pogostemon (pacholi)

lemongrass

09 hrs

Practicals Plant breeding and propagation

Estimation of Pollen viability by using ( any 3 species)

Tryphan Blue Method

Muntzing method

Estimation of seed viability by (any 3 species)

TTC method

Ferric chloride method

Mechanical method

Vegetative propagation methods

Tip layering, Air layering, Mound layering, T. budding (Rose), Approach

grafting(Mango), V-grafting (Mango), Bark grafting, Patch budding

Hybridization Technique

References • Poehlman, J.M., and Brothukar, I.B.H., 1998. Breeding of Asian plants. I.B.H.

New Delhi. • Poehlman, J.M., and Sleper, D.A. 1999. Breeding field crops. Panima Publ.

Crop New Delhi.

• Singh, B.D.A 2000. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publ. New Delhi. • Simmonds, N.W. (ed.) 1986. Evolution of crop plants. Longmann Sci. Tech.

Pub. England. • Khoklov, S.S. Apomixes and Plant breeding. Amerind, New York.

• Sharma, J.R. 1994. Plant breeding. T.M.H. Publ. Comp. New Delhi. • Frankel, R. and Bet Dagan. 1983. Heterosis. Springer verlag. Berlin. • Russel, E.G. 1978. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance. Butterworth,

London.

• Sneep, J. and Hendriksen, A.S.T. (ed.) 1979. Plant breeding preparations.

Puduo. Wageningen, Netherlands. • Hartman, H.J. et al. 1990. Plant propagation - Principles and practices. Prentice

Hall, New Delhi. • Schwalz, M. 1975. Guide to commercial hydroponics, Israel University,

Jerusalem.

• Sharma, V.K. 1996. Plant nurseries, Techniques, production and management.

Indian Pub. New Delhi.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV

PAPER III -BO O315 BIOTECHNOLOGY

(60 hrs)

Unit I Introduction, scope and importance of Biotechnology,

Biotechnology scenario in India.

02hrs

Unit II Recombinant DNA technology :

a. Cloning and expression of Vectors - cloning vectors for

recombinant DNA (plasmids, phages, cosmids, viruses, transposons,

YAC,BAC, MAC),Binary ad Shuttle vectors.

b. Chimaeric DNA, molecular probes and gene libraries - Restriction

enzymes, techniques of restriction mapping, construction of chimaeric

DNA, cloning in bacteria and eukaryotes, Southern, Northern and

Western blotting techniques, construction and screening of genomic

and c-DNA libraries, PCR technology and its application.

22hrs

Unit III Plant Biotechnology :

a. Pollen biotechnology, production of haploids and their importance

b. Production and importance of somatic hybrids and cybrids,

selection system for hybrid protoplasts.

c. Importance of micropropagation in forestry and horticulture.

d. Single cell culture and secondary metabolite production, industrial

applications secondary products and their regulation, biotransformations,

elicitors, hairy root cultures.

e. Germplasm storage and cryopreservation.

f. Genetic transformation employing tissue culture technology and its

application

16hrs

Unit IV Microbial biotechnology

a. Enzyme biotechnology : Isolation and purification of enzymes,

immobilization of enzymes, uses of enzymes.

b. Uses of microbes in Industry and Agriculture: Production of organic

compounds by fermentation: ethanol, acetone/ butanol.

Production of antibiotic : Penicillin and Streptomycin

Production of SCP : Spirulina and Chlorella

Biofertilizers and biocontrol agents : Azospirillum, Rhizobium,

Trichoderma

Production of bioinsecticides : Bacillus thuringiensis and NPV

16hrs

Unit V Biotechnology - biosafety, social, moral and ethical consideration 04hrs

Practicals Isolation of DNA and restriction digestion

PCR

Agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments

Isolation of proteins and SDS-PAGE

II Plant Biotechnology (Basic techniques of plant tissue culture)

Laboratory organization,

Media preparation for tissue culture;

Selection and sterilization of explants,

Inoculation (Demonstration only ).

Isolation of amylase producing soil microbes

Study of fermentation process by wine production

Study of SCP(Spirulina,Chlorella),Penicillium(penicillin),

Streptomyces(streptomycin),and biocontrol agents(Bacillus

thuringensis,Trichoderma).

References • Abelson, P.H. 1983. Biotechnology - An overview, Science, 219. 611-613. Anderson, W.F. 1984. Prospectus of human gene therapy. Science, 226. 401 –

409

• Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Various volumes

published time to time. Springer - Verlag. Berlin • Bhojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant tissue culture : Applications and limitations.

Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam • Bhojwani, S.S., and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant tissue culture : Theory and Practice

Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam. • Brown, T.A. 1994. Gene cloning, Chapman and Hall Pub. • Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R.A. (Ed.) 1994. Plant cell culture, a practical

approach. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford • Evans, D.A., Dharp, D.R., Ammirato, P.V. and Yamuda, Y. (Ed.) Handbook

of Plant cell culture series Vol. 1-6. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New

York.

• Gamborg, O.L. and Phillips, G.C. 1995. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,

fundamental methods. Springer International student edition

• George, E.F. 1993 / 1996. Plant propagation by Tissue culture Part 1 &

2, Exegetics Ltd. • Maheshwari, P. and Rangaswamy, N.S. (Eds.) 1963. Plant, Tissue and organ

culture.

• Old, R.W., and Primrose, S.B. (5th

Ed.) 1994. Principles of gene

manipulations Blackwell Science

• Razdan, M.K. 1993. An introduction to plant tissue cultureOxford and IBH

Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

• Reinert, J.R., and Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1977. Applied and fundamental aspects of

plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer - Verlag, Berlin

• Sen, S.K. and Giles, K.L. (Ed.) 1983. Plant cell culture in crop improvement.

Plenum Press, New York.

• Street, H.E. 1977. Plant tissue and cell culture, Academic Press, Berkeley, University of California.

• Thorpe, T.A. (Ed.) 1995. Embryogenesis in plants, Kluwer Academic

Publishers, Netherlands

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

M.Sc. BOTANY Semester – IV

BO 0415 (Paper – IV)

Elective Paper-II Microbiology (Theory)

(60 hrs)

UNIT I AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

Molecular mechanisms in nitrogen fixation.

Diagnosis of plant diseases using antibodies.

Biodegradation of cellulose, pectin and lignin.

Role of humus in agriculture.

10hrs

UNIT II INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Introduction to fermentation technology : Bioreactors, media and inoculum

preparation,

temperature and pH regulation and product recovery techniques.

Alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, production of vaccines,

drug designing, microbial resistance to antibiotics.

Production of steroids and riboflavin.

Production of enzymes: amylases, proteases and lipases.

Biodegradation of pesticides, industrial wastes and oil spills.

Bio leaching and its applications

12hrs

UNIT III MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Introduction to host-pathogen relationship.

Etiology, epidemiology and control of the following pathogens :

(i)Streptococcus

(ii)Clostridium (iii)Corynebacterium

(iv)Mycobacterium

(v)Neisseria

(vi)Enterobacteriaceae members

(vii)Vibrio

(viii)Hepatitis virus

(ix)Adeno virus

(x)Polio virus

(xi) Chicken pox virus

(xii) Dengue virus

(xiii) Oncogenic viruses

15hrs

UNIT IV IMMUNOLOGY Introduction and overview of immunology Innate

immunity

Phagocytosis

Complement

Cellular defenses

Inflammation and fever- inflammatory cascades Physiological and chemical barriers Immunogenicity

and antigenicity

Requirements for immunogenicity - foreignness, haptens, antigenicity,

epitopes, recognition sites by B and T cells, cross reactivity.

Acquired immunity :

Lymphatic organs

T cells and B cells

Antigen presentation

Antigen-antibody interactions and immunoassays

Monoclonal antibodies

MHC complex

Hypersensitive reactions

Cytokines

Autoimmunity and autoimmune disorders

15hrs

UNIT V FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology of milk and milk products. Pasteurization and sterilization. Microbial spoilage and preservation of food and food grains

Bacterial food poisoning; mycotoxins

8hrs

PRACTICALS BO 10P2

• Microbial staining techniques - Gram staining,

endospore staining, capsule staining, fungal staining • Culture methods: Solid and semisolid agar culture

methods, Pour plate and streak plate methods. • Isolation of microbes from water and soil.

Bacteriological examination of water including MPN

technique.

• Biochemical characterization of microbes. (9 to10 tests). • Antibiotic sensitivity test. • Study of bacterial and fungal growth. • Isolation of microbes from milk and milk products. • Isolation of microbes from clinical samples - urine,

stool, sputum.

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o

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e

d

i

f

f

u

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i

o

n

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i

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Agarose gel electrophoresis, Dot ELISA and

counter current electrophoresis. • Bacterial conjugation and transformation. • Genomic DNA, Plasmid DNA, RE digestion and

ligation. • SDS-PAGE for study of proteins. • Bioassay of aflatoxins.

Guided project for students in groups of 3 or 4

each, which will be assessed. 50 Marks (Project

report = 40 Marks, Viva voce = 10 Marks) (No final practical examination will be conducted)

REFERENCES • Alexander,M.1977 Introduction to soil microbiology,

John Viley and Sons Ind, .2. Atlas, R.M. 1998.

Microbiology Fundamentals and applications (2nd

Ed) Millan Publishing Co., NY.

• Dimmock, N.J. and Primrose, S.B. 1994.

Introduction to modern virology, Blackwell

Science Ltd., Oxford. • Gerhardt, P., Murray, R.G., Wood, W.A., and

Kreig, N.R. 1994. Methods for general and

molecular bacteriology - American society for

microbiology. Washington D.C. • Holt, J.S., Kreig, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., and

Williams, S.T. 1994. Bergey's manual of

systematic bacteriology (9th

ed.) William and

Winking Baltimore. • Jan Dirk, E., Jack, T.T., and Elizebeth, M.H. 1997.

Modern soil microbiology, Marcell Dekker Inc.,

NY. • Mathews, R.E.F. 1991. Plant Virology, (3

rd Ed.),

Academic Press Inc. • Powell, C.L., and Bagyaraj, D.J. 1984.

Vamycorrhiza, CRD Press, Florida.

• Prescott, S.C., and Dunn, C. 1984. Industrial

microbiology, McGraw Hill, NY. • Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. 1966.

Microbiology, Wm C. Brown Publishers. • Schlegal, H.G. 1993. General microbiology, (7

th

Ed.) Cambridge University Press. • SubbaRao, N.S. 1997. Soil microorganisms and

plant growth. Oxford and IBH Publication Co.,

New Delhi. • Sullia, S.B., and Shantharam, S. 1998. General

Unit I Unit II

Unit III

Unit IV Unit V Unit VI

Unit VII

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV

BO 0515 (PAPER IV)

ELECTIVE PAPER II: SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS

(60hrs)

Introduction and scope of systematics. A critical study of

angiosperm classifications of Bessey, Dahlgren and Thorne.

Angiosperm phylogeny groups (a brief idea)

Angiosperm origin: first traces, early and upper cretaceous; nature

of probable ancestors. Theories on origin and distribution of

Angiosperms (Isoetes-monocotyledon; Coniferales-Amentiferae;

Gnetales Angiosperm; Anthostrobilus; Caytonian; Pteridosperm;

Pentoxylales; Darian; Stachyspory-phyllospermae theories)

Evolution of Angiosperms: Role of ecology and genetics; insects

and evolution, cradle of Angiosperms, hypothetical construction of

first formed Angiosperms.

Field and Herbarium methods : Plant collection, preparation and

06 Hrs

Field and Herbarium methods : Plant collection, preparation and

preservation of herbarium specimens; role of herbaria; important

herbaria of India and the world. Role of botanical gardens. Keys:

Types and construction of Keys ( Single Access, Multi Access and

Computer-aided).

Databases in Systematics: Plant identification packages; storage and

retrieval of herbarium specimen information; electronic herbarium;

open ended floras, computer based mapping of plant distribution and

vegetation change; cluster analysis, construction of phenograms and

cladograms; websites related to plant systematic.

08hrs

Modern Systematics (a brief idea); Utility and limitations of the 08hrs

following: ultrastructural characters; methods of protein analysis and

protein data; immunological data. Methods of obtaining and utilizing

data from nucleic acids in phylogenetic evaluation.

Species concept: Nominalistic, typological, biological, ecological

and evolutionary concepts 08 hrs

Clausen et al, Turresson's experiments, patterns of ecotypic variation,

ecotypes and ecads and their taxonomy.

05 hrs

12 hrs

05 hrs

Unit VIII

Evolution and Differentiation of Species: Abrupt and gradual

speciation, races, species and isolating mechanisms: geographical

and ecological, seasonal and temporal, mechanical and ethological

isolation; hybridization and speciation; stabilization of hybrids.

08 hrs

PRACTICALS BO 10P3

LABORATORY WORK

• Identification of plants with the help of Flora. • Construction of artificial dichotomous keys to the Plants. • Solution of selected nomenclatural problems with the

help of ICBN. • Application of biosystematic methods in taxonomy. • Preparation of biographical sketches of selected taxonomists. SCIENTIFIC VISITS The students should be taken to any one of the following : • A protected area viz., National Park / Sanctuary /

Biosphere reserve; Botanical gardens / research institutes

/ museum.

• Observation of different types of vegetation.

REFERENCES • Anonymous (1997) National Gene Bank : Indian Heritage

on Plant Genetic Resources (Booklet). National Bureau of

Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. • Arora, R.K. and Nayar, E.R. (1984) Wild Relatives of

Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science Monograph No.7.

• BECK CB (ed.)(1976) Origin and Early Evolution

of Angiosperms,Columbia university press, New

York • BHATTACHARYA B & BM (eds) (1998) Flowering

Plants: Taxonomy and Phylogeny Narosa Publishing

House, New Delhi • CARLQUIST S (1961) Comparative plant anatomy- A

guide to taxonomic and evolutionary application of

anatomical data in angiosperms. • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (1948-

1976) The Wealth of India. A Dictionary of Indian Raw

Materials and Industrial Products. New Delhi. Raw

Materials I-IX Revised Vol I-III (1985-1992)

Supplement (2000).

• Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research (1986) The

Useful Plants of India. Publication and Information Directorate,

CSRI, New Delhi. • CRONQUIST A (1981) An Integrated System of

Classification of Flowering Plants Columbia University Press

New York USA. • CRONQUIST A (1988) The evolution and classification of

flowering plants 2nd ed. New York Botanical Garden, New York • DAVIS PH & HEYWOOD V H (1973) Principles of Angiosperm

Taxonomy Robert Kreigen Publ. Co, New York • DUTTA S C (1988) Systematic Botany, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi

• ENDRESS P K (1994) Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of

Tropical Flowers: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge • ERDTMAN G (1952)m Pollen Morphology and Plant

Taxonomy, Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass • HEYWOOD V H & MOORE D M (Eds) (1984) Current

Concepts in Plant Taxonomy, Academic Press, London • HUBER H (1977) The Treatment Of Monocotyledons in

Evolutionary System of Classification. Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl: 285-

298 • HUTCHINSON J (1969) The Evolution and Phylogeny of

Flowering Plants Academic Press, London • HUTCHINSON J (1973) The Families of Flowering Plants

arranged according to a new system based on their phylogeny, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press Oxford

• JAIN S K (1989) Botanical Regions and flora of India

Everyman’s Science 24: 213-223 • LAM H J (1959) Taxonomy; general principles and angiosperms.

In WB Turill ed Vistas in botany Vol II pp. 3-75, Pergamon Press,

London • LAWRENCE GHM (1951) Taxonomy of Vascular Plants.

MacMillan, New York • NAIR PKK (1970) Pollen Morphology of Angiosperms: a

historical and phylogenetic study. Barnes and Noble, New York • PHILLIPSON WR (1975) Evolutionary lines within

Dicotyledons. New Zealand J.Bot. 13:73-91 • PORTER CL (1967) Taxonomy of Flowering Plants.

WH Freeman San Francisco • RADFORD AE, DICKENSON WC, MASSEY JR and

BELL CR (1974) Vascular plant systemics, Harper &

Row, New York

• SAHNI KC (2000) The Book of Indian Trees, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press Mumbai.

• SMITH PM (1976) The Chemotaxonomy of Plants. Edward Arnold London

• SNEATH PHA & SOKAL PR (1973) Numerical taxonomy, The principles and practice of

numerical classifications WH Freeman San Francisco. • STACE CA (1980) Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. London: Edward Arnold. • SWAIN T (Ed) (1966) Comparative photochemistry, Academic Press New York

• VALENTINE DH (ed) (1972) Taxonomy, Phytogeography Academic Press, London. • YOUNG DA and SEIGLER DS (eds) Phytochemistry and Angiosperm Phytochemistry,

Praeger Scientific New York.

ST. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

M.SC. BOTANY SEMESTER III – Interdepartmental Elective

BO OE 9515 : HORTICULTURE

30 HR

Unit I Introduction to Horticulture

Branches, applications and significance.

1 hr

Unit II

Propagation structures

Types of propagation structures – green houses, polyhouses and their

uses in plant propagation.

3 hrs

Unit III

Plant propagation

Media for plant propagation. Techniques of plant propagation: cutting,

layering, grafting and budding

6 hrs

Unit IV

Management of plant nurseries

General layout and components of a nursery, types of nurseries.

Practices followed in a nursery - potting, seeding, manuring.

Irrigation and its types – drip irrigation and micro sprinklers.

6 hrs

Unit V

Entrepreneurship

A general account of cultivation, post-harvest care, processing,

packaging and marketing in floriculture, pomiculture and olericulture,

8 hrs

Unit VI

A brief account of organic farming, terrace gardening, vertical

gardening, landscaping, ikebana and bonsai techniques.

REFERENCES

• Poehlman, J.M., and Brothukar, I.B.H., 1998. Breeding of Asian

plants. I.B.H. New Delhi. • Singh, B.D.A 2000. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publ. New Delhi. . • Sharma, J.R. 1994. Plant breeding. T.M.H. Publ. Comp. New Delhi.

• Kumaresan V, 2001. Horticulture and Plant Breeding, Saras

publication.

• Sharma R R, Manish Srivastava 2000, Plant propagation and nursery

management • Hartman, H.J. et al. 1990. Plant propagation - Principles and

practices. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

• Sharma, V.K. 1996. Plant nurseries, Techniques, production and

management. Indian Pub. New Delhi.

Please note:The Title of the paper has been changed from Plant

propagation and gardening to Horticulture

6 hrs