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FM 2-22.3
(FM
4-s2l
HUMANNTELLIGENCE
COLLECTOR PERATIONS
HEADQUARTERS, EPARTMENT
F
THE
ARMY
September
006
DISTRIBUTION ESTRICTION: pproved or
publ ic
e lease;
is t r ibut ions unl imi ted.
NOTE:
Al l
prev ious
ers ions
f th is
manual
re
obsolete. h is
document
s dent ica ln
content
to the vers ion ated6 September
006.Al l
prev ious
ers ions f th ismanual houldbe
destroyed n accordance
ith
appropr iate
rmy
polic ies
nd
regulations.
z
eovenrurue
ESrBrT
Case 4:07-cr-00575-HCE Document 21-4 Filed 06/26/2007 Page 1 of 30
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This
publications
available t
ArrnyKnowledgeonl ine(, , ' . , ' , \ .'u,1.. ' , - . ' i1?"l .1' . .
General
Dennis .
ReimerTrainingandDoctrine
D gital L brary &t
(':':,
:l:
:,:
.1
"i:,1:ii
i6tr-l:::;:,,71
l)
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FM2-22.3
V i
Preface
' l 'his rnanual plovides doctrinal guidance,
techniques, and
proceclures governing
th e
e'ntployment of human intel l igence
(HLIMINT)
col lect ion
and analyt i cal assets in
st rppolt
of ' the commander"s intel l igence needs.
I t out l ines-
.
HLIN{IN'f
opei'at ions.
.
The HIfNIINT
collector's role
within
the intell igence
operat ing system.
.
'fhe
i'oles and responsibil i t ies of the HLIMINT
collectors and
the
i'oles
of those
pi'oviding
the command, controi, and technical
support of HLIMINT
coliect ion
operat ions.
Tlr is
rnanual expands upon the inforrnation
contained in FM 2-0. I t
s t rpersedes FM
34-52 and
rescinds
ST
2-22.7.
I t is consistent with
doctr ine
in
FM 3-0, FM 5-0, FM 6*0, and JP 2-0. In
accordance with the Detainee
Treatment Act of 2005,
the
only interrogat ion
approaches
and techniques
that are author ized for use against any detainee, regardless of status or
character izat ion. Are those author ized
and l is ted in
this
Field Manual.
Sorrre
of ' the
approaches and techniques
author ized and l is ted in this Field
Manual also require addi t ional speci f ied
approval before
irnplernentat ion.
' fh is
nrunual
lv i l l
be reviewed annual ly and may be amended
ol
updated f rorn
t ime to
t inre to
accour- t t
br
changes
in
doct l ine,
pol icy,
or
law,
and to address lessons earnecl .
Tli is manual
pi 'ovicles
the
doctrinal
guidance
for
HLIMINT collectors
an d
courmanclers anci s taf fs of the MI organizat ions i 'esponsible for
p lann ing
ancl
cxerctrt ing HIIMINT
operat ions.
This manual also serves
as a reference
fol
pei'sonnel
cleveloping cloct i ' ine, tact ics, techniques,
and
procedures
(TTP),
materiel
and force
stnrct t r le; inst i tut ional and
unit
t raining; ancl s tanding opera t ing
procedures
(SOPs),
lol HLINIINT operat ions
at
all anny echelons. In
accordance
with
TRADOC
Iteguiat ion
25-i16, he docti ' ine
in
this
f ield
manual is not
policy
(in
and of
itself),
bu t
is
". . . : r
bocly o{ ' thought on how Army foi 'ces operate. . . . [ t ]
provides
an authol i tat rve
gr.r icle
ol l eaclers and soldiers, while allowing freedom
to adapt to circumstances."
This manunl applies to the Active Army, the Ai'my National Guard/Army National
( iuzrrcl
of ' the Llnited States, and the Llnited States Army Reserve unless
otherwrse
stated. This manual also appl ies to DOD
civ i l ian employees and contrac tors with
responsibil i ty
to engage
in HIIMINT
collect ion act ivit ies.
It
is also intended
fbr commanders and staffs of
ioint
and cornbined commands, and Service Component
Conrmands
(SCC).
Although this is Army doctrine, adaptat ions wil l have
to be made
b)' other
Vli l i tary Depai'tments,
based on each
of
their organizat ions and specif ic
r loct i ' rne.
\ {atcnal i r - r h is mantral
appl ies
to the ful l lange
of
rni l i ta ly
opel 'at ions. Pl incrples
otr t , l ine.c l
lso are
val ic l under cond it ions involv ing use
of elect ronic wai ' fare
(EW)
or '
nucleai ' . b iological , o l chemical (NBC) weapons.
' f
hi.q nranlral is intencled for use by rnil i tary,
civil ian, and civil ian contractor
HLr\ ' l IN'l ' collectors, as well as commanders, staff off icers, and military intell igence
(\ '11)
personnel
charged with the
responsibil i ty
of the HTIMINT collect ion effort.
HII\"I INT opei'at ions vary
depending
on the soul'ce of the information. I t is essential
that all HLINIINT coilectoi 's understand that, whereas operat ions and soulces may
6
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006
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FM2-22.3
difT'ei. ,
5e
6andling
ancl
breatment
of
sources
rnust
be
accomplishecl
in accordance
rvit l i arpplicable
aw ancl
policy. Applicable
law
and
poiicy
include
LIS
law; the
law
of
n,ar.:
.elevant
international
law;
r 'elevant
dilect ives
including
DOD
Direct ive
3115-09,
"DOD
Intel l igence
Interrogat ions,
Detainee
Debr ief ings,
and
Tact ical
Quest ioning";
I )OD
Dir ,ect ive
2310. lE,
"The
Department
of
Defense
Detainee
Program";
DOD
instr.uct ions; 2ncl rnil i taly execute orders including fragmentary ordei's (FRAGOs).
Inter.r 'ogation,
the
HLIMINT
subdiscipline
i'esponsible
for MI
exploitat ion
of enemy
1r"r. .o.r iul
ancl
their.
clocuments
to
answer
the
supported
specif ic
information
,.eq.,1re,1e1ts
(SIRs),
requires
the
HLIMINT
collector
to
be
fully
familiar
with
both
t,he
classif icat, ion
of the
solrrce
ancl
applicable
law.
The
principles and
techniques
of
HLI\, I INT
collect ion
are to
be
used
within
the
constraints
established
by US
la w
inclr.rcl ing
he
following:
.
'fhe
Llnifbrrn
Cocle
of
Military
Justice
(LICMJ).
.
( r i t ,neva
Convent ion
fbi
the
Arneholat ion
of the
Condit ion
of '
the
Wount led
ancl
Sicli
ir-r. \r.mecl
F-orces
n the
Fielcl
( inclr,rding
Cotnmon
Art icle
II I),
August
12 ,
1919:
herernaf ter
ref .en'ed
o as
GWS.
o
Q6'11s1.a
onvention
Relat ive
to
the
Ti'eatment
of
Pri.soners
of
War
(incltrding
Conmon Art ic le I I I ) , August 12. 1949; hereinaf ter referred to as GPW.
.
Geneva
Convention
Relat ive
to
the
Protect ion
of
Civil ian
Persons
in
Time
of
War
(incluciing
Common
Art icle
II I),
August
12,
1949;
hereinafter
referled
to
as
GC
.
Detaine.e
Tleatment
Act
of
2005,
Publ ic
Law
No.
109-
163,
T i t le
XIV'
HLIN,{INT
collectors
rnust
understand
specif ic
terms
used
to
identify
categories
of
pc.r.solnel
when
refer.r ing
to the
pi' inciples
and
techniques
of
inte|r 'ogation.
I)etei.minatron
of a
cletainee's
status
may
take
a
signif icant
t ime
and
may
not
be
coprpletecl
unti l
well
zrf ter.
he
t ime
of
capture.
Therefore,
there
will be no
dif 'ference
ir-r he
tr.eatment
of a
detainee
of any
status
f lom
the
motlent
of
capture
unti l
such
a
rlctei.ninat ion
is
rnacle.
The
following
terms
are
presented
here and
in the
glossary'
.
Civil ian
Inter.net-. :
A
person
detained
or
interned
in the
United
States
or
in
occr.rpied
erritory
fol
security
reasons,
or
for
protect ion, or
because
he oI
she
ha s
colrmittecl
an
offense
against
the
detaining
power,
and
who
is entit led to
"pi 'otected
person" status
under
the
GC'
o
Enerny
Pi. isoner,
of
War'
(BPW):
A detained
pelson,
as
definecl
in Alt icles
4
ancl
5
of ' t6e
GPW.
I1
part icular , one
who,
whi le
engaged
in combat
under
orc lei 's
of
6is
or .
her.
gover,nment ,
s
captuled
by
the
armed
forces
of
the enemy.
As such,
he,
or .
she '
s ent i t led
to
the
combatant 's
pr iv i lege of
immunity
f rom the
nrunic ipal
lan,ot ' t5e
captui ing
state
fbr
war l ihe
acts
that
do
not
amount
to
breaches
of
the
larv
of 'ar .mecl
con{ l ic t .
Fo l
example,
an
EPW
may
be,
but
is not
l imitec l
to,
any
I )er .so1
e long ing
to
one
of the
fbl lowing
categoi ' ies
of
pelsonnel
who
have
f al len
i . to
the
powey
of ' the
enemy;
a
mernber
of
the almed
forces,
organized
mil i t ia
o|
volunteer.
cor.ps;
a1
person who accotnpanies
the
armed
foi'ces,
without
actually
beir-rg
a
lrernber.
thereof;
a
member
of
a
merchant
marine
oi' civi l ian
ailcraft
clew
not
qualifying
for
more
favorable
treattnent;
or
individuals
who, on
th e
appi.oach of the enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist invading forces'
.
Othei.
Dertainees.
Persons
in the
custody
of the
US
Armed
Foi'ces
who
have
no t
beel
classif iecl
as
an
EPW
(Art icle
4, GPW),
retainecl
pei'sonnel
(Art rc le
33, GPW),
anct
Civ i l ian
Internee
(Alt ic les
27,
41,
-18,
and
78,
GC)
shal l
be
t r ,et r tec l
s
EPWs
unt i i a
lega l
status
is ascertained
by
competent
author i ty ;
fot 'exatnple,
by
Art icle
5
Tribunal.
.
Retainecl
Pei'sonnei:
(See
Art icles
24 and
26, GWS')
6 September
006
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FM2-22.3
OfTic ir i l medical
personnel
of
the armed forces
exclusively
engagecl in the
sca i 'c l i
f b i ' , o i '
t ,he
col lect ion.
t ransport
or t leatment
of
wounded
or s ic l i ,
or rn
the
1r i 'event ion
o{ 'd isease,
and staf f exclusively
engaged in
the
administ rat ion
o1 ' rer l ica l
uni ts
and
f 'ac i l i t res.
( ' l rap lu ins
at tachecl to the armed fbi 'ces.
Staf f o f Nat iona l Red Cross Societ ies and that of other Volunteel Aid
Societ ies,
cluly
lecognized
and
authorized
by theii '
governments
to assist
Nledical
Service
personnel
of their
own armed forces,
provided
they are
exclusively engaged in
the search for', or
the collect ion,
transport or treatment
of lvouncled oi'
sick, or
in
the
prevention
of disease, and
provided
that
th e
staff of such societ ies are subject
to mil itary laws
and regulat ions.
.
Protectecl Persons: Inc lude
civ i l ians
ent i t led to
protect ion
under
the GC,
including
those we retain in the
course of a confl ict , no
rnattel what
the
i'eason.
.
Enemy Conrbatant : In
general ,
a
person
engaged in host i l i t ies
against
t l ie
Lhritecl States
or its coalit ion
pai'tners
dui' ing an
armed confl ict . The
term
"enemy
conbatant" includes
both
"lawful
enemy combatants"
and
"unlawful
enel] ly combatants. " Al l
captured or detained
personnel,
regardless
of status,
shall
be t i 'eated
humanely,
and in
accordance with
the Detainee Treatment
Ac t
of 2005 and DOD Direct ive
2310.1E,
"Department
of Defense Detainee
Progratn",
and no
person
in
the custody
or
under
the control
of DOD, regardiess
of nat ionality or
physical
location,
shall be
subiect to torture
or cruel, inhuman,
oi' cleglat l ing treatment
oi'punishment. in accordance
with and
as defined in
LI S
l a w .
Lawful Eneml'
Combatant: l,awfr-r l
eneny combatants, who
ale entit lecl t
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FM2-22.3
Chapter
Approach
Techniques
nd Terminat ion
t rateg ies
8-1. Regai'dless
of
the type of operation,
the init ial impression
that the
HUMINT
collector makes
on the
source and
the approach
he takes
to
gain
the
source's cooperation will
have
a lasting
effect
on the continuing
relationship
and
the degree of
success in
collecting information.
Th e
approach used wi l l vary
based
on the
type of operat ion;
the operat ional
envi ronment ; he
status of the source;
he
personal i ty,
posi t ion,
and ident i ty
o{' the sorrrce;
and the
personality
and experience
evel of
the HUMINT
collector
and the time
available.
8-2. The MPs will not take any actions to set condit ions for interrogations
(foi'
example,
"softening
up" a detainee).
Additionally,
in
accordance
with
DOD
Directive
3115.09,military
working
dogs,contracted
dogs,or any
other'
dog in
use
by a
government
agency shall
not be used
as
a
part
of
an
interrogation
approach nor
to harass, intimidate,
threaten,
or coerce
a
cletainee for interrogation
purposes.
Leadership
throughout
the chain
of
comurand is
responsible
to ensure
that HIIMINT
operations are in
compliance with
these
governing
regulations
and
guidelines,
whethel
the
HI |MINT
col lect ion s to
take
place
as
part
of
HCT
operat ions
or in
an
rnte lnment
faci l i ty .
S- i l . The
only authoi ' izecl
nte i ' r 'ogat ion
pproaches
nd
techniquesare
those
at r thol ized
by and l is ted
in
th is manual , in
accordancewi th
the
Detainee
'freattnent
Act
of
2005.
Two
approaches,
Mutt and
Jeff and False
F'lag,
require approvai by the first 0-6 in the interrogabor"s
hain of cornmand.
Th e
lestrictecl
nterrogation
technique
"Separation"
equires
COCOM
commander'
approvai
or
use, and
approvalof each nterrogat ionplan
using
"separat ion"
by
the
filst
General
Officer'/FlagOfficer
(GO/FO)
n
the chain of
cornmand.
Coordination
may also be required
with
the C/J/G2X,
security, egal,
or other
pet'sonnel.
Regardless
of the coordination
efforts required, use
of
al l
tt-'cittriclues
t all locations must
carefully cornply
with this manual
ancl
: rc ld i t ronalnst ruct ions
contained
n the latest
DOD and
COCOM
pol ic ies.
NO'I 'E:
The r,r'oi 'd
sollrce"
will
be
used
n this
chapter to mean
any
pelson
who is
the obiective
of the HIIMINT
collector"s
approach, and is
applicable
in any
c:ollection
situation unless otherwise
noted
in the text. This
use
of the term
"sourcc."
is consistent
with US Arrny Intell isence
Center HUMINT
collcctor
t,rair-ring.
APPROACH
PHASE
8-4.
Dtrring
the
approach
phase,
the HTIMINT
collector
establishes
the
conclit ions
of' control and rapport
to
facil itate
information
collection. The
i tppi 'o t tch
egins wi th
in i t ia l
contact between
he source
and
the HUMINT
collector. Extrerne
cale is required
since the
successof'
the collection
ef1brt
6 Septenrber
006
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FM
2-22.3
APPROACH
TECHNIQUES
8-17.
The
appi'oaches
listed
are
not
guaranteed
solut ions
for
ever.y
situat ion.
Sotne individual approaches that may be suitable for one operat ing
environment,
such
as when
conducting
HUMINT
contact
operat ions,
may
be
ineffect ive
in
another,
such
as interrogation.
Some
will
be
successful
with
one
sotlrce
and
ineffect ive
with
another.
In
any
case,
everything
th e
HLIMINT
collector
says
and does
must
be in
compliance
with
the
applicable
larv
ancl
policy
ttnder
which
the
HUMINT
collector
is
operat ing.
Applicable
larv
and
pol icy
inc luc le
LIS law;
the
law
of
war ' ;
i 'e levant
inter .nat ional
law:
lelevant
di i 'ect ives
inchrding
DOD
Direct ive
3115.09,
"DOD
Intel l igence
lntei ' r 'ogat ions.
Detainee
Debr ief ings,
and
Tact ica l
Quest ioning";
DOD
Di lec t i ve
2310 . 1E ,
"The
Depa i ' t m en t
o f 'De f ense
De t a inee
Pr , og ram " :
DOD
inst luct rons;
and nr i l i tary
execute
orders
including
FRAGos.
8-18.
' fhere
are 18
approach
techniques
that
can
be
empioyecl
on
any
cletainee
regarclless
of
status
or
characterrzatron,
including
EPWs.
Aclclit ionally, there is one restricted interrogation technique called separat ion
(see
Appendix
M).
Separat ion
cannot
be
employed
on
EPWs.
With
th e
exception
of the
direct
approach,
which
may
be effect ive
by
itself ,
appr.oach
techniques
are t tsed
in
combination
with
other
approaches
and
techniques.
Ti'ansit ions
from
one
apploach
to
another
must
be
smooth,
logical,
an d
convincing.
D I RECT
APPROACH
8-19.
( Interrogat ion
and
Other
MSO)
Almost
al l HUMINT
col lect ion
begins
rvith
the direct
approach.
The
exception
to
this
is
during
elicitation
opei'ations
that
by theii '
very
nature
are indirect.
In
using
the clirect
approach,
he
HUMINT
collector
asks direct questions
(see
Chapter
g).
Th e
init ial questions
may
be administrative
or nonpertinent
but
the HUMINT
collectoi'quickly begins asking pertinent questions.The HUMINT collector
will
continue
to use
direct
questions
as long
as
the source
s
answering
th e
qtrestions
n
a truthful
manner.
When
the
source
refuses
to answer.,
avoicls
Itttstl 'e|ing,
ot'
falsely
answel's
a
pertinent
question,
the HUMINT
collector
u'i l l
begir-r
an
ii ltei 'nate
appi'oach
strategy.
The fact
that
the
sour.ce
s
tttrsweringquestions
does
not
pleclr-rde
he HUMINT
collector.
i,orn
pr,oviding
arn ncentive
to
i'eward
the
sottrce
and
continue
his cooperation
as long
as
that incent ive
does
not
slow
down
the
col lect ion.
For
example,
a
HLIMINT
collectol
ntight
off 'er
he
soui'ce
offee
or cigarettes
o r.ewar.d
is
cooper.ation.
See
Chapter
I
for
the use
of
Repeat
and
Control
questions
in
cletecting
decept ion.
8-20.
Stat ist ics
from
interi 'ogation
opelations
n
Worlcl
War
I I show
that
the
clirect
approach
was
effective
g0
pei'cent
of
the time.
In
Vietnam
and
in
opei 'at ions JRGENT FURY (Grenada,1983), UST CAUSE (panama,19g9),
anr l DESERT
STORM
(Kuwai t
and h.aq,
1gg1),
he
di r .ect
appr.oach
as
g5
Ilelcent
eff 'ective.
The
effectiveness
of the
direct
approach
in
Operations
ENDURING
FRtrEDoM
(Afghanistan,
2001-2002)
and IRAQI
FRBtrDoM
(Ii 'aq,
2003)
are
stil l
being
studied;
however',
unofficial
studies
indicate
that
in
these
operations,
the
direct
approach
has
been
dramaticaily
Iess
sttccessful.
The
direct
approach
is frequently
employed
at lower.
echelons
lvhen
the
tactical
situation
precludes
selecting
other
techniques,
and
where
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the EPW's o r detainee's mental s tate is one
of confusion oi ' ext rerne shock.
However', the HIIMINT collector must remember
that
just
because a sorn'ce
is answer ing a direct quest ion does not mean he is being t ruthful .
INCENTIVE APPROACH
8-21.
( Interrogat ion
and Othel
MSO) The incent ive
approach is t rading
something
that the source wants for information. The
thing that
you give
up
may
be a
material reward, an
emotional
reward,
or the removal of a real or '
perceived
negative st imulus.
Tire
exchange of the incentive may
be
blatant
or '
subtle. On
one extreme, the exchange may be
a
formal
cash
payment
for'
infbrrnation
during
some contact operat ions while
on the other extreme it
may be as subtle as offering the source a cigarette. Even when
the direct
approach
is
successful,
the HUMINT
collector
may
use
incentives
to
enhance
rappolt
and to
reward
the source
for
cooperat ion and truthfuiness. The
HUMINT collectol rnust be
extremely careful
in
select ing the options offered
to a c leta inee source. He cannot denv th e detainee anvthine that he is
er-rt it led o
b5r aw.
8-22.
The
HIIMINT col lector also
should not of f 'er
anything that
is not in
l i i s
powel
to
give.
Alt l-rough
this
might be expedient in
the
short
term,
in
the
long
i ' t rn
i t w i l l
e l iminate
soul 'ce coopei 'at ion.
When
asked to
provide
sornet ,hrng
bey'ond
his authoi' i ty, the HLIMINT collector can agree to help,
clieck
into, or '
otherwise suppolt the request without cornmittrng himself to its successf 'ul
accornplishment.
HLfMINT collectors must be cautions in
the
uscr
of '
incentives for
the
following reasons:
.
There is an inherent suspicion of the truthfulness of
"bought"
infbi 'rnat ion.
Soulces
lnay rnanufacture infoi 'mation in
orcler to
receiver
ol
maintain an incentive. Sources rnay
also
"hold
bach" information in
the
hopes of
t rading
i t at a later date for
greater
incent ives.
They
rnay
also hold back infoi 'mation i f the incentive is not irnmediatelv available
or
guaranteed.
.
The incentive must be believable and attainable. The incentive rnust be
within the capabil ity of the
HUMINT
collector"s assumed
persona
to
achieve. For exarnple, if the detainee was captui'ed after
kii l ing
a LIS
soldier', an
incentive
of
release
would
not
be realist ic or believable.
Likewise, if the interrogator is
presenting
himself as being
a
"harmless
clerk"
at the detention center, it
woulcl
be unrealist ic
to
expect
a
cletainee to
believe that a clerk
could arrange
to have
the detainee's
gir lfr iend
brought to visit hi.m. Such a visit might be
possible,
but the
intei ' r 'ogator 's
assumed
pelsona
would not
seemingly
provide
him with
the aut l - ror i ty to
rnake i t happen .
.
Tl ' re HLIMINT col lector must
provide
any
promised
incent ive. A s impler
l r rornise of an incent ive may be suf f ic ient to obtain imnrecl iate
coopei'at ion.
I f , however'. the HLIMINT collectoi ' does not fbllow
t,hrough on
pi'oviding
the incentive, he wil l lose ci 'edibil i ty and i 'appolt ,
rvith
his sollrce.
This
may end the cooperat ion of 'not only that source
but also
possibly
any
potent ia l
source who has
contact
with
that ,
soul.ce.
.
The HUMINT collector may not state
or even
imply
that the basic
hurnan r ights
guaranteed
by appl icable nat ional
and internat ional
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lurvs. i ' r 'gulat io ns, and agreernents wi l l be
cont ingent on a c letarner l
soul 'ce's
coopelat ion. An incent ive foi '
coopelat ion is v iable only i f ' the
HLIMINT collector has or is pelceived to have the authority to
r,vithhold the incentive if the source is not cooperat ive. A
HLIMINT
collector cannot
promise
an EPW that he wil l be treated in
accoi'dance
with the GPW if he cooperates. This statement implies
that the BPW
will
not be treated
properly
if he
does not cooperate.
Since the
trPW
must be treated in accordance with
the GPW
whether he
cooperates or'
not,
the
HUMINT
collectoi 'wil l
rapidly lose
credibil i ty.
EMOTIONAL
APPROACHES
8-23.
( Intei ' rogat ion
and
Other
MSO) Emot ional
approaches are centei 'ec lorr
how
the soulce
views himself
and
his interrelat ionships with
others. Through
soulce obselvat ion and init ial
questi.oning,
the HUMINT
collecfor can often
identrfy dominant emotions that
motivate
the EPW/detainee. The motivat ing
ernotion may be greed, love, hate, l 'evenge, or others. The emotion may be
clirected inwald
(feelings
of
pride
or helplessness) or outward
(love
of family).
The HLIMINT collector employs
verbal
and emotional ruses in
applying
pressrlle
to the source's dominant emotions. He then l i nks
the sat isfact ion of
these emotions to the soufce's cooperat ion. Often, the
presentat ion
of l ike
experrences and
presenting
the source with
an
opportunity
to expi'ess
hi s
erirot ions
is
suff icient to
i 'esult in
cooperat ion.
However',
sometimes t,he
source mtrst be
plesented
with
a
speci f ic
act ion or tangible
rnanifestat ion
of
suppor t .
8-2.1.
Al thougl i the ernot ion is the l iey factor ' , an emot ional apploach is
r-rolmally' n'orthless without an attached incentive. Th e incentive rnust meet
t.he ci ' i tei ' ia
l isted above fol the incentive approach to ensule that the
incentive
is
beliervable and attainable.
For
example, this techniqr"re can be
trsed on the EPWidetainee who has a great iove foi ' his unit ancl fellow
soldiers. Simply
having
the
source express this
emotion
is not enough. After'
the source expresses
this emotion, the HUMINT collector can take advantage
of this by tell ing the
EPW/detainee that by
providing pert inent
information.
he may shorten the
war
or bat t le in
progress
and save many of his contrades'
I ives. but his refusal to talk
may
cause
their
deaths.
This
gives
the soui'ce the
albernat ives
of fac ing the status
quo
or expressing love of comrades through
cooperat ing with the
HUMINT collector.
8-25.
Religion
is an especially dif f icult topic to
use in
any emotional
tupproach.
An
approach
using religion may encourage the source to be fui 'ther
motivated by love, remorse, fut i l i ty, or even
pride
to coopei'ate with the
interlogator'. On the other
hand, an approach using religion may also
enconrage the source
to end any rapport and cooperat ion with
the.
intelrogator. Although it is acceptable to use i 'el igion in all interrogation
apploaches, even to
express
doubts
about a religion, an interrogator is not
pemrit tecl
to denigrate a
religion's
symbols
(for
example, a I ioran,
prayer
rug,
icon, or
rel ig ious
statue)
or v iolate
a
re l ig ion 's
tenets, except
where
applopr iate
fbl health, saf 'ety, and se cur i ty I 'easons. Superv isors should
cralef i r l ly consic lel he exper ience
level of t i re ir subo rdinates befole
pennit t ing
l h e r r s e f ' r ' e l i g i o n
n
a n v
r n t e n ' o g a t i o n
p p r o a c h .
8-8
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8-26.
Similarly,
slrpervisors
should
question
the
appropriateness
of
clemeaning
any racial
group,
including
the source's,
to
elicit
an emotional
response during an interrogation approach.
8-27.
One common
danger
to the use
of
ernot ional
approaches
is
the
deveiopment
of
an ernotionai
attachment
on
the
part
of the
HLfMINT
collectoi '.
I t is natural
that
a source
will develop
an
emotional
attachment
to
the HLTMINT
collector'.
The
HTIMINT
collector
wil l
often foster
this
att ,achrnent.
However',
i t is vital
the HLIMINT
collectoi.
not develop
a
coi ' i 'espolrc l ing
tnot ional
at tachment
to
the source.
Th is
problem
nonnal ly '
clevelops
when
a
HLIMINT
collect,or
has contact
with
one source
or a
group
o{ '
s inr i la l sources
over
an extended
pel iod
of ' t i rne. There
is
t ransf 'erence
of ' the
sott l 'ce's
ploblerns
to the HLIMINT
collectoi '.
For
examlrle.
HLfMINT
collectors woi'king
in a refugee
camp
frequently
begin
to view
the welfar.e
of '
the i 'efugees
as a
greater
concern
than HUMINT
collect ion. The
HLIMINT
coilectoi ', while
developing
emotion within
the
source, must
act believably
bu t
at the same t ime he must remain detached. He must remember that the
ernotion
is a means
to an
end
(that
is,
information
collect ion).
Sultervisoi's
must
carefully
observe HUMINT
collectors
for
signs
of this
ernotional
at tachment
to
the source
and take
appropr iate
act ion
ranging f i 'om
cor. rnse' l ig
to reassrgnmen
.
8-28.
'fhe
following
ai'e types
of emotional
approaches.
Emot ional
Love Approach
8-29.
(Interrogation
and Other
MSO) Love
in its many
forms
(fr iendship,
comradeship,
patriot ism,
love
of farnily) is
a dominant
emotion
for
most
people.
The HTIMINT
collectoi '{bcuses
on the
anxiety felt by
the source
about
the circutnstances
in which
he f inds
himself ,
his isolat ion
from
those he loves,
ancl his f 'eelings of helplessness. The HUMINT collector directs the love th e
soul'ce f 'eeis
owarcl the
appropriate
object: family,
horneland,
ol coll l l 'ades.
If
the HLIMINT
col lectol
can show
the source what
the
source hirnsel f
can
do to
al terr or i rnplove his
s i tuat ion
or the s i tuat ion
of
the object
of
his
enrot ion, the
approach has
a
chance
of success.
8-30.
' fhe
key
to the successful
use
of th is
appi 'oach is
to ident i fy
an act ion
that can real is t ical ly
evoke
this ernot ion
(an
incent ive)
that
can be t , ied
to a
cletained
solr rce's cooperat ion.
For
example, i f
the source
cooperates,
he
can
see his family
sooner',
end the war',
protect
his comrades,
help his
countly,
help
his ethnic
group.
A
good
HLIMINT
collector
wil l usually
orchesti 'ate
sorte fr"rt i l i ty
with
an emotional love
approach
to hasten
the soui'ce's
reaching
the
breaking
point .
In
other words
i f
the source
does not
cooperate.
these
things may never
happen
or be
delayed in happeni ng.
Sincer i ty
ancl
convrct ion are crit ical rn a successfr"r l t tempt at an emotional love apploacl'r
as the HIIN{INT
collectoi ' nust
show
genuine
concel'n
fbrthe
source,
and lbr
the
object
at
which
the HUMINT
collectoi '
is direct ing
the source's
emobion.
The
emoti.onal love
approach
may be
used in
any MSO
whele
the source's
state
of
mind
indicates
that
the approach
rnay be
effect ive.
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Ernot ional
Hate Approach
8-; l l .
( Intei ' rogat ion
and Other MSO)
The emot iona l
hate
approach fbcuses
on any genuine hate, or possibly a desire for revenge, the source may feel.
The HLIMINT
collector
rnust
cleally identify
the
object of the
source's hate
and, if necessary,
build on those feelings
so
the ernotion overrides
the source's
i 'at ional
srde. The source may
have negative
feelings
about his
country's
i 'egime, immediate
superiors, off icers in
general,
or fellow
soldiet 's. The
entot ional
hate approach may
be
used
in
any MSO where
the soulce's
state of
mind indicates
that the approach
may b e effect ive.
8-32. The
emotional hate
appi'oach may
be effect ive
on members
of racial
or '
lel igious rninoi' i t ies
who have
oi'
feel
that
they have faced
discrimination
in
rnil i tai 'y
and civil ian l ife.
' lhe
"hate"
may
be very
specif ic. For
example,
a
sollrce rnay have
great
love
for his
country,
but may hate
the regime in
control. The HLIMINT
collector rnust
be snre to con'ect ly
identify
the specif ic
objcct of ' the hate. The
ernot ional hate
approach is rnost
ef l 'ect ive with
the
itrtnri it tu'e ol t imid sollrce who rlaSr have had no oppoi'tunity up to this point
fbr revenge,
o l
never
had the
courage to voice
his feel ings.
8- ; l ;1.As i r - r
heremot ional love
approach, the l iey
to the
successful appl icat ion
is t ,he l ink ing
of the emot ion
with a tangible
manifestat ion
of ' that
emot ion.
Tlte
HUMINT collector rnust
be extremely
careful
that he does
not
plorlrrse
anything
that
would
be
contrai 'y to nat ional
or internat ional
iaw or
fJS
intelests
or
goals.
Fol example, i f
an EPW feels
he has been
t i 'eated unfai l ly
in his unit ,
the HIIMINT
collectol can
point
out that, if the
source cooperates
:rncl divulges the location
of that unit ,
the unit
can be clestroyed,
thus
alTbi'ding the source revenge. But
he cannot
plornise
that
the
unit
i f
attacliecl
rvoulcl
not be allowed to
surrender or that
the unit if
i t surrenders wil l
be
t
ea t ed
bad ly .
8-:1.1.The HUMINT collector must be careful that he does not assnme that
cast tal negat ive
comments equate
to a st rong hate.
Many
soldiels wi l l make
negative
comments
against their
arrny but wil l
support
and defend
their
army
against any
"ott tsider."
The HLIMINT
collector
should also
not assume
generalit ies;
for example,
assuming that
a member
of an ethnic
minolity
hates
the ethnic majority
just
because most
ethnic minorit ies
hate
those in
the
ethnic rnaiority.
Errot ional Fear-Up Approach
8-115.
Inten'ogat ion
ancl Other MSO) Fe ar is
anot l - rer
dominant emot ion
that
ciur
be exploit ,ed by'
t lte Ht.fMIN'f
collectoi '. In the fear'-np
approach. the
HtTNIINT
col lectoi ' ic lent i f ies
a
preexist ing
fear
or creates
a fea l n ' i t h in
the
sotu'ce. He
then
l inks
the el iminat ion
or reduct ion
of the fear to
cooperat ion
on the part of the sottrce. The HLIMINT collector must be extremely caref ir l
that he
does not threaten
or coerce a sourc e.
Conveying
a threat may
be a
violat ior-r
of the LfCMJ. The HUMINT
collector
should
also be extrernely
caref ir l that he does not
create so much
feal that
the source
becomes
unresponsive.
The HUMINT
collector
should never act
as if he is
or-rt of
contlol ol set himself
up as the
obiect or focal
point
of the source's fear.
I f the
HUN'{INT
collector acts in this manner,
it is extremelv
dif f icult
to then
act as
8 - 1 0
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the ot r t let
lb r
the fear.
Supei 'v isors
should
consider
the exper, ience
evel
of '
their subordinates
before
approving
their
use
of th is
appr.oach.
8-36. I f
thele is
a
just i f iable
fear ' ,
the
HUMINT
col lector
should
pr,esent
i t
ancl
pi 'esent
a
plan
to
rnit igate
it i f
the
source
cooperates
(combination
of '
emot ional
and incent ive
approaches).
F
or exarnple,
an EPW
source
says that
he
will not
cooperate
because
if he
does
his fellow
prisonels
wil l
ki l l him
or., { '
a
contact solu'ce
says
that if
people
f ind
out he
is cooperat ing,
his family
wil l
suffei '. In
these
cases,
the HUMINT
collector
can
point
out that
the
sour.ce
has ah'eady
placed
himself
at r isk
and he
or his
farnily
rnay
suffei ' whethei.
he
cooperates
ol not
(lust if ied
fear).
But if
he
cooperates,
the
HIIMINT
collector.
wil l
do his
best
to ensure
that eithel'
no
one wil l
f ind
out ol
that he
wi l l
be
protected (incentive).
8-37. I f
thei'e is no
just if ied
fear,
the HIJMINT
collector
can make
use
of non-
specif ic feai's.
"You
know what
can happen
to
you
here?"
A fear-up
approach
is
normally
presented
in
a level, unemotional tone of voice. For example, "We
have heard
many
allegations
of atrocit ies
committed in
your
area
and
anyone
that was involved
will be
sevei'ely
punished" (non-specif ic
fear).
"I f
yo u
cooperate
with
me and
answer
all of my
questions
truthfully,
I
can rnake
sur,e
yotl
are not falsely
accused"
(incentive).
The
source
should
demonstrate
some
indicat ion
of ' fear ' , whether
ve lba l
o l
non-verbal ,
pr ior
to using
th is
appr.oach.
I f
a fear is
pre-exist ing,
the
approach
wi l l
woi 'k
and is legal .
I f ' ther .e
is no
rr- rc l icat ion
f ' f 'ear ' ,
nother
approach
should
be
considerer l .
8- :18. t ,
is of ten vely
ef f 'ect ive
o use
the
detainee's
own
irnaginat ior- r
aga ins t
hint.
'fhe
detainee can
often visualize
exactly
what he
is
afraid of
better.
thar-r
the HUMINT
col lector
can
expl 'ess t .
8-i19.
' lhe
"f 'eal'-up"
approach is
frequently
used
in
conjunction
with
th e
etuotional
love
oi' hate
aplr loaches.
For
example,
the HLIMINT
coilector,
ha s
ah'eacly established that a detainee source has a strong iove of family but is
now
separated
fi 'ont
them.
He may
state,
" I
woncler how
youi'
fanri ly
is
gett ing
along without
you?"
(f 'ear
of the
unknown).
He
then
promises
to allow
the detainee
rlore than
the rninimum
two letters
a month
reqtrired
by
th e
GPW.
Emot ional
Fear-Down
Approach
8- '40.
( Intelrogat ion
and
Other MSO)
The
emot ion
of fear
may
clorninate
he
solr lce to
the
point
where
he is
unable
to respond
rat ionaily
to
questioning,
especiaily
in interrogation
sources.
However,
the fear-down
approach
rnay be
trsed
in
any MSO
where
the source's
state
of mind
indicates
that it woulcl
be
an
applopriate
approach
to use.
In
the fear-down
approach
the
HIJMINT
collector mit igates
exist ing fear
in
exchange
for cooperat ion
on
the
par.t
of the
sotlt 'ce. This is
not normally
a
formal
or even voiced
agreement.
Instead,
th e
HLIMINT
collector
through verbal
and
physical
act ions
calms the
source'.
Psychologically,
the
source
then views
the HLIMINT
collector
as the
pr,otector.
or
the one who
is
ploviding
the calm
and
wishes
to help
the
HLIMINT
col lectol
in
grat i t t rde
and
in order
to maintain
the HLfMINT
col lector
as
the
pt 'otector ' .
When
t tsed
with
a soothing,
calm
tone of '
voice
and appr.opr. iate
bocll '
langr-rage,
a fear'-down
approach
often
creates
rapport
and nothing
else
may be needecl
to
get
the source
to
cooperate.
At
t imes,
however,
the
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HLrN'IINT collectol must
describe concrete act ions
that
he
will take in order
to
i 'ernove
the source's fear.
8-41. Frequently the object of the fear is
too traumatic for
the source to
face
clirect ly. While
calrning the soui'ce, the HLfMINT
collector may init ial ly
as k
nonpert inent
qr . rest ions
and avoid the subject
that has caused the
source's
fe: i r ' . This
c levelops rappoi ' t ancl establ ishes
communicat ion. The' HITNI INT
col lectol rnust remember
that
h is
goa l
is col lecf ing infoi 'mat ion,
not concern
rv i th the
psychological
wel l being of the source . He
wi l l be concerned iv i th
the
Iatter
onlS' nsofai' as it helps hirn obtain the former'. This
approach technique
nra5' baclif ire
if
allowed to
go
too far. After convincing
the source he has
r-rothing o fear', the source may cease to
be af laid and may feel secure enough
to lesist the HUMINT collector"s
pert inent question.
Emot ional-Pr ide
and
Ego-Up Approach
8-+2.
( Inter logat ion
and Othel MSO) The
emot ional-pr ide ancl ego-ul l
app loach
rnay be used in any MSO. I t
exploi ts a source' s low sel f ' -esteern.
Many HLfMINT solrrces including EPWs
and other
detainees,
retainecl
l lelsons,
civil ian internees, or refugees may
suffer
from
low self-esteem
ancl
f 'eelings of
helplessness
due to their immediate circurnstances.
Others, such
as inclivicluals ol members of social or
ethnic
glorU)s
that have been
cliscrir l inated against or low-ranking members
of
organizat ions
(including
the rnil i tai 'y), rnay also show low self-worth. In
this technique, the source is
f lattei 'ed into
providing
certain information in
order to
gain
credit ancl buiid
his
ego.
The HUMINT
collector
must
take care to use a f lattering somewhat-
in-awe
tone
of
voice,
and
speak
highly
of the source throughout this approach
rvhile
remaining believable. This should
produce posit ive
feeiings
on the
source's
pai't
as he receives desired recognit ion.
The source wil l eventually
leveal
pert inent
information to solicit more f 'avorable
comrnents f i 'om the
HtfMINT collectoi '.
8--1;1. his technic lue can also be ernployed in another
by
f lat terr ing
the source
into
admit t ing certain infblmat ion in oldei ' to
ga in
clecl i t .
For
example, n'hile intei 'r 'ogating a suspected saboteur',
the
HLIMINT collectoi '
s t t r tes:
"T 'h is
was a smooth operat io n. I have seen many
previous
at ternpts
Iai l . I
bet
you planned
this. Who e lse but a c lever
person
l ike
you
would have
planned
it '/
When
did
you
first
decide to do the
job?"
8--14. A vai' iat ion of this approach can also be used on individuals with strong
egos.
It is
basecl
on the
prernise
that everyone l ikes
to
talk about what
they
clo best. The HUMINT collector shows
interest in
and asks
the
soui'ce to
explain an aspe ct of his
iob.
The
quest ioning
begins with nonpei ' t inent
aspects of the soul 'ce's
ob.
The
HUMINT col lectol d isplays interest ancl asks
incleasingly technical and pert inent quest ions. For example, i f the soui 'ce s
an
EPW who was
a
pilot,
the HIJMINT
collector
rnight
begin by asking him
r,vhat it
is
l ike to
f ly.
As the source talks about this, the
collector'
clemonstrates i.nterest and
gradually
uses
questions
to lead
the conversation
to capabil it ies of specif ic aircraft . specif ic missions
that the
pilot
has f lown,
tact ics, or whatever topic is a
priority
for collect ion.
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Enrot ional-Pr ide
and
Ego-Down
Approach
8-45.
( Intei ' rogat ion)
The
emot ional-pr ide
and ego-down
approach
is based on
attacli ing the source's ego or self '- image. The source, in defencling his ego,
reveals information
to
just ify
or rat ionalize
his
act ions. This infonnation
ma y
be valuable in
answering
collect ion requirernents
or
may
give
the HLIMINT
collector insight into
the viabil i ty
of other
approaches. This
approach is
effect ive with sources
who have displayed
weakness
or feelings
of inferiority.
A real
or
imaginary
deficiency voiced
about the source, loyalty
to his
organizat ion,
or any other feature
can
provide
a basis for
this technique.
8-46.
' lhe
HUMINT
coliector
accuses the source
of weakness
or
implies
he
is
unabler
to do a certain
thing. This type
of source is
also
prone
to
excuses ancl
rat ional izat ions,
of ten shi f t ing
the blarne to
others. An example
of '
th is
teclinique is opening the collect ion
effort with
the
qr-rest ion,
"Why
clid
yo u
st t r rent ler so easi ly when
you
could have
escaped
by c i 'ossing he nearby
fbld
in the t ' iver'?"
The sott i 'ce s l ikely
to
provide
a basis for furt l-rel
questions
or '
to leveal signif icant infoi 'rnat ion if ' l-reattempts to explain his surlenclel rn
orcler to vindicate hirnself .
He may
give
an answer
strch as,
"No
one coulcl
cross
the
fbld because
t is mined."
8-47. Tlie object ive is for
the HTIMINT
collector to use
the soui'ce's
sense of
pi ' icle
by attacking his loyalty, intell igence,
abil i t ies, leadership
qualit ies,
slovenly appearance,
ol any other
perceived
weakness. This
wil l usually
goacl
the
soui'ce into
becorning
defensive, and he wil l
t ry to
convince the HLIMINT
col lector he is
wrong. In his
at tempt to redeern his
p i ' ide
and explain hrs
act ions, the sottrce may
provide
pert inent
information.
Possible targerts
lb r
the ernot ional-pr ide
ancl ego-down
approach are
the s6q1'ss 's-
.
Loyalty.
.
Technical
competence.
. Leadei'ship abil i t ies.
.
Solclierly
qualit ies.
t
Appearance.
8-48.
'fhere
is a r isk associated with
this approach. I f
the ernotional-pride
ancl ego-down approach fails,
it is dif f icult for
the HIJMINT
collector to
recovel
ancl move to another
approach without los ing
his credibi l i ty .
AIso,
the i 'e is
potent ia l
fo i '
appl icat ion of
the
pr ide
and ego
approach to
cross the
I i r - re nto
humil iat ing
and degla cl ing t reat rnent
of the detainee.
Superv isors
shoulc l consider the exper ience
level of
their subordinates
ancl det ,errnine
speci l ical ly how
the
intelrogatol
intends
to apply
the a ppi 'oach technique
before
appi 'ov ing the interrogat ion
p lan.
Emot ional-Fut i l i ty
8-49.
( Inte i ' r 'ogat ion
nd
Other
MSO)
The emot ional - fut i l i ty
appi 'oach s
generally
used in an interrogation
setting, but may
also be used for
other'
MSO, i f indicated
by the
sonrce'sstate of mind. In
the emot ional - fut i l i ty
approach,
he
HUMINT
col lector
convinces he source
that resrstance
o
questioning
is futi le. This
engenders
a feeling of hopelessness
ancl
help lessness
n the
pai ' t
of ' the source.Again
as
wi th
the otherr
emot ional
approztches. he HUMINT
collector
gives
the source
a
"way
out"
o{' the
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hcl l l less
si t t rat ion.
Fol example
" i t
i s
hopeless
for '
5 'err
folces
to
cont inue
l ight ing
becat tse
they can no longer
get
suppl ies,
but
you
can help
encl the
war and their suf fer ing." When employing this technique, the HUMINT
collectoi ' tnttst have
factual infonnation.
The
HIJMINT
collector
presents
these facts in
a
persuasive,
Iogical
manner. He
should be
aware of and
able to
exploit
the source's
psychological
and moral weaknesses,
as well
as
lveaknesses
inhei'ent in his
society.
8-50.
The
fut i l i ty
approach is e f fect ive when
the HUMINT
col lectoi 'can
play
on doubts that already
exist in the
source's mind. Factual
o i '
seemingly
fhctual inforrnat ion
must
be
presented
in
a
pers l las ive,
logical
manner.
ancl
in a mat ter-of - fact
tone of voice. Making
the s i tuat ion
appear hopeless
al lows
the sottrcer o rat ionalize
his act ions, especially
if
that act ion is
cooperat ing
rvith
the IfLIMINT
collector. When
employing
this technique,
the HLIMINT
collectoi ' nust not
only have factual information
but also
be aware of
an d
exploi t the source's
psychological ,
moral ,
and
sociological weaknesses.
Anothei' way of 'using the fut i l i ty approach is to blow things out of proport ion.
I f the soul'ce's unit
was low on, or had
exhausted,
all
food
supplies, he
can be
casily
led
to believe all of his forces
had run
out of food.
If the source is
vei'ging on cooperat ing, it rnay
aid the
collect ion effort if he
is told
all t l ie
othel soul'ces
have cooperatecl.
8-51.
The fLr t i l i ty
apploach mttst
be orchestra tecl u ' i th
o the i '
app i 'oach
t i 'cht r ic l t tes
for
exatnple. love of 'comracles) .
A source
rvho may want
to l ie l l r
sx1'ghis
comracles ' ives ma5t
be convrnced
the bat t lef ie lc l s i tuat ion
is hopeless
ancl
thel 'wi l l c l ie i l ' i thout his
assistance. The
fut i l i ty
appi 'oach is used
to
ltaint
a blc.ak
pictr,rre
for
the
pli ' isoner',
but it is not normally
ef{ 'ect ive
n and
of i tsel f in
ga in ing
the soul 'ce's
ooperat ion.
Other Approaches
8-52. Ther:e
are numerous
other approa ches but most
requi le
cons ide i 'ab le
t ime
and
lesources.
Most are more
appropriate for use with
sollrces
who are
det ,ainees,
but some, such as change
of scenel ' y , lnay have
appl icat ion for '
e l ic i tat ion oi 'MSO.
8-53. We Know Alt.
(Interi 'ogation)
In
the
"we
know
all" appi'oacli
technique,
the HUMINT collector
subtly
convinces the solr lce
that his
qtrest ioning
of the
source is
perfunctory
because
any information
that the
soulce has is
already known. This
approach may be employecl in
conjunction
with the
"f i le
and dossier'" technique
or by itself . I f used
alone,
the HLIMINT
collectol rnust f irst
become thoroughly
familiar
with
available data
coucerning the source
and the current
situat ion. To
begin
the collect ion
effolt . the HIIMINT
collector asks
questions
based on
this
known
data.
8-54. When the soulce hesitates, r 'efuses to answer, or provides an incon'ect
r-rt ' ncomplete i 'eply,
the HLIMINT
collector
provides
the
detailed answer'
hirnsel f . The
HLIMINT col lectol
may even
complete a
source's answel ' .
as i f '
he '
t s bo i 'ec lanc l
r - rst
golng
thlough the
mot ions." When
the sot rrce
begir - rs o
give
zrcctt t 'ate
ancl complete rnfbi 'matron,
the HIJNIINT
collectol
int,er ';ects
f. iert inent
cluest ions.
Questions
to which
answers are
ah'ead5' known
ar.e also
asl iec l
per iod ica l ly
to test the
source's
tmthfulness and
to maintain
the
clecept ion
that the informat ion
is aiready known.
There
are some inhelent
8-14
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FM2-22.3
problems
with the t tse
of the
"we
know
all" appi'oach.
The HLIMINT
collector'
is lequirecl
to
pl 'epare
evei 'y thing in
detai l , which
is t i rne
consuming. He
urust cotnmit uruch of the informat ion to mer lol 'y , as work ing f rom notes rnay
show
the l imits of
the informat ion
actual ly known.
I t is
a lso on l5 ' usable
when sr-rf f icient
prior
inforrnation
exists
to convince
the source
that
"we
know
a l l . "
8-55. F i le
and Dossier .
( Interrogat ion)
The f i le
and c lossier
apploach
is a
variat ion
of the
"we
know
all"
appi'oach. The HIJMINT
collectclr
plerpal'es
a
dossier
containing all
available information
concerning the
source or his
oi'ganizat ion. The
information is
carefully
arranged within
a f i le
to
give
th e
il lusion
that it contains
rnore data
than
actually
thei'e.
The
fi le may
be
padded
with ext la
papei '
i f necessary.
Index
tabs with
t i t les such
as
eclucat, ion, employment,
crirninal record,
military
service,
and others
at 'e
part icularly
effect ive. I t
is also effect ive
if the HUMINT
collectoi ' is reviewing
the
clossier
when
the source enters the room
and
the sollrce is
able to lead his
nalne on the dos sier and sees he numerous topics and supposeclextent of ' the
li les.
8-56. The HLIMINT
collector
proceeds
as in
the
"we
know
all" approach.
He
refers to the
part icular
Iabeled
segment
of the dossier
before, during,
or after
asking a
qr,rest ion.
n the early
stages of
questioning,
the HLIMINT
coliect,or
asks
quest ions
to
which
he has
the answer. He may
answer
along with
the
sotlt 'ce,
complete the information
for
the source,
or even show
the source
whele
the
informat ion
is
entered in the
dossier . He never
lets
the source
physical ly
hand le
the dossier ' .As
the soui 'ce
becomes convinced
that i i l l t .he
infot 'mat ior l
that
he
knows is
contained within
the dossiei ' .
the HLlN, l lNT
col lerctor
i 'oceeds
o topics on which he has
no or l i t t le
inforrnat ion.
In doing
so. he st i l l ref 'ers
to the appropriate
section
of the dossiei ' ancl mav
even nocl
his
head knowingly
ol te l l the
source that the infoi 'mat ion
the
soulce
rs
pi'oviding st i l l matches what is in the dossier'.
8-57.
' fh is
technique has several l i rn i tat ions
and di 'awbacks. The
prepai 'at ion
t irne
in
developing the
dossier is extensive.
The success
of this technique
is
Ialgely
dependent on the naivet6
of the sollrce, volume
of'data on the subject,
ancl sl i i l l of
the
HUMINT
collector in
convincing the
source that
the clossier s
nlol 'e cornplete
than i t actnally is. Thele
is
also the risk t l iat
a
less
naive
soul'ce
'nvil l
refuse
to cooperat,e.
claiming that, if
the collectoi '
ah'eacly knows
everything, there is no need for
hirn
to talk. Also with
this technique,
th c
HLIMINT collector is
l imited in
the method he rl lay
use to recoi'r l
ne w
information. I f
the HUMINT collector
writes
down
information,
i t
destroys
the
il lusion
that all
the
information
has
already been
obtainecl. The
HLIMINT
collector is norrnally l irnited
to using
electronic recording
clevices
ol
his memory. The
HLIMINT
collector
can also arrange
ahead of t irne for '
anotirer interrogator or analyst to take notes for him, undetected by th e
source. Tir is
could be especially
effect ive
in a
situat ion where
a separate
rnonitoi ' ing
area
(for
oversight) is used
by the analyst.
8-58. Establ ish Your
ldent i ty .
( Interrogat ion)
In using
this approach,
the
HLIMINT
col lector ins ists
the detained
source has
been correct ly ident i f ied
as
an
inf i l tnous
ind iv idua l
wantecl
by higher
autho i ' i t ies
on ser ious chalges,
ancl
he
is
r-rot
,he
pei'sorl
he
pulpoi'ts
to be. In
an effoi 't
to clear himself 'o{ '
this
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allegation,
the
sout 'ce
makes
a
genuine
and
detailecl
effort
to
estabhsh
or
substantiate
his
true
identity.
In
so
doing,
he
may
provicle
the
H[IMINT
collectoi 'with infoi 'mation and leads for further development. The HUMINT
collector
should
init ial ly
refuse
to
believe
the
source
and
insist
he
is
th e
individual
wanted
by the
ambiguous
higher
authoi' i t ies.
This
wil l
force
th e
source
to
give
even
mol'e
detailed
information
in
order.
to
convince
th e
HLIX4INT
collector.he
is
who
he says
he
is .
8-59.
Repet i t ion.
( Inten'ogat ion)
The
i 'epet i t ion
appi 'oach
is used
to inc iuce
coopei'alt ion
f i 'otu
a hosti le
source.
In
one
vai' iat ion
of
this
approac[.
t f icr
HLIN'{ INT
col lector
l is tens
careful ly
to
a source's
answer.
to
a
quest ion,
and
then repeats
the
quest ion
anc l
answer
several
t imes.
He
cloes
h is w i th
each
st tcceeding quest ion
t rnt i l
the
source
becomes
so thoroughly
borecl
w i th
the
lrrocedr.t le,
he
answers
questions
fully
and
candidly
to
satisfy
the H[-IMINT
collector
ancl
gain
relief
from
the rnonotony
of
this rnethocl.
The
r.epetit ion
techniclue
mttst
be
judiciously
used,
as it
wil l
gener.aily
be ineffect ive
when
ernployed against introverted sources or those having great self-contr.ol. It
may
also
provide
an
opportunity
for
a source
to
regain
his
composure
an d
clelay
the
collect ion
effoi 't .
In
this
approach,
the
use
of mor.e
than
on e
HLTMINT
collecto.
or
a tape
recorder
has
proven
effect ive.
8-60.
Rapid
Fire.
( Inter i 'ogat ion)
The
rapid- f i i 'e
appi 'oach
is
baser l
upon
t f ie
p r i n c i p l e s
h a t -
.
Everyone
li l ies
to
be hearci
when
he
speaks.
'
It
is
confusing
to
be interlupted
in mid-sentence
with
an
uni.elatecl
qr-rest ion.
8-61.
This
approach
rlay
be
r-tsed
by one,
two,
or more
HUMINT
collector.s
o
qtrest ion
the
source.
In
employing
this
technique,
the HUMINT
collectors
as k
a series
of
questrons
in
such
a manner
that
the
source
does
not have
tirne
to
elnswer a question completely
befoi'e
the
next
one
is
asked.
This
confuses
th e
sollrce,
and
he
will
tend
to contradict
himself
as he
has
iit t le
t ime
to
foi 't l l t t late
his
answei's.
The
HUMINT
collectors
then
confr.ont
the
source
with
the inconsistencies
cat ts ing
fur thei '
contracl ic t ions.
In
many
instzrnces,
he
sot l l ' ce
wi l l
begin
to talk
f i 'ee ly
in
an
at ternpt
to explain
himself
and
cleny
he
HtIN{INT
col lectoi"s
c lainrs
of inconsistencies.
In
this
at tempt ,
the sot rr ,ce
s
li l ierly
t,o reveal
rnore
than
he
intencls,
thus
creating
aclclit ional
leacls
fo r
l i r r ther
exploi tat ion.
Th is
approach
rnay
be orchestrated
with
the
emot ional-
pr ide
z lnd
ego-down
oI '
fear-up
approaches.
Besides
extensive
prepar.at ion,
this
apploach
reqtt ires
expei' ienced
and
competent
HLIMINT
collectors,
r. l, i th
comprehensive
case
knowleclge
and
fluency
in the
source's
language.
8-62.
Silent.
(Intei 'rogation)
The
silent
approach
rnay
be
successful
when
ttsed
against
eithet '
a nervous
or
confident
source.
When
employing
this
technique, the HUMINT
collector
says nothing
to the
sour.ce,
but looks
hil i
squai'ely
in
the
eye,
preferably
with
a
slight
smile
on his
face.
It is
impor.tant
not to
look
away
fi 'om
the
source
but
force
him
to break
eye
contact
f irst.
Th e
source
may
becolne
nervous,
begin
to shif t
in
his
chair,
closs
ancl r.e-cr.oss
is
legs,
ancl look
away. He
may
ask
questions,
but the
HLIMINT
collector.shoulcl
not
answer
unti l
he
is
ready
to
bi'eak
the
silence.
The
source
may
biur.t
ou t
qt rest ions
such
as,
"Come
on
now,
what
do
you
want
with
n le?"
When
the
HLTMINT
collector
is
ready
to break
silence,
he
may
do
so with
questions
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sl lch as, "You
planned
this operat ion for a long
t ime, didn' t
you?
Was
i t
you l '
idea'J" The HUMINT
col lector must
be
pat ient
when using
this tec l ' rn ique.
t
rnay appeai ' the technique is not succeeding, but usual ly wi l l when given u
reasonable
chance.
8-63. Change of Scenery.
( Interrogat ion
and Other MSO) The
change-of ' -
scenery approacl-r may be nsed
in any
type of MSO to i 'ernove
the sotrlce f i 'onr
an
int imidating
atrnosphere
such as an
"interrogation"
room
type of sett , ing
and to
place
him in a sett ing wirere
he feels
more
comfortable speaking.
Bringing
a source into a formal sett ing
to conduct
an
inten'ogation
or
debi' ief ing has
psychological
implicat ions.
On the
posit ive
side, it
places
th e
HUMINT
collectol in a
superior
posit ion
since he is
operat ing on his
"home
tulf ' and has set
the condit ions for the meeting.
I t allows the HUMINT
collectoi 'conti 'ol over the immediate
environment including
the
posit ioning
of
the
part icipants,
to establish the desired
atrnosphere for the
appi'oach.
8-6-1.However ' , there
are
potent ia l
negat ive factors
in the
conduct o{ '
c luest ioning in an
"Inter i 'ogat ion
Room" environment .
The sor-r lce nay
be
int inr i t lated
ancl nrore
guarded;
he rnay
consider
t i re
folmal
set t ing rn
t ,erurs
o1'an aclversar ial relat ionship;
and he may l imit h is
answel 's
as a
rnocle
o{ '
.s l f ' -protect ion. In
some c i i 'cumstances,
he HUMINT col lector may
be able to
invite the source
to a dif f 'ei 'ent sett ing fbi '
coffee and
pleasant
convei'sat ion.
\ \ 'hen
renroved f i 'om the foi 'mal
environment, the
source
may
expei' ience a
I 'eehng
of
leaving
the inten'ogation behind. The
perceived
reduced
pressllre
may lowei'his
guarcl
and allow hirn to
attach less signif icance
to conversation
that occurs outside the folmal
sett ing, even though
pert inent
information is
st i l l being discussed.
During
the
conversation in this more
relaxecl
envilonment, the HLIMINT
collector steers the convei'sat ion
to the topic of '
intelest. Thi'ough
this somewhat indirect method,
he attempts
to elicit t , l-re
desired infbrmation. The
source may ne ver realize
he is
st i l l berine
quest ioned.
8-65. lUutt
and Jeff.
(Interrogation)
The
goal
of this technique is
to malie
the
source
identify
with one of the interrogators
and thei'eby
establish
rappolt and cooperat ion. This
technique involves
a
psychological
ploy
that
takes advantage of the natural uncertainty
and
guilt
that a soul'ce has as a
lesult
of being detained and
questioned.
Use of this technique reqr.r i i 'es
wo
experienced HIJMINT collectors
who are convincing
actors.
The
tw o
HUI\I INT coilectors wil l cl isplay opposing
personalit ies
and
att itucles towai'd
the soulce. For exarnple,
the
f irst
HUMINT collector is vei'y
folrnal and
displays an unsympathet ic at t i tude towa rd
the soui 'ce.He may, for instance,
be very st r ic t and order the source
to fol low al l mi l i tary
cotrr tes ies c lur ing
quest ioning.
Although he
conveys an unfe el ing
at t i tude, the Ht IMINT
col lect ,ol
s
ca i 'e fu l
not to threaten
or coerce he source. Conveying
a threat of '
v io lence is a violat ion of the LICMJ.
8-66. At the
point
when the interrogator
senses the source is vulnerable,
the
second HLfMINT collectol appeals
(having
received
his cue by a signal,
hidden f i 'om the soui' ce, or
by
iistening
and observing
out of view of the
soulce), and scolds the f irst HLIMINT
collector
for
his uncaling behavior
an d
orders him from the room. The
second HLfMINT
collector then apologizes to
soothe the source,
perhaps
offering him
a beverage
and a cigarette. He
6 September2006
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FM
2-22.3
exp la ins
that the
act ions
of
the f i rs t
HLIMINT
col lector
were
largely
the
t ' t 'sr t l t
o1'ar-r
nfel ior
intel lect
ancl lack
of 'sensi t iv i ty .
The
infer .ence
s
that
the
st 'con( l HI IMINT col lector and the soulce share a h igh degi 'eeof intel l igence
lund sensrt iv i ty .
8-67.
The
source
is norrnally
inclined
to have
a feeling
of
gi.at it trcle
towarcls
the seconcl
HLIMINT
coilector',
who
continues
to
show
sympathy
in
an effor. t
to increase
rapport
and conti 'ol
for
the
questioning
that
wil l follow.
If
th e
sotlrce's
cooperat ion
begins
to fade,
the second
HLIMINT
collector,
can hint
that he
is
a busy
person
of high rank,
and therefore
cannot
affor.d
to
waste
t ime
on an uncooperat ive
source.
He
can
broadly
imply
that
the
f ir.st
HUMINT
coilector
might
return
to
continue
the
questioning.
The
Mutt
an d
Jeff
approach
may
be effect ive
when
orchestrated
with
Pride
and
Ego
LIp and
Down, Fear
LIp and Down,
Fut i l i ty ,
or .Emot ional
Love
or Hate.
8-68.
Overs ight
Considerat ions:
Planned
use of
the
Mut t ,
and
Jef i '
approach must be approved by the f irst 0-6 in the interrogator"s chain of
cotntnand. The
HUMINT
collector
must include
as
a
part
of the intei.r.ogation
p lan-
.
No violence,
threats,
or irnpermissible
or unlawful
physical
contact.
.
No
threatening
the
removal
of
protect ions
afforded
by law.
.
Regtrlai '
monitoring
of
the interrogation
shall
be
per.for.mecl
by
interrogat ion
personnel.
8-69. False
Flag.
( Interrogat ion)
The
goal
of th is
technique
is
to convincc '
t he 'de t a ince
t hz r t
i nchv idua ls
f i ' om
a coun t i . S r
t he i . t han
the
Un i t ed
States
r l rc ' nt ,e l t 'ogat ing
hinr .
and tnck
the detainee
in to
cooperat ing
wi th
t ls fbrces.
F 'o t '
example, t rs ing
an rnt ,en'ogatoi '
who
speaks with
a
part ic t r lar .
accent . .
rnaking
the c letainee
bel ieve
that he
is actual ly
talk ing
to repr.esentat ives
f i 'onr a dif ferent cotrntry, such as a country that is fr iendly to the detainee's
countr '5'
or
organizat ion.
The False
Flag
approach
may
be
effect, ively
orchestrated
with the F
ear Down
approach
and the
Pr ide
and Ego
IJp.
8-70.
Overs ight
Considerat ions:
The interrogat ion
chain
of command
tnust
cooldinate
an
interrogat ion plan
that uses
the
False F iag
appr.oach
wtth
the legal representat ive
:rnd the
2X,
and receive
approval
f lom
the f i i .st ,
()-6
in
the interrogator"s
chain of
command
for each
specif ic
use
of
the False
Flag
approach.
.
The use
of
the False
Flag
interrogation
strategy
and
interrogat ionplan.
approach
must
complement
the
over.al l
other
approach
techniques
listed
in
th e
.
When
a HUMINT
collector intends