St Anns Mill

ST ANN’S MILL - URBAN COMMUNITY GREEN SPACESExploring how the mill can serve the community and connect to Kirkstall Valley whilst exploring opportunities for urban farming

By Laura Helen Fogg

contents

Brief and Vision.................................................................1

Location and Context........................................................................3History.....................................................................................................7Leeds Green Infrastructure..............................................................9Community Growing Projects......................................................13Wider Site Analysis............................................................................15Existing Situation..............................................................................17Case Studies........................................................................................19Forest Gardens...................................................................................23Constraints and Opportunities......................................................25

Design Development......................................................29Precedents...........................................................................................33

Masterplan......................................................................37Planting Scheme...............................................................................47

Brief and vision

Considering existing proposals for Kirkstall Valley Park I am combining a more detailed design proposal for the St Ann’s Mill site as well as linking in proposed ideas into the surrounding area. Using this and the Cities Alive document I will explore how the site can be transformed from it’s existing run down state to accommodate a Kirkstall Valley Visitor Centre with a focus on sustainability and ‘green’ thinking.

My Vision for St Ann’s Mills and the surrounding area focuses on creating fun, educational, community driven spaces in a prime location. The renovated St Ann’s Mill will be the central feature, serving as Kirkstall Valley Visitor and Sustainability Centre, with accompanying land to provide educational community driven space for growing productive vegetation. Connections will be made to other destinations in the valley by incorporating bridges and tunnels and improved pathways.

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Kirkstall Abbey

Superstore

St Ann’s Mill Site

Armley Mills

Leeds Train Station

Kirkstall

Bramley

Burley

Hyde ParkWoodhouse

Headingley

Holbeck

Leeds City Centre

Armley

Wortley

Location and context

My chosen site, St Ann’s Mill is located in Leeds, west of the city centre. Leeds lies in West Yorkshire, made up of 5 metropolitan boroughs; Leeds, Bradford, Wakefield, Calderdale and Kirklees and has a populations of 2.2 million. The Industrial Revolution created huge growth in Leeds and Bradford which are now West Yorkshire’s largest cities. As well as this Leeds is the third largest city in the UK.

The city of Leeds began it’s days as a market town situated along the River Aire which then grew and joined with other villages along the river valley. The River played a vital role as Leeds expanded and became a centre for industry with many mills along the river.

St Ann’s Mill lies north west of the city centre in the suburb of Kirkstall, With Headingley north east and Bramley west. The busy A65 runs through Kirkstall and forms links from the city centre to Guiseley, Yeadon and Ilkley.

The map opposite shows the site along the green corridor of River Aire just behind a Morissons superstore and shopping centre. Further north is the popular visitor attraction Kirkstall Abbey, a ruined Cistercian Abbey founded in 1152, and further south Armley Mills, once a working woollen mill it is now a museum open to the public.

Site Location and Features

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Railway

River/Canal


Open space

Commercial

Business

Business/Industrial

Industrial

Education

Historic/museum

Hospital

Residential

St Ann’s Mill

Farm

Morrisons

Rugby Training

Nature Reserve

PastureCommercial Golf

CourseCommunity Golf

Course

Land UseSite Context

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HistoryThe city of Leeds can be traced back to the 5th century and became a small town that had formed up from the River Aire. It is the towns great expansion during the Industrial revolution that plays an important role in the St Ann’s Mill site.

A rapid growth in population led to their being roughly 150,000 people by 1840 due to industrial growth formed from the Leeds Liverpool Canal created in 1816 and the first railway here from 1834 which gradually formed links from Leeds to surrounding towns like Dewsbury and Bradford Hull and York as well as further afield like Manchester and Liverpool. Following this growth, Leeds became a city in 1893 with various areas of the city having a different role in the industrial revolution; the city centre was based around travel and commerce, Holbeck and Hunslet became engineering centres, Armley, Bramley and Kirkstall located along the river became centres for milling.

1850’s

1890’s

1900’s 1980’s

1950’s

1930’s

Key

St Ann’s Mill

Other Mill

Historic building

Urban growthKirkstall road and

St Ann’s Mill do not yet exist

St Ann’s Mill and the canal have now been

constructed

Another mill, Burley Mill, is now

also present

Kirkstall road has been completed as far as bridge road

Redcote lane forms another link across

the river

St Stephens Church is built and Abbey

road is extended to Horsforth

Kirkstall viaduct is open and the railways are almost complete

There were once several mills along this stretch of the River Aire; Abbey Mills, Savins Mill, St Ann’s Mills, Burley Mills and Armley Mills. Today the future of Abbey Mills and St Ann’s Mill are uncertain, whereas Armley Mills was turned into a museum, similar to the historical Abbey House, with the ruins of Kirkstall Abbey now a popular visitor attraction. We can see from the maps that the growth of the city has engulfed much of the open space that surrounded Kirkstall and the river corridor where the Mills sat.

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Public parks

SSSI


Amenity ground and sports pitches

Allotments

Woodland

Leeds Green infrastructure

Leeds

Bradford

Kirkstall Valley

Meanwood ValleyRoundhay Park

Temple Newsome

Leeds Green Spaces

In a wider context Leeds and it’s surrounding towns of West Yorkshire including Bradford and Wakefield are surrounded by a green landscape. To the southwest lies the Peak District National Park and to the north west the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

Within the city green wedges still exist through the city, 2 clear example are the Meanwood Valley and the Kirkstall Valley which follows the route of the

River Aire and is the surrounding area to the St Ann’s Mill site. There are a large number of public parks across the whole of Leeds, those closest to the site are mapped opposite, along with other areas on green including amenity and sports ground, allotments and woodlands which all contribute to providing strong Green routes within the city to create ecological corridors for insects and animals and well as safe places for the public to use for exercise, relaxation and enjoyment.

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Bee hives

Food growing including allotments


Community growing projects

Orchards/ Forest gardens

Productive Green Spaces

Kirkstall Abbey Community Beds

Armley Mills - Growing For Colour

All Hallows Church Permaculture Garden

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community GrowinG Projects

Kirkstall Community Garden

A non profit community project located north of St Ann’s Mill at Church Lane Allotments.• Focus on community spirit and learning new skills

together• Re using and recycling is incorporated into growing

a variety of food• Providing a safe fun environment for people of all

ages and abilities• Promoting social engagement and a healthy

lifestyle

Kirkstall Community Beds

Adding life to the historic Kirkstall Abbey; members of Kirkstall Community Garden along with TCV Hollybush have created 10 growing beds for wildflowers and edibles in a bid to encourage the community to get growing their own. The beds are dotted in the grounds of the abbey which as an already popular visitor attraction will interest many different people from different communities and hopefully inspire food growing.

Armley Mills Colour Garden - Growing For Colour

A friendly group situated in the colour garden at Armley Mills Industrial Museum with a focus on education and suitable for people with little and lots of experience it looks into the use of everyday plants used to create dyes for fabrics and yarn. Learning how to extract the colour from the plant and experiment with natural dying. It also provides an outdoor space to encourage people to get involved with the creation of the colour garden and have a go at growing their own plants.

Incredible Edible Todmorden

Incredible edible is an exemplary organisation for productive food growing in an urban environment. The group grows and campaigns for local food and plant vegetables all around Todmorden. It encourages other public bodies to utilise their land for productive means; the fire station, railway station and school groups have all become involved. The group focuses on education about food particularly relating to school groups and encourages volunteers into the program.

It has created a great visitor attraction to the town which is a great way to spread the message of food production; now many other towns and cities have started their own Incredible Edible groups in places such as Wakefield, Salford and Bristol.

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Nature Reserve

National Grid

Poor pedestrian routes/links

Railway

A Road

Footpath

Cycle Way

Bridges (car and path)

Pedestrian bridges

Potential new links

Dentinations

Weirs

Food growing locations

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wider site anaLysis

3. Kirkstall Valley Nature Reserve

A 9 ha site managed by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust 2 miles from Leeds City Centre

A combination of wetland, meadow and young woodland provide a green retreat for people and wildlife amongst busy residential and commercial areas

The reserve sits on a bed of fly ash from the Kirkstall Power Station which was demolished in the 1970’s, it now provides a variety of habitats; woodland, reed bed, wildflower meadow and bog and supports various bird and mammal species including the Grey Partridge, fox, badger, and several bat species.

1. History, community food growing, encouraging wildlife and open space for sport and recreation at Kirkstall Abbey, north of St Ann’s Mill.

2. The footpath continues from the Abbey and crosses heavy traffic areas to become the goitside walk; ground is uneven and bumpy with overgrown vegetation.

Electricity pylon interrupts an area of open space, lots of graffiti, doesn’t feel safe.

Stone benches - cold and hard, not inviting to sit and stay in the area.

Poor sign-age to route and surrounding areas.

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St Ann’s Mill

Kirkstall road A65

Access road from main road

Path onto the giotside walk

Morissons Superstore

Small businesses

Unused space

Close access to riverside

River Aire

Rugby training ground

Car park

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1.Panorama image stood in front on the mill showing the small businesses that now occupy that area. To the right you can see the mature vegetation that surrounds the banks of the River Aire in this area.

2.View of the business Aire Auto Repairs and the access track that leads down to the mill from the busy A65 road. You can see the graffiti on the building showing the area is not widely used by the public and its secluded spot encourages anti- social behaviour, making the space a widely used community area close to the river would be a positive effect on this space with high potential.

3.From the goit side walk looking over the river, views of the storage unit business currently running from the area, the Morrisons superstore can also be seen from the riverside path.

4.From an area of vegetation showing views of the mill across the water. The area can be accessed from the site but is currently blocked off as an unused space.

existinG situation

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case studies

Staveley Nature Reserve

Yorkshire Wildlife Trust

Potteric CarrNature Reserve

A 79 ha nature reserve on the River Tutt at Staveley

Comprised of 2 parts; Eastern Lagoon - edged with natural vegetation that was allowed to develop on it’s own, consists fen, reed swamp and flower rich grasslandWestern Lagoon - limited trees and intensively grazed pasture

Provides habitat for over 200 species of bird, around 45 of which come to breedHome to many small mammals such as common and pygmy shrews, field and bank voles, wood mice and harvest mice, as well as larger mammals like foxes and Roe deer

Managed to maintain its various habitats of fen, flower-rich grassland, open water, wet pasture and ponds by clearing scrub, mowing and grazing.

A 200 ha site on low lying ground near Doncaster forming the floodplain of the River Torne

The extensive wetland has a variety of habitats that accommodate over 230 species of birds, with over 65 breeding here every year

The marshes also allow for a range of plants to thrive like greater and lesser spearwort, water soldier, water violet and Southern marsh orchid. The disused railway embankments encourage plants such as common spotted and bee orchids and old man’s beard.

The pools encourage the presence of great crested and palmate newts as well as toads. Mammals such as water shrew, harvest mouse and roe deer can be seen here too. The mosaic of habitats are popular for insects and invertebrates; 28 species of butterfly and 21 species of dragonfly have been spotted here.

Meanwood Valley Urban Farm

Meanwood Valley Urban Farm has been established since the 1980’s and is a registered charity. It has grown to cover a 24 acre site in the midst of a busy community close to Leeds City Centre.

The site offers a great deal to the community and further afield; • Educational services to school groups• Engage Reconnect Project - for high school pupils experiencing difficultly in

mainstream school systems• Development programmes to adults with learning difficulties• Allotments for locals• Conference and educational facilities• Leisure ad recreation with a shop of local produce

At the farm only native tree species are planted such as English Oak, Alder, Silver Birch and Field Maple which provide important habitats for bird, bats and insects. Deadwood is left in the woods to encourage small mammals and invertebrates. A wildflower meadow provides another different habitat consisting of wild flower species native to Britain which create a great habitat for bees, wasps and butterflies.

As well as the animals that are kept on the farm it creates a haven for other wildlife such as foxes, badgers, rabbits, roe deer and rodents. Birds such as red kites, kestrels, sparrow hawks and owls are often sighted around the farm too.

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Biospheric Project, Salford

This Manchester based project was commissioned by the Manchester International Festival in 2013 and has turned a once derelict mill into an urban farm and laboratory and research centre. The project embraces a variety of new technologies and produces a wide range of food and habitats.

Forest Garden

• Designed to grow over 50 tree species and 100 plant species including a mix of fruits, berries, perennial vegetables, medicinal plants and herbs and edible flowers

• It’s urban located explores how inner city land can be modified to allow for food production

• It has been created to form a low maintenance high yield system

Vermiculture

• Worms are crucial to improve the quality of the soil and crops

• The worms break down organic waste from across the Biospheric Project, they ingest and aerate the waste and then deposit castings rich in nutrients which are used to help grow plants in the building.

• The worms also provide a food source for the fish

Mushrooms

• In the laboratory organic mushrooms such as shiitake and oyster are grown

• They are grown on widely available recycled substrates such as wood chip, sawdust and coffee grounds

• Currently research is being done to explore ways to increase production of indoor urban mushroom production in order to provide shops and restaurants with fresh supplies

Roof Garden

• The roof garden space provides a home to honey bees, chickens, leaf crops and renewable energy systems

• The 15m poly-tunnels used to grow spinach, kale, lettuce, herbs, micro herbs, grasses and edible flowers

• The poly-tunnel creates a warmer climate in order to grow crops that would not grow in these climates

Aquaponics

• Aquaponics is a combination of aquaculture and hydroponics (rearing fish and growing plants in water)

• Fish create 2 waste products - ammonia and solid waste - using aquaponic techniques the waste can be filtered out and used

• The ammonia rich water is pumped into a series of filtration beds containing bacteria converting the ammonia to nitrate

• Plants absorb the nitrate and use it as a nutrient to growing

• Once the nitrate has been absorbed from the water it then goes back to the fish tanks

Bio Facade

• The bio facade system optimises food production by developing a sustainable hyper localised food system

• The research of this challenges ways ecology and technology is implemented in cities

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forest GardensWhat is a Forest Garden?

A garden that is planted to mimic the natural ecosystems of a forest, often concentrating on choosing edible species. It is a sustainable garden based on the layered structure of a native woodland, there are 7 layers involved;

• 1. Canopy trees - standard trees• 2. Smaller shade tolerant trees - for fruit and nut provision• 3. Shrubs and bushes - currents and berries • 4. Herbaceous - perennial herbs and vegetables• 5. Ground cover plants• 6. Underground layer - root vegetables• 7. Vertical layer - climbers and vines such as beans trained

to climb the trees

What are the benefits?

• Forest gardens are more resilient, designed to withstand flood and drought

• Maintaining soil fertility• Control soil erosion and water run off• Create a variety of habitats for wildlife• Once they are established are a low maintenance garden• They can provide their own nutrients through leaf

fall and planting a variety of species for deep rooting mineral accumulation and nitrogen fixing shrub and tree species (e.g. Alder and eleagnus)

• They are attractive and educational whilst creating great spaces for relaxation and play

• Providing nutrient rich food promoting a healthy diet

What can be produced?

• Trees - apple, pear, plum, cherry, mulberry, quince, chestnut, pine nut, almond, hazelnut

• • Shrubs - currant, plum, blueberry• • Perennial Vegetable - sea kale, wild garlic, perennial

broccoli• • Roots - horseradish, Jerusalem artichoke, • • Climbers - grape, hops, loganberry, tayberry• • Salads - sorrel, wild rocket, lambs lettuce• • Additional - fuel from wood coppice, dye plants, whole

range of herbs for culinary and medicinal use

Old Sleningford Farm Forest Garden

Old Sleningford Farm is located 5 miles north of Ripon in North Yorkshire and aims to demonstrate a low impact way of life.

Food is grown in the forest garden, raised beds and poly-tunnels.

Meet is produced from pigs, sheep and chickens, as well as eggs from the chickens.

Bees are kept for honey production and to increase pollination.

The first planting for the forest garden begun in 2004 with fruit trees and bushes being the first to be put in.

Over the following few months herbs and ground covers were planted such as strawberries. The ground was covered with mulch.More fruit trees and bushes were planted in winter 2005/6 and mulched with a mix of cardboard, wood chippings and straw.

Under story and ground cover planting continued with strawberries, raspberries and self seeding herbs. Cutting were taken from established plants and planted in new areas. The yield of food by 2008 was now enough to be shared.

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Good links from residential areas

Good links from residential areas

Railway line forms a barrier between the river and canal

Access from busy main road

Site can link to walk forming possible pedestrian and

cycle connections between St Ann’s Mill and popular attraction Kirkstall Abbey

Location o�ers connection to the water for activities

and pedestrian links

Opportunities to form (productive) green links

from existing sites of greenspace and productive

growing spaces

Historic buildings to provide community hub and spaces for local and new businesses, cafe/restaurant space with own food production plot

and community growing space

Existing and new footpaths

Canoe route

Food growing for cafe/business and communities

Sustainable Info centre

Canoe club base

Increased pedestrian links and connections and fewer traffic lanes

Woodland trail for pedestrians and cycles

Potential community food growing

Potential community food growing

constraints and oPPortunities

Wider Concept Sketch

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Access/road

Footpath

Green barrier

Canoe centre and route

Wetland area

Forest garden area

Food growing (community and business)

Public recreation

Demolish building

Restore building

Canoe course

Footpath

Existing business’

Morrisons

Rugby Training

Nature ReserveNew connection with bridge

St Ann’s Mill Concept Sketch 1 St Ann’s Mill Concept Sketch 2

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desiGn deveLoPment

Existing built form at St Ann’s Mill Building potential Proposed built form

Building to be refurbished

Building to be demolished

Footpaths

Existing tow path

Existing footpath

Improved footpath

New footpath

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Blue Infrastructure Green Infrastructure

Canoe course

Designed canoe course section

Fish pass

Canoe clubhouse

Nature reserve

Allotments and food production

Bike trails

Golf course

Scrub and woodland

Sports pitches

Agriculture

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Precedents

Sustainability and Urban Agriculture Visitor Centre

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White water and slalom canoe course

BMX and bike trails

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masterPLan - st ann’s miLL visitor centre and forest Garden

St Ann’s Mill

The Mill and surrounding buildings of good quality will be renovated to

become a sustainable visitor centre with an educational emphasis on renewable energy and food growing. The other buildings will provide business opportunities for local businesses. The surrounding space will provide parking and bike

centres with incentives for arriving via foot or bike. Leeds canoe club will also be based here

next to the River Aire. Growing beds for local community members and school

groups and a forest garden for the businesses and educational

purposes.

Leeds Canoe Course

A new club house for Leeds canoe club will be situated next to the mill,

as well as a storage unit for equipment. A section of the Aire will be altered with rocks at the edge and submerged in the water to

create a white water course. The existing path along the waterside will be improved and levelled as to provide easy access from the

mill and along the rest of the Kirkstall Valley; the path will be suitable for

wheelchair users and push chairs.

BMX Trail

As proposed in the original Kirkstall Valley Park Plan a bike trail was proposed

in the land adjacent to Kirkstall Road. I have situated it to a larger area to provide 2 larger BMX and bike trails of 2 different difficulties.

The trails add a fun addition to the area which is lacking in this kind of recreational activity

and will bring diverse members of the community to explore this area. The existing trees of the area will remain

and new trees will be planted around the dirt courses.

Not to scale

St Ann’s Visitor and Sustainability Centre with function space and local cafe and

business opportunity upstairs

St Ann’s Forest Garden

Connecting foot bridge

Existing buildings provide places for local creative

businesses and cafés

Planting beds for the community and school

groups for education

Meeting room and equipment store for

Leeds Canoe Club

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st ann’s miLL

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canoe course Bmx traiL

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forest Garden: PLantinG examPLes

forest Garden: cross section

2m hedge 1.5m wood chip path

1.5m wood chip path

The Forest Garden proposed at the St Ann’s Visitor site is not a complete accurate 7 layered system but more of an education tool to show what can be achieved. The visitor centre would be a perfect location for an urban food growing area due to it’s proximity to other community growing groups (potentially providing bigger space for these groups to utilise). Rather than completely created a full 7 layered forest garden this area will use those layering principles to create a lush area of productive land. To create a more simplified approach just 3/4 layers can be used here to provide food, along with the other growing areas, for the mill cafe, other local businesses, visitors and the local community.

Because of the existing mature vegetation surrounding the site the top layer will be small to medium sized fruit trees such as apple and pear varieties

A level down there can be an easily grown shrub layer consisting of currant and berry bushes such as raspberries, blackberries, redcurrants

and blackcurrants

Closer to the ground there can be perennials and ground cover productive species such as perennial broccoli and strawberries. Herbs can be grown at this low level too and useful items to be used in the

cafe

Malus domestica ‘Discovery’ Prunus domestica ‘Opal’ Rubus ‘Silvan’ Rubus x loganobaccus

Malus domestica ‘Golden Noble’

Prunus domestica ‘Victoria’ Ribes nigram ‘Ben Lomond’ Rubus idaeus ‘Glen Moy’

Malus domestica ‘Discovery’ Pyrus communis ‘Concorde’

Pyrus communis ‘Onward’Fragaria x ananassa

Ribes rubrum ‘Red Lake’

Ribes rubrum ‘Stanza’Ribes nigram ‘Ben Connan’Rumex acetosa

Brassicaceae oleracea ‘fiesta’

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Bmx traiL: materiaLs

canoe course: materiaLs

st ann’s visitor centre: materiaLs

Betula pendula Quercus robur Compacted earth course

Limestone rocks Resin bound gravel Timber edging

Resin bound gravel Yorkstone paving Recycled timber deck Tarmac road

Timber planting beds Cast iron tree grilles Apple tree Pear tree

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1:500 at A2

Productive shrubs, perennial and groundcover. To include species such as Ribes rubrum, Ribes nigram, Rubus idaeus, Rubus x loganobaccus, Fragaria x ananassa, Rumex acetosa, Mentha spp., Brassicaceae oleracea

Planting beds for community (individual and group) use

Planting beds for the mill and local businesses and for educational purposes with the visitor centre

Fruit Tree Species

Apples:MdD Malus domestica ‘Discovery’MdG Malus domestica ‘Golden Noble’MdE Malus domestica ‘Elstar’

Pears:PPcC Pyrus communis ‘Concorde’PcO Pyrus comunis ‘Onward’

Plums:PdV Prunus domestica ‘Victoria’PdO Prunus domestica ‘Opal’

Key

community PLantinG Beds; PLantinG examPLesPLantinG scHeme

Not to scale

There are lots of easy to grow fruits and vegetables that can be grown in the raised planting beds; simple to grow foods will encourage all people including beginners to gardening to get involved. It will help involve school groups and introduce them to more food they may not normally eat.

Tomatoes Strawberries

Courgettes

Onions Mint

Beetroot Rhubarb

Salad leaves

Potatoes

PeasRunner beans

Broad beans

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St Anns Mill

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