SSTL Oracle SST Prst Ver1.0

8/10/2019 SSTL Oracle SST Prst Ver1.0

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Welcome to ORACLE


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Course Overview

SQL

SQL Basics

Datatypes

DDL Commands Integrity Constraints

DML Commands

TCL Commands

Simple Select

Select with various Clauses


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Course Overview contd

Joins Sub-Queries

Correlated Subqueries

Views

Synonyms

Indexes

Snapshots

SQL * Plus Commands

Set Commands

SQL * Plus Reports


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Course Overview contd

PL/SQL Programming

Basic of PL/SQL

Anonymous blocks

Insert, Update, Delete and Select Using AnonymousBlock

Cursors (Implicit and Explicit Cursors)

Exception Handling

Stored Procedures and Functions Packages

Triggers


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Oracle SQL

SQL was developed by IBM Corporation in mid 1970s

Adapted and implemented by Oracle Corporation

ANSI adopted SQL as a Standard Language for

RDBMS in OCT 1986.

Features

Non- Procedural Language

Unified Language Common Language for Relational Databases


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SQL

SQL :

DDL : Data Definition Language

DML : Data Manipulation Language

TCL : Transaction Control Language

DQL : Data Query Language

DCL : Data Control Language


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Database Objects

Used to manipulate data

Oracle supports different kinds of Data Objects

Tables

Views

Indexes

Synonyms

Snapshots

Sequences


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Table

Table

A place to store data of a particular type

Data is organised in tables in form of rows and columns

DDL: Used to define data objects

We can Create, Alter, Drop, Alter , Rename and

Truncated the objects.


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DDL

Table Creation

Syntax :

SQL > Create table

( Col_name 1 datatype(size) constraint,:

:

Col_name n datatype(size) constraint,

Table Level Constraints

);

Table Created.


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Elements of Oracle SQL

Data Types

number(p, s)

char (size)

varchar2 (size)

long

raw

long raw

date

timestamp (fractional seconds precision)

bfile

blob

clob

nclob


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Constraints

Constraint is condition that is applied over a table

Oracle Supports Five type of Constraints

Unique Not Null

Primary key

Check

Foreign key


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DDL Alter table

Altering TablesModify column

Syntax :

SQL> alter table modify ( column_name datatype[Constraint]);

Altering TablesAdding column

Syntax :

SQL> alter table add ( column_name datatype[Constraint]);

Altering TablesDrop column

Syntax :SQL> alter table drop column


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SQL statements

DDL- Rename, Drop and Truncate

Renaming Oracle Table

syntax:

SQL> Rename to

Dropping a Table

syntax: DROP TABLE table_name;

DROP table table_name cascade constraints

Truncating a Table

Syntax: Truncate table

It remove all the rows of the table permanently


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SQL statements

Data Manipulation Language

INSERT

Full phase insertion INSERT INTO departments VALUES (280, 'Recreation', 121, 1700);

Partial Insertion Insert into table_name(columnnames) values ( val1,val2,val3)

Insertion using Substitutional Parameters

Insert into table_name(column names) values( &label1, &label2);

Insertion from other table Insert into table_name select statement.

Ex:- insert into emp_new (select * from emp)

select into emp_new from emp;


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UPDATE

Syntax:

Update set

Col_name1= val1,

Col_name2=val2,:

:

Col_name N=val N [ Where condition ]

Ex 1 : update emp set sal=30000;Ex 2 : Update emp set sal= sal+sal where job=MANAGER


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DELETE

Syntax :

Delete from [ where condition]

Ex : 1

Delete from emp;

Delete from emp where job=MANAGER


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SQL statements

Transaction Control Language(TCL)

Commit

Use the COMMIT statement to end your current transaction and

make permanent all changes performed in the transaction.

Rollback

Use the ROLLBACK statement to undo work done in the currenttransaction

Savepoint


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SQL statements

Transaction Control Language(TCL)

Use the SAVEPOINT statement to identify a point in a

transaction to which you can later roll back.Example:

UPDATE employees SET salary = 7000

WHERE last_name = 'Banda';

SAVEPOINTsp1;

UPDATE employees SET salary = 12000 WHERE last_name = 'Greene';

SAVEPOINTsp2;

SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINTbanda_sal;

UPDATE employees SET salary = 11000 WHERE last_name = 'Greene';COMMIT;


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Simple SELECT

Selecting All Columns in All Rows

Syntax : Select * from table_name

Select Few Columns in All RowsSyntax : Select * from table_name

Select with Where clause

Syntax : Select * from table_name [where Condition]


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SELECT

Order by clauseSyntax : Select * from table_name order by column_name [asc / desc]

Unique/Distinct Clause

Select unique job from emp;

Select count(distinct dept) from emp

Retrieval Using SQL Operators

( IN, Between and , Like, IS)

Retrieval Using Column Alias Names

Retrieval Using Substitution Parameters


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SELECT

Retrieval Using Group by:

Used to divide the rows into smaller groups

The where clause cannot be applied to the grouped

result

Retrieval Using Having Clause :

To specify conditions on groups of rows which are grouped by

Group by clause

Retrieval from Multiple tables :

( Union, Intersect,Difference and Cartesian Product)


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Joins

Ajoinis used to combine rows from multiple tables. A

join is performed whenever two or more tables is listed

in the FROM clause of an SQL statement.

There are different kinds of joins.

Inner Join

Outer Join

Self Joins


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Joins

Inner Join

Inner joins return all rows from multiple tables where the

join condition is met.

Inner joins can be classified into: Equi Join

Non- Equi Join


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Joins

Outer Join

This type of join returns all rows from one table and only

those rows from a secondary table where the join

condition is met.

Outer joins can be further classified into: Left Outer Join

Right Outer Join

Full Outer Join


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Joins

Left Outer Join

LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN

The result set of a left outer join includes all the rows from the

left table specified in the LEFT OUTER clause, not just the

ones in which the joined columns match. When a row in the left

table has no matching rows in the right table, the associated

result set row contains null values for all select list columns

coming from the right table.

Example:

Select e.empno,e.ename,e.job,d.deptno,d.dname,d.loc from emp e ,

dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno(+)

J i


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Joins

Right Outer Join

A right outer join is the reverse of a left outer join. All

rows from the right table are returned. Null values are

returned for the left table any time a right table row has

no matching row in the left table.

Example :

Select e.empno,e.ename,e.job,d.deptno,d.dname,d.loc from

emp e , dept d where e.deptno(+)=d.deptno

Joins


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Joins

Full Outer Join

A FULL OUTER JOIN returns all rows in both the left and right tables.

Any time a row has no match in the other table, the select list columns

from the other table contain null values.

Example:Select e.empno,e.ename,e.job,d.deptno,d.dname,d.loc from emp e , dept d

where e.deptno=d.deptno(+)

Union

Select e.empno,e.ename,e.job,d.deptno,d.dname,d.loc from emp e , dept d where

e.deptno(+)=d.deptno


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Sub Query

A query result can also be used in a condition of a where

clause. In such a case the query is called a sub query

and the complete select statement is called a nested

query.

Example:

Select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from dept where

dname=ADMIN


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Correlated sub queries

Correlated sub queries also known as a repeating

subquery. This means that the subquery is executed

repeatedly, once for each row that might be selected by

the outer query

Example : Retrieve all employees whose salary is > avg sal of the

same job employees.

Select * from emp e where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp where job=

e.job


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SQL Functions

Arithmetic functions

(ABS, POWER,SQRT, ROUND, TRUNC,MOD,SIGN,LN,

CEIL, FLOOR, SIN,COS,TAN,SINH,COSH)

Character Functions

( Length, ASCII,CHR, SUBSTR,INSTR, REPLACE,

UPPER, LOWER, INITCAP)


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SQL Functions

Date & Time Functions

(Add_months,Last_Day,Months_between,Next_Day,Sys

date)

Conversion functions

( To_char,To_date, To_num)

Aggregate functions(Max, Min, Count, sum, avg, stddev)


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Views

A view can be used in the same way as a table

Rows can be retrieved from a view

Rows are not physically stored

Rows can even be modified with some limitations

A view is evaluated each time it is accessed

In Oracle SQL no insert, update, or delete modifications

on the complex view


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Advantages of Views

Advantages of Views Focus the Data for Users

Focus on important or appropriate data only

Limit access to sensitive data

Mask Database Complexity Hide complex database design

Simplify complex queries, including distributed queries toheterogeneous data

Simplify Management of User Permissions

Improve Performance

Organize Data for Export to Other Applications


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Views

Type of Views

Simple View

Complex View

Creating a view

Create [or replace] view view_name as select statement

Viewing Existing Views

Sql > Select * from user_views;


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Synonyms

A synonym is a database object created over a table

It is just alias name for a table

Used to refer long table names

Used to refer other users objects

Creating a synonym

Syntax :SQL> create [public] synonym syn_name for [user.] tablename.


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Indexes

Like any other object indexes also stored in thedatabase

Used to retrieve data at a faster stream

Prevents duplication of data

Null values are not stored in Indexes

Types Of Indexes

1. Unique Index

2. Non-Unique Index3. Single column Index

4. Concatenated Index


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Indexes

Creating IndexesSyntax :

SQL> Create [Unique] index Index_name on table_name(col_names)

Viewing IndexesSyntax :

SQL> select * from user_indexes;

Droping IndexesSyntax :

SQL > Drop index Index_name;


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Snapshots

A snapshot is a virtual table very equaling to that of a

view but the only difference is we cannot perform any

DML operations using a snapshot.

These are created by DBA only.

Creating a Snapshot

Syntax :

SQL> Create snapshot snap_name as select query;


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Sequence Generator

A sequence generator is a database object used to generatesequence numbers from a starting value to ending value with aspecified increment.

A sequence generator can retrieve unique values only

We can alter a sequence generator

Sequence generator values can be used in select, insert, updatestatements.

Outermost query of a subquery

Creating a Sequence:

Syntax:

SQL> Create squence seq_nameStartwith N

Maxvalue M

Increment by value;


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Sequence Generator

To retrieve values from sequence we can use pseudo

columns:

1. Currval: gives current sequence number

2. Nextval : Next successive sequence number

Altering a sequence:

Syntax:

Alter sequence seq_name maxvalue N increment by X;


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Data Control Language- Privileges

Privilege is a right to access an object from the

database.

There are two types of privileges

Object Privileges : works on a particular object

System privileges : works on a class of objects

Object Privileges are granted by the owner of the object

System privileges are granted by the DBA.


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Data Control Language- Privileges

Granting Object Privileges

Revoking Object Privileges

Granting System Privileges

Revoking System Privileges

C


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Data Control Language- Roles

A set of privileges

User must have Create Role privilege to create a role

Predefined Roles

Connect Includes the following system privileges: ALTER SESSION, CREATE CLUSTER, CREATE DATABASE LINK, CREATE SEQUENCE, CREATE SESSION, CREATE

SYNONYM, CREATE TABLE, CREATE VIEW

ResourceIncludes the following system privileges: CREATE CLUSTER, CREATE INDEXTYPE, CREATE OPERATOR, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE

SEQUENCE, CREATE TABLE, CREATE TRIGGER, CREATE TYPE

DBA All privileges with Admin Option

User defined Roles

Users can create roles and assign to users

E ti d t i fl t fil


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Exporting data in flat files

Spool

sqlplus provides the command spool to save query

results to a file. At the SQL> prompt, you say:

spool on;

And a file called foo.lst will appear in your current

directory and will record all user input and system

output, until you exit sqlplus or type:

spool off;

Note that if the file foo.lst existed previously, it will be

overwritten, not appended.

SQL *Pl C d


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SQL *Plus Commands

Cl scr

Desc

Save

Execute

List

Run

Append

Edit , Host Edit Pause

C t i i th SQL*Pl i t


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Customizing the SQL*Plus environment

SQL*Plus offers several handy features you can use to control yourSQL*Plus session.

Set Autocommit on/off

Set Heading on/off

Set linesize size

Set Pagesize size

Set Sqlpromptprompt

Set time on/off

Set Verifyon/off

Set UnderlineOn/off

Set SqlTerminator

Set Wrap on/off

O l D t Di ti


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Oracle Data Dictionary

Oracle stores all information about the objects of a

particular database in a system database that is called

data dictionary.

Metadata

System views are divided into three groups: USER, ALL,

and DBA

A view of USER group will have its name starting as

USER_view_name.

USER group views have information about the objects

owned by the user.

DBA group views are only available to the DBAs.

S t VIEWS


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Sys tem VIEWS

Oracle Object Relevant Views

TABLES USER_TABLES, CAT, TABSUSER_TAB_COLUMNS

USER_COL_COMMENTS,

USER_TAB_COMMENT

USER_OBJECTS

CONSTRAINTS USER_CONSTRAINTS,USER_CONS_COLUMNS

USER_OBJECT

INDEXES USER_INDEXES,

USER_IND_COLUMNS,USER_OBJECT

PROCEDURE USER_SOURCE,USER_OBJECT


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PL/SQL Programming

Wh t I PL/SQL?


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What Is PL/SQL?

PL/SQL is Oracle's procedural extension to industry

standard Structured Query Language (SQL).

PL/SQL extends the SQL by adding several features,

which are common in other high level programming

languages like C, Ada etc.

It is full-fledged programming language that provides

block structure programming, strongly typed variables ,

conditional statements, loops, data encapsulation,

information hiding, exception handling etc.

PL/SQL


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Anonymous block

Anonymous blocks do not have any name that is why we can't store

them in the database server. Of course, we can store them in a text

file and run them by executing that file in SQL*PLUS environment.

Anonymous blocks cannot be called by another block and they are

compiled at runtime.

An anonymous block may have a named function or procedure in its

declaration section. Such function or procedure can only be called

from the execution section of the same anonymous block.

PL/SQL


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Declare

-----------------

----------------- Declaration Section

Begin

---------------- Executable part

----------------

Exception

-------------

-------------Exception handling part

End

Ex:-

declareemployee_name emp.ename%type;emp_salary emp.sal%type;

beginSELECT ename, sal into employee_name, emp_salaryFROM empWHERE ename = 'KING';

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(employee_name || ' is president');DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('President earns : ' || emp_salary);

exceptionWHEN NO_DATA_FOUND OR TOO_MANY_ROWS THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Some error occurs in PL/SQL block');END;

Anonymous block

PL/SQL Basics


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PL/SQL Basics

Datatypes

Operators

Input & Output Statements

Control Statements

Loops

Insert Update Delete & Select


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Insert, Update, Delete & Select

Block Structure:

Begin

Insert/update/Delete statement;

Commit/Rollback;

End;

Select:Syntax:-

Select col1,col2into var1,var2 from table_name where condition.

Cursors


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Cursors

A cursor is a mechanism by which you can assign a

name to a "select statement" and manipulate the

information within that SQL statement.

PL/SQL supports two kinds of cursors

1. Implicit Cursors

2. Explicit Cursors.

Implicit Cursors


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Implicit Cursors

PL/SQL defines Implicit Cursors for all recently executed

DML statements.

Attributes:1. SQL%FOUND

2. SQL%NOTFOUND

3. SQL% ROWCOUNT

Explicit Cursors


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Explicit Cursors

Explicit cursors are SELECT statements that are

DECLARE explicitly in the declaration section of the

current block or in a package specification.

OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE are used in the execution or

exception sections of the programs.

Creating Cursor


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Creating Cursor

Declare a Cursor

OPEN Statement

FETCH Statement

CLOSE Statement

Explicit Cursor Attributes


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Explicit Cursor Attributes

%FOUND

%NOTFOUND

%ROWCOUNT

%ISOPEN

Cursor for loop


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Cursor for loop

The cursor for Loop can be used to process multiple records. There are two benefits with

cursor for Loop

1. It implicitly declares a %ROWTYPE variable, also uses it as LOOP index2. Cursor For Loop itself opens a cursor, read records then closes the cursor

automatically. Hence OPEN, FETCH and CLOSE statements are not necessary in it.

Example

declarecursor c1 is select * from dept;

begin

for row in c1

loop

dbms_output.put_line(row.deptno||' '||row.dname||' '||row.loc);

end loop;

end;

Exception Handling


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Exception Handling

Pre-defined Exceptions: When an exception occurs (is raised) in a PL/SQL block, its execution section immediately

terminates. Control is passed to the exception section.

Every exception in PL/SQL has an error number and error message; some exceptions also have

names.Error Named Exception

ORA-00001 DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX

ORA-01001 INVALID_CURSOR

ORA-01012 NOT_LOGGED_ON

ORA-01017 LOGIN_DENIED

ORA-01403 NO_DATA_FOUND

ORA-01410 SYS_INVALID_ROWID

ORA-01422 TOO_MANY_ROWS

ORA-01476 ZERO_DIVIDE

ORA-01722 INVALID_NUMBER

ORA-06500 STORAGE_ERROR

ORA-06502 VALUE_ERROR

ORA-06511 CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN

ORA-06530 ACCESS_INTO_NULL

Exception Handling


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Exception Handling

User-Defined Exceptions

PL/SQL lets you define exceptions of your own. Unlike predefined

exceptions, user-defined exceptions must bedeclaredand must be raised

explicitly by RAISE statements.

Ex:-

DECLARE

out_of_balance EXCEPTION;

BEGIN

IF ... THEN

RAISEout_of_balance; -- raise the exception

END IF;EXCEPTION

WHEN out_of_balance THEN

-- handle the error RAISE;

END;

WHEN OTHERS Cl


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WHEN OTHERS Clause

The WHEN OTHERS clause is used to trap all remaining exceptionsthat have not been handled by yourNamed System Exceptions and

Named Programmer-Defined Exceptions.

If present it should be the last exception handler.

Functions


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Functions

Functions can return a value to the caller

Functions can be directly referenced in queries

The value is returned through the use of the return

keyword.

Syntax:CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name

[ (parameter [,parameter]) ] RETURN return_datatype

IS | AS

[declaration_section]

BEGIN

executable_section

[EXCEPTIONexception_section]

END [function_name];

Stored procedures


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Stored procedures

A stored procedure is a named PL/SQL block, which is

stored in the database and can be invoked from differentenvironments that can access database.

Syntax :CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name

[ (parameter [,parameter]) ]IS

[declaration_section]BEGIN

executable_section

[EXCEPTIONexception_section]

END [procedure_name];

Functions

Parameters


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Parameters

When you create a procedure or function, you maydefine parameters. There are three types of parametersthat can be declared:

1. IN- The parameter can be referenced by the

procedure or function. The value of the parameter cannot be overwritten by the procedure or function.

2. OUT- The parameter can not be referenced by theprocedure or function, but the value of the parameter canbe overwritten by the procedure or function.

3. IN OUT- The parameter can be referenced by theprocedure or function and the value of the parameter canbe overwritten by the procedure or function.

Packages


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Packages

A package is a group of procedures, functions, variablesand SQL statements created as a single unit. It is used

to store together related objects.

Package Specificationacts as an interface to thepackage. Declaration of types, variables, constants,

exceptions, cursors and subprograms is done in

Package specifications.

Package bodyis used to provide implementation for thesubprograms, queries for the cursors declared in the

package specification or spec.

Packages


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Packages

Advantages:

It allows you to group together related items, types and

subprograms as a PL/SQL module.

When a procedure in a package is called entire

package is loaded, though it happens to be expensivefirst time the response is faster for subsequent calls.

Package allows us to create types, variable and

subprograms that are private or public

Packages


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Packages

Syntax:

The package specificationCreate or Replace PACKAGE package_name IS

[Declaration of variables and types]

[Specifications of cursors]

[Specifications of modules]

END [ package_name];

The package body

PACKAGE BODY package_name IS

Specified members definitions..

END [package_name];

Triggers


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Triggers

Triggers are programs that execute in response tochanges in table data or certain database events.

Typesof triggering events:

DML events fire when an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE

statement executes.

Creating Triggers


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Creating Triggers

Syntax:-

CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name

BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF } trigger_event ON {table_or_view_reference |

[REFERENCING [OLD AS old] [NEW AS new] [FOR EACH ROW ][WHEN trigger_condition]

trigger_body;

Example:- The following trigger restricts doing operations on Sundays on emp table.

create or replace trigger sun_trig before insert or update or delete on emp for each rowdeclare

d varchar2(3);

begin

d:=to_char (sysdate,'dy');

if d=sun' thenraise_application_error(-20010,'Such operations are not allowed in Sundays, try only on weekdays...!');

end if;

end;

Useful websites


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Useful websites

http://www.ss64.com/orad/index.html

http://www.lc.leidenuniv.nl/awcourse/oracle/server.920/a96540/

sql_elements.htm

http://www.lc.leidenuniv.nl/awcourse/oracle/appdev.920/a96590/adg

09dyn.htm#26799

http://www.lc.leidenuniv.nl/awcourse/oracle/server.920/a96540/sql_

elements6a.htm#19762


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