Slide 1

Land Navigation071F5013SSG Black

1

Safety ConsiderationRisk Assessment is LOWFire exitsTripping hazards

Failure to learn these skills may result in:Call for Fire on wrong positionImproper movementProblems associated with being lost

1. There are no special safety considerations for this lesson. Small Group Instructors will use the local safety Standard Operating Procedures to provide a safety brief as part of the introduction. Solders will react to any emergency situation IAW the SOP.2. In the event of a fire, Soldiers will exit the classroom in an orderly manner (last one out closes the door); meet at the location the Small Group Instructor has designated; class leader will hold an accountability formation and report his findings to Small Group Instructor.3. In the event of severe weather or tornado, Soldiers will exit the classroom in an orderly manner; move to the location the Small Group Instructor has designated (basement or center of building); class leader will hold an accountability formation and report his findings to Small Group Instructor.Low - The Primary Instructor will prepare a risk assessment using the before, during, and after checklist IAW FM 5-19. It will be prepared prior to the block of instructions, event or activity. Soldiers will be briefed on indentified hazards and required controls. NOTE: It is the responsibility of all Soldiers and DA civilians to protect the environment from damage.

Performance oriented training.This will be your refresher period of instruction on Map reading. Through the mastery of the skills presented today, you will be better prepared to proceed successfully through the complex and operational type of instructions that will follow. In the near future you will be required to navigate from one point on the ground to another while dismounted. Today you will learn to identify topographic symbols, identify terrain features on a map, determine grid coordinates, measure distance, determine and convert azimuths, and locate unknown points using resection and modified resection. Later you will learn how to use the lensatic compass, determine a pace count, and navigate using the dead reckoning technique. It all starts with marginal information.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Terminal Learning ObjectiveAction:Navigate from one point on the ground to another while dismounted.

Conditions:During day and night, given a classroom and training area, 1:50,000 map (Tenino) for the classroom, 1:50,000 map (Local) for the local training area, protractor, pencil, compass and or PLGR and FM 3-25.26. Standards:Plot, navigate and find a minimum 3 out of 5 points within 3 hours during daylight and/or night.

NOTE: Inform the students of the following Terminal Learning Objective requirements.

At the completion of this lesson, you [the student] will:Action: Navigate from one point on the ground to another while dismounted.Conditions: During day and night, given a classroom and training area, 1:50,000 map (Tenino) for the classroom, 1:50,000 map (Local) for the local training area, protractor, pencil, compass and or PLGR and FM 3-25.26. Standards: Plot, navigate and find a minimum 3 out of 5 points within 3 hours during daylight and/or night.

12

You will learn how toIdentify Topographic Symbols on a Military MapIdentify Terrain Features on a MapDetermine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a Military MapMeasure Distance on a MapConvert AzimuthsDetermine Azimuths Using a ProtractorLocate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the Ground by ResectionLocate ones position on a Map and on the Ground by Modified Resection

13

Enabling Learning Objective AACTION:Identify topographic symbols on a military map.CONDITIONS:Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map.STANDARDS:Correctly Identify the topographic symbols, colors, and marginal information on a military map IAW FM 3-25.26.

14

Definition of a MapA graphic representation of all or part of the Earths surface drawn to scale as seen from above, with natural and man-made features illustrated as symbols, lines, and colors15

TRANSITION: A map can be compared to any piece of equipment, in that before it is placed into operation the user must read the instructions. These instructions are placed around the edge of the map and are known as the marginal information. All maps are not the same, so it becomes necessary every time a different map is used to examine the marginal information carefully.

15

Map SymbolsSymbols are used to represent the natural and man-made features of the earth.

cem

16

Woods

Scrub

Orchard

Vineyard

MangroveVEGETATION

Map Symbols

17

Marsh or swamp

Submerge marsh or swampWood marsh or swampSubmerge wood marsh or swamp

Rice field

Land subject to inundationSUBMERGED AREAS AND BOGS

Map Symbols

18

RIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALS

Perennial stream

Perennial river

Small falls; small rapids

Large falls; large rapids

Dry lake

Perennial lake or pond

Intermittent lake or pondIntermittent stream

DamIntermittent river

Well or spring

Canal

Map Symbols

19

MAN-MADE FEATURES and HIGHWAY & LAND GRIDS

Highway

Road

Dirt Road

Trail

Power Lines

Buildings

Built-up Areas

Airports

Landing Strip

School

Church

cemCemetery

Mine

Gravel Pit

BridgeFoot Bridge

Railroad

Land Grids

121314151617181920Map Symbols

20

Colors on the Map21BLACK- Man-made ObjectsRED- Cultural Features BLUE- WaterGREEN- VegetationBROWN- Contour LinesRED-BROWN- Cultural features, contour lines on red-light readable maps

The military map has six basic colors. Black show's natural and man-made objects and red classifies those objects as to their use. Blue is used to show water and drainage, green is used to show vegetation and brown is used to show relief. The sixth color is Red-Brown. The colors red and brown are combined to identify cultural features, all relief features, non-surveyed spot elevations, and elevation, such as contour lines on red-light readable maps. As stated before, black denotes man-made structures and red classifies them as to their use.1. BLACK: A. TRAIL: A trail is a broken black line. The map shows important footpaths foot trails, and pack trails which can accommodate 1/4 ton trucks in dry weather.B. PROMINENT FENCE: A prominent fence is a fence that provides a definite landmark in an area where sparse culture is shown. ? Question: What would be another example of a prominent fence?Answer: A fence around a farm or cattle area in the Midwest or a fence around an airfield.These fences can be used as navigational aids, if you can locate them on the map and on the ground.C. RAILROADS1. SINGLE TRACK: A single-track railroad is a single black line intersected with perpendicular tick marks. This means that there can be only one train moving in one direction at any given time.2. DOUBLE OR MULTIPLE TRACKS: A multiple track railroad is two solid black lines intersected with perpendicular tick marks. This means that there can be two trains moving in the same or opposite direction at the same time. ? Question: How many have been to New York, San Francisco, or Germany?Note: In these areas where transportation by rail is heavy, there will be three or more mainline tracks paralleling each other. ? Question: In these areas how does the mapmaker let you know how many tracks are located on the ground? Answer: In the legend the double / multiple track symbol is shown with the number of actual tracks that are present on the ground.D. BUILDINGS: ? Question: How tall is the reverse L shaped building? Answer: You cannot tell.1. Remember that earlier I stated it is not practical for the features to appear on the map in their true proportion, position, and shape. However, these symbols resemble, as close as possible, the actual features themselves as viewed from above. ? Question: What is the definition of a map?Answer: A map is a graphic representation of the earths surface or part of it drawn to scale as seen from above. 2. The symbol of a building with the flag on top represents a school. If the school were a college campus the flag would be positioned on the administration building. 3. The symbol of a building with the cross on top represents a church. These buildings are all identified in the same manner on all military maps. These buildings are identified because in times of need this is where civilians will congregate. Also the navigator can utilize these buildings as navigational aids when moving through urban areas. E. MINE OR QUARRY: ? Question: What is the meaning of the cross-pick and pick-ax symbol?Answer: This symbol represents an open pit mine or quarry. Note: If the symbol was upside down the mine or quarry would be closed.F. CEMETERY:1. To the right of the mine you see the old and new symbol for a cemetery. The broken black box with the letters CEM represent the old symbol for the cemetery.2. The black box with the cross in the middle represents the new symbol for the cemeteryG. BRIDGE: ? Question: What is the symbol in the bottom right corner of the slide? Answer: This is the symbol for a bridge The distinction between a bridge and a viaduct is that a bridge passes over what is predominantly water while a viaduct passes over what is predominantly land. The bridge is colored in red because of its classification. Red classifies cultural man-made features such as populated areas, roads, and boundaries on older maps.2. RED:A. HEAVY DUTY ROADS: Heavy-duty roads are identified on your map as the solid red lines bordered in black. The term heavy duty means, this road is capable of supporting all weight classes, and requires a minimum amount of maintenance.B. MEDIUM DUTY ROADS: Unlike the heavy-duty road, the medium duty road has a weight limitation posted on it. Additionally the medium duty road requires occasional maintenance. It is depicted on your map as a candy-cane stripe line bordered in black lines.C. IMPROVED ROADS: The improved road can carry light loads in all weather. Its construction consists of stabilized or oiled-surface gravel or stone, or graded and drained gravel or stone. Periodic maintenance is required on these roads. They are normally hard surface roads less than two lanes wide.D. UNIMPROVED ROADS: The unimproved road is suitable only for light loads in dry weather. They are without surface improvements and are seldom maintained. It has no drainage.As a leader of any kind of unit, moving in an area that has a road along your proposed route, it would be important to know if the road is improved or unimproved. Has there been a heavy rain in the past few days? Will this road aid your unit by allowing it to move swiftly along to it's objective? Or will it slow you down and make you vulnerable to an enemy attack?3. BLUE:A. PERENNIAL STREAM: A perennial stream is a stream that contains water most of the year.B. INTERMITTENT STREAM: An intermittent stream is a stream that contains water during only part of the year.C. LAKE OR POND: A lake or pond has the same factors as the perennial stream. The shoreline of the lake or pond you see on the slide has been surveyed. If the shoreline is indefinite or unsurveyed a broken blue line will outline it. D. INTERMITTENT LAKE OR POND: An intermittent lake or pond has the same factors as the intermittent stream. The shoreline of an intermittent lake or pond is represented as indefinite and approximate.4. GREEN:TRANSITION: There are several symbols for types of vegetation. A marsh, grassland, wooded areas, and vineyards or orchards. Notice that the symbol for a marsh is colored blue, yet grass appears in it. ? Question: Why is marsh depicted in blue instead of green?Answer: The color blue is more significant to the map-reader than the color green.A. MARSH/SWAMP: The water in the swamp is of greater military significance then the vegetation.B. GRASSLAND: For grass to be depicted on the map it has to be 1 meter or higher. This is done to show the map-reader that either enemy or friendly troops can use this area for concealment. ? Question: Where in the world could you find grass of that height?Answer: In Panama, Southeast Asia (elephant grass).C. WOODED AREA: As you can see, there are two different symbols for woods, the first shows a densely wooded area, while the second shows light or sparsely woods. ? Question: Why do you think the mapmaker chose two different symbols to show woods?Answer: The reason for this is because a mechanized unit will not be able to maneuver in a densely wooded area and a light unit could use the sparsely wooded area for concealment. However, both can use the wood-line as a navigational aid.D. VINEYARD/ORCHARD OR PLANTATION: You notice that the objects in the vineyard or orchard symbols are located symmetrically. This is because certain crops such as rubber, tea, apples, grapes, or peanuts are usually planted in this manner. We have talked about four of the five basic colors on the map, what color has yet to be mentioned?BROWN.5. BROWN:21

22

23

24

25

26

What is a map?A graphic representation of all or part of the Earths surface drawn to scale as seen from above, with natural and man-made features illustrated as symbols, lines, and colorsWhat color(s) are used to denote Cultural Features?Red and Red-BrownWhat is the scale of the Tenino map? Explain.1:50,000. 1 mm/inch/foot/yard = 50,000 mm/inch/foot/yardWhat year was the Tenino Map printed?1975What is the Sheet Name of the map directly South of the Tenino Map?1477 III

Marsh or swampPowerlineHighway

27

Enabling Learning Objective BACTION:Identify terrain features on a map.CONDITIONS:Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map.STANDARDS:Identify the five major, three minor and two supplementary features on a map.

TRANSITION: All terrain features are derived from a complex landmass known as a mountain or ridgeline. The term ridgeline is not interchangeable with the term ridge. A ridgeline is a line of high ground, usually with changes in elevation along its top and low ground on all sides, from which a total of ten natural or man-made terrain features are classified.

28

CONTOUR LINESOn a map the vertical dimension it is referred to as relief.

The most graphic technique ever devised to show relief information is the contour line.

If you were to walk a contour line you would never go down hill and never up hill, and eventually you would arrive back where you started.

Contour Lines. The most common way of indicating elevation and relief on maps.

A line representing an imaginary line on the ground, along which all points are at the same elevation.Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

Contour Interval ~ The contour interval is the distance between each contour line. The contour interval is found along the bottom edge, center of the map. Index Contour ~ a bolder/wider brown line that has the elevation value marked at various intervals as a part of the line.

Intermediate Contour ~ a brown line on a topographic map and represents a line of equal elevation. Example: contour is 20 feet interval

A=700 ftB=740 ftC=770 ftD=820 ft

AT THE END OF THE SLIDEContour Lines. The most common way of indicating elevation and relief on maps.

The spacing lines indicate the nature of the slope. This has important significance to the wilderness navigator.

Evenly spaced and far apart indicate a uniform gentle slope.

The closer the contour lines, the steeper the terrain.

Closely spaced at the top and widely spaced at the bottom indicate a concave slope.

Widely spaced at top and closely at bottom indicates convex slope. Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

31

Terrain Relief FeaturesFive MajorRidgeHillSaddleValleyDepression

Three MinorSpur DrawCliffTwo SupplementalCut Fill

BEFORE READING SLIDE

Contour Lines. The most common way of indicating elevation and relief on maps.

In order to show the relationship of land formations to each other, a map shows a sketch with different relief features and its characteristic contour pattern.

Known has TERRAIN RELIEF. Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

RIDGE

Ridge. A line of high ground, with normally minor variations along its crest. The ridge is not simply a line of hills; all points of the ridge crest are higher than the ground on both sides of the ridge.Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

HILL

Hill. A point or small area of high ground.Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

SADDLE

Saddle. A dip or low point along the crest of a ridge. A saddle is not necessarily the lower ground between two hilltops; it may simply be a dip or break along an otherwise level ridge rest. Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

VALLEY

VALLEY. A valley is a course of a stream that has at least a limited extent of reasonably level ground bordered on the sides by higher ground. The valley generally has maneuvering room within its confines. Contours indicating a valley are U-shaped and tend to parallel a major stream before crossing it. The more gradual the fall of a stream, the farther each contour parallels it. The curve of the contour crossing always points upstream. Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

DEPRESSION

Depression. A low point or sinkhole, surrounded on all sides by higher ground.Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

SPURS

Spur. A usually short, continuously sloping line of higher ground normally jutting out of a ridge.

SPURS are also called FINGERS. Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

DRAWS

Draw. A less developed stream course in which there is essentially no level ground and therefore, has little or no maneuver room within its confines. The ground slopes upward on each side and towards the head of the draw, contours indicating a draw are 'V" shaped, with the point of the "\/" toward the head of the draw.Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

CLIFF

Cliff. A vertical, or near vertical, slope. When a slope is so steep that it cannot be shown at the contour interval, it is shown by a ticked line carrying contours. The ticks always point toward lower ground.Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

CUTFILL

Cuts & Fills. Man made features by which the bed of a road or railroad is graded or leveled off by cutting through high areas and filling in low areas along the right of way.Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

F

ABCDEF

42

D

ABCDEF

43

A

ABCDEF

44

E

ABCDEF

45

B

ABCDEF

46

C

ABCDEF

47

Five MajorRidgeHillSaddleValleyDepressionThree MinorSpur DrawCliffTwo SupplementalCut Fill

ABCD700740770820

48

Enabling Learning Objective CACTION:Determine the grid coordinates of a point on a military map. CONDITIONS:Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map and coordinate scale and protractor.STANDARDS:Determine a six-digit grid for the point on the map with a 100-meter tolerance (must contain the correct 100,000-meter identifier). Determine an eight-digit grid for the point on the map with a 50-meter tolerance (must contain the correct 100,000-meter identifier).

TRANSITION: In a city, it is quite simple to find a location; the streets are named and the buildings have numbers. The only thing needed is the address. However, finding locations in undeveloped areas or in unfamiliar parts of the world can be a problem. To cope with this problem, a uniform and precise system of referencing has been developed.

49

Universal Transverse Mercator

As you can see, the grid covers the whole world.

Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

51

The military grid reference system

10T (Locating a point within the Grid Zone Designation)10TEG(Locating a point within a 100,000-meter square)10TEG08 (Locating a point within a 10,000-meter square)10TEG0787(Locating a point within a 1,000-meter square)

This is as close as we can get now without a protractor10TEG071875(Locating a point within a 100-meter square)10TEG07168754(Locating a point within a 10-meter square)10TEG0716587545(Locating a point within a 1-meter square)

12

52

10TEG071875(Locating a point within a 100-meter square)10TEG07168754(Locating a point within a 10-meter square)10TEG0716587545(Locating a point within a 1-meter square)

53

You read a map to the RIGHT and UPStart from the bottom left-hand side and read RIGHT to the GRID LINE prior to your target and then UP to the GRID LINE prior to your target.54

TRANSITION: Specific locations on a map can be referenced by grid coordinates which identify the grid square and the relative position of the point within the grid square.

54

XEG078707

071 875550806058788868510TEG071875

Suppose you wish to reference Spot Elevation 154. To locate this spot to within 1,000 meters you simply locate the Grid Square in which the point lies. To do this, start at the left of the map sheet and read right to the North-South grid line that immediately proceeds the point. In this case the North-South grid line is 11. Then read up from the bottom of the map sheet to the East-West grid line that immediately proceeds the point. In this case it is East-West grid line 82.

The value of the two grid lines gives you a four-digit coordinate, which locates the point to within 1,000 meters.

55

12134546xSamplepointSAMPLE 1,000 METER GRID SQUARE

100,000 M. SQUARE IDENTIFICATION

EHEG00

GRID ZONE DESIGNATION10T100 METER REFERENCE

1. Read large numbers labeling the VERITICAL grid line left of point and estimate tenths (100 meters) from grid line to point 12 3 2. Read large number labeling the HORIZONTAL grid line below point and estimate tenths (100 meters) from grid line to point 45 6EXAMPLE: 123456

WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE 100,000METER SQUARE AREA IN WHICH THE POINTLIES, PREFIX THE 100,000 METER SQUAREIDENTIFICATION. Example: EG123456

WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE GRID ZONEDESIGNATION AREA IN WHICH THE POINT LIES,PREFIX THE GRID ZONE DESIGNATION. Example: 10TEG123456

56If you forget how

56

5051524915141312Map 10TSection EG What is the grid square?EG1350How do we determine, with accuracy, the location of the red star?

57

PROTRACTOR

AT THE END OF THE SLIDE NOTE if you have

We will practice using a protractor on the next slides.

NOTE More detailed use of the protractor is covered in . . .Part 2 INTERMEDIATE LAND NAVIGATION. Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

What is the eight digit grid coordinate for the mine

EG15808215

59

What is the Terrain Feature at

EG128985SaddleEH093002DepressionEG148925ValleyEG105781FillEG183866RidgeEG124793DrawEG128979HillEG145855CliffEG157915Spur

60

Now that we know how to plot points on a map its time to find distance between them

61

Enabling Learning Objective DACTION:Measure distance on a map.CONDITIONS:Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a strip of Paper with a straight edge, and a pencil.STANDARDS:Determine the straight-line distance in meters between Two points with no more than 5% error. Determine the road distance between two points with no more than 10% error.

TRANSITION: You have seen how you can use grid coordinates to locate a specific point on a map. If you can locate one point, you can locate two, and the next logical question that comes to mind is how far is point A from point B.In order to convert ground distance from map distance, or vice versa, you will need an aid. The mapmaker has given you this aid in the bar scales located in the bottom center margin of the map.Here you see the three bar scales that you will need and generally find on a map. They are miles, meters and yards. In order to measure correctly, there are two things you must remember.First, use the appropriate scale. If you want a measurement in meters, make sure you are using the metric bar scale.Second, notice that the zero, or starting point of the scale, is located within the scale and not at the end. This divides the scale into two parts. From zero to the right is the primary scale, divided into standard units of measurements. For example, miles and kilometers. From zero to the left is the extension scale and is divided into tenths of miles and hundreds of meters.In the military we are concerned with two types of distance, straight line and road distance. You would use road distance when planning convoys and road marches.Straight-line distance can be obtained from a military map by one of two methods:62

MEASURE STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE

A

B

? MILES ?

011 MILE

011 KILOMETER

1 MILES

DETERMINING DISTANCE

AT THE END OF THE SLIDEHave students try this

DETERMINING DISTANCEMEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE

A

B

The accuracy of this method is dependent on the number of straight-line segments used.Note: not a road

AT THE END OF THE SLIDEHave students try this with the map wheel

DETERMINING DISTANCEMEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE NOTE you can also use a string laid out on the planned route to measure distance.

A

B

? MILES ?022 KILOMETER

022 MILE

111

1 1

1

3 MILES

A

B

STRING

STRING

AT THE END OF THE SLIDEHave students try this with the paper and the string

What is the straight distance from the Church of God in EG0385 to the buildings in the large intersection in EG0783

4,550 meters

66

What is the road distance from the Church of God in EG0385 to the buildings in the large intersection in EG0783

5,350 meters

67

Its one thing to measure distance on a map its another to convert that to an azimuth and trek through the forest

68

Enabling Learning Objective EACTION:Determine azimuth using a protractor.CONDITIONS:Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, Protractor and Coordinate Scale and a pencil. STANDARDS:Determine the grid azimuth in degrees from one point to anther to within one degree.

TRANSITION: Being able to determine distance between two points would be of little value unless you consider direction also.When you look at a map you can probably tell the cardinal directions of north, south, east and west. This is not always accurate enough for our use. We must be more specific, no matter where you are located on the face of the earth. You can think of yourself as being in the center of an imaginary circle. This circle is divided into 360 degrees. In the military, directions are given by using degrees or mils. Instead of the word direction, however; the word azimuth is used. An azimuth is defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a base direction. This base direction is always north.

69

AWith protractor aligned with GRID LINES drawn on the map and the center of the protractor aligned on your map position (you are here).

You see that the azimuth is 29 or 520 MILS.

Determine an Azimuth on the map between two points

Have Instructor pick a random position on the map and a random destination point on the map and have the students practice this technique.

Have students also practice the Map-to-Compass and Compass-to-Map conversions from SLIDE 73.

What is the Grid Azimuth from the Mines in EG1582 to the water tower in EG1185308 degrees

72

What is the Grid Azimuth from the Reservoir in EG0499 to the machine nest in EH060237 degreesBonus QuestionWhat is the Magnetic Azimuth?16 degrees

73

Enabling Learning Objective FACTION:Convert azimuths.CONDITIONS:Given a standard 1:50,000 military map with a declination diagram, a pencil, and a magnetic azimuth that must be converted.STANDARDS:Convert the given magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth and the grid too magnetic.

TRANSITION: You learned that an azimuth is defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a base direction and the base direction is always north. However, there are three base directions of north These are Grid North, True North, and Magnetic North. In the military you will not need to know true north to keep from getting lost during combat or training exercises.

74

There are Three Types of Azimuth

True NorthGrid NorthMagnetic North

True North. A line from any point on the earth's surface to the north pole. Is represented by a star.

Magnetic North. The direction to the north magnetic poleindicated by the north-seeking needle of a magnetic compass. The magnetic north is usually symbolized by a line ending with half of an arrowhead.

Grid North. vertical grid lines on the map. Symbolized by the letters GN. Used for UTM grid by military and rescue teams for its accuracy and simplicity.

G-M ANGLE. The angular difference between GN and MN.

THREE TYPES OF DIRECTION

Your direction of travelG - M Angle 14 + 10 = 24

G-M ANGLE . . .if GN and MN are on the opposite side of True North, then you ADD GN and MN values to get G-M ANGLE.But, if GN and MN are on the same side of True North, then you SUBTRACT the smaller value from the bigger value to get G-M ANGLE.

AT THE END OF THE SLIDE With MN and

We will practice this later in another slide.Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

CONVERSION (four ways to remember)

GNMN

GNMN

When MN is to the west (left) of GNMN to GN subtract G-M ANGLEGN to MN add G-M ANGLEWhen MN is to the east (right) of GNMN to GN add G-M ANGLEGN to MN subtract G-M ANGLE

GNMN

GNMN

Left to Right SUBTRACTRight to Left ADD

WEST to EAST is least ( - ) SUBTRACTEAST to WEST is best ( + ) ADD

Choose the one that is easier for you to remember.Read the following (IN BLUE) to the students

HOW?

From ground to map.

You measure the bearing of a landmark on the groundwith a compass. It is 49 MN.

2.The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24

3.So MN to GN SUBTRACT 49- 24 = 25 GN (Draw thison your map)

From map to ground.

You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a protractor (next slides). It is 25 GN.

2.The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24

3.So GN to MN ADD 25+ 24 = 49 MN (Put this on your compass) CONVERSION(example 1)

G - M Angle 14 + 10 = 24Your direction of travelLeft to Right SUBTRACTRight to Left ADD

Give the following information to the students to practice this.

From GROUND to MAPYou target a landmark at MN azimuth 17 to a hillWhat is the map GN azimuth from your location?Answer (353)17 24 = - 7 (360 7 = 353)

From MAP to GROUNDWith protractor and map, you plot a GN azimuth 112 to a lake What is the ground MN azimuth from your location?Answer (136)112 + 24 = 136

HOW?

From ground to map.

You measure the bearing of a landmark on the groundwith a compass. It is 322 MN.

2.The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9

3.So MN to GN ADD 322+ 9 = 331 GN (Draw thison your map)

From map to ground.

You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a protractor (next slides). It is 331 GN.

2.The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9

3.So GN to MN SUBTRACT 331- 9 = 322 MN (Put this on your compass) CONVERSION(example 2)G - M Angle 14 - 5 = 9Your direction of travelLeft to Right SUBTRACTRight to Left ADD

Give the following information to the students to practice this.

From GROUND to MAPYou target a landmark at MN azimuth 17 to a hillWhat is the map GN azimuth from your location?Answer (26)17 + 9 = 26

From MAP to GROUNDWith protractor and map, you plot a GN azimuth 112 to a lake What is the ground MN azimuth from your location?Answer (103)112 - 9 = 103

Lars UlrichIf you GO Left Add if you GO Right Subtract

80

What is the Magnetic Azimuth for the following Grid Azimuths?What is the Grid Azimuth for the following Magnetic Azimuths?229 degrees208 degrees

332 degrees311 degrees

17 degrees358 degrees84 degrees105 degrees

6 degrees27 degrees

350 degrees11 degreesDeclination is 21 degrees

81

Now we can measure distance on a map, determine and convert azimuth how do we apply this?

82

Enabling Learning Objective GACTION:Locate an unknown point on a map by resection.

CONDITIONS:Given an unknown location, a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a straightedge, a coordinate scale and protractor, a pencil and two objects or terrain features that are identifiable on the map. STANDARDS:Determine the eight-digit grid coordinate of your location within 10 meters of the actual grid.

83

ResectionResection is the method of locating ones position on a map by determining the GRID AZIMUTH to at least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map.84

RESECTION: Resection is the method of locating one's position on a map by determining the grid azimuth to at least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map. For greater accuracy, the desired method of resection would be to use three or more well-defined locations.

84

60 degrees Mag+ 180 degrees = 240 degrees BAM

Convert to Grid Azimuth

240 + 21 = 261 Degrees BAG60

330330 degrees Mag- 180 degrees = 150 degrees BAM

Convert to Grid Azimuth

150 + 21 = 171 Degrees BAG150240

85

261171

171 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID261 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID

86

25 degrees magnetic azimuth to Crawford Mountain Lookout Tower in EG1887320 degrees magnetic azimuth to a water tower in EG1185

87

Enabling Learning Objective HACTION:Locate an unknown point on a map by modified resection.CONDITIONS:Given an unknown location, a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a straightedge, a coordinate scale and protractor, a pencil and a linear feature that is identifiable on the map.STANDARDS:Determine the eight-digit grid coordinate of your location within 10 meters of the actual grid.

TRANSITION: If you happen to be located along a road, stream, canal, or any other linear object, you may use the method of modified resection to determine your location.

88

Modified ResectionModified resection is the method of locating ones position on the map when the person is located on a linear feature on the ground, such as a road, canal, or stream.89

To use this method, you must physically be located on a linear object. You must also be able to determine an azimuth from your unknown location to a known point and then use this azimuth to intersect back to your unknown location.The steps discussed in resection will be applied in the application of a modified resection.

89

302 degrees Mag- 180 degrees = 122 degrees BAM

122302Convert to Grid Azimuth

122 + 21 = 143 Degrees BAG

90

143 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID143

Determine the Grid CoordinateEG177832

91

You have learned how toIdentify Topographic Symbols on a Military MapIdentify Terrain Features on a MapDetermine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a Military MapMeasure Distance on a MapConvert AzimuthsDetermine Azimuths Using a ProtractorLocate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the Ground by ResectionLocate ones position on a Map and on the Ground by Modified Resection

92

Next: Land Navigation FieldLensatic CompassPartsUsing during dayUsing at nightOrienting a MapDetermine an AzimuthFollow an AzimuthPace CountTerminal Learning ObjectiveAction:Navigate from one point on the ground to another while dismounted.Conditions:During day and night, given a classroom and training area, 1:50,000 map (Tenino) for the classroom, 1:50,000 map (Local) for the local training area, protractor, pencil, compass and or PLGR and FM 3-25.26. Standards:Plot, navigate and find a minimum 3 out of 5 points within 3 hours during daylight and/or night.

93

94