SSF procm.€¦ · inoculum afIe:rcigbtday&.Altbongh specialmediahavebe
3
15/09 2005 10:23 FAX +27317642494 TAPPSA 1i!I02 Francois Woltiillrdt"', Chris Rabie-' &. Mike Wingfield' Biapulping is 0 solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) procesS...here lignocellulosic mtlterials are pretreated with fungi to improve pulping. This po per is Ihe second of IwO re.iew, on biopulping where Port I deolt with the biopulping 01 wood. In Ihis review, we e,omin. the progr"" in the lield of non-wood pulping. becou,e it is evident that the diver<ily of pulping processes requires developm.nt 01 different SSF procm.. lor optimal results. The global increo'. in Ulilisotion of lion-wood fibre has 01'0 led to increased int.rest in biopulping olthe,e libres. This revi,w will focus on the biopulping of bagasse. beeaus. bogo". i, of natoble importance to the South African pulp industry. INTRODUCT'ON About 7 %of the:world pulp prOdll(;lionis from non-wool1 fibres [I], bllt non-wood fibre sonrces are becoming more importaot in the $1Jpplyofp1ant fihre for pulp and paper productP: [2]. AI present 330 mills worldwide, prodllee pilIp fT<>mnon- wO<ld "hr. [3], with twO mills in South Africa thaI utilize bagassc as raw material. Diopulping of bagasse is, therefore, ofspt".cial significance to the South Afric::in pulping industry. TIle fungal pretreatment of any lignoed1ulo~ie substrate for pulping improvement is now described as biopulpiog [4], althaugh this term has previously been IlSed only to describe pretreatment wood. Biopulping afwood is 1ISIlOUyaccomplished by treatment of chip~ \vith white~rot fungi that are able to dcgrndc I1gnin. Ettccrive bioputping of wood has also been achieved with Ophiu!J'loma pil~(e,'um, a fungus that does not degrade lignin [5, 6]. Improvement ofpnlping by 0. pi/ifemnz has heen a~cr1hed to the reduction of wood extractive~ to improve penetration of pu1plng chemicals. investigations afnon-wood biopulping have focussed only on the modification or redllctio)) of lig"i". BiapuJping of these fibres. therefore. utilised only white-rot fun!,.~. The biopulping processes an: consequently intlucnccd by similar restricrions to iliose of biopuJping of wood and will require special engineering and management ,olutions [4, 7, 8]. The SSF by fungi will require a ccnain measure of a.~is during inoculation. as wen as controlled temperaturc, moisture and aeration for growth [4, 8J. Tho implcmemation of biopnlping proce..", for the treatment of wlferent types of non-wood fibre will require specific solutions far each process. B'OPULP'NG EXPER'ENCE One of the hurdles to oVlm:omein the pulping of bagasse is tbe seasonal aVID lability of the ntWmaterial [9]. This necessitates special storage practices. such as wet bulk storage, to pTe~eTve the fibre rl 0]. However. the long periods of stomge (sometimes more than one year) al,o offer an opportunity to pre-treat bagasse to improve the pulping propenies. Biopulping ofbaga.~!'.e cou1d hlivc Iinumber of advantages. A large quantity ofwatcr is used for the preservation of fibre in wet bulk storage of bagasse [9], BiOP\llping fungi would also presenre the fibre and could be applied on baga."'scwith lower moi.!t'tUre content. In a semi-arid c.ounrry such as South Africa, the s~ving of wllLt..-"T would be: u significant advantage. The lignin CQIltcnt of Hbre i\J~d»conE:eq1Jently~ in pulp could he reduced [11). fibre discoloUfation and pith content could bc reduced, resulting in improved wet depithing [9J. The rednecd lignin and pith cunlenl could result in reduced chemical consumption during pulping and in improved pulp quality [12], Biopulping of bag a". is one of the rel<1tively unexplored fields of biolcdmology reJating to the pulping industry, although many considerationsmake sucb a procodure theoretically feasible. For examplc, bagasse is stored for lang periods [13], al10wing enough time to treat raw matcri~l with fungi. Capital and other resources. curTr:ntlylIsedfor the preservation of bagasse fl31 could be diverted to the biopulping processes. Addhionally, the colonization of bagasse by fungi is favotJIed by the residual sugars and the exposed SIlrfaooarea of the fibres [14J. Biopulping has becn applicd to severa! kinds of non-wood fibrc1 but the literature covers only initinl trials where none of the processes were commerciaUsed, A smalJ number of publications deal with fungal pr~!teatmenT ofbagas~ [15. 16] and do not refer to the soda pulping method that is widely used. One techniqut c.ombin.::i;fungal ['Ire..treatrne:nt of bagasse with the so-eaHed Cuba-9 process [16]. that is used 10 produce newsprint with " modifi~d cold soda process prior to mechanical renning. Other publi""tions deal with the fungal lreattnenl of hnaf and jute prior to steam explosion and refin.ing (17], gramineous plants prior to soch1 pulping [11] and biopulping of wheat straw [18 J. The white-rotting fuugi are the organi!!imS most fi-equently used forbiopulpingofnoll-wood tibre [11. 15. 16. 17. 18]. These fun!,.~arc known to degrade all the wood componel1ts.but lignin I Sappi F oresl Products, Research & Developmenr. P.O. Box :'152. Springs 1560 ~ Deparlm;;:D.t of Mi(.~r\.)bjol{)£y & B10chemistry, University of the Orange l':'ree State. P.O, 80x 339, Blocmfontejn 9300 , Uivision of Food Science and Technology, CSlR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria t)OOl .1 Forestry and Agricultural Uioh::chnology Institute. Univcrsity of l>retana, Prcloria 000 I TAPPSAJOURkAL. Jel1loMY. P.IiI{i>O 11
Transcript of SSF procm.€¦ · inoculum afIe:rcigbtday&.Altbongh specialmediahavebe
15/09 2005 10:23 FAX +27317642494 TAPPSA 1i!I02
Francois Woltiillrdt"', Chris Rabie-' &. Mike Wingfield'
Biapulping is 0 solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) procesS...here lignocellulosic mtlterials are pretreated with fungi to improve pulping. Thispo per is Ihe second of IwO re.iew, on biopulping where Port I deolt with the biopulping 01 wood. In Ihis review, we e,omin. the progr"" inthe lield of non-wood pulping. becou,e it is evident that the diver<ily of pulping processesrequires developm.nt 01different SSF procm.. loroptimal results. The global increo'. in Ulilisotion of lion-wood fibre has 01'0 led to increased int.rest in biopulping olthe,e libres. This revi,wwill focus on the biopulping of bagasse. beeaus. bogo". i, of natoble importance to the South African pulp industry.
INTRODUCT'ONAbout 7 % of the:world pulp prOdll(;lionis from non-wool1fibres [I], bllt non-wood fibre sonrces are becoming moreimportaot in the $1Jpplyofp1ant fihre for pulp and paper productP:[2]. AI present 330 mills worldwide, prodllee pilIp fT<>mnon-wO<ld "hr. [3], with twO mills in South Africa thaI utilizebagassc as raw material. Diopulping of bagasse is, therefore,ofspt".cial significance to the South Afric::inpulping industry.
TIle fungal pretreatment of any lignoed1ulo~ie substrate forpulping improvement is now described as biopulpiog [4],althaugh this term has previously been IlSed only to describepretreatment wood. Biopulping afwood is 1ISIlOUyaccomplishedby treatment of chip~ \vith white~rot fungi that are able todcgrndc I1gnin. Ettccrive bioputping of wood has also beenachieved with Ophiu!J'lomapil~(e,'um, a fungus that does notdegrade lignin [5, 6]. Improvement ofpnlping by 0. pi/ifemnzhas heen a~cr1hed to the reduction of wood extractive~ toimprove penetration of pu1plng chemicals.
investigations afnon-wood biopulping have focussed only onthe modification or redllctio)) of lig"i". BiapuJping of thesefibres. therefore. utilised only white-rot fun!,.~. The biopulpingprocesses an: consequently intlucnccd by similar restricrionsto iliose of biopuJping of wood and will require specialengineering and management ,olutions [4, 7, 8]. The SSF byfungi will require a ccnain measure of a.~is during inoculation.as wen as controlled temperaturc, moisture and aeration forgrowth [4, 8J. Tho implcmemation of biopnlping proce..", forthe treatment of wlferent types of non-wood fibre will requirespecific solutions far each process.
B'OPULP'NG EXPER'ENCEOne of the hurdles to oVlm:omein the pulping of bagasse istbe seasonal aVIDlability of the ntWmaterial [9]. This necessitatesspecial storage practices. such as wet bulk storage, to pTe~eTvethe fibre rl 0]. However. the long periods of stomge (sometimesmore than one year) al,o offer an opportunity to pre-treatbagasse to improve the pulping propenies.
Biopulping ofbaga.~!'.e cou1d hlivc Iinumber of advantages. Alarge quantity ofwatcr is used for the preservation of fibre inwet bulk storage of bagasse [9], BiOP\llping fungi would alsopresenre the fibre and could be applied on baga."'scwith lowermoi.!t'tUrecontent. In a semi-arid c.ounrry such as South Africa,the s~ving of wllLt..-"Twould be: u significant advantage. Thelignin CQIltcntof Hbre i\J~d»conE:eq1Jently~ in pulp could hereduced [11). fibre discoloUfation and pith content could bcreduced, resulting in improved wet depithing [9J. The rednecdlignin and pith cunlenl could result in reduced chemicalconsumption during pulping and in improved pulp quality [12],
Biopulping of bag a". is one of the rel<1tively unexplored fieldsof biolcdmology reJating to the pulping industry, althoughmany considerationsmake sucb a procoduretheoreticallyfeasible. For examplc, bagasse is stored for lang periods [13],al10wing enough time to treat raw matcri~l with fungi. Capitaland other resources. curTr:ntlylIsed for the preservation ofbagasse fl31 could be diverted to the biopulping processes.Addhionally, the colonization of bagasse by fungi is favotJIedby the residual sugars and the exposed SIlrfaooarea of the fibres[14J.
Biopulping has becn applicd to severa! kinds of non-woodfibrc1 but the literature covers only initinl trials where none ofthe processes were commerciaUsed, A smalJ number ofpublications deal with fungal pr~!teatmenT ofbagas~ [15. 16]and do not refer to the soda pulping method that is widely used.One techniqut c.ombin.::i;fungal ['Ire..treatrne:ntof bagasse with
the so-eaHed Cuba-9 process [16]. that is used 10 producenewsprint with
"modifi~d cold soda process prior to mechanical
renning. Other publi""tions deal with the fungal lreattnenl ofhnaf and jute prior to steam explosion and refin.ing (17],gramineous plants prior to soch1 pulping [11] and biopulpingof wheat straw [18 J.
The white-rotting fuugi are the organi!!imS most fi-equently usedforbiopulpingofnoll-wood tibre [11. 15. 16. 17. 18]. Thesefun!,.~arc known to degrade all the wood componel1ts.but lignin
I Sappi Foresl Products, Research & Developmenr. P.O. Box :'152. Springs 1560~ Deparlm;;:D.tof Mi(.~r\.)bjol{)£y& B10chemistry, University of the Orange l':'ree State. P.O, 80x 339, Blocmfontejn 9300,
Uivision of Food Science and Technology, CSlR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria t)OOl.1 Forestry and Agricultural Uioh::chnology Institute. Univcrsity of l>retana, Prcloria 000 I
TAPPSAJOURkAL. Jel1loMY. P.IiI{i>O11
15/09 2005 10:23 FAX +27317642494
isd£gl:adedin varying degrees of~ectivity [18}. The~willi wbiob !i.u;Dinis de£l'lded, depend,. 00 specific .!miDB offungi 63 wen all the !lpeCifie t=a_ ccnditions [IS, 19J.C llolase deficient i""l_ of P1umerochaete chrysuspnrium11."., been uscd In
"""""""~viIy [16]. bat: wild typ<>male.«
of P. drry<osporium and a hybrid stI8Jn of Pleurot>J.<"''''''ollISbave also been used [I S}.
Diffi:rent fungal species IuLvcbeen used to treat non.woodfibrco otbeTthan bagasse. An isoJaI" of C. STlaw..rmi$p<>rabasbeen IDocdfur biopuJping ofl=afundjute [17] und /'ki"""",astnxm&rforwbeat_ [18].Phlebiorodiata.p~~(JOTjum, Pleurolus oslr"flahu, P= ligrimLr, PhlebiaIn!ntdlo.m aod C. subvenr#spora "'ere used to 1res1~ canarygrass and taU feooue prior 10ooda pulping [IIJ. I.enzite.f brmdina[J 2J. Pleorotw aslreatUS and PAanervchaete chry$osporivm[15, 16] have been used fur biopolpiDg of .uglltt:aIl<: bagasse.
The most sucreosful method for the production of wx:ulm" ofwbit<>-rot fungi for biopulping is Iu
"""a pre-inoculum of
homogcni=! mycclium [12]. A pro-inoculum was also usedby JobnmK! ct aI. 1.16Jand inoculum was then produc<:d in af~r. By U3iog tilio metfIod. it was pos&ible to harveslinoculum afIe:r cigbt day&. Altbongh special media have be<:nused [16], molagges can provide A convenk:nt llU1rialt SOIU'Ce,as it CIIDbe nbtai1lcdkom IJCII1"bysugar nriIIs and is inexp<nsive[12].
In small-S<:aJcexpcrim<:nts dried. depithcd bagas,e (60 % \070 % fibre) was soaked in water, after which moistme wasadjustOOto various levels between 50 % und 80 % [16]. Themoist bagasse wa.. Iben ,lmilizeo1 by autoclavIDg. inoculatedand then incubated at 28°C or 39 "C for 10 to 20 day..Screening ""P""ments with bag:iK8e "., dOM willi as 1ittJcas 2 g of bagasse in IOO-mlflasks, but bench scale treatmenblwere doDein I-L flaW. or ]0 L cylinders [J6]. In these bench.calc experiment>, reacton were flnshed wilh OXYgaIandreJati'ge humidity controlled. Polyethylene bags til1cd with 1kg stm1ized bagasse OJ:70 % to 75 % moistw-e have been u~in SSF for d", produetion ofbiopolp and for the producticw ofenriched animal feed [15). Degrad;ttion WASeI1banecd byoxygenation coznpaP:d to aeration, especially when it w3.,'iapplied intermittently [16]. Optimal condition. wereappn>JCimatcly 6' %1IIOistore and !IS % r001ativehutnidity [16].
Moisture of the substrate is one of the hy fioctors influencingSSF. It is importmrt thal wilier is available only as thin film.OIlthe bagasse wrn.cc to increa.<ethe .urfO!Ce-to-~oJumeratiotor oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer [8. 20]. On the otherhand, low IDoistme increase. the risk of tIre [13] and Jimitsfungal growth [8]. Temperature i. onecfth" mo.t imponanlphysical J'!'t'3rtIC1fnand alllOthe mOS1.difficult 10control r2J].Maintaining temperaturc as close as po""i"!c to tbe optimal
biopulping tC!II1pcratutefur Ihe .elected fungus decrease.treatment lime and may give the fungus the r.ompetitive edgeover contamiuanlS [8].
lncub<l!Jon 11me plays an important roJe in the desradation ofJigllc>celiuJosic materials. Aftcr bioplliping of wheat maw,ligciu content. I % CI/",,!icsolubility, cellulose ond holoce1luJoioCwere detennined [181. This ""al~. sbowc-d that mo.t oftfIcligok W>iSdegJ:aded in the latter put of the lIeatment time.
AfIyr 20 days ofiocuba1iOll ofOOg8sse uDdtroptimal eOl\ditiaDS,
TAPPSA 14103
2,5 % weiglu: loss and 8,7 % lignin \0&; Were aclricved and nodiscoIonrntion was apparent[l6]. Delgado etal. [IS) sbowed9,6 % lignin decrease aftm- II day. of_em willi a hybridp. uslnalu8 and 14.7 % decrease afIe:r 35 days. The h~P. oaTreoOOwas able to modifY bagasse more selectivcly thana cellulase deficient strain of P. chry.o.''1J()rillm~
Some =earchem bypo1hc:8i»O!batreduction o(lignin <:anleadIn ","vingl>in cooswnplion of puJpiug chcuDeals [18, 22].Optimization of paranletcrs for the kraft pulpiog of fungaltreaIcl wmdhassbown Ibisnot to be1ruc l23l. The COWUIDpIionof chemicals by fungalblycelil1m has been investigated byJohnsrud et al. [16], who showed that the increase in NaOHC011KUJJJ)1tionw"" due to tfIc dissolUtion of 1Ilyce1inm.. Thispoint is open to debate, as increased chemiCAl constmIptioawas previOU8ly,,",,"Oedto the lower-molecularwcigbt productsof decay (24]. Tbe effect of fungal treatment on pith OOIItentis unknown ODdmigbt even teduce ebcmi=l <:on8II1IIptionbydegt'Rding pith that generally causes increased chemicalcomumption [12, 25J.
..
Fungal treatment used in combination with !he Cuba-9 processir1<=8Sed tfIe beatsbility of bagasoe pulp and pmdueed handsheeto ",ith stnmgth properties similar to Ihooe obtained fromreference pulp [16]. On: kenaf aud jute, the fungoJ lrealmen1improved strength proparries [17). Soda pulping of fuugaltreated reed canary grass produced fine paper (furnishcomposition of 40 % grass, 40 % softwood ""d 20 % talc) withbettI!r printing and strengtb properties [11].
COfIC&fMIOIISThe inaease in the demand for non-wood fibre [1] will focusrescmcli on the OOv<Ilopment ofbiopulping processes spo:cifu:aUy
for non-woody snbsttatc8. Apparently, white.f"Otl\mg; withselective lignin degrading potential will be the InO$tsuitablemganisms for application in these procBSSes. The diversity ofraw materials that = used fur pulping ha/Jresulted in differenthandling and storage practices 8. well as pulping proce5BCS.Specific biopolping processes will e<m>cquartly be designedto provide optimal benefit to exillting oporntions, but someadapf3tionsto the currmtprocedmcs to .~"""""ate biopulpingwin also Ix:ne"",,""')'.
(I] WEB'Q. L. 1991.. hper...d '\be ea in.!rucnt - Part)~ Pu1pinl md b\ead1inl-
P(If't:I'Foad 66(6); 20-21.[2J BO.t:l'DN. J. 199~. Plovrt 4eriv0d ro!1'-'JIOO';tQ8and. the :JUrIUGimpM't.!ulce Qf
non-wood(Jf;mnoally~~. Coma!'OlfWUllthFIII".Rrv.7S(2}: /64-16/i.[3] CROON, 1. llJ!iI;!. $trew J;rallI fibre\. .Popt>r"'uk..r Vt:nmhar. 33-:\4.(4J AK!iIAR., M, I.RNTZ,.MJ.. SWANEY, it.E.. SHin.EY: DJI., SCOTT, O.M..
t1Q~N,e.O.&ElU.T.K.. 1$91. Mc«ing~I"n<lI:=f\~I!'C~'CIIrtllriaB:!I: up Q(~i..1!- TiJppl.BiJogi<tJl5cw..:&J ~I!m~",",. pp. 3:S..11J..
"lIppi~,.AUaQta"tJSA..
l:1] WAll., MJ).. BRECKER., J.. HUTZ, A., I YSKSOK, S. & NOm-. 'Yo199.....~III ~ r;;rfWl)()(jcbipI: 10 impuwc dlenW:W f'Ulpms ".re~. Tgppi
Bl"f~ieP' SC;f!/".~ .\y",POllfllm.pp, 67-76. '!lIJ1PiP~"'. Ataat;,., QSA.to] WALL, M,D.. ~TAffORD, (t., NO£L, y~ FIJIZ. A.IVIlK.Scm, $. &FA1UUU..L.
RL 11J96..TR:atmt3'ltwtll1Op1~Q)lpwp;iffr.n&fJlmpIo'oUcbcmiC8:lfll.ltpin~~.1a.:8~"I~J"(Mpulpsndpanf:rmduafry: Rrccnt~inI!.pfIJw:r'I..ad~bll f'C~(CI1.j~aril'lt6ThIDtr;rmltil;l~Confcrc:De~on Bio;l~"'I\nologyin a... "'II1paDd f'apI:r 1NInstry. I!dk. E..~ & K. McMncr.W.1.OS-lIO. ri\CUl1»-UaMst~rce.~ Vlemg", 1'bEitri...
(7] MlICImLL, DA &.U1NBA}.."I!,'BJt. 19'92.De:finitWn,MPmi~riJJtjtl.ll)d~Bl111:5oJid..,~QI]ri\'Bti(),.. t:dI,. H.W.Doei¥,D.A.Mitch~lA C.&.RDl%.Pi'L1-16.t!IKVicr~Pub1ia1lc:J.~L'K.
l~J WAIL. M.S..CAMEII.ON,U.C. &LlGtfTF'OOT.B.N. 19\1J.Biopu1pingprt~
~V' JIM kUdK:s. JJfWft:h.Ah It; MH~62.r9J -'TCHJ~ON,J~. 19i1_~ h:PbIp;1DCl.PqJcrMuu~(3.\,Secaiesm,r
ti~ a:Jd fIOO-'Wood:pulping. Ed.. MJ, Kocwdt. pp. 22-70. Tappi~II. At1!da1a,.IJS.\.
15/09 2005 10:23 FAX +27317642494
[10) SALABAILI.&MAZA.F. J97I. Riltcrbi(\lor.~woltm"'l~~forb!g3.""qc
bulk. Itonge. Non-w(JQd Plant Jo'ihl'r YII/,Jiny, Prog. Rep. 2: 89.136.[11] HATAKKA,A., METTALA, (I,'1liARI(ONnN, T. & J'AAVTtAINEN. L. 1996.
Biapulping Orb'l'1Jmin~lUi pfun~ b)' whito:-rvt fungi. Tn: Biotechnology in the pulp
Lmd)XIpCrindWitT)'; ~cnL...tV"4fJU::S ill 411fJliOOlII)d fw,da,,):v!)w ~ Proceedings
ofthc Sixth IntmWiorud Conll,..,;r\cc 1,)(16100:chnology in the: Pulp and Paper
[nduany. f:.dl. E. 5f;;OOtnik ok K. MC!t'UIC.t,pp.. 2 ~-232. FllCUltDJ-UrrivcmuII:ovdilg,Vjgma, Aloiilri..
/12/ WULFAAROT, ..., Dll rtOOy, A., WYNN. C-~ GRl\F.9EEK, E. d: Wl'YGf'lI:.LD.
"-4, 199~, Kf"IIUlpilLg uf '"'-Ji9lfcaaa bI1gas!.o: Imprnvcfncntafthe Scmi.A1bIiDC;
:\ufl'lhitt.Anthraquinonc process. 'Prncccdirq;:! of Iht 71b mlcrnmiolWl Cun!c:r~n~
011 ~ioil!lCf1l\DI(Jgy itl the Pulp And Pepcr mdu!itry, V...nCl1UVlil'r.C;u,;&.da. V'II. IJ~H-55.
(13] HUJ.{fEJl,.~ J99I. ~gn'I-<;r.~""nnd.w.mnmu4Jn. r.wip,.Ipf"Y.(.;.ryCmN.~
pp.103-2J7. Ttppi ~.ArinnT1l.II";h(14] RAMASWAMY. V., RAMANAnIAN, T. c'tI.VI:NKA1AItA"'fAN. r.s. 1989. Rok
otfwll}iirIw:biodcgndllfion ofwef.pih:Ii~4bu.~1! tU>"'~ 1IVpR.:.IL"'OndiI.i.OUi.Tappi Plllpi,,!!. Crm!r:rMCtl, pp. "0).$66. T;app. Pn: Atbnlll. USA,
(l:5J DELGADO. G,. FlDJ\.LGO, M.I." MANSUR, M., MAK'liNk.:l., B.O. ORTEGA.
G..MART1NDZ.A.T. & GONZhLnz,A.I:, lm.I..1KPin ;a]LL-n.1J,)nduriIiSdlcsolid-
!tate ~QtiOD ofWl;'lT\'Im<;, ...,,"'~ ith I'/fflWWUV 'J.\'f~tu. alldPhu,!l!IVt:htJl::ll::
chry,sosporlum. In; Uj,'~hnol.,'}W ill Ute!~!lIJp ;uu.1I1;;1jMO.liJldw.t/y. f'r.x-<:\XIi~s vi
t~ 5~ Int~llinl1l1l Cn..r~re'-':I! LV'IHiub.1 ,1ota' in 1&::t"ulp and PII.pfi Lno:f\6try
Eds.M ICuw1IbanI &M. shimddo. Pt\. 200-114. unl 'P1Jblid'lcn Co.. Tokyo.llpln.
l16J JOHNSRUD. S.(;~ l'!:RNANDl,i:l.. N., 1.(n<£Z, I'; CUTI£kRtJ.:. L SAEZ, A. &I:i.R1.KSSUN, J.;..-h. IY~7. ilnl(1l!r1.ie. u( [UII2:.llIr"e1I'1!.ued high yi~ld baga..ue pulp.,
Nord. PilIp Pop. Nr_f. J. ~1"roal ;"'~UI!:47.S2.
ll7J :::;AH~IAI(WAL., "I.~_, AKHTAK, M.. YU, E.. D'AGOSTINO.D.. YOUNG.RA
TAPPSA 14104
!c.Bl.AJ'.ICJ.l~:, R.A... 1996. Ocvclopmcntofbio~ pulping ptOC.:saca fOt
non-woody plants. In; DiOlechn/l102Y in the pulp and papaiDdU'.!itl)'; Rt'I,,:1:111
udvunl.~ in ;tpIllicl. and fundamcnt:a1 rcseurth, J'ttIc~nJ!!'l ordk: Sixih International
Conference on Bio1X1;hnl>llJgy intll€' l'ulp 8.f1dPaper Industry. Eds, E, S~!.n;k &
K. Menne:r, 1)1'1-233-23G. FQCtJltu-Univen;ill1~y~thg, Vio;nJ~'" Ausfria.{Ii} RDSTANCI,£.& YALlNKlU{;.M,K.. 199I.Prc:1imirwystudiesonbi<w;1~tian
~)( wheAt gr:aw (1'rmcum UUrMmf L.) by ~r ~11\v..1'" (flll..HUllffl ust7't!OIIIIJ:LCq_) 3Uncd al produCing b~!tl. Tn: Noo.--wood plant fibeTJx.llpi~ rru~
R~r".('IJI.R3-~. Tapp1.'~,At1l1nla,()$A.(19) RiOS. S. & bYZAGlITIt.R'F~ J. 1992, C«Klitiom far 5clcctivc Ikgmdtltiun ~If lipin
by u,1,; rw,~1.L!IGWlllrl€ntlcl (lus"'(1/i.J, lippl. Microbial. Biult!dmul. 37: 667-669.
(201 MUDGJin: I:t.l;:.&. "AKAOIS, AJ. 1!)85. Solid-stotc ~nlALti(ln I.It'.ww:aU.bitcla
lignin by rllc]llt:rocho('~ chryJv..rpCJf'iuIfI, &rz.vmc Mir::Mb. Trh:htt(l/. 7; 150-154.
121J t'KIUR, Ll.A.. UU )'IIl££Z.J.C. &RE.IN.P.W, 1992- r:.nvmmmt'N.a1 pl;runcu:rs..
In: Solid 9\lb~~ r.llrhvnuNl.. ht... H. w. ()ucllc. DA Mitchell &. C.E. RoIz.. pp.
6~ J:l'i_I-:r-vil!r Science Publishcnl, Bnrking, UK..(22) DUARTE. J., M~DI1S SOL1SA, A. COST.o\.-FERREIRA..}.I.. MORGAOO, J..
VASCONCL::lOS. L .t: PEREntA, H. 1996, Slud;" UfOthe biLrk~1l pulping of
C1X8IypmBWI...oo, In, Pn.~ling,\;urIJN:: flU, I"K,'lwiOflal Confin:nce 011.BiotcchnolO{!Y
in Ihe I'ulr and f'aper Industry. p_ 8.8.
[23J WOlPAhRIYI'.J.Io'. l1Hi.lJtiliT..a1in'l ofwood.~(;C3Yfungifocbioknftpulpm.go
softwood. PhO th('~iJ.. FllculTy nf Sl-iMlCe, IlnlVrNtly"r
the CX3nge FI'!!C St::ltc_
{24} HUNT.K.& HATTON,J.V, N79_ ]\Ndictingt:hcluaftpulpWcbcb8YioI"(Jf~
~lulp""(II.JL1Pulp Pup. C~t.I. 80(3): 55-57,
[25] GJERTZ, U.W. &. VAKM ILI'.;, 19/~. Sttid.l~Qn the pulping ofbagassc i1nd
inftLl~)ct ()f j)lth on papcrpropcmc!;, In: NQn.w ~><Jpl:!.!Il fiber lIu1pinB. f'ro~rellS
~r\ ln, ~f'I. :1:\.1\9. TSfJPi Prc:.'>!I,At1nntn, USA
25th Foh 2000 Xortbem Re2ion Ladies EveningVenue lo be advl~ed
15th March 2000 Northern Region Technical Mcetine"Future Trends in Paper Surface Technology"
Venue to be advised
17-19 March 2000 Drnken~berg Conference -Champagne Sports"Opttm1sing Resources+!
March 2000 Technical joint Meeting with IPSADate IIIIdVenue 1.0be ad\;sed
19th April 2000 Northern Region AGMVenue to be advisoo
Southern Region AGM + New Speakers Eventand TAPPSA Nannnal AGM
Venue -Univer.ity of Stellenbo.eb
Northern ReCion ("...,IfDayDct.,ii. to be advi.ed
17 - 18 May 2000
26th May 2000
14th July 2000 Northern Region Technical MeetingTopic and Venue to he advl~ed -
.--16-20 October 2000 TAPPSA's 10th Biennial
Illternational Conference and E1b.ibition.. Mrican Pulp and Paper Week 2000"
at the Ice Durban
Ncrthom Susann Piettaa, - SA Paper ChemicalsOil 922 1668
~pien~sapc.co.za
Northern Bob Heimann - KC En.tra0113607210
Eastern Roland Streatfield -TAPPSA0828507347
Southern Prof. Giinter Gcrischer -Stellcnbos<:b021 8083320
grtg@matje~.sutl,ac.za-- -
Norlhem Bob Heimann. KC E..tra0113607210
Southern&
National
Chris Macdonald - TAPPSA031204 2123
Attie du Plooy - Sappi011 3600273
Northern
Nonhern Bob Heimann - KC En.traall 3607210
Roland Streatfield - TAPPSA082 850 7347
roland-.@)atiica.eom
National
This programme will be updated regularly to ensure that you arc kept informed of what is going On Natior1aUy,Tfyon would like Lo add to the list or comment,. plca.o,;c cOntact the National OrganiSl."T~ Roland Streatfield,
by phone 01'1082 8507347, fax on 031 764 2494, or e-mail [email protected] .
TAPP$A JOURNAL' Janu8ry' P"'~e! 19
