sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ am[yaw

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ temI-saßpw {]Nmcw t\Snb P\-{]nb am[y-a-amWv

sSen-hnj≥. Zriy{ihy-am-[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ A\-\y-amb ÿm\w sSen-hn-j≥

t\Sn. CXc am[y-aßsf Dƒs°m≠ sSen-hn-j≥ Ah-bpsS {]mamWyw Ipd-®p.

C∂p sSen-hn-j≥ \o°n \n¿Øm-\m-hmØXmbn-cn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-tbmSpw IpSpw_

tØmSpw kaqltØmSpw AXv H´nt®¿∂p Ign™p. ̀ h-\-Øn¬ am{X-a-√ Hm^okv,

hnZym-e-bw, tlm´¬, Bip-]-{Xn, _kvÃm≥Uv, dbn¬thtÃj≥, ^mIvSdn

Cßs\ F√m-bn-SØpw Sn.-hn.-bp-≠v. a\- ns\ Bdm-an-{μn-b-ambn ImWm-sa¶n¬

Ggm-an-{μn-b-Øns‚ ÿm\w C∂v Cu am[y-a-Øn\p Nne¿ Iev]n°p∂p.

]pkvXIßfpw ]{X-ßfpw A£-c-a-dn-bp-∂-h\p am{Xta A`nImayam-bn-cp-

∂p≈p. \nc-£-c-Ip-£n°pw Imcy߃ tI -́dn-bm≥ tdUntbm DX-In. ]{X-am-kn-

ImZnIƒ ImgvNbnepw tdUntbm {ih-W-Ønepw ]cn-an-X-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Sn.-hn.-bpsS

hchv ZznXeßsfbpw tbmPn-∏n-®p. A\-̀ y-kvX-hn-Zy\pw Bkz-Zn-°msa∂-Xn-\m¬

henb P\Iob am[y-a-ambn Sn.-hn. amdn. B\-μ-Øns‚ At\I apJ-߃ Xpd∂n´Xv

P\ßfpsS bPam\-\m°n B am[yasØ am‰n.

hm¿Ø

hnUvVn-s∏-́ n-sb∂p hnfn-°p-sa-¶nepw hm¿Øbp-sSbpw hn⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw

hnj-b-Øn¬ CsXmcp \n[n-s∏-́ n-bm-Wv. temI-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-t—Zw \ΩpsS apºn¬

FØn-°p-∂Xp ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ hnUvVn-s∏-́ n-sb∂ hnfn-bmWv hnUvVn-Ø-cw.

hn⁄m-\-km-[y-X-I-fpsS hn]p-e-temIw Cu am[yaw Xpd-°p-∂p. {]tXyI taJe

Isf-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nm\-ep-Iƒ kvs]jy-sse-tk-js‚ Cu bpK-Øn¬ Gsd KpW-Ic

amWv. P¥p-Po-hPme߃, _nkn-\ v, kvt]m¿Svkv, kwKo-Xw, aXw Cßs\

XmXv]cym-\p-k-cWw Xncs™Sp°m\p≈ [mcmfw Nm\-ep-Iƒ C∂p sSenhnj

\p≠v.

]{X-hm-b-\-bpsS ioe-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Zriy-t_m-[-Øns‚ hgn-I-fn-te°v Sn.-hn.

ae-bm-fnsb \bn-®p. apgph≥ kab hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ C∂p sSen-hn-j-\p-≠v.

2

IqSp-X¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ thK-Øn-se-Øn-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ bXv\n-°p∂p.

hm¿Øm-hn-i-I-e-\w, t{]£-Is‚ A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ, P\-]-£-hn-Nm-c-W-Iƒ Ch-sb√mw

C∂p hm¿Ø-I-fpsS `mK-am-Wv. hm¿Øm-hm-b-\-°m-cs‚ thjw, `mj, D®m-cWw,

BwKyw Ch A`n-\bw IqSn-bmbn hm¿Øsb am‰p-∂p.1 ]ucm-h-Im-iw, ]cn-ÿnXn,

kv{Xokzm-X{¥yw apX-em-bh kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ {]apJ ÿm\w Sn.-hn. hm¿Ø

Iƒ°p-≠v.

P\m-[n-]XysØ Xmßn-\n¿Øp∂ aq∂p s\Sp-Xq-Wp-I-fmbn sePn-t…-®¿,

FIvknIyp´o-hv, PpUo-jydn Chsb ]d-bmdp-≠v. \mem-asØ kvXw -̀ambn am[yaw

amdp-∂p. AXn¬ {]apJÿm\w sSen-hn-j-\p-X-s∂. P\-ß-tfm-sSm∏amWv AXns‚

ÿm\w. kaq-l-Øns‚ IÆpw-Im-Xp-ambn Sn.-hn. amdp-∂p. Nne Nm\epIƒ A[nImc-

]-£Øp \nev°p∂p; NneXp adn®pw. Nm\-ep-Iƒ hyXn-cn‡ ImgvN-∏mSpIƒ

]pe¿Øps∂¶nepw P\-Øn\v kzm`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn∏n°m-\p≈ thZnbmbn amdp∂p.

A[n-Imcw GXm-\pw-t]¿ ssIøm-fp-tºm-g-√, Ahsc XncpØm≥ P\w i‡n t\Sp-

tºm-gmWv P\m-[n-]Xyw hnP-bn-°p-I-sb∂v Km‘nPn ]d™p. Hcp Xncp-ج

i‡n-bmbn amdm≥ Cu am[y-a-Øn\p Ign-bp-∂p. `c-W-h¿Kw P\ßfn¬ \n∂p

ad-®p-h-bv°p∂ KqV]≤XnIƒ shfn-®Øp sIm≠ph-cm≥ am[y-a-Øn\v Ignbp∂p.

P\߃ sXc-s™-SpØ ̀ c-W-IqSw cl-ky-am-°p∂ X´n-∏p-Iƒ s]mXpP\ ka£w

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv hen-sbmcp P\-tk-h\am-Wv.

hm¿Øm-th-f-bnse N¿®-Ifpw hna¿i-\-ßfpw k¿°m-cn-s\ amdn-®n-¥n-°m≥

t{]cn-∏n-°mw. hna¿i-\-߃ {i≤n-°-s∏-Sm≥ i‡hpw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-]-chpw

Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpsams° BtI-≠-Xp≠v. Cu kz`mhw Zo£n-®p≈ hna¿i\

߃ Sn.-hn.-bn¬ ImWmw. k¿°m¿ Nm\-ep-Iƒ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v

angnhp In´pamdv {]t£-]Ww \n¿Δ-ln-°m-dp-≠v. ]m¿´n Nm\-ep-Iƒ AhcpsS

{]NmcWØn\p {ian-°p-∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ

Nm\epIƒ kar-≤-ambpw ka¿∞-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. P\-Nn-¥sb am‰n-sb-

Sp-°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign-bp-∂-Xmbpw ]T-\-߃ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

3

sSenhn-j\nse t^m¨˛C≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ P\m-[n-]-Xy-—mb D≈-h-bm-Wv.

N¿®-Iƒ, A`napJ߃ Ch-bn-se√mw {]h-WX Z¿in-°mw. cmjv{Sob t\Xm°sf

sXmen-bp-cn®p ]cn-l-kn-°m≥ Bt£-]-lmky ]cn]m-Sn-Iƒ°p Ign-bp-∂p.

F√m-Øcw hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p-ap≈ ]cn-anXn sSen-hn-j-\p-ap-≠v. hm¿ØIƒ

bYmXYa√ F∂Xv Sn.-hn.°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. an° Nm\epIm¿°pw kz¥-amb

IÆ-S-bp-≠v. hm¿ØIfpsS `mjy-ß-fmWv ]e-t∏mgpw Ah cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ hymJym-\-t -̀Zßfmbn hm¿Ø-Iƒ amdp-∂p. s{]mss{I-Ã-kns‚

I´nse∂t∏mse hm¿Ø-Isf hen-®p-\o-´p∂p; hnt—-Zn-°p-∂p. Nm\-epImcpsS

\ne]m-Sp-Isf im‡o-I-cn-°m-\p-X-Ip-∂h hm¿Ø-I-fpsS ̀ mK-amb A`n-ap-J-ßfn¬

tNmZn-°p-∂p. hm°ns‚ hmen¬ ]nSn-®p≈ skmd-]-d®nepw hnX-WvUm-hm-Z-hp-amWv

Nne-t∏mƒ Acßp XI¿°p-I. ]∏-cm-kn-Isft∏mse Ccsb th´bmSp∂ {]h-W-

Xbpw ImWm-\m-hpw.

temI-sØ-hnsS \S-°p∂ Imcyhpw sRmSn-bn-S-sIm≠v Sn.-hn. hnc¬Øp-ºn

seØn-°p-∂p. A®-Sn-am-[y-a߃ km£-c¿t° CWßq; sSen-hn-j\v Cu ]cnanXn

bn√. ]{XØnepw tdUn-tbm-bnepw dnt∏m¿´n-tß-bp-≈p. F¥mtWm dnt∏m¿´p

sNøp-∂Xv AXns\ Sn.-hn. {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p. X∑qew hm¿Øbv°v hnizm-ky-X-tb-

dp-Ibpw {KlWw A\m-bm-k-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]{X-Ønse A®-Sn-tb-°mƒ

Sn.-hn.-bnse Zriy߃ hniz-kn-°mw. Zriyßfn¬ Bi-b-]-c-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-epIƒ

km[y-a-√. Imcy߃ ]d-bp-∂sXm∏w {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kwib-

Øns‚ ]pcnIw Npfn-tb-≠-Xn-√. Iymad Ifhp ]d-bn√ F∂Xv ]q¿W-k-Xy-am-Wv.

CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-hn-ep≈ [mcW. ]t£ Nm\-ep-Im¿ hm¿Øsb

I®-h-S-h¬°-cn-°m≥ C∂p Xo{h-{iaw \S-Øp-∂p. X∑qew \ΩpsS [mc-W-Iƒ

s]mfn-s®-gp-tX≠n h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXn\v H∂m-¥cw DZm-l-c-W-amWv sP.F≥.bp.

Iymº-kn¬ A^vk¬Kp-cp-hns\ 2016 s^{_phcn 9\v A\p-kva-cn® hnZym¿∞nIƒ

C¥ym hncp-≤hpw ]m°n-ÿm≥ A\p-Iq-e-hp-amb ap{Zm-hm-Iy-߃ hnfn-®-Xmbn

h∂ hm¿Ø. ko \yqkv Nm\¬ CXns‚ Zriy-ßfpw ]pd-Øp-hn-´p. t]meokv

{]Xn-Isf AdÃpw sNbvXp.

4

]s¶-SpØ hnZym¿∞nIƒ C¥ym hncp≤hpw ]m°n-ÿm≥ A\p-Iq-e-hp-amb

ap{Zm-hmIyw apg-°p∂ `mKw Iq´nt®¿Ø-Xm-sW∂pw AXn\p Iq´p-\n-∂Xv

sX‰mbnt∏m-sb∂pw kΩ-Xn®v ko\yqkv Nm\¬ \yqkv FUn‰¿ hniz-Zo-]Iv ]n∂oSv

Nm\-en¬ \n∂p cmPn-h-®p. Nm\epIm¿ Cß-s\-sbms° hm¿Ø krjvSn-°m≥

XpS-ßn-sb∂v At∏m-gmWv \mw RSp-°-tØmsS Xncn®dn™Xv. CXp \ap°p

Xncn®dn-bm-\mb Hcp kw`hw. \mw a\- n-em-°msX t]mb CXp-t]mse ]eXpw

Ac-tß-dn-bn-´p≠mhmw.

hm¿Ø-I-fpsS bpK-am-Wn-Xv. kw -̀h-ßsf QSn-Xn-bn¬ NqtSmsS hm¿Øbm

°m≥ Nm\epIm¿ a’-cn-°p-∂p. F¥pw hn‰-gn-°m-\p≈ Itºmf kwkvImcw

Xs∂-bn-Xv. Zpc-¥-am-bmepw A{I-a-am-bmepw io{Lw AXns\ kmwkvIm-cnI

hm¿Øbm°m-\mWv Nm\-ep-Im¿°p shº¬. hm¿Øm-h-X-c-W-Øn\v _lp-apJ

kz`mhw krjvSn-°m≥ kwhmZhpw hni-I-e-\hpw apJm-ap-J-hpw F√map≠v. kw`h

ÿeØp \n∂p≈ dnt∏m¿ -́dpsS hniZoIc-Ww, ZrIvkm-£n-sam-gn-Iƒ Chsb√mw

bmYm¿∞yw Dd-∏n -°m-\p≈ hgnbmbn Nm\epIƒ tXSp∂p. ]t£ ]e

"bmYm¿∞y'ßfpw I_-fn-∏n-°-embncp∂p-sh∂v ]n∂otS Xncn-®-dn-bq. kn\n-abpw

kocn-bepw t]mse PohnXhy-h-lm-c-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn-°p∂ hyhkmbambn C∂p

hm¿Øbpw amdp-∂p. ka-Ime kw`-h-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw h‡m-°ƒ Xßfm-sW∂

lpt¶m-sSbmWv cmjv{Sobw, Agn-a-Xn, sXc-s™-Sp-∏v, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, hnI-k\w

BZnbmb-h-sb√mw Ch¿ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xv.

Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F¥pw hm¿Ø-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´

F√mw hm¿Ømaqeyap≈-h-bm-Ip-∂p-an-√. C∂p XmcaqeyamWv hm¿Øm-aq-eysØ

\n¿W-bn-°p∂ apJy-L-SIw. hº∑mcpsS sNbvXn-Iƒ°mWv hm¿Ømaqey-ap-≈Xv.

]nº-∑m-cp-tSXp Xg-b-s∏-Spw. a{¥nhn-hm-lw, Xmc-hn-hm-lw, Ah-cpsS hnhml

tamN\߃ Ch-sb√mw sIm≠m-Sp∂-Xn¬ Nm\-ep-Im¿ a’-cn-°p-∂p. aX-]-c-Xbpw

hm¿ØmaqeysØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\p {]Xn-tema-

am-b-sXm∂pw hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ FØm-dp-an-√. apJy[m-c-bpsS CwKn-X-ßsf {]oWn∏n®v

hm¿Ø hn‰-gn-°m-\mWv {iaw. _lp-P-\m-̀ n-cp-Nnsb Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-°n-bm¬

5

F¥n-s\bpw hm¿Ø-bm-°m-sa∂v Nm\-ep-Im¿ IcpXp∂p. _lpP\w ImWm-\m-

{K-ln-°p-∂Xv \evIp-∂-Xn-te°p am[ya߃ amdp-∂p. Ah¿°v Bh-iy-ap-≈Xp

Xncn-®-dn™p \evIm-\p≈ Ah-t_m[w \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

bmYm¿∞y-Øn-te°pw hkvXp-X-bn-te°pw Xe-\m-cn-g-Iodn IS∂p sNt√≠

Xn\p-]-Icw \n£n]vX XmXv]-cy-߃°m-bp≈ H®bpw _l-f-hp-ambn Nm\¬

N¿®Iƒ I-em-in-°p-∂p. bmYm¿∞yw Adn-bp-∂-hs\s°m≠v AXp ]d-bn-∏n°mXn-

cn-°m≥ \n£n]vX XmXv]cy°m¿ _≤-{i-≤-cm-Ip-∂p. Ahs‚ hmbv aqSns°´m\p≈

F√m X{¥ßfpw CØ-c-°m-cn¬ D≠m-Ipw. hm¿Øm-hm-b-\-°m-c\p t]mepw

an≠m\m-hmØ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v ]e N¿®-Ifpw apX-e-°q∏p IpØp-∂p. icn-

sX‰pIƒ F∂Xns\°mƒ tXm∂ym-k-ß-fpsS DZvtLm-j-W-amWv N¿®-bpsS

t]cn¬ \S-°p-I. bmsXmcp Xøm-sd-Sp∏pw Krl]mThpw C√m-sX-bmWv ChcpsS

Act߉-sa-∂Xv GXp sIm®p-Ip-́ n°pw a\- n-em-Ipw.

[m¿ΩnI hnj-b-߃ N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ HuNn-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ]mc-º-cy-Øn-

s‚bpw aqey-߃ {Iqc-ambn lnwkn-°p∂ Ahÿ Gsd Zb-\o-b-am-Wv. kzh¿K

cXn, kz¿Km-\p-cm-Kw, aZy-]m\w CXymZn hnj-b-߃ N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ Ah

aqey-tim-j-W-Øn\nS-bm-°pw-hn-[-am-I-cp-Xv. CsXms° B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬

^mj-\m-sW∂pw CXn-sem∂pw ]m]-an-s√∂pw hmZn-°m≥ C∂p [mcmfw t]cp≠v.

Ch {i≤n°p∂ hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ Xe-ap-d-bpsS Xe-bn¬ Agn™m-́ Øn\p≈ hnØp

]mIembn CXp Iem-in-°mw. am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø\w aen-\-h-gn-I-fn¬ k©-cn-°m-Xn-

cn-°m≥ BZyw {i≤n-t°-≠Xv am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Vice is news F∂p

]d-bm-dp-≠v. NoØ {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-sa-¶nepw AXp kaq-lsØ Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn-te°p

\bn-°m-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ am[y-a-{]-h¿ØI¿ Pm{KX ]pe¿ØWw.

{]ap-J-cpsS hnhm-lhpw hnhm-l-tam-N-\hpw Ifn-°-f-ß-fnse A«o-e-ImgvN

Ifpw hm¿Øm]mt°-Pn¬ apJy-ÿm-\Øp hnfßp∂p. ]Iz-a-Xn-Ifpw Nn¥m-io-e-

cp-amb t\Xm-°sf Nm\-ep-Im¿°p ]Yy-a-√. t]mcptIm-gn-I-sft∏mse s]cp-amdp∂

cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°sf Xs∂ N¿®bv°p hnfn-°p-∂p. hnIm-c-hn-£p-_v[-Xbpw

Cdßnt∏m°pw D≠m-ItW F∂ {]m¿∞-\-tbm-sS-bmWv Chsc hnfn-°p-I.

6

]e N¿®-Ifpw tI´m¬ \msf t\cw ]pecptºmƒ CXp kw -̀hn°pw F∂

tXm∂-ep-≠m-°pw. ]t£ F´p-\n-e-bn¬ s]m´nb Aan-́ mbn ASpØ {]`m-X-Øn¬

AXp amdp-∂p. hm¿ØmNn-{X-߃°v ]›m-Øe kwKo-X-tØmsS Ne-®n-{X-am\w

krjvSn-°m\pw auen-Imib߃ hn´v IuXp-I-I-c-ambn hm¿Ø-Isf hnfºm\pw

Nm\-ep-Iƒ Al-a-l-an-Ibm a’-cn-°p-∂p. hm¿Ø-Isf samØ-Øn¬ hnt\m-Zm-

flIw B°-emWv Ah-cpsS ]cn-]m-Sn. tImSXn \S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏‰n Aev]-⁄m\w

t]mep-an-√m-Ø-h¿ tImSXn tIkp-I-sf-∏‰n N¿® sNøp-∂p. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpambn

Hcp _‘-hp-an√mØ-h¿ kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ kwhmZw \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p.

am¿°‰v sNø-s∏-tS≠ DXv]∂w F∂ ÿnXn Nm\¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p h∂n-

cn-°p∂p. hm¿Ø DXv]-∂-am-b-tXmsS DXv]m-Z-Is‚ e£yßfpw D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚

XmXv]-cy-ßfpw kzm[o-\-ambn amdn. {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-߃°pw cmjv{Sob hnhmZß

ƒ°pw Hfn-Iym-ad hm¿Ø-Iƒ°pw AXn-cp-hn´ ÿm\-am-bn. hm¿Øm ka-b-Øn-\-

∏pdw bmsXmcp {]k-‡n-bp-an-√m-Øh ho≠pw ho≠pw {]t£-]Ww sNø-s∏SpI

bmbn. P\-{i-≤-bm-I¿jn-°p∂ Fs¥-¶n-ep-aps≠-¶n¬ AXv Bh¿Øn-°p∂

ÿnXn. hm¿Øbpw t{_°nwKv\yqkpw hm¿ØmZriy-ßfpw F√mw-IqSn Nn¥sb

inYn-e-am-°p∂ ÿnXnbpw C∂p hm¿Øm ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-ep-≠v. hnhn[ aXhn`mK-

ßsf {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ I®-h-S-X-{¥hpw Nm\-ep-Iƒ°p-≠v. aXm-fl-I-amb

hm¿Ø-Ifpw BtLm-j-ßfpw \yqknepw tUmIyp-sa‚-dnbnepw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.

Bcm-[-I¿°v kmbq-Py-ta-Ipamdp≈ BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS {]Xy-£-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw

Nm\-ep-Im¿ {i≤n-°p-∂p.

Hmtcm Nm\en\pw Hmtcm IÆ-S-bp-s≠-∂Xv C∂p ]I¬t]mse hy‡-am-Wv.

Htc hm¿Øsb hyXy-kvX-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS ]cn-t{]£yØn¬ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p-∂p. X∑qew Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-em-Ip∂ ImgvN-°m-c≥ kXyw Acn-s®-Sp-°m≥

\n¿_-‘n-X\m-Ip-∂p. t]meokpw hnZym¿∞nIfpw XΩn-ep≈ kwL-́ \w Nm\-ep-

Iƒ hm¿Øm-Nn-{X-am-°m-dp-≠v. `c-Wm-\p-Iqe Nm\¬ t]meo-kns\ hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ B{I-an-°p∂ cwK߃ {]Z¿in-∏n-°pw. {]Xn-]£ A\p-Iqe Nm\-em-Is´

7

t]meokv hnZym¿∞nIsf th -́bm-Sp∂ cwK-߃ ImWn-°pw. Ch-sb√mw kwL-́ -

\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Ac-tß-dn-bn-´p-≠m-hmw. Hmtcm Nm\epw Ah¿°n-W-ßnb

coXnbn¬ Imcy-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

kaq-l-a-\- n¬ Xßfm{K-ln-°p∂ ImgvN-∏mSv Hmtcm hnj-bsØ∏‰nbpw

cq]s∏Sp-Øm-\mWv Nm\-ep-Im-cpsS bXv\w. kXysØ Fßs\ ho£n-°-W-sa∂v

Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. t{]£-I¿°p `mK-̀ m-Kn-Xz-ap≈ Nm\¬ N¿®Ifpw Ch¿

CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Nm\-ep-I-fn-eqsS AXn-hn-Z-Kv≤-ambn akvXn-jvI-{]-£m-f\w

\n¿-Δln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬Xs∂ CXn\p sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v.

Ata-cn-°-bpsS 2003-̨ se CdmJv A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn _lpP\m

`n{]mbw cq]s∏Sp-Øm≥ dq]¿´v a¿tUm°v am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS temI-saßpw

{]NmcWw \S-Øn. 67% Bfp-Iƒ Cu A[n\n-th-isØ A\p-Iq-en-®-Xmbn k¿tΔ

bneqsS shfn-s∏-s´∂v Foxnews F∂ a¿tUm-°ns‚ Nm\¬ {]h-Nn-®p. hymP

hm¿Ø (Fox news) Bbn-cp-s∂∂v ]n∂oSv sXfn-s™-¶nepw AsXmcp akvXnjvI

{]£m-f-\-ambn {lkz-Imew \ne-sIm-≠p.

alm-`q-cn-]-£-ap≈ _lp-P-\sØ ss[j-WnI \yq\-]£w CØcw X{¥-

Øn-eqsS hcp-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. P\m-[n-]-XysØ kw_-‘n®v CtXsd A]-I-S-Im-

cn-bm-Wv. s]mXp-∏Ww sIm≠p sI´n-∏-Sp-°p∂ kwhn-[m\w hgnbmWv CØcw

X{¥-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw. sImº≥ {kmhp-I-fpsS ]nSn-bn¬ sNdpao\pIsf√mw

s]Sp∂ Zb-\o-bm-hÿ. F√m-bn\w hm¿Ø-I-fnepw CØcw IpØns®epØ-ep-I-

fpsS \ng-em-´-ap-≠v.

Nm\-ep-I-fpsS ISpØ a’cwaqew hm¿Ø-Iƒ kºq¿Æ sk≥tk-j-\p-

Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p. CØcw hm¿Ø-Iƒ aqey-ß-fn-ep-≠m-°p∂ De-®n¬

]escbpw {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°p-∂p. Nne Sn.-hn. Zriy-߃-̨ -hm¿Ø-Iƒ°nSbnse

Xs∂ ˛ ka\ne sX‰n-°p-∂-Xn\p hsc CS-bm-°p-∂p. k±mw-lp-ssk\p sIme-°-

b-dn-Sp∂ Sn.-hn. Zriyw Hcp kvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-\nsb Bfl-l-Xy-bn-te°p \bn-®Xv

\mw hmbn-®-Xm-Wv. sk≥tk-j-\nkw hm¿Ø-I-fpsS sk≥kn-‰n-hn‰n XI¿°p∂p.

8

{]ap-J-cmb Nne-cpsS Nc-a-ta-ev]n® BLmXØn¬ \n∂v _‘p-°fpw Nßm-XnIfpw

tamN\w t\Spwapºv A\p-̀ -h-߃ ]¶p-h-bv°m≥ Nm\-ep-Im¿ \n¿_‘n°p∂p.

ac-W-hm¿Ø angn-hp-‰-Xm-°m-\p≈ Nm\-ep-Im-cpsS XnSp-°hpw X{X-∏mSpw Atem-

k-c-Øn-s‚bpw A\u-Nn-Xy-Øns‚bpw thZ\ \nd™ apJ-߃ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

Hcp ae-bmf kn\n-am-\-S≥ Kpcp-X-cm-h-ÿ-bn-em-b-t∏mƒ acn®p F∂p hm¿Ø

\evIm≥ XnSp°w Iq´nb am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-Icp-≠v. B \S≥ Pohn-X-Øn-te°p

Xncn®phcn-Ibpw Iptd-°mew IqSn Pohn-°p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn.

ssewKnI Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fpsS hm¿Øm-hn-jv°mcw A\u-Nn-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw

B`mk-Øn-s‚bpw F√m koa-Ifpw t`Zn-°p-∂p. th -́°m-c-t\mSpw Cc-tbmSpw Htc

t]mse CS-s]-Sp∂ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I-sc-bmWv Sn.-hnbn¬ \mw ImWpI. Nne-t∏mƒ

Cc-Isf Dt]£n®p th -́°m-tcmSp Iq´p-Iq-Sp∂ {]h-W-Xbpw ImWmw. Cc-I-fpsS

]£-Øp-\n∂v th -́°msc B{I-an-°m-\p≈ am\-hn-I-t_m[w ]e-t∏mgpw Ch¿°p

\jvS-am-Ip-∂p. am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ [m¿Ωn-IX tNmcp-tºmƒ AXp kaql

Øn\p sh√p-hn-fnbpw hn]ØpamIp-∂p. kw -̀h-߃°v ]pXnb `mjyw Nabv°m-

\p≈ X{X∏m-Sp-Ifpw ImWmw. hm¿Øsb amwk-f-am-°m-\p≈ F√m AS-hp-I-fpw

Nm\epIm¿ ]pd-sØ-Sp-°p-∂p. {]Xn-bpsS ico-c-em-h-Wyhpw hkv{X-[m-c-Whpw

icoc`mjbpw H∏nsbSp-°m≥ Iyma-d-°-Æp-Iƒ a’-cn-°p∂p. {]Xn-bpsS tImSXn

Ib‰hpw P\-°q-´-Øn-\n-S-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ k©m-chpw kwKoX AI-º-Sn-tbmsS

Bhnjv°-cn®v BtLm-j-am-°pI-bmWv Nm\-ep-Im¿. ae-bm-f-Ønse Hcp Nm\¬

\n¿hln® lWn-{Sm∏pw AXns‚ `hn-jy-Øp-Ifpw Gsd N¿® sNøs∏´p.

apgp-h≥ kab hm¿ØmNm\-ep-Iƒ hm¿Ø-Iƒ ]e Znhkw Bh¿Øn-°p

∂Xv \mw ImWp-∂p. bmsXmcp am‰-hp-an-√mØ Cu Bh¿Ø\w t{]£-Isc

sNSn-∏n-°p-∂-sXm∂pw Ah¿°p {]iv\a√. Xte-Zn-h-ksØ hm¿Ø ]nt‰∂v AtX-

]Sn Bh¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnse sshIrXw AXy-[n-I-am-Wv.

am[y-a-ß-fnse kv{Xo]oU\, s]¨hmWn` hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ ap°mte

Acbv°mepw kv{XoXz-Øn\p lm\n X´p-am-dmWv AhXcn∏n°pI. kv{Xo t\cnSp∂

9

]qhm-e-i-ey-ßfpw a‰pw s]mSn∏pw sXmß-epw-h®v akm-e-tN¿Øv Bhn-jv°-cn-

°p∂p. hm¿Ø lmky-P-\-I-am-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv ]e Ah-X-cW

ßfpw. sXmÆqdp Ign™ kv{Xo Hcp \cm-[-as‚ Ima-]q¿Øn°v _en-bm-Sm-tI≠n

h∂ kw`-hw Hcp Nm\¬ hm¿Ø-bm-°n-b-t∏mƒ kv{Xosb Bip]{Xn-bn-te°v

sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xpw a‰pw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®p tN¿Øn-cp-∂p. Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn¬ {]mbamb

B kv{XobpsS amwkf`m-K-߃ H∏n-sb-Sp-°m≥ Iyma-d-°ÆpIƒ {ian®Xv Gsd

thZ-\-tbmsS ImtW≠nh-∂p. B hμy-h-tbm-[n-Isb ]oUn∏n®Xp t]mep≈ \riw-

k-X-bt√ Iyma-d-°m-c\pw ]pe¿Øn-b-sX∂v Nn¥n°Ww. kv{Xo Ah-tl-f-\-ßsf

i‡o-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bmbn hm¿ØmhX-c-W-߃ amdp-∂-Xns\ am[y-a-im]w F∂-

√msX F¥mWp ]d-bpI!

kv{Xo]o-U-\-ßsf FXn-cn-Sp-∂-Xmbn \Sn®v kv{XoIsf hnev]-\-®-c-°m-°p∂

{]h-WX am[y-a-kz-`m-h-ambn amdp-∂p. ]pcp-j-a-\- nse A«o-e-kv]¿in-bmb

KqVtamlßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-SpØm\p≈ {ia-amWv hm¿Øm-h-X-c-W-ß-fn¬ {]Xy£-

s∏-Sp-I. a\xkm£nsb aYn-t°≠ ̀ bm-\I hm¿Ø-t]mepw a\- ns\ can∏n°p∂

]tcm£ cXn-I¿a-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p∂ ssh]-coXyw F{Xtbm e÷m-I-c-am-Wv.

am[y-a-[¿Ωw CXn¬]cw NoØ-bm-Im-\n-√.2

sS∂okv Ifn-°mcn km\nbm an¿km as‰mcp ]¶m-fn-bp-samØv Ifn-bpsS

ss^\-en¬ {]th-in-®Xv aq∂p Znhkw Hcp Nm\¬ FgpXn-°m-Wn®p. CXn-\nsS

Ifnbn¬ Ah¿ tXm‰p. tPmUn ]cmPb-s∏-́ Xv Nm\¬hm¿Ø-bn¬ ]d-bp-tºmgpw,

Xmsg skanbn¬ IS-∂Xv FgpXn°m-Wn-®psIm≠p-an-cp∂p! hntcm-[m-̀ m-k-sat∂m

hIXncn-hn-√m-bva-sbt∂m F¥m-Wn-Xns\ ]d-tb-≠-Xv hm¿Øm kwt{]jWØn

\nS-bnepw A√m-sXbpw Xmsg ]e-t∏mgpw Fgp-Xn-°m-Wn°p∂ hm¿Ø-I-fnse

A£cs؉pw hmN-I-s؉pw Bi-b-s؉pw Bcnepw kl-Xm]w P\n-∏n-°p-∂-

XmWv.3

sXcs™Sp-∏n-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v an° Nm\epIfpw A`n-{]m-b-thm-s´-Sp∏v

kwLSn∏n°m-dp≠v. sXcs™Sp-∏ns\ Hcp hnt\m-tZm-]m-[-nbm°pI-bmWv XZzmcm

sNøp-∂-Xv. Hcp ⁄mt\m-Xv]m-Z\ cq]-ambn Cu sXc-s™-Sp∏vtPymXnjw

10

amdpIbmWv. {]hN\Ønep≈ IuXp-Ihpw ss\an-jn-I-hn-t\m-Zhpw Cu P\-{]nb

kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn°p ]n∂n-ep-≠v. cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-I-fpsS Nm\-ep-Iƒ

AhcpsS ]m¿´n Pbn-°p-sa∂v {]hNn°p∂p! AXn-\t√ Ah¿°p Ignbq? ]m¿´n

Isf-∏-‰n-bp≈ _lp-P-\m-̀ n-{]mbw ]£-]m-X-c-ln-X-ambn ]pdØp sIm≠p-h-cm≥

Hcp cmjv{So-b-Nm-\-en\pw Ignbn√. F√m Nm\-ep-Ifpw Ah-c-h-cpsS HmtcmXcw

NmbvhpI-fmWv CØcw {]Jym-]-\-ß-fn-eqsS {]I-S-am-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw A`n-{]mb

thms -́Sp∏v hnh-c-߃ imkv{X-̀ m-j-bn-emWv Hmtcm Nm\epw Ah-X-cn-∏n°p∂Xpw.

bmYm¿∞yw Is≠Øn F∂ A`n-am-\-tØmSpw Al-¶m-c-tØmSpwIqSn Nm¿´pw

{Km^p-sa√mw sh®mWv hni-I-e-\hpw {]h-N-\-hpw. bYm¿∞ sXcs™Sp∏p ̂ ew

hcp-tºmƒ CsX√mw Petc-J-bm-Ip-∂Xpw ImWmw.

hm¿ØIsf Nncn-°p≈ hncp-∂m-°n-am-‰p∂ A\pZn\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw C∂p

Nm\epIm¿°p-≠v. cmjv{So-b-°msc sXmen-bp-cn®p ]cn-l-kn®v t{]£-I¿°p

apºn¬ tImam-fn-I-fm-°p-∂Xn\v Nm\-ep-Im-cpsS F√m-Øcw h{IZrjvSnbpw DW¿∂p

{]h¿Øn°p∂p. t\Xm-°-fpsS Zp¿∫-e-\n-anjØnse GsX-¶nepw {]kvXm-h-\tbm

D®m-cW sshI-eytam hy‡n]c-amb hogvNtbm ]¿Δ-Xo-I-cn®v Atß-b‰w

XmdSn°embn Cu ]cn-]mSn amdp-∂p. GsX-¶nepw kn\n-am-cw-K-hp-ambn Ir{Xna_‘w

hcpØn Ah-bpsS Zriy-ßfpw {]Z¿in-∏n®v ]pXn-sbmcp temItam sImfmtjm

krjvSn-°m-\p≈ {ia-am-WXv. hm¿Øm-\n¿ΩmWØn\pw Ah-X-c-W-Øn\pw

hn\ntbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\°mƒ {]b-Xv\hpw Du∂epw CØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p

]n∂neps≠∂p tXm∂p-∂p. _lp-P-\-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob at\m-̀ m-h-ßsf kzm[o\n

°m\n-S-bp≈ CØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf tIma-Un-sbt∂m satem{Umasbt∂m hntijn-

∏n-°p-∂Xpw icnb√. sXm´pap≥]v hm¿Ømhmb-\-°mc≥ AXoh KuchtØmsS

AhXcn-∏n® Imcyßsf akm-ebpw lmkyhpw Ie¿Øn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ CØcw

BJym\߃ ]et∏mgpw Xd, Xd, XØd F∂ hntijWamWv A¿ln°pI.

hm¿ØIsf bYm-XYw Bhn-jv°-cn -°-emWv am[ya[¿Ωw. ]t£

hm¿ØIƒ sk≥tkjW¬ B°m-\p≈ shº¬aqew kXyk‘X If-™p-

Ip-fn-°p-∂p. am{Xa√ BZyw X߃ kwt{]-jWw sNbvXp F∂p hcp-Øm-\p≈

Nm\-ep-Im-cpsS X{Xs∏S¬ bp‡n-`-{Z-Xbpw `mjmanIhpw \jvSs∏Sm\pw

11

CSbm°p∂p. cmjv{Sob hm¿ØIfpw hm¿Øm[n-jvTnX ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw hf-s®m-Sn-

°-ep-Iƒ°v Gsd hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p. t{]£-Isc akvXn-jvI-{]-£m-f-\-Øn\p

hnt[bam-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Im¿ ]cn-{i-an-°p-∂n-SØv hm¿Ø-bpsS kXy-k-‘X _en-

I-gn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. t{_°nwKv \yqkp-I-fn¬ kXyhpw A¿≤-k-Xyhpw Ak-Xy-hpsa√mw

AcßpX-I¿°p∂p.

hm¿Ø-bpsS `mK-ambn Ip‰m-t\zjWw Nne Nm\-ep-Iƒ apJ-ap-{Z-bm-°p-∂p.

{Iqc-Xbp-sSbpw lnwk-bp-sSbpw ITn-\-ap-J-amWv ChnsS sXfn-bp-I. Ip‰IrXysØ

Xe-\m-cn-g-Iodn A]-{K-Yn-°p∂ t]meokv ]Wn Nm\epIƒ sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ.

CXns‚ ̀ mK-ambn ASn-]n-Sn, sIme-]m-X-Iw, shSn-hbv]v Ch-sb√mw t\cn´p {]Z¿in-

∏n-°p∂ cwK-ß-fpw aZ-an-f-Inb B\ a\p-jysc B{I-an-°p-∂Xpw hen-®p-Io-dp∂Xpw

a‰pw Ah-X-cn-∏n®v Nm\-ep-Im¿ [ocX Im´p-∂p. Ch t{]£-I-cn¬ krjvSn-°p∂

at\m-̀ m-hhpw achn∏pw Ah¿°p {]iv\-a-√. Sn.-hn.-bn¬ {IqccwK߃ XpS¿®bmbn

ImWp-∂-Xv, CØcw cwK-߃ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ I≠mepw ac-hn® at\m-̀ mhw

ImgvN-°m-cn-ep-f-hm-°p∂p. Ch _me-a-\- p-I-fn-ep≠m°p∂ {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ Gsd

hn]Xv°c-am-sW-∂Xpw Nm\ep-Iƒ°p {]iv\-a-√.

Nm-\-ep-Im¿ hm¿Ø-Isf I®hSh¬°-cn-°p-I-bm¬ {]m[m\yw e`nt°≠

]e hm¿Ø-Ifpw ]e-t∏mgpw ]n≥X-≈-s∏-Sp-∂p. ap√-s∏-cn-bm-dn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp

Umw ]WnbWsa∂v tIc-f-\n-b-a-k` H∂S¶w {]tabw ]m m-°nb A∂v Nne

Nm\-ep-Iƒ {]ap-J-hm¿Øbm°n-bXv kn\n-am-Xmcw Imhymam-[-h≥ hnhm-l-tamN\-

Øn\v XømdmIp∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hnhm-l-tam-N\ hnjbw Ac-a-Wn-°q-tdmfw Zo¿Ln-

®-t∏mƒ Umw \n¿amWw Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-´p. CØcw HuNn-Xy-an-√mbva H‰s∏´

kw -̀h-a-√. tizXm-tat\ms‚ {]khw, kcn-Xm-\m-b-cpsS {]IS\w, imep-ta-t\ms‚

hoSpam‰w, aRvPp-hm-cy-cpsS Xncn-®p-h-c-hv, Zneo-]ns‚ c≠mw hnhmlw Ch-bvs°ms°

bmWv Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ Xnf-°w. AXymhiy km[\߃°p hne IqSn-btXm s]t{Smƒ

hne-h¿≤-\tbm ]mcn-ÿn-XnImLmXßtfm ]I¿®hym[nItfm H∂pw Ch-bpsS

{]`m-h-Øn¬ Nm\-ep-Iƒ°p hnj-b-a-√. hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, Irjn,

12

sXmgnen√mbva, `£-Ww, sh≈w, sshZypXn BZn-bmb taJeIƒs°m∂pw

A¿ln°p∂ ]cn-K-W\ In´p-∂n-√.

kn\n-a, ss{Iw, {In°‰v BZn-bm-b-hbv°v AanX {]m[m-\y-amWv Nm\-ep-Im¿

\evIp-∂-Xv. Imbn-I-cw-KsØbmsI {In°‰v Iog-S-°p∂ Ahÿ Sn.hn.bn¬ \ap°p

ImWmw. tlm°nbpw ̂ pSvt_mfpw AXve-‰n-Ivkp-sams° {In°-‰n\p apºn¬ \njv{]-

`-am-Ip-∂p.4 \mS≥ ImbnI hnt\mZß-fpsS Imcyw ]d-bm-t\-bn-√.

hm¿Ø-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v C∏-d-™-sX√mw t{]£IcpsS A`n-cp-Nn-sbbpw

at\m`m-h-ß-sfbpw KWy-ambn kzm[o\n°psa∂Xv ]I¬t]mse hy‡w.

kn\nabpw {In°‰pw {`m¥-amb Hcm-th-i-ambn ae-bm-fn°v amdp-∂-Xn\v apJy NmeI

i‡n sSen-hn-j≥ Xs∂. tIc-fo-b-amb Btbm-[-\-̨ -ImbnI Ie-Iƒ \ma-dn-bmsX

Xs∂ hnKWn°pItbm hne-bn-√m-Ø-XmIp-Itbm sNøp∂p. Nm\-ep-Im¿ AhcptS-

Xm°n am‰n-a-dn-°p∂ cmjv{So-bhpw cmjv{So-tb-X-c-hp-am-b hm¿ØIƒ IÆS®p

hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cmbn \ΩpsS kaqlw amdp-∂p. N¿®-Iƒ°n-S-bnse {]Xn]£

_lp-am-\-an-√m-bvabpw Iøm-¶-fn-tbm-f-sa-Øp∂ hm°p X¿°-ßfpw \ΩpsS cmjv{So-

b-t_m-[-Øns‚ `mK-ambn amdp-∂p. B{I-aW {]Xym-{I-aW thfIfnse A¥-

km-c-iq-\yhpw A¥- n\p \nc-°m-Ø-Xp-amb `mjbpw \ΩpsS CSs]S-ep-Isf

KWy-ambn kzm[o\n°p∂p. Nm\-ep-Iƒ hm¿Ø-Isf I®-h-S-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚

hnhn[ apJ߃ Xncn-®-dn-bmsX t]mIp∂ Zpc-hÿ A‘-amb ASn-a-Ø-Ønte°p

\sΩ \bn-°p-∂p.

IpSpw_w

sSen-hn-j≥ {]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ s]mXp CS-Øn¬ _lp-P-\-tØmSv s]mXp

hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p∂ am[yaam-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-SmWv IpSpw-_-am-[y-a-ambn

amdn-b-Xv. IpSpw-_-Øn¬ IS∂pIq-Snb sSen-hn-j≥ {ItaW AhnsS B[n-]Xyw

Dd-∏n-®p. sSen-hn-js\ Hgn-hm°nbp≈ Hcp IpSpw-_-k-¶-ev]w Xs∂ km[y-a-√mØ

Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Imcy߃ FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

13

sSen-hn-j≥ F√m A¿∞-Ønepw C∂v Hcp IpSpw-_-am-[y-a-amWv. hoSns‚

kzImcy-X-bn-en-cp∂v Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ am[y-aw. IpSpw-_-k-Z v apºn¬

I≠mWv Sn.-hn. ]cn-]mSnIfpsS Bkq-{XWw. IpSpw-_-Ønse km£c\pw

A√mØh\pw am[yaw hgßp-∂p. IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf am[y-a-hp-ambn XmZm-fly-s∏-

Sp-Øm-\p≈ ]e X{¥-ßfpw sSen-hn-j-\n¬ Z¿in°mw. IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn

_‘s∏´ D≈-S-°-߃°v henb Du∂-ep-≠v. N¿®-Iƒ, A`n-ap-J-߃, PohnX

Zriy-߃ Ch-bn-se√mw ^manen S®p ImWmw.

Cu am[yaw IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp AwKambncn°p-∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. _mly-

temIsØ Sn.-hn. ho´n-se-Øn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ ImWp-∂-Xns‚ A\p-I-c-Ww ho´nepw

shfnbnep-ap-≠v. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw cpNn-t -̀Z-ß-sfbpw thj

hn[m-\-ß-sf-bp-sa√mw Sn.-hn. kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. C∂v ]e hoSp-I-fn-sebpw {]m¿∞\m

kabw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂Xv Cu am[yaamWv. CjvS-]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS ka-bØv {]m¿∞\

am‰n-h-bv°p-∂p. {]m¿∞\ C√m-Xm-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-ap-≠v; Sn.hn.-bmWv ]e¿°pw

ssZhw. Nne¿ {]m¿∞-\bv°v KXn-thKw hcp-Øp-∂p. k‘ymk-a-bØv A©p

Xncn-bn´ \ne-hn-f-°n\p apºn¬ ssZhnI a{¥ßƒ apg-ßn-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]mc-ºcyw

\ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \ne-hn-f-°nse shfn®a√ sSen-hn-j-\nse shfn-®-amWv C∂p

ImWm\p-≈-Xv. kocn-b-ense a{¥-amWv C∂p apgßp∂Xv. `£WhpsaSpØv

sSenhnjs‚ apºn-en-cp∂p Ign-°p-∂-h¿ [mcm-fw. Sn.-hn. It≠ Ign°q F∂p

iTn°p∂ Ip´n-I-fp-≠v. IpSpw-_-Ønse Zn\-N-cym-{I-asØ Cu am[yaw inYn-e-am-

°p∂p F∂p ]d-bmw.

sSen-hn-j≥ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf _[n-Xcpw aqI-cp-am-°p∂p F∂v Be-¶m-cn-I-

ambn ]dbmw. ho´n¬ kwkm-cn-°m\pw kvt\lw ]¶p-h-bv°m-\p-ap≈ kabw

F√mhcpw Sn.-hn°p apºn-em-Wv. ]≠v Ip´n-Iƒ°v hey-—\pw hey-Ωbpw {]nb¶c

cmbn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS IY-Iƒ {]nb-¶-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. sSen-hn-js‚ apºn¬

NS™ncn°p∂ Ip´n°v Ah-cpsS IY tIƒ°m≥ t]mbn´v kwkm-cn-°m≥ t]mepw

ka-b-an-√; AXn-\p≈ at\m-`m-hhpan-√. AXp-hgn Ah-cp-am-bp≈ _‘Øn¬

14

AIeap≠m-Ip-∂p. Sn.-hn. I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ho´n-te°v Ab¬°m¿

kvt\l-k-μ¿i-\-Øn\p h∂m¬ Ah¿ iey-am-bn. Cßs\ IpSpw-_-_-‘-ßfnepw

Ab¬]-°-_-‘-ß-fnepw Cu am[yaw acp-̀ q-an-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. hoSv Sm°okmbn

amdp∂ Ahÿ \man∂p ImWp∂p. Sn.-hn. ae-bm-fn-bpsS IpSpw_Ønepw IpSpw_

_‘ßfnepw KWy-amb kzm[o-\-ambn amdn-°-gn-™p.

Sn.-hn. IpSpw-_-Øn¬ G‰hpw {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂Xv hnZym¿∞n-I-fnemWv.

hnZym¿∞n F∂ hm°n-\¿∞w hnZy-bv°p-th≠n (A¿∞n-°pI ˛ bmNn-°p-I)

bmNn-°p-∂-h≥ F∂m-W-t√m. C∂v hnZym¿∞n Sn.-hn.bm¿∞n-bmbnØocp-∂p. Hgnhp

kabw sNe-h-gn-°p∂ coXn \ΩpsS Pohn-X-hnPbsØ _m[n-°p-∂p. hnZym¿∞n

bpsS ka-b-Øns‚ \s√mcp ]¶v C∂v Sn.-hn. A]-l-cn-°p-∂p. ]mT-]pkvXIw

hmbn°m≥t]mepw kabw In´p-∂n√; ]ns∂-bt√ A[n-I-hm-b\. sNdnb ¢m nse

Ip´n-Isf Sn.-hn. ImgvN F{X-am{Xw _m[n°p∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n aIveql≥ Gsd

thZ-\-tbmsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ ]pkvXIw ]nSn-°p∂ coXn-sb-t∏mepw

Sn.-hn. kzm[o-\n-°p∂Xmbn At±lw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Sn.-hn.-bn-eq-sSbp≈ Adn-hn¬

\n∂p hyXy-kvX-amWv hmb-\-bn-eqsS e`n-°p-∂-Xv. hmbn°ptºmƒ A£cw, ]Zw,

hmIyw, A¿∞w, Bibw Ch-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Iptºmƒ Nn¥bpw hmbn-°p∂

`mK-Øns‚ Nn{Xhpw a\ n¬ P\n°p∂p. sSen-hn-j≥ Cu Nn{X߃ A∏msS

{]Z¿in-∏n-°pIbmWv. Btem-N-\bvt°m Nn¥bvt°m Imcy-amb {]k‡n-bn√

Nn¥bpw Hm¿Ωbpw XΩn¬ D‰_-‘-ap-≠v. I≠-h≥ ad°pw hmbn-®-h≥ Hm¿Ωn°pw

F∂mWp ]dbpI. \ΩpsS _p≤n-bpsS t\tc sIm™\w IpØp-∂, [mcWm

tijnbpsS hne Ipd-bv°p∂ H∂mbn amdp∂p am[yaw.

sSen-hn-j≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ hn]¬c-£m-I¿ØrXzw krjvSn-°p-∂p-

sh∂v Hcp k¿°m¿ IΩn‰n Is≠-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. hncp-≤-aq-ey-߃ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp

kam-¥c hnZym-̀ ymkw Cu am[yaw hgn \S-°p-∂p-≠v. apXn¿∂-hsc e£yw-h®p≈-

h-bmWv apJyambpw kocn-bepw kn\n-abpw \rØ-hp-sa√mw. Znhkw c≠p aWn°q¿

Sn.-hn. ImWp∂ Ip´n ]Ømw ¢mkn-se-Øp-tºm-tg°pw 15000 {]W-b-_-em-’wK

15

cwK-ßfpw 20000 A{I-a-cw-K-ßfpw ImWm-\n-S-bm-Ip-∂p-sh∂v IΩn‰n Is≠Øn.

C∂p Ip´n-Iƒ°v _meyhpw Iuam-c-hp-an√, buh\w am{X-ta-bp-≈p-sh∂v tUm.

kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°mSv ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. thj-Øn¬ hnZym¿∞nbmImw; ]t£

D≈n¬ Ip´n-bn√ F∂ Ah-ÿ. ssiih Iuamc coXn-I-sfbpw A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw

sSen-hn-j≥ A\m-im-ky-am-°p-∂p. Iuam-c-Ip-‰hmfnIfpw A{I-an-Ifpw h¿≤n®p

hcp-∂-Xn\p ]n∂n¬ am[ya kzm[o-\-ap-s≠-∂p hy‡w.

Bfll-Xybv°pw sIme-]m-X-I-Øn\pw hgn-a-cp-∂mbn Nne sSen-hn-j≥

]cn]mSnIƒ amdp-∂p. Sn.-hn. ImWm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-™-Xn\v Bfl-lXy sNbvX

Ip´n-Ifp-≠v. ]co-£m-̂ ew krjvSn® am\-t°Sp aqew Bfl-lXy hcn® hnZym¿∞n

IfpsS Ncn{Xw \ap-°-dn-bmw. ]cm-Pb {]iv\-߃°v kn\n-abpw kocn-bepw

]Icp∂ {]Xn-hn[n ]e-t∏mgpw Bfl-l-Xy-bm-W-t√m. Fkv.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn.°v dm¶pw

Pbhpw Hgn-hm°n t{KUnwKn\v t{]c-W-bm-bXv Ip´n-I-fpsS Bfl-lXym {]h-WX

bv°v hncm-a-amIpw F∂ Nn¥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp kvIqfnse ]Xn-\-©p-Im-c≥

kl-]m-Tnsb sIme sNbvXXv At\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ {]Xn°v t{]c-W-bm-bXv Sn.-hn.

kn\n-a-bm-sW∂p Is≠-Øn. a\p-jy-a-\- ns\ {Iqch¬°-cn-°p∂Xn\v C∂o

am[yaw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. apºv apwss_bn¬ 195 t]¿ sIm√-s∏´ `oI-cm-{I-aWw

60 aWn-°q¿ Sn.-hn. Nm\¬ X’-abw kwt{]-jWw sNbvXp. a\p-jys\ \Sp°p

Ibpw ]cp-j-`m-h-߃ DW¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX A\p-`-h-am-bncp∂p AXv. k±mw

lpssk\p sIme-°-b-dn-Sp∂Xpw Sn.-]n. N{μ-ti-J-cs\ h[n-®n-´n-cn-°p-∂Xpw

BfllXy sNbvXhcpsS tZl-ß-fp-sams° ImWp-tºmƒ t{]£-Is‚ a\ v

apdn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ac-hn-°p-I-bp-at√ sNøpI?

"CXm bph-Xn-bpsS Agp-Inb ihw ImWpI', "tNmc C‰p-ho-gp∂ arX-tZlw

ImWpI', "Izt -́j≥ Kp≠-I-fpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw ImWpI' C{]Im-c-amWv Sn.-hn.bnse

Nne ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS ]ckyw Xs∂. Nm\epIƒ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-{]-Z¿i\߃ A\pZn\

]cn-]m-Sn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. No™-fn™ arX-tZ-l-ß-fpsS Zriy-߃ Ip∂p-Iq´n

ImgvN-°msc \Sp-°p∂ `oI-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ Nm\-ep-Im¿ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p!

sIme-]m-X-I-sØ BtLm-j-am-°pIbm-Wn-h¿.6 Izt´-j≥ Kp≠-I-fp-sSbpw

16

I≈∑mcp-sSbpw PohNcn{X Nn{Xo-I-cWw Iem-`m-khpw kmaq-ln-I-t{Zm-l-hp-am

sW∂v Ch¿ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂n-√. CØcw ImgvN-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ krjvSn-°p∂

`hnjyØp-I-sf-∏‰n B¿°pw Aev]hpw t_Pm-dn-√.

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kwhmlIcpw ssIam-‰-°mcpw Ip´n-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cn¬

cq]s∏Sp∂ a\x-ÿn-Xnbpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn\p NmeI

i‡nbmIpw. as‰-hn-sS-\n∂pw {Kln-°p-∂-Xn-ep-a-[nIw C∂p Ip´n-Iƒ Sn.-hn.-bn¬

\n∂v Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. ]t£ kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xp ]eXpw Ahcn¬ sshI-eyhpw

ssiYney-hp-amWv krjvSn-°p-I. Sn.hn.°p apºn¬ aqI-cm-Ip∂ Ip´n-Iƒ `mjW

hnj-b-Øn¬ ]nt∂m-°-am-Wv. am\-kn-Im-tcm-Ky-Ønepw Hm¿Ω-i-‡n-bnepw Ipd-hp-

≈-h-cmbn Ah¿ amdp-∂p. Ifnbpw hymbm-ahpw A`mh-s∏-Sp∂ Ah¿ imco-cnI

Btcm-Ky-Ønepw {]iv\-°m-cm-Ip-∂p. ÿnc Sn.-hn. ImgvN-°m-cmb Ip´nIƒ Zp¿taZ-

 pImcpw tcmKm-Xp-c-cp-am-Ip-∂p. D]-t`mK {]h-W-X-Iƒ°pw ]c-ky-߃°pw C∂p

Ip´n-Iƒ ASn-a-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]c-ky-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p-∂Xpw hmßm\p≈

A`n-\n-th-ihpw AXn-\mbn amXm-]n-Xm-°sf \n¿_-‘n-°epw C∂p Ip´n-I-fn¬

h¿≤n-°p-∂p. hns´m-gn-bmØ ]e-hn[ Bk-‡n-Ifpw Sn.-hn. ImgvN Ah-cn¬ krjvSn-

°p-∂p. AXn-cp-hn´ Sn.-hn. ImgvN Ip´n-Iƒ°v aÆpw a\p-jy-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w

\jvSs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ÿncw Sn.-hn. ImgvN-°m-c-\mb Ip´n kzbw Hcp Zzo]mbn amdp∂p.

a‰p Ip´n-Ifpw a\p-jy-cp-am-bp≈ CS-s]-S¬ Ah\v A\y-am-Ip-∂p. Pohn-X-sØbpw

{]iv\-ß-sfbpw A`nap-Jo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h-\m-Ip-∂p. Sn.-hn. s]´n-bnse

amkvacnItemIw am{Xw Ah\p ]cn-N-bw. AXnse a\p-jycpw Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw

am{X-amWv Ahs‚ A\p-`-h-ko-a-bn¬. aÆp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ifn-Ifpw hnt\mZ

ßfpw Ah\v A\yw. Sn.-hn. ImgvN {`m¥-amb Bth-i-ambn amdp∂ Ip´n shdpw

b{¥-am-Ip-∂p. a\ pw lrZ-bhpw ico-chpw ac-hn® Ahÿ.

sSen-hn-j-\nse ImgvN-I-sf√mw bmYm¿∞y-sa∂p [cn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fp-≠v. Cu

s]´n-°-IØp Pohn-°p∂ a\p-jy-cmWv IYm]m{X-ß-sf∂p [cn-®p-h-im-Ip∂ Ip´n-

I-fp-≠-t{X. Ip´n-I-fpsS am\-kn-I-{]m-b-Øns‚ \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v ]e {`am-flI

17

hnNmc߃°pw Ah¿ hnt[-b-cm-Ip-∂p. Sn.-hn. ImgvN-Iƒ A\p-I-cn-°m≥ shºep-

≈-h-cmWv ]e Ip´n-I-fpw. Sn.-hn.-bn¬ I≠ Bfl-lXym cwK߃ A\p-I-cn®v

acWs°Wn-bn-emb Ip´n-I-fp-ap-≠v. aZy-]m-\w, ]pI-hen Ch-sb√mw Pohn-X-Øn¬

Ahn-̀ m-PyamsW∂ Nn¥ cqV-aq-e-am°p∂p Cu am[y-aw. samØ-Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf

ln]vt\m-ss´kv sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ. am[y-a-Øn-\-Snas∏´v F√m-Øcpw Du¿Phpw

\jvSs∏´v PU-{]m-b-cmbn amdp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ C∂p h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p. sSen-hn-j-\n¬

Bk-‡-cmb Ip´n-Ifpw amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw XΩnep≈ Ie-l-ßfpw hg-°p-Ifpw

`h-\-ß-fn¬ C∂p \nXykw`hambn amdp∂p.

Ipt_-c-Xz-Øn¬ A`n-c-an-°m-\p≈ A`n-cp-Nn-bmWv Sn.-hn. Ip´n-I-fn¬ Icp-∏n-Sn-

∏n-°p∂Xv. ]mc-º-cy-sØ-°mƒ B[p-\m-X-\-am-b-Xn¬ lcwsIm≈m\mWv am[yaw

]cnioen∏n°pI. HmWtam ]qctam H∂pw Ip´nIƒ°v C∂v A`n-\n-th-i-a-√.

dnbmen‰ntjmbpw Ahm¿Up-tjmbpw a‰pamWv Ah-cpsS knc-Isf {Xkn-∏n-°p∂Xv.

Aº-e-∏pg ]m¬∏mb-k-Øn-\-√, ^mÃv^pUn-\mWv aqey-sa∂v Ip´n {Kln®p

t]mIp∂p. ap°p-‰nt°m Xpº-∏q-hnt\m A√ Hm¿°n-Up-Iƒ°mWv ]pjv]-aq-ey-

sa∂v Ip´n [cn-®p-h-im-Ip-∂p.

kwKo-X-sa-∂m¬ i_vZ-tIm-em-l-esa∂v Ip´n sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p. NSp-ehpw

D®-ÿm-bn-bp-amb X´p-s]m-fn-∏≥ ]m´p-Iƒ sIt¶-a-sa∂ t_m[y-Øn¬ Ip´n

hfcp∂p. `mhhpw A¿∞hnh-£Ifpw A{]-[m-\-sa∂pw I¿W]pSßsf XI¿

°p∂ i_vZ-Ip-lcw DZm-Ø-sa∂pw Ip´n hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. \rØ-sa-∂Xv {`an-∏n°p∂

ico-cm-`ym-k-sa∂pw sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p.

Ip´n-Isf ]s¶-Sp-∏n-®p≈ "Ip´n-∏-́ mfw', "t]m°ncn ]o°ncn' ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Hcp

]cn-[n-hsc Ip´n-Isf I®-h-S-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°-em-Wv, "]n≈a-\- n¬ I≈-an√'

F∂Xp NqjWw sNbvXv Ip´n-I-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kzIm-cy-X-I-fn-te°v Cdßn

s®∂v t{]£-I-{i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰m-\p≈ X{¥-amWv ]e-t∏mgpw tNmZy-cq-]-Øn¬

Ac-tß-dp-I. IpSpw-_-kz-Im-cy-X-Isf t{]£-I¿°p apºn¬ hnhr-X-am-°m-\p≈

_p≤n-bmWv tNmZy-I¿Øm-°-fpsS tNmZy-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ kv^pcn°p-I.

18

_mly-temIw

kl-Po-hn-I-fp-ambn ]¶p-tN-cp-∂-Xn\v \ap°p Nne s]mXp CSßfp≠mbncp∂p.

sse{_-dn-Itfm t£{X˛tZ-hm-eb ]cn-k-c-ßtfm Nmb-°-S-Itfm Hs°. kmaqlnI

hnj-b-߃ AhnsS N¿® sNø-s∏-́ n-cp-∂p. kmaq-ln-I-t_m-[-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-

ÿ-e-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. CØcw _mly-tem-IsØ hy‡n-bpsS CSs]S-ep-Isf

Sn.-hn. kzm[o-\n-°p∂p. am[yaw ]ucs\ shfn-bn¬ \n∂pw Ccp-∏p-ap-dn-bn-te°v

]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. kaq-l-Øn¬ HØp-tN-cm-\p≈ k∂-≤-X-bmWv kmaq-lnI

{]ÿm-\߃°pw k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°pw Bkv]-Zw. Sn.-hn°p apºn¬ A‘m-

fn-®n-cn-°p-∂h\v ]uc-k-aqltØm-Sp≈ ASp-∏hpw Npa-X-ebpw Ipd-bp-∂p. hy‡nsb

kzImcyXbn-te°v HXp-°p-I-hgn kmaq-lnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v hne-ßp-X-Sn-bmbn

am[yaw amdp∂p.7 hy‡n-bpsS B¥-cnI Pohn-X-sØ-sb-∂t]mse kmaq-lnI

Pohn-X-sØbpw am[yaw \n¿Kp-W-am-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-]m-c-kv]-cysØ XI¿°p∂

kmlNcyw Sn.hn. k∂n-ln-X-am-°p-∂p. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ hncp≤ aqey-߃ am[yaw

krjvSn-°p∂psh∂p ]dbmw.

sSen-hn-j≥ ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn¬ Xptemw Ipdhp hcpØn.

A\p-̀ qXn ]I-cp∂ Sn.-hn. apdn-bn-te°v Ah≥ hio-I-cn-°-s∏-́ p. ÿqeo-I-cn-®Xpw

\ndw-]n-Sn-∏n-®-Xp-amb ImgvN-I-fn-te-°mWv Sn.hn. Ahs\ ]dn®p\-´-Xv. am[ya

XmXv]cyßfm¬ hf-s®mSn°-s∏´ ambm-tem-I-ØmWv Ah≥ {]th-in-®-Xv. am[ya

Ønse I-®-h-S-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ amXr-I-Iƒ Ahs‚ a\- n-s\bpw at\m-̀ m-h-sØbpw

KWy-ambn Cf-°n-a-dn-®p. `mj, `£-Ww, hnt\m-Zw, {]W-bw, kuμcyk¶-ev]w,

IpSpw-_-k-¶ev]w F√mw Ah\n¬ am[y-a-_-≤-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Ahÿ.

ImgvNbpsS Iivae-Zr-iy-߃ Ahs‚ kabw A]-l-cn-°p-∂p. Ab-Ym¿∞-am-b-

Xns\ bYm¿∞-ambn sX‰n≤cn-t°≠ ÿnXn. HmWwt]m-ep≈ BtLm-j-thfIfn

¬t∏mepw HØp-tN-c-ep-Iƒ°p tem]w hcp-∂p. ]¥p-I-fn, Infn-In-fn, XpºnXp≈¬,

ISp-hm-Ifn XpS-ßn-bh HmW-°m-eØv {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ßsf i_vZmb-am-\-am-°n-bn-

cp∂p. C∂v Sn.hn.°p≈nse HmW°fn-I-f-√msX as‰m-∂nepw ]¶ptN-cm≥

19

aebmfn°p a\- n-√, at\m-`m-h-an-√. ae-bm-fn-bpsS s]mXp-Po-hnXw F∂m¬

sSenhnj≥ Bbn-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ.

Sn.-hn.-bn¬ hm¿Ø hmbn-°p-∂-hs‚ hkv{X-[m-c-W-coXn \ne-hm-c-ap-≈Xv F∂

[mc-W-bn-te°v tIc-f-k-aqlw amdp-∂p. HmWØn\pw hnjp-hn\pw tIc-f-∏n-d-hn°pw

am{Xw sk‰p-km-cn-bp-Sp-°p∂ hm¿Ømhm-b-\-a-¶-amcpw Ah-Xm-c-Icpw ae-bmfn

thjsa∂Xv \n›nX Znh-k-tØ°p am{X-ap-≈Xv F∂ ktμiw ]I-cp-∂p. tIcfob

thjw HmW-Øn\pw a‰p-ap-≈Xv F∂ Nn¥ \Ωn¬ thcp]nSn®p Ign-™p. kocnb¬

Xmc-ß-fpsS thj-hn-[m\w \sΩ lcw ]nSn-∏n-°p-∂p. Nne¿ kocn-b¬ ImWp∂Xp

Xs∂ ]pXnb thj-hn-[m-\-߃ a\- n-em-°m-\m-Wt{X! Nm\-ep-I-fnse Ah-Xm-c-

I-cpsS thj-hn-[m-\-߃ bph-X-e-ap-dsb KWy-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p. Cdp-Inb

Po≥kpw Soj¿´pw B¨s]¨t -̀Z-as\y C∂v Bthi-tØmsS FXn-tc¬°p-∂p.

Ah-Xm-c-IcpsS BS-bm-̀ -c-W-߃ A\p-I-cn-°¬ ]pXp Xe-ap-dbv°v el-cn-bmWv.

Ah-Xm-c-I-cmIs´ •ma¿ thj-Øn\v bXv\n-°p-∂p. thjhn[m-\-Ønse ]cºcmKX

{Kma-sdms° •ma-dm-Im-\mbn sX‰n-°p-∂p. `mjW {Kmadpw XI¿°p-∂p. Aßs\

XI¿°p-∂-Xn-emWv `mj-bpsS •ma¿ F∂v P\hpw hniz-kn-®p-t]m-Ip∂p!

Ipdp°nbpw \o´nbpw sIm©n-°p-g-™m-Snbpw Ch¿ `mjsb h‘y-am-°p-∂p. `mj-

bpsS cRvPn-∏p-Iƒ C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Fgp-Ø-Ωsb∂pw

a‰pw Nne¿ t]cpw t\Sp∂p! hf-cp∂ Xe-apd CØcw `mj tI´p ]Tn-t°≠

Zpchÿ. `mj Hcp ]Tn-Ø-hr-Øn-sb-¶n¬ CØcw `mjm{ihWw KpW-I-c-am-hn-

s√∂p hy‡w.

D]t`mK-{]-h-W-Xbpw B¿Ønbpw P\-kz-`m-h-am-°p∂p C∂p sSen-hn-j≥.

a\p-jys‚ CjvSm-\n-jvS-߃, BtLm-j-߃ Ch \nb{¥n°p-∂Xv am[yasa∂p

hcp∂p. hntZ-i-Nm-\-ep-I-fpsS hchv [m¿Ωn-I-X-bnepw aqey-ß-fnepw A[x-]-X\w

krjvSn-°p-∂p. kn\na, ^mj≥ ]tc-Uv, t]m∏v ayqkn-Iv, dnbm-en-‰n-tjm, {In°‰v

Ch AanX {]m[m\yw t\Sp∂p; A]-am-\-ho-I-c-Wtam ]´n-Wn-∏m-h-ß-fpsS {]iv\-

ßtfm hnj-b-a-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

20

kaq-l-Ønse A]-Nyp-Xn-Ifpw NXn-°p-gn-Ifpw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ am[yaw

AØcw am¿§-߃ kzoI-cn-°m≥ kzm[o-\-am-Ip-∂p. am[y-a-ß-fpsS tdmƒ {Iqtk-

Um-sW∂v ]pen‰vk¿ ]d-™Xv Hm¿°p-I. Bfl-lXym dnt∏m¿´n-ßn¬ henb

A]-ISw ]Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Is≠-Ø-ep-≠v. Bfl-l-Xybv°p \¬Ip∂ hm¿Øm

{]m[m\yw A\p-I-cW Bfl-l-Xybv°v \nZm-\-am-Im-a-t{X. sSen-hn-j≥ ImWn°p∂

Bfl-lXym hm¿Ø-Ifpw Zriy-ßfpw teme-a-\-kvI¿°v t{]c-W-bm-tb-°mw.

Bfll-Xysb efnXkwK-Xn-bmbpw Pohn-X-{]-iv\-߃°v {]Xn-hn-[n-bmbpw

ImWm\n-S-bm-tb-°mw. Irjns°-SpØ hmbv] IpSn®p \in∏n®n´v Bfl-lXy

sNbvXmepw IS-s°-Wn-bn-em-b-hs‚ BfllXy-bmIpw am[yahm¿Ø-bn¬.

sSenhnj\v sk≥kn-_n-en-‰n-bn-s√∂v \ap°p Nn¥nt°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kq\man

Zpcn-X-ß-tfm-sSm∏w PU-߃ BZ-c-hn-√msX sNmcn-bp∂ cwK-ßfpw \ap°p

ImtW≠n h∂p. BflmlqXn sNbvX-h-cp-sSbpw A]-I-S-Øn¬ NX-™-h-cp-sSbpw

Zriyßfpw h¿Ko-b-I-em-]-cw-K-ßfpw \sΩ Uosk≥kn-ss‰kv sNøp∂p.

a\pjys‚ B`y-¥-chpw _mly-hp-amb hym]m-c-ßsf Sn.-hn. KWyambn \nb-{¥n-

°p-∂p. Sn.-hn. ImgvNIƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ at\m-̀ m-h-tØmsS hy‡n Adnt™m

Adn-bm-sXtbm kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠v. Sn.-hn.-bnse Bjv]pjv PohnX

ssien°v CW-ßm-\p≈ B{Klw Ah-\-dn-bmsX Ah-\n¬ apf-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. Xm≥

AXn\v A{]m-]vX-\m-sW∂ Nn¥ hy‡na\- ns\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂p. Hcp-Xcw

AkwXr-]vXn-bpsS \ng¬ CXv Ah-\n¬ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

`qtKm-f-Øns‚ hyXykvX {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Pohn-X-amWv hy‡n-bpsS Ccn∏p

apdn-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I. BtKm-f-{Kmaw F∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn-te°v CXp \bn°p

sa¶nepw CXn-eqsS {]mtZ-in-I-Xbpw X\n-abpw lnwkm-fl-I-amb B{I-a-W-Øn\p

hnt[-b-am-hp-∂p. Sn.-hn.°p apºn¬ kzbw ka¿∏n-°p∂ Xe-apd {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw

Im¿jnI Pohn-X-tØmSpw AI-ep-∂p. aX-Po-hn-Xhpw `‡y\pjvTm\-ßfpw a[y-a-

Øn-eqsS Ah≥ BtLmjn°p∂p. aIveql≥ ]d™Xpt]mse IÆpIfpsS

NyqbnwKambn sSen-hn-j≥ amdn-bm¬ F√mw amdn-a-dn-bp∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-Ipw.

21

dnbm-en-‰ntjm

\m\m-ta-J-e-I-fnse {]Xn-̀ -Isf ]cn-t]m-jn∏n°¬ F∂ e£yw dnbm-en‰n

tjmbpsS e£y-am-Wv. Hcp ]cn[nhsc AXp km[n-X-am-hp-∂p-ap-≠v. Km\w,

A`n\bw, Um≥kv, lmkyw Cßs\ \m\m-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ {]Xn-̀ -Isf Is≠Øn

t{]m’mln∏n°m≥ Cu ]cn-]mSn hgn Xpd-∂p. F∂m¬ t{]£-Isc ]nSn-®ncpØm≥

Nm\-ep-Im¿ kzoIcn-°p∂ X{¥-߃ Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw a’-cm¿∞nIsf ]ncn-

apdp-°-Øn-em-°p-∂p. dnbmen‰ntjmbnse a’-c-C-\-߃ h¿≤n® kmº-ØnI

taml-߃ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]c-ky-h-cp-am\w e£-ßfpw tImSn-Ifpw

kΩm\w \evIm≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ°v XpW-bm-Ip-∂p. hn]-Wn-sbbpw t{]£-I-scbpw

Iq´n-bn-W-°p∂ IÆn-bmbn dnbm-en-‰ntjm amdp-∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ dnbm-en-‰n-bn-

√mØ CØcw tjmIƒ D]-t`mK {]h-W-X-I-sf-bmWv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.8

dnbm-en-‰n-tjmsb hyXy-kvXXcw hn\n-a-b-am-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Im¿ a’-cn-°p-∂p.

\mSIobXbpw akm-ebpw tbmPn-∏n®v cwKw sImgp-∏n-°m-\p≈ {ia-am-Wv. k`y-X-

bpsS B`y-¥-c-Øn¬ \n∂p shfn°pNm-Sp∂ kw`m-j-Whpw ImgvN-Ifpw tImaUn

cwK-ß-fn¬ kpe-`-am-Wv. Xd Xd XØd F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-t°-≠-h-bmWv t\c-

tºm°ns‚ t]cn¬ ]S®p≠m-°p∂ ]e-Xpw.

dnbm-en-‰ntjm Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´ ImeØv AXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ \qX\

XbpsS apJ-amWv t{]£Isc AXn-te°v BI¿jn®Xv. I≠paSpØ ]e ]cn]mSn-

I-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hnSp-X-embn AXp amdn. {ItaW AXn-\p-Xs∂ sNSn-∏p-≠m-Im-

Xncn°m≥ sshNn-{Xyhpw sshhn-[y-hp-am¿∂ hgn-Iƒ Nm\-ep-Im¿ ]co-£n-®p.

\mS-Io-b-Xbpw •madpw Ie¿∂ Bjv]pjv ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-te°p≈ hyXn-N-e-\-Øn\v

CXp hgnXpd-∂p. km[m-cW t{]£-Isc B\-μn-∏n-°m\pw A¿amZn∏n-°m-\p-ap≈

tNcp-h-Iƒ°mbn Nm\-ep-Im¿ a’-cn-®p. IebpsS auen-I-X-Øz-߃ _enIgn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-sXm∂pw Ah¿ KWy-am-°n-bn-√. ]m›m-Xy-co-Xn-IfpsS hy¿∞m-\p-I-c-

W-ß-fmbn ]e-Xpw.

22

Nm\-ep-I-fpsS A‘-amb ]m›m-Xy-h¬°-cW {ia-ßfpw I®-h-S-Xm-Xv]-cy-

ßfpw Iem-sIm-e-]m-X-I-Øn-emWv Iem-in-°p-∂-sX∂p ]d-bmw. [m¿an-I-aq-ey

߃°v sSen-hn-j≥ henb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Db¿Øp∂Xv C∂sØ auen-I-{]iv\

amWv. Zqc-Z¿is‚ ̀ mcXob-aq-eym-[n-jvTnX {]t£-]-W-ß-fn¬ BZyImeØp apgpIn

bncp∂ \ΩpsS kaqlw {ItaW kzImcy Nm\-ep-I-fn-te°pw sshtZ-inI Nm\ep

Ifn-te°pw \oßnbXv [m¿an-I-X-bpsS taJ-e-bn¬ henb ssiYn-ey-am-bn. amZI

\rØ-ßfpw tlmfn-hpUv D∑m-Z-ßfpw C∂p t{]£-Isc {Xkn-∏n-°p-∂p. t{]£-

I¿°v C∂v CsXms° A\p-Zn\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ sSen-

hnj-\nse hntZiNm-\-ep-I-fpsS X≈n-°-b-‰hpw \ΩpsS Nm\-ep-Iƒ hntZi

A\pIc-W-ß-fpsS IqØ-c-ßm-bXpw kZm-Nm-c-t_m-[-Ønepw [m¿an-I-Nn-¥-bnepw

hgpXepIƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. dnbm-en‰ntjmbp-sSbpw a‰pw kzm[o\w aqew

^vfqdsk‚ v h¿W߃, {^o°≥ apSn, temthÃv ]m‚ vkv, IqfnMv •m v, lm^v

jq BZn-bm-bh \yqsP-\-tdj\p lc-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øn¬ KWy-amb kzm[o-\-ambn dnbm-en-‰ntjm amdp∂p.

CXn-s\mcp {]Xyu-j-[-ambn \ΩpsS Nne Nm\-ep-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ `‡n-

am¿§ßsf thW-sa-¶n¬ hymJym-\n-°mw. `‡n-hn-j-b-߃ am{Xw {]t£]Ww

sNøp∂ Nm\-ep-Iƒ \ap-°p-≠v. {]`m-j-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ [m¿Ωn-I-{]-t_m-[-\-

ßfpw D¬t_m-[-\-ßfpw Ah-bn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS hymJym\hpw

Ahsb Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ D]-tZ-i-ßfpw Ch-bn¬ Z¿in-°mw. ]e-bn-SØpw

kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ aXm-fl-Ikz`m-hap≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS {]t£-]-Whpw Ch

\n¿Δln-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch Bflo-bhpw [m¿ΩnIhpamb t_m[w t{]£-I-cn¬

Dfhm°m≥ DX-Ip-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwiban√.

]pcm-W-I-Y-IfpsS kocn-b¬ cq]-Øn-ep≈ Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v an° Nm\-epIfpw

cwK-Øp-≠v. ]pcmWIYm-]m{Xßfpw kμ¿ -̀ßfpw ssZhn-I-—m-b-bnepw A\p-jvTm\

cq]-Ønepw cwK-sØ-Øp-∂p. t{]£-Isc aXm-fl-I-ambn Bth-i-̀ -cn-X-cm-°m\pw

`‡n-bn¬ Bdm-Sn-°m\pw CØcw {]t£-]-W-߃ hgn Xpd-°p-∂p. hyXykvX

23

Xe-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ aX-Nn-¥sb CXp kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. as‰mcp IÆn-eqsS

t\m°p-tºmƒ h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS hnØp-hn-X-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw CXp \nZm-\-am-Ip-∂nt√

F∂p kwi-bn-°-Ww. PmXo-bhpw h¿Ko-b-hp-amb hntZzjßfpw tN-cn-Xn-cn-hp-Ifpw

hn`m-Ko-b-X-Ifpw krjvSn-°m≥ Ch Imc-Wam-bm¬ KpWØn\p ]Icw tZmjw

`hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kaq-lsØ \n¿Wm-b-I-ambn _m[n-°m-hp∂ hnj-b-amWv

ssIImcyw sNøp∂sX∂ Nn¥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ°v C√m-sX-t]m-bm¬ h¿Ko-b-Xbv°pw

hn`m-Ko-Xbv°pw hgn-a-cp-∂n-S-embn CXp hyXn-N-en-°mw. Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw Imepjy

߃-°pw Iem]߃°pw Imc-W-ambn CØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ amdp-∂p. ""\nc-£ccpw

A¿[-km-£-ccpw aXm-‘-cp-amb Hcp henb hn`mKw P\-ßsf h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS

D∑m-Z-Øn-te°v X≈n-bn-Sp-∂-Xn¬ sSen-hn-j≥ kmc-amb ]¶p-h-ln-°p∂p''9s≠∂v

Jpjvh¥v knwKv ]d™Xv Hm¿an-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

kocnb¬

P\-{]nb am[y-a-am°n sSen-hn-js\ am‰n-b-Xn¬ apJy]¶v kocn-b-ep-Iƒ°p≠v.

hmWn-Py-kn-\n-a°mcpsS BJym\X{¥-ß-fmWv kocn-b-ep-Ifpw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂Xv. AXn-\m-S-Io-b-X, sdmam≥kv, kwKo-Xw, \rØw, kwL-́ -\w, sIme Ch

kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ tNcp-h-I-fm-bXv Aß-s\-bm-Wv. a\p-jys‚ arZp-e-hn-Im-c-ßsf

kv]¿in-°m\pw kzm[o-\n-°m-\p-ap-X-Ip∂ IY-I-fmWv kocn-b-epIm¿°p ]Yyw.

Bscbpw Cf-°m\pw C°n-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw DXIp∂ ]eXpw IY-bn-ep≠mIpw.

A\-¥-ambn \ofp∂ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ C∂v Nm\-ep-I-fpsS {]mW-hm-bp-hm-Wv. tkm∏p

Iº\n-I-fm-Wv Cu ]c-º-c-Iƒ°v BZyw ]ckyw \evIn-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂-Xn-\m¬

"tkm∏v Hm∏-d-Iƒ' F∂nh Adn-b-s∏-́ p. A`n-t\-Xm-°-fpsS {]mbw amdp∂X-\p-k-

cn®pam{Xw IYm-]m-{X-ßfpsS {]mbhpw amdp-∂-Xcw IYm-]-c-amb aμ-KXn Chbn¬

ImWp∂p. Nne-Xns‚ t]m°p-I-≠m¬ temIm-h-km-\-Ønepw Xocn√ F∂ coXn-

bm-Wv. IYbpw D]-I-Y-bp-ambn XpS-cp∂ Ch-bn¬ hen-®p-\o-́ m≥ [mcmfw LSI

ßfp-≠m-Ipw. ae-bm-fn-bpsS k‘y-Isf C∂p `cn-°p-∂Xv CØcw ]c-º-c-I-fm-

sW∂XmWv hkvXpX.

24

kv{XobpsS bYm¿∞-apJw kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂

XmWv \·kXyw. AΩ As√¶n¬ A`n-km-cn-Wn, I\yI As√¶n¬ sskzcnWn,

bmYm-ÿn-XnI As√¶n¬ FSpØpNm -́°mcn F∂ \ne-bn-emWv Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww.

kocnb-ep-I-fnse apJy {]Xn-]mZyw AΩm-bn-b-Ω-t∏m-cpw, `mcybv°pw AΩbv°p

anS-bn¬ \n -lm-b-cm-Ip∂ ]pcpj IYm-]m-{X-ß-fp-am-Wv. kocn-b-ense kv{Xo IYm

]m{X-ß-fn¬ ap°mte Ac-bv°mepw hnImc [mcmfnIfpw A‘hnizmkn-Ifpw

B{in-X-cp-sams°bm-Wv. arZp-e-hn-Im-c-ßsf C°n-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ImgvNIƒ°p

apºn¬ kv{Xot{]-£-I¿ _en-bmbpw Xocp-∂p.

s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øntem sXmgn¬cw-KtØm {]ap-J-amb ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ kv{Xo

Isfm∂pw kocn-b-ep-Ifnen√. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmbn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ h\n-X-I-fn¬

\men-sem-∂n\p am{Xta Fs¥-¶nepw Imcy-amb tPmen-bp-≈-h-cm-bp≈p F∂v

Kthj-W-]-T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. `h-\-Øn¬ ]pcp-js‚ A\p-_‘ ÿm\ta

kv{Xo°v Ft∏mgpw \evInt∏mcp∂p≈p. hy‡n-]-c-amb hnjbß-fn¬ t]mepw

]pcp-js‚ \n¿t±im\pkrXw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kv{XoI-sf-bmWv ImWp-I.

am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ tdmƒ tamU-ep-Iƒ kv{XoZp¿_-e-X-Ifn¬

Du∂nbp-≈-h-bm-Wv. hnth-N-\-_p-≤n-bn-√mØ kv{XoIƒ°v CXv A\p-I-c-W-km[yX

Xpd∂psIm-Sp°p∂p. hnem-]hpw Ic-®n-ep-ambn kv{Xosb ASbmf-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬

kocn-b-ep-Iƒ a’-cn-°p-∂p. {]Xn-I-c-W-ap≈ kv{Xosb Xt‚-Sn-bmbn AhXcn∏n

°pIhgn IpSpw-_-Øn\pw kaq-l-Øn\pw Ahƒ A[n-I-∏-s‰∂ ktμ-i-amWv

]IcpI.

kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS `mj-bn¬ hnhmlw kv{XobpsS BXy-¥n-I-e-£y-am-Wv.

""Ahƒs°mcp PohnXw sImSp°q'' F∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ kw`m-jWw Fhn-sSbpw

tIƒ°mw. kv{XobpsS Pohn-X-sa-∂m¬ hnhmlwXs∂. hnhm-l-e-£y-Øn\v

A\p_-‘-ambn kv{Xo[-\hpw kv{Xo]o-U-\-hp-sa√mw hcp-∂p.

am[y-a-߃ BtLm-jn-°p∂ hnhmlw BUw-_-c-Øn-s‚bpw B¿`m-S-Øn-

s‚bpw ]cym-b-am-Wv. BS-bm-̀ cW-ßtfmSp≈ hºn® Iºhpw hnhm-l-th-f-bn¬

25

AXn-\mbn shº¬sIm-≈m\p≈ ktμ-i-hp-amWv h[p-hn\pw ho´p-Im¿°pw AXp

]I-cpI. kv{XoNm]-ey-߃°v \ndw ]nSn-∏n-°pIhgn Ahsc Aim‡o-I-cn-°p-

IbmWv am[y-a-߃. hnhm-l-tØmsS IS-s°-Wn-bnepw XZzmcm Bfl-l-Xy-bnepw

Iem-in-°p∂ IpSpw_߃ F{X-tb-sd. ]e IpSpw-_-ßfpw ISw-tIdn apSn-bp-I-

bmWv hnhm-l-tØm-sS.

kv{Xosb kw_-‘n-°p∂ auenI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnj-b-߃ am[y-a-߃°v

{][m-\-a-s√-∂-XmWv \·-k-Xyw. h\n-Xm-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS apt∂-‰-ßtfm kmaqlnI

]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p _oPm-hm]w sNbvX h\n-Xm-c-Xv\-ß-fpsS IY-Itfm am[y-a-ß-

ƒ°v ]Yy-a-√. kv{Xo°p Iq®phne-ßn-Sp∂ kmaq-ln-I-hn-e-°p-Isf \ymbo-I-cn°p∂

Nn{XoIc-W-amWv kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ s]mXp-th. \ne-hn-ep≈ kv{Xohn-cp≤aq-ey-ßsf

A]-{K-Yn-°mt\m \ncmIcn-°mt\m k∂-≤-a√ Hcp kocn-b-epw tImaUn kocnb-

ep-I-fn¬ kv{Xo shdpw A«oe hkvXp-hm-Wv. kv{XoIsf \·-bm°n ckn°p∂Xp

t]mse ]pcpj≥ kv{Xothjw sI´n-bmepw DZ-chpw a‰pw hnkvXr-X-ambn {]Z¿in

∏n®v Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-emWv hy{K-X.

Nm\-ep-I-fpsS FÆw Zn\w-{]Xn h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]nSn-®p-\n-ev]n-\mbn

F¥pw Im´m≥ a’-cn-°p-∂p. A«o-e-X-bpsS tXtcm-´-ambn ]e Nm\-ep-Ifpw

amdp∂p. bmsXmcp AXn-cp-an-√msX kam-¥-c-kulrZ-߃ kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ Nn{Xo-

I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ̀ ¿Øm-hn-t\m-Sp-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ ASp-∏hpw Xpd-hnbpw ]c-]pcpj∑m-

tcm-SmWv ]e kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-߃°pw. `mcy-tbm-Sp-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ kulrZw

]ckv{XoItfm-Sp≈ ]pcp-j-I-Ym]m{X-ßfpw [mcm-fw. kocn-b-ep-I-fnse sIme-

]mXI߃°v ssIbpw IW-°p-an-√. hn√-∑m-cp-sSbpw hn√-Øn-am-cp-sSbpw

{]IS\߃°p apºn¬ \ΩpsS k¿Δ-aq-eyßfpw _en-I-gn-°-s∏Sp∂p. D]-t`mK

kwkvImcw Bfl-l-Xym-]-c-amb coXn-bn¬ km[m-c-W-Ip-Spw-_n-\n-Isft∏mepw

_m[n-°p-∂p. kocn-b-ep-I-fnse Krl-\m-bn-I-I-sf-t∏mse hoSn-\p-≈nepw AWn-

s™mcpßm≥ Hcp-sº-Sp∂ \nc-h[n IpSpw-_n-\n-I-fp-≠v. B -̀c-W-{ -̀ahpw kam¥c

kulr-Z-߃°m-bp≈ shºepw Ah-cn¬ [mcm-f-am-Wv. hn]-co-X-aq-ey߃

26

Nn{XoIcn®v t{]£-Isc ]nSn-®n-cpØp∂-Xn-\p≈ bXv\w henb `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ

krjvSn°p-∂p. A{I-ahpw sImebpw el-cnbpw ^mj-\mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

henb kmaq-ln-I-hn-]-ØmWv Df-hm-°p-∂-Xv. IS-a-‰-Øp-I-Ø-\m-cmbn kocn-b¬

thjan´ {]Imiv t]mƒ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-amb Hc\p`hw ]d-™Xv Hm¿°p-∂p. Hcp

thZnbnencn-°th Hcp kv{Xo IS-∂p-h∂v Imen¬ kmjvSmwKw {]W-an-®p. ISa‰Øp

IØ-\mcmbn A`n-\-bn® Bƒ BƒssZ-h-am-sb-∂¿∞w. kocn-b-ens‚ kzm[o-

\sØ \mw F{X sNdp-Xm-°n-bmepw sNdp-Xm-In-√.

eLp-a-\- p-Isf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ kc-f-hn-jb-ßtf kocn-b-en\v

Bhiyap≈p F∂ Nn¥-bmWv kocn-b¬ \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ°v. ss\an-jn-Im-kzm-Z\hpw

A¿am-Zn-°-ep-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Ah¿ e£yam°p∂n√. t{]£-Isc t{]cn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw {]tem-`n-∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂ Hcp Pohn-X-ssien-bmWv kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬

Bhn-jv°-cn-°pI. AXv Atßb‰w Ab-Ym¿∞-sa-¶nepw bYm¿∞-sa∂p

t{]£I¿ sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p. Ab-Ym¿∞w bYm¿∞sa∂ hy¿∞hn-Nm-c-Øn¬

ImgvN-°m¿ Adn-bmsX AI-s∏´p-t]m-Ip∂p. kocn-b-ense PohnXw hn]-Wn-bn¬

A`n-c-an-°m-hp∂ \yq\-]-£-Øn-\p-am{Xw km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. alm-`q-cn-]-£sØ

Ch bYm¿∞-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ A[-a-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cm-°p-I-bm-Wv. ̀ qcn-]£w hcp∂

h\nXmt{]£-Isc Cu am[y-a-Øn\p apºn¬ ]nSn-®p-sI-́ n-bn-Sp-tºmƒ Xß-fpsS

I®-h-S-Xm-Xv]-cy-ß-fmWv kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v CXn\p ]n∂nse i‡n-°

dnbmw.10

ho´-Ω-am-cpsS lrZbw Iog-S-°m≥ G‰hpw ]‰nb D]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬

Nm\-ep-Im¿ kocn-b-ens\ ImWp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ Bk‡n P\n-∏n-°pw-hn-[-ap≈

Bhn-jv°mcw IpSpw-_n-\n-Isf kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS ÿnc-Im-gvN-°m-cm°n am‰p-∂p.

ImgvN-°m-cmbn amdp-∂-h¿ Hcn-°epw hn´p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]pXnb t^m¿ap-eIfpw

ck-°q-´p-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-∂p. Cßs\ Xøm-dm-°-s∏-Sp∂ Dev]-∂-߃ \ΩpsS

`h\ßsf Gsd-°psd Iog-S-°n-°-gn-™p.

27

s]¨t{]-£-I-cpsS sshIm-cn-IX NqjWw sNøm≥ ]‰nb IY-Iƒ

]S®p≠m°pI F∂-Xn¬ henb hnP-b-amWv kocn-b-ep-Im¿ t\Sp-∂-Xv. Iem-

]cXtbm D¬t_m-[\]cXtbm bmsXm∂pw Ch-bn-en-s√-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. kv{Xo

{][m\ IY-I-fmWv Bcw-`-Øn¬ {]t£-]Ww sNbvXn-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw Ip™p-

ßfpsS IY-Ifpw t{]X-IYIfpw ]pcm-W-I-Y-Ifpw `‡-I-Y-Ifpw ]n∂oSv cwK

sØØn. F¶nepw s]¨IY-Iƒ°mWv Ft∏mgpw kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ {]map-Jyw.

an° kocn-b-ep-I-fp-sSbpw \ma-t[bw Xs∂ s]¨t]-cp-Itfm s]¨]cm-a¿i

\maßtfm BWv. AΩ, AΩ-am-\-kw, AΩ-°n-fn, kv{Xo, kv{Xo[-\w, kv{XoP∑w,

h[p, A\n-b-Øn, Aa-e, kcbp, `mKye£van Cßs\ t]mIp∂p Ah-bpsS

t]cpIƒ. kaq-l-Ønse A-[x-ÿnX kv{XoI-fpsS {]bm-kßfn-te°p shfn®w

hoimt\m Ahsc im‡o-I-cn-°mt\m DX-Ip∂ bmsXm∂pw Ch-bn-en-√. a[yh¿Øn

kaq-l-Ønse kv{XoI-fpsS Xf¿®-Ifpw XI¿®-Ifpw IÆocpw DtZz-K-ßfpw

{IqcXbpw BUw-_-c-hp-sa-√m-amWv apJy-hn-j-b߃. amXm-°-tfm-sSm∏w Ch-bpsS

t{]£-IcmIp∂ Ip´nIƒ Ch-bnse sdmam≥kpw {Iqc-Xbpw sIme-]m-X-I-ßfpw

ssiYn-ey-ßfpw Z¿in®v a\- p-sIm≠v Ah-bp-ambn XmZmflys∏Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-

≠mIp∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS _mey-Iu-am-c-߃ \jvS-s∏-S-emWv CXns‚ ]cn-WX-̂ ew.

a[y-h¿K-Øns‚ Km¿ln-I-\n-e-bpsS angn-thmsSbp≈ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amWv an°

kocn-b-ep-I-fp-sSbpw ̀ qan-I. IpSpw-_-ssh-cp-[y-ßsf \nKq-l\w sNbvI¬ a[yh¿K

kaql-Øns‚ s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-bm-Wv. CXns\ hnhr-X-am-°p∂p kocn-b-ep-Iƒ F∂p

]d-bmw. sIm®p-h¿Ø-am-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tKmkn-∏p-I-fp-sSbpw ÿqeo-Ir-X-cq-]-amWv

kocn-b-ep-I-fnse `mj-W-߃. sshIm-cnI `mj-W-߃°mIpw {]map-Jyw.

hnkvXrX-amb Iym≥hm-kn¬ A\n-›n-Xhpw A\p-kyq-X-hp-ambn hnI-kn-®p-t]mIp∂

NneXv saKm-ko-cn-b-ep-I-fm-Ip-∂p. ̀ mcym-̀ ¿Ør-{]-iv\-߃, AΩm-bn-b-Ω-t∏m-cv, ]nXr-

]p{X kwL¿jw, kzØp-X¿°w, AK-ay-K-a-\w, cl-ky-K¿`w Chsbms° kocnb

epI-fnse ÿnc hnj-b-ßfpw t^m¿apeI-fp-am-Wv. CØcw hnj-b-ß-sfm∂pw

IpSpw_Øns‚ Ipfw-tXm-≠p-∂n-S-tØmfw kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ FØp∂n√. kocn-b-

ense kwL¿jhpw kwL-́ -\hpw `h-\sØ ]q¿W-ambn XI¿°p-∂n-SØv FØp-

28

∂n-s√-∂-XmWv t\c-tºm-°v. F√m AXn-{I-a-߃°pw Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn\pw HcpXcw

kuayX krjvSn-®n-cn°pw. sIme-]m-XIØn\pw Bfl-l-Xybv°pw t]mepw CXp-

s≠-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. ]pdta hyXn-cn-‡-sa∂v tXm∂m-sa¶nepw Bh¿Øn-°p∂

{]ta-b-ß-fmWv kocn-b-ep-I-fn-ep-≈Xv F∂Xv as‰mcp bmYm¿∞yw.

kv{Xok-aq-lsØ apJy-ambpw e£yanSp∂ kocn-b-ep-Im¿ Ahsc Sn.-hn.

kv{Io\n\p apºn¬ am{¥nI-ambn ]nSn-®n-cpØm≥ DX-Ipw-hn[w ktΩm-l-\-am-bmWv

AhbpsS kwhn-[m-\w. Iem-kv]¿itam aqey-kv]¿itam Aev]-hp-an-√msX

kv{XobpsS IÆpw IÆo¿°-Whpw em°m-°p-∂p. Ch-bnse {]W-b-_-‘-߃°pw

AK-ay-K-a-\-߃°pw sIme-]m-X-I-߃°pw ssIbpw IW-°p-an-√. sIme-]m-XIw,

AKayK-a\w Ch kmc-an-√m-ØXpw km[m-c-W-hp-amb Ip‰-am-bmWv Chbn¬ AhX-

cn-∏n-°-s∏-SpI. AK-ay-K-a\w A\p-kyqXw Nn{Xo-I-cn®v AsXmcp ^mj-\msW∂

hnNmcwt]mepw t{]£-I-cn-ep-f-hm-°p-∂p. CØcw IrXy-߃s°m∂pw bmsXmcp

Xncn-®-Sn-bp-an-√mØ a´n-emWv IYm-K-Xnbpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw. amXm-]n-XmKpcp-ssZh

߃°v bmsXmcp al-Xzhpw Iev]n-°p∂ coXnbpw Ah-bn-en-√. Bhn-jv°-c-W-

Ønse •madpw BI¿j-Wo-b-Xbpwaqew tPmenbpw IpSpw-_-Im-cy-ß-fp-sa√mw

AhK-Wn®v Sn.-hn.°p apºn¬ NS-™p-Iq-Sm≥ IpSpw-_n-\n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-Ip∂p.

`h-\-Øns‚ AI-Ø-f-ß-fmWv kocn-b-ep-I-fp-sS-sb√mw X´-Iw. C≥tUm¿

kz`m-hhpw kvss{XW-Xbpw ]c-º-c-I-fpsS apJap{Z-bm-Im≥ CXp-Xs∂ Imc-Ww.

IpSpw__‘-ßsf sI´p-d-∏n-√m-ØXpw inYn-e-hp-am°n Bhn-jv°-cn®v t{]£I

{i≤ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ch¿ {ian-°p-∂p. hnhm-l-Øp-S¿® kwL¿j-Ønepw

ssUthmgvknep-sa-Øp-∂Xv \nc-¥cw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂p. hnhmlPohnXw

Cßs\sbms°bmWv As√-¶n¬ Cßs\-sbm-s°-bm-Imw F∂ Nn¥ t{]£I

cn¬ cq]s∏SpI-bmhpw CXns‚ ^ew. Dt]£n°¬, ]p\¿hn-hmlw CsX√mw

kmZm kw`h-ß-fmbn Ch-bn¬ Ac-tß-dp-∂p. A\p-I-ºbpw Icp-W-bp-a-√, kzm¿∞

Xbpw {Iqc-Xbpw X≥{]-am-Wn-Xz-hp-amWv kocn-b-ep-Im¿ hnf-ºp-∂Xv. ]W-Øn\p

aosX ]cp¥pw ]d-°n√ F∂ XØzw Ch Db¿Øn∏nSn-°p-∂p.

29

kocn-b-ep-I-fnse IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS BS-bm-`-c-W-߃ Itºmfap-X-em-fn-Ø-

Øn\v {]mW-hm-bp-hm-Wv. D]-t`m-K-tI-{μ-ambn ̀ h-\-߃ ]cn-W-an-°m≥ apJy t{]cW-

bmbn C∂p kocn-b-ep-Iƒ amdp∂p. ]c-º-c-I-fnse IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw cwK]›m-

Ø-ehpw an\p-k-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xns‚ ]c-am-h-[n-bn¬ FØn-b-h-bm-Wv. kocn-b-ep-Ifnse

kv{XoI-fpsS \£-{X-Øn-f-°-Øn\v apJy Bkv]Zw tImkvsa-‰nIv Itºm-f-am-Wv.

kv{Xo kzb-samcp {]Z¿i-\-h-kvXpthm D]t`m-K-h-kvXpthm Bbn amdp-I-bmWv

kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬. kocnb-ep-I-fnse kv{XoI-fpsS IÆ-©n∏n-°p∂ kmcn-Ifpw

ss\‰nIfpw en]vÃn°pw knμq-chpw s]m´pw Nm¥pw B`-c-W-ßfpw Ahsf

A£cm¿∞Øn¬ ImgvN-h-kvXp-hm-°p-∂p. AhfpsS ico-c-h-Sn-hp-Ifpw Ag-I-f-

hp-Ifpw {]Xy-£-h¬°-cn-°pw-hn-[-amWv \S∏pw FSp∏pw A`n-\-b-hp-sa-√mw. ASp°

fbnse `mcybpw ap‰w-Xq-Øp-hm-cp∂ s]Æpw tcmKn-Wn-bm-bn sF.-kn.-bp.-hn¬

InS°p∂-hfpw BS-bm-̀ -c-W-ß-fn¬ Hcp-t]m-se. arX-tZ-lsØ Poh-\p-≈-h-sc-sb∂

t]mse an\p-°n-bn-cn-°pw. arX-tZ-l-Øn\p ]m¿iz-Øn-en-°p∂ ZpxJm¿ØcpsS thj-

hn[m\-߃ Ieym-W-ho-́ p-Im-scbpw e÷n-∏n-°pw. ChbpsS ÿncw t{]£-I-cm-

Ip∂-h¿°v CØcw Xnf-°-am¿∂h hmßn-°q´n kz¥w ]In´p h¿≤n∏n-°m≥

A`nhmRvObp≠mIp-∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an-√. kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS ÿncw ImgvN-°m-cm-

Ip∂ kv{Xoa-\- p-I-fn¬ BS-bm-̀ -c-WßtfmSv AXn-cp-hn´ Bk‡n Ah-c-dn-bmsX

Xs∂ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xmc-߃ tXß-bp-Sbv°ptºmƒ X߃°v Nnc-´-sb-¶nepw

DS-bv°t≠ F∂ at\m-̀ mhw Ah-cn-ep-≠m-bn-s√-¶nte A¤p-X-ap-≈p.

t{]£-I-cpsS {i≤ ]nSns®Sp-°m≥ F¥pw kocn-bem-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Im¿

a’cn°p-∂p. ]pcm-W-I-Y, Ncn-{X-I-Y, am{¥n-I-IY, lmky-IY Cßs\ ]ehn[w

IY-Iƒ kocn-b-ep-I-fmbn AWn-\n-c-°p∂p. Ncn-{X-sØbpw ]pcm-W-sØ-bp-sa√mw

tXm∂pw-]Snbm°-emWv Ch-cpsS Ie. IY-bn¬ Igtºm kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬

sI´pdt∏m Ch-bn-en-√. IpSpw-_-ko-cn-b-ep-I-fn¬ IÆo¿km∂n[yw hcp-Øm≥

Ft∏mgpw \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ {i≤n-°p-∂p. D]-cnπ-h-ambn \oßp∂ IÆo¿°-Y-Ifmbn

Ah amdp-∂p. kv{XobpsS kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw hntZz-j-Øn-s‚bpw apJ߃ Ah

Nn{XoI-cn-°p-∂p. cmK-tZz-j-߃ amdn-amdn h∂p-sIm-≠ncn°pw. Ah-b-{Xbpw Ir{Xna

30

XzØn¬ Nmen-s®-SpØh-bm-sW-∂Xv km[m-cW t{]£-I¿ ad-°p-∂p. kv{Xo CXp

Xs‚ IY-b-s√∂p Xncn-®-dntb≠-Xn\p ]Icw AXp-ambn ]e-t∏mgpw XmZmflyw

{]m]n°p∂p. kzm¿∞-X, Akqb, IÆocv, t]mcm´w Ch-sb√mw amdn-amdn kocnb

epI-fn¬ hcp-∂p. CsXm∂pw ImgvN-°m-cmb kv{XoIsf H´pta _m[n-°p-∂n-√

F∂p hmZn-°p-∂Xv _men-i-am-Wv. `¿Øm-hns\ \nc-¥cw hcp-Xn°p \n¿Øp∂

`mcysb kocn-b-en¬ \nc-¥cw Z¿in-°p∂ ho -́Ω-bpsS at\m-̀ m-h-Øn¬ Ah-f-dn-

bmsX am‰w-h-s∂∂p hcmw. AXv IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Ak-am-[m-\-Øn\pw ssiYney

Øn\p-amIpw hgnXpd°pI. IpSpw-_-_-‘-ß-fn¬ Po¿W-kw-kvImcw IpØn-\ndbv

°m≥ Ch t{]c-I-am-Ip-∂p. \m´n¬ Ac-tß-dp∂ ]eXpw sX‰√ F∂ Nn¥-bn

te°v kocn-b-ens‚ XpS¿ImgvN-Iƒ a\p-jysc \bn-°p-∂p. hgn-hn´ Pohn-X-ßsf

]cn-N-bn-°p∂ ]pXp-X-e-apd ]et∏mgpw Ah-c-dn-bmsX A]Y-k-©m-cn-I-fm-Ip-∂p.

`bhpw A‘-hn-izm-khpw Bkzm-Z-I-cn¬ A[n-I-am°m≥ t{]c-W-bm-Ip∂ kocnb

epI-fp-ap-≠v. _me-a-\- p-Isf Gsd `bNInXam°p-∂-Xn\v Nne kocn-b-ep-Iƒ

Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. CXc `mj-I-fnse kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS A‘-amb A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw

ChnsS [mcm-f-am-Wv.

s^an-\n-k-Øns‚ Af-hp-tIm¬ h®p ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ kocn-b-ep-Isf AKWy

tImSn-bn-emWv Xt≈-≠-Xv. kv{XobpsS kn≤n-I-sf√mw ka¿∏n-®mte IpSpw_w

sFiz-cy-h-ØmIq F∂ ktμ-i-amWv Ch hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. kv{Xo F{X anSp°nsb

¶nepw `¿Øm-hns‚ sNmev]-Sn°p \n∂mte `mhn `mkp-c-am-Iq. `¿Ømhns‚

hf¿®bv°v _en-bm-SmtI≠-h-cmWv h\nXm-c-Xv\-߃. kv{Xosb GsX-¶n-epw-hn[w

t{]m’m-ln-∏n®m¬ ]n∂oSv Ah-fpsS Db¿®-bn¬ Akq-bm-ep-°-fm-Ip∂ `¿Øm-

°-∑m-cmWv Ch-bn-ep-≈-Xv. _me≥kv sX‰nb IpSpw-_-_‘ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn-emWv

kocn-b-ep-Iƒ A`n-c-an-°p-∂-Xv. BJym-\-Ønse k¥p-en-XXzan-√mbva kocn-b-ep-

I-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn C∂pw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-{]-iv\ßfm¬ t¢i

s∏Sp∂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn\v ]c-º-cIfn¬ C∂pw CS-an-√. AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ßsf

am{Xw A\-h-cXw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew kaqlw \yq¢n-b¿ IpSpw-_-ß-fm¬

cq]s∏tS-≠-XmsW∂ hnNm-chpw t{]£-I-cn-ep-f-hm-°p-∂p.

31

C{μnbm-tam-Zhpw A\p-`q-Xnbpw apJy-aq-ey-ambn Icp-Xp∂ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ

D]t`mK{]h-W-X-Isf A\n-b-{¥nXam-°p-∂p. alm-̀ m-c-X, cmambW kocn-b-epI

fn¬ t]mepw CØcw {]h-W-X-Iƒ \mw I≠-Xm-Wv. DÆn-tKm-]m-e-∑msc •ma¿

t__n-I-fm-°nbpw B‰n¬ Ipfn-°p∂ tKm]n-I-am-cpsS amwk-f-̀ m-K-߃ Nn{Xo-I-

cn®pw Cu {]h-WX {]I-S-am-°n. ]pI-h-en, aZy-]m-\w, ab-°p-a-cp∂v Ch-bpsS

D]tbm-K-Øn¬ kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ bmsXmcp \nb{¥Whpw ImWm\n√. \nc¥-camb

Ch-bpsS D]tbmKw ImWp-tºmƒ Ch kmaq-ln-I-Xn-∑-I-fm-sW∂ hnNmcw t{]£-

I-cn¬ eLps∏Sp-∂p. Ch Pohn-X-Øns‚ ̀ mK-am-sW∂pw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂pap≈

Nn¥-t]mepw Icp∏nSn-°p-∂p. h©-\bpw NXn-bpw-hgn Fßs\ kzm¿∞ e£y߃

km£m-XvI-cn-°m-sa-∂-Xns‚ ]mTßfmbn Nne kocn-b-ep-Iƒ amdp∂p. `mcy-bpsS

kocn-b¬{`aw C∂p ]e `h-\-ß-fnepw `¿Øm-°-∑msc Akz-ÿ-cm-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.

Ip´n-I-fpsS {i≤-bntem k‘ym-{]m¿∞-\-bntem IpSpw-_-tPm-en-Ifntem hy{K-X-

bn-√m-Ø-h-cmbn kocn-b¬ ImgvN IpSpw-_n-\n-Isf am‰p-∂p. kocnb¬ kabw

Ign™p-am{Xw ho´nseØm≥ {i≤n-°p∂ `¿Øm-°-∑m-cp≠t{X. Nne¿ aZy-jm∏n-

et{X Cu kabw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-Xv.

aq∂p "k'IfpsS ASn-a-I-fmbn C∂p kv{XoIƒ amdp∂p F∂p ]dbmdp-≠v.

kmcn, kz¿Ww, kocn-b¬ F∂n-h-bm-W-h. kv{XobpsS IÆocp em°m°n GXp

Iivae˛Ip-’nX am¿Khpw IY-bn¬ ssIs°m-≈p-∂p. Ic-bn-∏n®pw kl-X-]n-∏n®pw

DtZzKw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ahbv°p Ignbp∂p. P\-{]o-Xnbpw ]c-kyhpw em°m°n

ASnbpw sImebpw ssewKn-I-Xbpw AK-ay-K-a-\hpw ]cn-[n-bn-√msX tN¿°m≥

Ch¿ shº¬sIm≈p∂p. kocn-bn¬ IY-Iƒ IpSpw-_m-¥-co-£-Øn¬ krjvSn°p∂

ssiYn-ey-ßsf-∏‰n \man-\nbpw t_m[-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-´n-√. K¿`-—n-{Zw, A\mimky-

_-‘߃ Ch-sb-∏-‰n-sbms° F{X emLhtØmsS-bp≈ ̀ mj-W-ß-fmWv kocnb

epI-fnepw a‰p-ap-≈-Xv. Ahn-ln-X-_-‘-߃ A\p-kyqXw Nn{Xo-I-cn°s∏-Sp∂Xp

hgn AXp kaq-l-Øns‚ \S-∏p-co-Xn-bm-sW∂ Nn¥ t{]£-I-cn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sp∂p.

IYm-]m-{X-ßsf apJy-sat∂m a‰p-≈-h-sbt∂m th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-h-mØ-hn[w ]S¿∂p

hym]n°p∂hbmWv kocn-b-ep-I-fnse IY-Iƒ.

32

kocn-b-ep-I-fnse cmPIob{]uVnbp≈ thj-hn-[m-\-߃ ImgvN-°m-cn¬

Bk‡n P\n-∏n-°p-∂p. kocn-b¬Xmc-ß-fpsS thj-hn-[m-\-߃ A\p-I-cn-°m\p≈

shº¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m Xpd-I-fnepw \ap°p ImWmw. kmaq-ln-I-I-Y-Iƒ

am{Xa√ `‡n-\n¿ -̀c-amb lnμp ss{IkvXh ap…owIYIfpw `qX-t{]-X-b£n°Y

Ifpw I≈-∑m-cpsSbpw sIm≈-°m-cp-sSbpw IY-Ifpw kocn-b¬ cq]-Øn¬ Nm\ep

Iƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂p. kocn-b-ep-I-fmbn IY-Ifpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw hm¿∂p-ho-gp-∂-

Xn\m¬ IY, t\mh¬ CXymZn k¿KmflIcN-\-Iƒ°v hn]-Wntbm ]mcm-b-Wtam

C√mØ Ah-ÿbpw kwPm-X-am-Ip-∂p. anI® kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw IY-Ifpw

aebmf-Øn-ep-s≠-¶nepw Ah-sbm∂pw Nm\-ep-Im¿°p ]Yy-a-s√-∂Xp thsd

hnjbw. kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS X≈n°b‰w ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb-\m-kw-kvIm-csØ

{]XnIq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ C∂p Sn.-hn. ime-Ifmbn

amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ahn-sS hmb-\-sb-°mƒ ImgvN-bn¬ A`n-c-an-°p-∂-h-sc-bmWv \mw

ImWp-I. {KmaoW {KŸ-im-e-I-fn¬\n∂v ]pkvX-I-sa-Sp-°p∂hcpw hmbn-°p-∂hcpw

Xptemw Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂p. ho´n¬ B\p-Im-en-I-߃ hmbn-°p∂ Hcp ]mcºcyw

ae-bm-fn-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hmb\ ae-bm-fn-bpsS Nn¥-sbbpw `mh-\-sbbpw KWy-

ambn kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fp-sSbpw hmb-

\-bpsS ka-b-a-{Xbpw C∂p kocn-b-ep-Iƒ A]-l-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m-Ø-c-Ønepw

kmln-Xy-hp-ambpw hmb-\-bp-ambpw ae-bm-fnsb AI-‰p∂ am[ya-ambn Sn.-hn. amdp∂p.

hmb\ acn-°p∂p F∂ apd-hn-fn°v apJy Bkv]Zw Sn.-hn.bpw {]tXyIn®v Ah-

bnse kocn-b-ep-I-fpamsW-∂-Xn¬ ]£m-¥-c-an-√.

tI{μKh¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ Sn.-hn. ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬

kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚n\v CS-s]-Sm-\m-hmØ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. ae-bmf kocnb

epI-fn¬ sk≥k-dnwKv thW-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ \nth-Z\w kwÿm\ Kh¨

sa‚pIƒ tI{μ-k¿°m-cn\v ]e XhW Ab®p Ign-™p. ae-bmf kocn-b-epIƒ°v

Nne hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-®n-́ p-≈Xv Ah¿ F{X `b-∏m-tSmsS

CXns\ I≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂Xn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.

33

t]mb h¿j-ß-fn-sem-∂n¬ anI® kocn-b-en\v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Ahm¿Uv

\evInbn√. Pqdn AXn\p \ymbw ]d-™Xv anI-®-sX∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ H∂p-an-s√-

∂m-Wv. Hcp h¿jw apgp-h≥ ]c-Xn-bn´pw anI-®-sX∂v ]d-bm-hp∂ Hcp kocn-b¬

t]mepw ImWm-\m-bn-√-t{X. FÆ-a‰ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ hnhn[ Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ Acßp

XI¿°p-tºm-gmWv CsX∂p \mtam¿°-Ww. ]eXns‚bpw \ne-hmcw s\√n∏eI

bv°pw Xmsg-bm-sW∂v Pqdn Xncn®dn™p.

kn\na

]ckyw In´m≥ Gsd klm-bn-°p∂ D]m-[n-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ kocn-b-en-s\m∏w

kn\n-abv°pw kn\n-am-]-cn-]m-SnIƒ°pw Sn.-hn.-bn¬ ap¥nb ]cn-K-W\ e`n-°p-∂p.

]t£ kn\nam {]t£]W-Øn¬ bmsXmcp XØzZo£bpw Nm\epIƒ ]p-e¿Øp-

∂n√. tamiw kn\n-a-sbbpw hoSns‚ AI-Ø-f-Øn-te°v CjvS-s∏-SmØ AXnYnsb

F∂t]mse Fgp∂≈n°p∂p. amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw Ip´n-Ifpw Hcp-an-®n-cp∂p ImWp∂

hbmWv Ch-sb∂ Nn¥ Nm\-ep-Imsc Aev]hpw kv]¿in-°p-∂n-√. \memwInS

`mjbpw \mW-t°-Sp-≠m-°p∂ cwK-ßfpw \nd™ kn\n-a-Iƒ I®-hS emt°msS

Nm\-ep-Iƒ {]t£-]Ww sNøp-∂p. Sn.-hn. {]t£-]Ww e£y-am°n kn\na

]nSn°p∂-h¿hsc D≠-t{X. CXn\p aq°p Ib-dn-Sm≥ bmsXmcp \nb-ahpw \nehnen-

s√-∂Xv Ch¿°p Icp-Ømbn amdp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

hncp-≤-aq-ey-߃ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw ]I-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-bmWv IpSpw_

kZ- n-\mbn sSen-hn-j-\n¬ {]t£-]Ww sNøp∂ kn\n-a-I-fn¬ Gdn-b-Iq-dpw.

Xe-Xn-cn™ Pohn-X-Z¿i\-amWv ]e-t∏mgpw Ah-bnse tI{μm-i-bw. A{I-ahpw

ASn-]n-Snbpw sIme-]m-X-Ihpw aZy-a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw bmsXmcp

AXn-cp-an-√msX Acßp XI¿°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. Hcp Ip‰IrXyØn\pw {]Xym-Lm-X-

an-√mØ hn[-amWv IY-bpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww. Xn∑sb BsI-°qSn hnip-≤o-I-cn°p∂

{]hWXbmWv Ch-bn¬ {]I-S-am-hp-I. aZyhpw ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn°p∂

cwK߃ {]Z¿in-∏n°s∏Sp-tºmƒ Xmsg Ch A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fm-sW∂v Fgp-Xp-

∂p-s≠-∂-Xp icn. ]t£ F{X-t]¿ AXp hmbn-°p∂p; AX-\p-k-cn®v hym]-cn-

34

°p∂p. AXn-t\-°mƒ t{]£-Isc kzm[o-\n-°pI el-cn-bn¬ B\-μn-°p∂

IYm]m{XßfpsS IqØm-´-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. Ah-cpsS `mj-W-ß-fn-em-bn-cn°pw

t{]£-I¿ A`n-can°pI. AØcw B\μm\p`h-߃ B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw aZy-Øn

\p≈ hgn-Iƒ At\zjn°pI-bp-amhpw ]cn-W-X-̂ -e-߃. kv{Io\n¬ Xmsg FgpXn

ImWn-°p-∂Xv Fs¥-¶nepw ^ew sNøp-sa-∂Xv shdpw hymtam-l-am-Wv. IpSpw_

kZ- p-Iƒ ÿnc-ambn aZy-Øn-s‚bpw ]pI-h-en-bp-sSbpw cwK-߃°v km£n-bm-

Ip-∂-Xp-hgn Ah-tbmSv \n¿tZm-j-amb at\m`m-h-ap-f-hm-Ip-∂p. IpSpw-_-k-Z n¬

Xs∂ CsXms° BImsa∂ Nn¥ Ah-cn¬ Icp-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. B`mk

Øns‚bpw A«oeØns‚bpw ISn-™m-Wn-√mØ Bhn-jv°-cWw ]e kn\n-aI

fnepw ImWmw. amXm]nXm-°fpw a°fpw Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v CsXms° ImWm≥ hn[n-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv Hcp-Xcw ss]imNnIm-\p-̀ hw Xs∂.

]ckyw

sSen-hn-j-\p-ambn hn]Wn ]pe¿Øp∂ Ahn-ln-X-_‘w Gsd ]Tn°s∏-tS

≠Xp≠v. t{SmP≥Ip-Xn-c-bp-ambn Cu _‘sØ Xpe\w sNømw. bh\ \K-cØns‚

tIm -́hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ XI¿Øv AI-Øp-I-b-dpI km[y-a-√m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ i{Xp-ssk\yw

Hcp ac°pXn-csb X{¥-]q¿Δw Dt]-£n®v ]n≥hm-ßn. `wKn-bp≈ ac-°p-Xn-csb

\Kchm-kn-Iƒ BtLm-j-ambn tIm´-bv°-IØp sIm≠p-h-∂p. ac-°p-Xn-c-bn¬

Hfn-®n-cp∂ i{Xp-ssk-\n-I≥ cm{Xn-bn¬ ]pd-Øn-dßn tIm -́hm-Xn¬ Xpd-∂p. \n{Zbn-

em-bn-cp∂ \-Kc-hm-kn-I-sf i{Xp-ssk\yw Iog-S-°n. t{SmP≥ bp≤Øn¬ Aßs\

i{Xp-ssk\yw hnP-bn-®p. BtKmfoIc-W-Øns‚ {]tW-Xm-°ƒ am[y-asØ

t{SmP≥IpXn-c-bm-°p-∂p. hn]WnbpsS ]S-bm-fn-sb-bmWv AIØv \nd-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv

F∂p-am-{Xw. kmwkvIm-cnI IS-∂m-{I-a-W-Øn\p hgn-Xp-d-°p∂ A`n\n-thiw

hf¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ am[yaw Pbn-°p-∂p. BtKmfh¬°-c-W-Øns‚ Dev]-∂-amb

hn]Wnhyh-ÿsb im‡o-I-cn-°p∂ ]c-kyßfn-eqsS Nm\-ep-Im¿ Ipt_-c-cp-am-

Ip∂p.

35

AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bp-sSbpw \ndw-]n-Sn-∏n-°-en-s‚bpw ]cym-b-amb ]c-ky-߃

Nm\ep-I-fpsS apJy-C-\-am-Wv. ]ckyßfpsS AXn-{]-kcwaqew Bkzm-Z-I≥,

t{]£-I≥ F∂o \ne-hn´v D]-t`m-‡m-hmbn hy‡n amdp∂p. hy‡n-bpsS

tkz—Iƒ \jvS-am-Ip∂p; hn]Wn Ahs\ th -́bm-Sp-∂p. tkm∏p, No∏p, IÆmSn

XpSßn-b-h-sb√mw teew hnfn-°p∂ cwK-ambn am[yaw amdp∂p. Imen-Øo-‰-bpsS

]c-ky-Ønepw A¿≤-\-·-bmb Hcp s]Æns\ \n¿Ønbncn°pw. Imen sh≈w

IpSn-°m≥ AXp thWambn-cn°pw!

C∂p {]t£-]-WsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {][m\ LSIw hn]Wn XmXv]-cyamWv.

t{]£-I¿ IqSp-X-ep≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-°mWv ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-°-fp-≈-Xv. X∑qew ImgvN-

°m¿°v CºtaIp∂h ]S-®p-≠m-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ X{X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Iem-aq-ey-Øn\√,

I®-h-S-aq-ey-Øn-\mWv {]Y-a-]-cn-K-W-\-sb∂p hcp-∂p. ]c-kyw-hgn ]Ww ]nSpßm

\p≈ shº¬ Nm\-ep-Im¿°pw Nc-°p-ev]m-Z-I¿°pw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. kp{]ow tImSXn

\ymbm-[n-]-I≥ am¿°-WvtUb ISvPp FgpXn: ""C∂v am[y-a-ß-fpsS bPam\∑mcmbn

hn]Wn amdp∂p''.

]c-ky-߃ C∂p Nm\epIfpsS {]mW-hm-bp-hm-Wv. Hmtcm Nm\-en-s‚bpw

kmºØnI ASn-Ø-dbv°v Bkv]Zw ]cky hcp-am-\-am-Wv. Nm\-ep-I-fpsS hyhlm-

c-ßsf kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv ]ckywhgn e`n-°p∂ kº-Øm-Wv.

]c-ky-ß-fpsS AXn-{]-kcw t_m[-t\m-]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬ \n∂pw D]-t`m-tKm]m-

[n-bm°n sSen-hn-js\ am‰n. Itºmf i‡nIƒ Hcp D]-t`mtKm]m-[n-bm°n

Sn.hn.sb am‰n-sb∂p ]d-bmw. am¿°-‰ns‚ {]NmcWw ]camh[n hn\n-tbm-Kn-

°pIbmWv C∂p Sn.-hn.

]c-ky-߃ F√m-‰n\pw C∂p amXr-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ Ime-am-Wv. AXn¬

\n∂p ̀ n∂ambsX√mw A[-a-sa∂ t_m[w t{]£-I-cn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. N¿a-Im¥n,

`h\-\n¿Ωm-Ww, `£-Ww, hnt\m-Zw, bm{X F√mw hn]-Wn-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

Nne tkm∏p Iº-\n-Iƒ ]c-ky-Øn¬ ImWn-°p∂ N¿a-̀ w-K-bn¬ a\w-a-b-ßmØh¿

Npcp-ßpw. N¿a-Im-¥n-bn-√m-Ø-hs\ A[-a-t_m-[-Øn-te°p X≈nhnSp∂ Ahÿ

36

CØcw ]c-ky-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS kuμ-cy-k-¶-ev]-Øn¬ henb Ne-\-

amWv ]c-ky-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. [h-f-h¿Ww, saen™ ta\n, \nd-hm¿∂ apSn,

arZp-hmb N¿Ωw Ch-bp-≈-h¿ am{Xw kpμ-co-c-Xv\-ßsf∂pw Ij-≠n-bn-√m-Øhcpw

apJØp ]mSn√m-Ø-hcpw \√ \nd-ap-≈-hcpw kpK-‘kvt{] ]qin-b-hcpw knIvkv

]mbv°p-≈-hcpw am{Xw kpμ-c-∑m¿ F∂pw \man∂p [cn-®p-h-im-Ip-∂p. tkm∏pIƒ,

FÆIƒ, kvt{]Iƒ, kz¿Wm`cW߃, hkv{X-߃ Ch-bpsS ]c-ky-߃

s°√mw ]n∂n¬ CØcw `mh-\-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. A[zm-\n-®p Idp-Ø-h\pw Ij-≠n-

bp-≈-h\pw kuμ-cy-cw-KØv A[n-I-∏-‰m-sW∂ Ahÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. kv{Xo]pcpj

∑m¿°v k¿Δ-X-{¥-kz-X-{¥-ambn CS-s]-Smsa∂ ktμ-i-amWv Nne ]c-ky-߃

\evIp-I. ISbn-em-bmepw en^v‰n-em-bmepw ssewKn-I-tN-jvS-Iƒ°v Fep-I-Iƒ

th≠t{X. eIvkv, t^mKv, Idn-]u-U¿ Ch-bp-sS-sbms° ]c-ky-Øn¬ Cu ImgvN-

∏mSv ImWp∂p.11

hnhm-l-I¿Ω-Øns‚ hnPbw Igp-Ønepw ssII-fnepw ImXp-I-fnepw

Bhp∂{X kz¿Ww AWnbp∂-Xn-em-sW∂v ]ckyw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. Gsd

hne-bp-≈Xpw Unssk-\nw-Kn¬ anI-®-Xp-amb kmcnXs∂ hnhmlØn\p thW

sa∂ Nn¥bpw ]ckyw \Ωn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ BUw-_cw Acßp

XI¿Ømte hnhmlw hnhm-l-amIq F∂ Nn¥-bmWv ]ckyw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xv.

Chbvs°√mw h¿≤n® ]Ww thWsa-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]Wan√m-Ø-hs‚ IeymWw

Ieym-Wta A√ F∂ Ah-ÿ. C∂ s]bn‚p-sIm≠v C∂ coXnbn¬ ]qinbmte

hoSp hoSmIq F∂pt]mepw Nn¥n°m≥ \sΩ t{]cn∏n°p∂p s]bn‚ns‚ ]cky-

߃.

1976-̨ -emWv Zqc-Z¿i-\n¬ ]c-ky-߃ BZyw {]Xy-£-s∏-́ -Xv. hmWn-Py-i-‡n-

I-fpsS ]cn-{iaw hgn-bmWv Ch \pg-™p-I-b-dn-Øp-S-ßn-b-Xv. Fgp-]XpIfn¬

AXnthKw hf¿∂ Sn.-hn. irwJ-e-I-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\v Kh¨sa‚n\p [\w IqSpX¬

th≠ ka-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]t£-]-W-k-abw Iq´n-bXpw hnt\m-Z-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

h¿≤n∏n-®Xpw kmº-Øn-I-kp-ÿnXn A\n-hm-cy-am-°n. hnt\mZw Iq´p∂Xv t_m[\

37

aqeyw Ipd-bv°p-sa∂ \ne-]mSv Kh¨sa‚n\v BZyw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂m¬ {ItaW

I®-h-S-i-‡nIƒ°v k¿°m¿ ASn-b-dhp ]d-™p. Sn.-hn.sb P\Iobamt°-≠Xv

Itºm-f-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. XZzmcm ]c-ky-ßfpw Dev]-∂-ßfpw P\-Io-b-ambn-

Øp-S-ßn. Sn.-hn.-bpsS an\nkv{Io\ns\ h¿Wm`am-°n-bXv hmWn-Py-i‡nIfm-sW∂p

]d-bmw. ]c-º-c-Ifpw kn\n-a-Ifpw tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifpw C°m-eØv Gsd Ne\m

flI-ambn. sSen-hn-js\ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv {]Xy-£-Øn¬ k¿°m-sc-¶nepw ]tcm£

ambn AßmSn-bm-Wv. DZm-c-h¬°-cWw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ {]mh¿ØnIamb-tXmsS

]c-kykw_‘nbmb F√m \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw Ab-™p-Xp-S-ßn. bmsXm-cu-NnXy

hpan√msX IS-∂p-h-cp∂ ]c-ky-߃ C∂m¿°pw I√p-I-Sn-bm-Ip-∂n-√. A`n-e-jWo-

b-amb CS-th-f-I-fmbn t{]£-I¿ CXns\ AwKo-I-cn®p Ign-™p. I®-h-S-°m¿

em`w sImøm-\p≈ am[y-a-ambn Sn.-hn.sb C∂v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

\nc¶piamb D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-csØ Du´n-bp-d-∏n-°p∂p C∂p ]c-ky-߃.

]e A\mhiy-h-kvXp-°fpw Ipeo\ Pohn-X-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-sa∂ ktμ-i-amWv

]ckyw ]I-cp-I. a\p-jys‚ BhiyßfpsS FepI h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p F∂p am{Xa√

Ah-tbmSv Bk‡nbp-ap-f-hm-°p-∂p ]c-ky-߃.

ae-bm-fn-bpsS `£-W-ioeØns‚ AeIpw ]nSnbpw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv C∂v

]c-ky-ß-fm-Wv. `£Ww ASp-°-f-bn¬\n-∂-√, shfn-bn¬\n-∂p-≈-Xm-I-W-sa∂

t_m[-ap-f-hm-°p∂p ]c-ky-߃. ASp-°-f-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AhnsS hn]WnhkvXp-°-

fpsS km{μ-km-∂n[yw \n¿_‘am°p-∂-Xn\v ]ckyw hgnXpd°p∂p. `£W

kw_-‘n-bmb \ΩpsS A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ C∂v C{X-am{Xw amdn-b-Xn\p ]n∂n¬ Sn.-hn.

]c-ky-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. hcpw ImetØ°p≈ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fmbn ]c-ky°m¿

Ip´n-Isf ImWp-∂p. Ip´n-Isf X߃°p ]‰nb D]t`m‡m-°-fm°n Fßs\

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp°mw F∂Xn-emWv ]cky {i≤. \yqUn¬kn-s‚bpw a‰pw ]c-ky-

Øn-\-Sn-a-s∏´v Ip´n-Iƒ AXns‚ ÿnc D]-t`m-‡m-°-fm-Ip∂Xpw tcmKm-Xp-c-cm-Ip-

∂Xpw \mw I¨ap-ºn¬ ImWp∂p. ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bpsS Blm-c-io-eßfnepw ̀ mjW

coXnbn¬t∏mepw ]c-ky-kzm-[o\w {]I-S-am-Wv. ]nk-s_¿K¿, Nn°≥km≥Uvhn®v,

Nn°≥tdmƒ, sjbv°vIƒ Ch-sbms° ]ckyw hgn \yqsP-\-td-js‚ lrZ-bØn¬

38

ÿm\w ]nSn-°p-∂p. sk¬^n, {^o°≥, InSp^oev XpSßnb i_vZ-ßfpw ]pXp

Xe-ap-dbv°v lrZy-ß-fm-Wv. \mw ImWpIbpw \ap°p \√-sX∂p tXm∂n∏n°pIbpw

sNøp-∂h ]c-ky-kzm-[o-\w-hgn \mw hmßp∂p.12

"Ab¬°m-cs‚ Akq-b, DS-a-ÿs‚ A`n-am\w' `mc-X-Ønse Hcp Sn.-hn.

Iº-\n-bpsS ]ckyw Cß-s\-bm-Wv. sSen-hn-js\ ChnsS Hcp A`n-am-\-Nn-”am°n

am‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]c-ky-߃ Hcp-Xcw akvXn-jvI-{]-£m-f\w \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂p F∂p

]dbmw. KpW-t`m-‡m-hns‚ A`n-cp-Nn-Ifpw B`napJyßfpw \n¿Po-ham-°p-Ibpw

Dev]mZ-I-cpsS Dt±-iy-߃ ASnt®ev]n°m≥ X{¥w sa\-bpIbp-amWv ]c-ky߃.

Dev]-∂-Øn\p≈ KpW-ßfpw C√mØ KpW-ßfpw Db¿Øn-°m-́ m≥ A`n-t\-Xm-

hns‚ AXn-c‰ {]IS\-߃ D]-bp-‡-am-°p-∂p. ]ckysØ A‘ambn hnizkn-

°m≥ X°-hn[w t{]£Is‚ IÆn¬ s]mSnbnSm-\p≈ sshZKv≤yw ]c-ky-°m¿°p-

≠m-Ipw. Dev]-∂-tØmSv Hcp-Xcw Bk‡n D≠m°m≥t]mepw ]e ]cky߃°pw

Ign-bp-∂p. Dev]-∂-Øn\v C√mØ KpW-ßfpw ka¿∞-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂

]c-ky-߃ Ipd-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw X{¥-]q¿Δw Xa-kv°-cn-°p-∂Xv Bcp-sSbpw

{i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p-an-√. t{]£-I-cpsS B`napJy-ß-sfbpw A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw hne-

bn-√m-Ø-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-emWv ]c-ky-ß-fpsS hnPbw IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.

]c-ky-°m-cpsS G‰hpw henb X{¥w Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn®v {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-

I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. t{]£-Is‚ a\- n¬ Bg-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØp∂-Xn\v Cu

Bh¿Ø\w hgn-Xp-d-°p-∂p. temIØnse-Xs∂ G‰hpw anI-®Xv F∂ coXn-bn

emWv Hmtcm Dev]∂hpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. G‰hpw anI-®Xv t\Sm-\p≈ a\p-jys‚

s\t´m-´-Øn¬ CØcw {]tbm-K-߃ Ahs\ Iog-S-°p-∂p. kn\n-amXmc-ßsf

Cd°nbp≈ hkvXp-h¿W\ t{]£-Isc Iog-S-°p∂ as‰m-∂mWv. Xmcw ]d-bp-∂-

Xm-I-bm¬ bmYm¿∞y-am-sW∂ sX‰n-≤m-cW ]e ImgvN°m¿°p-ap-≠v. Hmtcm

Dev]∂-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-ky-Øn\v Hmtcm Xmc Aw_mkUsd Cd-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv

\man∂p ImWp-∂p. C∂ Dev]∂w \n߃ hmßm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ kaq-l-Øn¬

H‰s∏Spw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]e ]-c-ky-ß-fpw. A¥- n\pw B`n-Pm-Xy-Øn\pw

henb hne Iev]n-°p∂ ae-bm-fn-k-aqlw thKw CØcw a[p-c-h-N-\-ß-fn¬ hoWp

39

t]mIp-∂p. Nne Dev]-∂-ß-tfm-sSm∏ap≈ Hm -̂dpIfpw KpW-t`m-‡m-°sf kzm[o-

\n-°p∂p. ]Xn\mbncw cq]bpsS kmcn hmßn-bm¬ Hcp πmÃnIv kv]q¨ kuP\yw

F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]e Hm -̂dp-I-fpw. hkvXp-°sf ]c-ky-ambn teew hnfn-°p∂

Xcw I®hShpw Sn.-hn.-bnse Nne Nm\-ep-Iƒ C∂p kam-cw-̀ n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

am¿°‰n¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ k¿Δ hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw ]ckyw C∂p Sn.-hn.-bn¬

Zriy-am-Wv. hm¿Ø-I-fp-sSbpw kocn-b-ep-I-fp-sSbpw kn\n-a-I-fp-sSbpw dnbm-en‰n

tjmI-fp-sS-bp-sa√mw CS-th-f-Iƒ Ch¿°p-≈-Xm-Wv. AYhm ChcmWv CSthfIƒ

krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. ]cky-Øn\p Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ka-bw, ka-b-ssZ¿Lyw BZn-

bm-bh ]c-ky-h-cp-am-\sØ \nb-{¥n°p∂p. ]ckyZmXm-°-tfmSp IÆn-tN¿°p∂

kph¿Æ-th-f-I-fmbn C∂v F√m ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-th-f-Iƒ amdp-∂p. C∂p

]c-ky-Zm-Xm°fmWv {]t£-]-W-Øns‚ AP≥U \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xp Xs∂. ]cky

߃°mbn e£ßƒ apS-°m≥ k∂-≤-cm-Ip-∂-h¿ Fs¥mcp h≥em`amWv CXn-

eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-sX∂v Duln°mhp∂tXbp≈p. hkvXp-°-fpsS hnesb At]-

£n®v Ah-bpsS KpW-\nehmcw Xptemw Ipd-hm-Im-\mWn-S-sb∂ bmYm¿∞y-amWv

CXn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv.

ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Hcp D]-t`m-K-k-aq-l-ambn amdn-b-Xn\p ]n∂n¬ Sn.-hn.-bpsS

KWyamb kzm[o\-ap-≠v. ]cky kzm[o\w hgn \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX aqey-߃

lnwkn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw `uXn-I-{]-[m\ Pohn-X-hy-hÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

`mj, `£-Ww, Ie, BS-bm-̀ -c-W-߃, hml\߃, BNm-c-߃ F√mw C∂v

]c-ky-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn-em-Wv. Dev]-∂-߃ hn‰-gn®v ]W-ap-≠m-°p-I-sb∂ GI

e£yw ]c-ky-hn-]-Wnsb im‡o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

\√ ]ckyßsf-°mƒ tami-am-b-h-bmWv _lpP-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°pIsb-

∂-Xn-\m¬ ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-°ƒ B am¿§w Bcm-bp-∂p. \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn\p

\nc-°mØ ]ckyw \mw ImWp-tºmƒ \ma-dn-bmsX AXns‚ `mK-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv.

Dev]∂w hn‰-gn-°pI F∂-Xp-am{Xw e£y-am-Ip-tºmƒ [m¿an-I-Xbpw aqey-ßfpw

40

Im‰n¬ ]d-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS Nn¥bpw {]hr-Ønbpw bm{X-bp-sa√mw ]c-ky-ß-fm¬

\n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

kv{Xoi-co-csØ G‰hpw hj-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]c-ky-°m¿ Ft∏mgpw

{ian-°p-∂p. F¥ns‚ ]c-ky-am-bmepw •madp≈ Hcp bph-Xn-bp-≠m-I-Ww. kv{Xo

bpsS Pohn-Xhpw AWn-s™m-cp-ß-ep-sa√mw ]pcp-j-\p-th≠n F∂ ̀ mh-\-bn-emWv

]e ]ckyßfpw. tkm∏n-s‚bpw ]uU-dn-s‚bpw ASn-h-kv{X-ß-fp-sSbpw ]cky

߃ ]e-t∏mgpw k`y-X-bn¬\n∂pw Gsd hyXn-N-en-°p-∂p.

Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS kXy-k-‘-amb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-emWv ]c-ky-߃ \n¿Δln

°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ kaq-l-Øn\v AtXsd KpW-I-c-am-Ip-sa-∂-Xn¬ B¿°pw kwi-b-

an-√. F∂m¬ \ndw]nSn-∏n-°epw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bp-an-√mØ Hcp ]c-kyhpw \ap°p

sSen-hn-j-\n¬ Z¿in-°m-\n-√. GXp ]c-ky-Øn\pw F{X-tbsd AXn-i-tbm‡n

Ie¿Øp-∂-Xnepw Xc-t°-Sn-√m-Ø-hn-[-amWv CXp kw_-‘n® \nb-a-߃ \ne-hn-

ep-≈-sX∂Xv ]c-ky-°m¿°v [oc-Xbpw ]I-cp-∂p.

]c-ky-Øn¬ A\p-Zn\w CS-X-S-hn-√msX ImWp∂ Zriy-߃ hy‡nsb KWy-

ambn kzm[o-\n-°psa∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. _mey-Iu-am-c-°msc kw_‘n®v Cu

kzm[o\w Gsd I\-Ø-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. thj-hn-[m-\-߃, ̀ £y-h-kvXp-°ƒ, ]m\ob

߃ Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw ]ckyw hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ Xe-ap-d-bpsS Pohn-X-ssi-ensb

Xs∂ am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p. ]c-ky-Øn¬ ImWp∂sX√mw hmßn-°q-́ m\pw Bkz-Zn-°m-

\p-ap≈ hy{KX Ip´n-Iƒ°p-≠v. Ah Ic-ÿ-am-°m≥ Ign-bmsX t]mbm¬ HcpXcw

C—m`wKhpw ]nSn-Iq-Sp-∂p. {]mtZ-inI Dev]-∂-ß-sf-°mƒ sshtZ-inI hkvXp-°-

fmWv A`n-am-\-ta-Ip-∂-sX∂ Nn¥ hf-cm\pw ]ckytemIw Imc-W-am-Ip∂p.

]m›mXy ^mj-t\mSpw BUw-_-c-h-kvXp-°-tfm-Sp-ap-≈ {`aw ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bn¬

F{X-am-{X-sa-∂Xv ]d-™-dn-bn-t°-≠Xn√t√m.

Nm\-ep-I-fnse ]c-ky-ß-fn-eqsS krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ D]t`mKmk‡n C∂p

hen-sbmcp {]iv\-amWv. tkm{I-́ okv \nXy-ambn N¥bv°p t]mbn-cp-∂p. F¥n-\m-

WnsX∂v Btcm At\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw ]d-™p: "F\n-°m-h-iy-an-√mØ

41

Fs¥ms° N¥-bn¬ hcp-s∂∂v Adn-bm-\mWv'. C∂p Sn.-hn. ImgvN-bn-eqsS

N¥bnse ]pXnb ]pXnb km[-\-߃ \mw Adn-bp-Ibpw Ah hmßn-°q-´m≥

hy{K-X-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]pXp-Xcw hml\߃, t^mWpIƒ, Php-fn-Iƒ,

B -̀c-W-߃ Ch-sb√mw Nm\¬Zzmcm \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp∂p; AXns‚ ]n∂mte

]mbp-∂p. ]c-ky-I-e-bnse AXn-Im-b-∑m¿ a\p-jy-cn¬ Ir{Xn-am-h-iy-߃ krjvSn

°m≥ hy{K-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]c-ky-ß-fn-eqsS Ir{Xn-am-h-iy-߃ km£m¬°-cn-°m≥

Ahsc {]tem-̀ n-∏n-°p-∂p. hmcn-°q-́ p-∂-Xn¬ B\μw Is≠-Øp-∂-hsc krjvSn

°m≥ ]cky°mcpsS ambm-Pmew hnP-bn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-cpsS IÆn¬ s]mSn-bnSp∂

]c-ky-°m-cpsS X{¥-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw kaqlw Xncn®dn-bmsX t]mIp-∂p.

`mj

aebmf`mjbv°v \√ ]cn-K-W\ sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂p-

s≠∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww. apgp-\of hm¿Øm-Nm-\-epIƒ `mjbv°v Gsd im‡o

Ic-W-amWv. \√ {]`m-j-W-ßfpw `mjm-ip≤ntbmsS-bp≈ Ah-X-c-W-ß-fpw

Nm\epI-fn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. hm¿Ø-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-apJw Gsd {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

i_vZ-Øn-s‚bpw Zriy-Øn-s‚bpw A]q¿Δ-amb CgtNcepw km{μo-I-c-Whpw

AhnsSbp≠v. Hcp kzc-Nn-{X-cm-K-kp[ F∂p thWsa¶n¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. hm¿Ø

Ifnse `mj Ae-¶m-c-c-ln-Xhpw bmYm¿∞ysØ _lpP\-a-\- n-te°v hn\nabw

sNøp-∂-Xn-\v klm-b-I-hp-am-Wv. BtLm-j-߃, D’h߃ F∂n-h-bp-ambn

_‘s∏´ {]t£-]-W-ß-fn¬ Be-¶m-cn-I-̀ mj ImWmw. A]-I-S-ßfpw Zpc-¥ßfpw

Ah-bv°n-W-ßnb `mj-bn¬ {]Xy-£-h¬°-cn-°p-∂p. cmjv{So-b-hn-hm-Z-߃°v

NqSpwNqcp-ap≈ `mj D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. hm¿Ø X’abw AXns‚ X´IØp-\n∂v

BJym\w sNøp-∂Xpw ZrIvkm£n-sam-gn-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´p sNøp∂Xpw HuNn-Xy

]q¿Δw Xs∂.

sSen-hn-j-\nse `mj ]e Xe-ß-fn¬ ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn¬

kzm[o-\-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Nne hm°pIƒ°v \Ωp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw kn≤n®Xv

Sn.-hn. hgn-bm-Wv. Fs¥-¶nepw NS-ßp-Iƒ {Iao-I-cn-°ptºmƒ C∂ C\w Rm≥

42

kvt]m¨k¿ sNømw F∂ ]d-®n¬ C∂p k¿Δ-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. AXn-\p≈

]Ww Abmƒ apS°mw F∂¿∞w. Cu {]tbmKw sSen-hn-j-\n¬\n∂v `mj-bn¬

IS-∂p-IqSn sImSn-∏Sw Db¿Øn-b-XmWv. Nmbbpw DuWp-sa√mw kvt]m¨k¿

sNøm≥ \nc-£-c-Ip-£n-Iƒ°p-t]mepw C∂p Ign-bp-∂p. X’-ab kwt{]-jWw

hm¿Ø-Iƒ°nSbn¬ am{X-a√ CXc ka-b-ß-fnepw sSen-hn-j-\n-ep-≠v. ssehv

t{_mUvImÃnßv F∂mWv AXn\p {]tbm-Kw. CXns‚ kzm[o-\-amImw Bsc-sb-

¶nepw t\cn´p ImWp-∂-Xn\v ssehmbn ImWpI F∂v C∂v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xn\p

]n∂n¬. Nne hoSp-I-fnse ̀ ¿Øm-°-∑msc∏‰n Ah≥ ̀ mcy-bpsS dntam¿´v I¨t{Sm-

fn-emWv F∂p ]d-bm-dp-≠v. Cu ssien-bpsS Cd-ßn-h-chpw FhnsS \n∂m-sW∂p

hy‡w. sSen-hn-j≥ImgvNm-t_m[w F{X AKm-[-X-bn¬ kv]¿in-°p∂p F∂Xn\v

sXfn-hmbn Gjym-s\-‰ns‚ ap{Zbv°v ae-_m-dn¬ kaqk F∂p t]cp-h-∂-Xns\

Fw.F≥. Imc-t»cn hymJym-\n-°p-∂p.13 Sn.-hn.-bnse ]c-ky-߃ ]e ]Z-ßfpw

aebmfØn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-°n. eKn≥kv, em®, InUvkvshb¿ Ch ]c-ky-h-gn-bn-eq-

sS-bmWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ thcp-d-®-Xv.

C∏-d-™-sXms° ̀ mhm-flI kzm[o-\-am-bn hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp∂XmWv. F∂m¬

CXv sSen-hn-j≥ `mj-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp-hiw am{Xw. as‰m-cp-hiw IqSn \mw

ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. `mj-bnse icn-sX-‰p-Iƒ A`n-{]mb hyXymkap≈ Imcy-am-sW

∂Xv \ntj[n°p-∂n-√. Bibhn-\n-abw km[n-°p-sa-¶n¬ thsdsbm∂pw {]iv\-

a-s√∂mWv NnecpsS hmZw. F∂m¬ Acm-P-IXzw GXp cwKØpw ssiYneyw

krjvSn°psa∂Xv ad-∂p-Iq-Sm. ae-bmfw Hcp A£-tcm-®m-cI `mj (Phonetic

language) bmI-bm¬ tXm∂pw]Snbp≈ D®m-cWw ssiYn-ey-߃ hcp-Øn-h-bv°pw.

AwKoIrX-amb D®m-c-W-coXn A\p-h¿Øn-°m≥ F√mh¿°pw _m[y-X-bp-≠v.

Nn´Ifpw hyhÿ-Ifpw as‰-hn-sS-bp-sa-∂-t]mse `mj-bnepw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Hcp

hyh-ÿbpw sh≈nbmgvNbpan-√mØ t]m°v `mjbv°v s]mXp-hn¬ KpW-I-c-a-√.

Aayqkvsa‚ v ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Ah-Xm-c-I¿ G‰hpw tamtU-Wm-Ip-hm\pw

t{]£-Isc Nm\-en-te°v BI¿jn-°m-\p-ap≈ F√m X{¥-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.

D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ coXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xn-emWv `mj-bpsS kuμcyw. AhXm-

43

c-I¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]pXnb aWn{]hmfw (Cw-•ojpw ae-bm-fhpw Ie¿Øn-b-Xv)

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ F√m kuμ-cyhpw \in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Atem-k-chpw I√p-I-Snbpw

krjvSn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. `mjm-sIm-e-]mXIw Fßs\ \n¿Δ-ln-°m-sa∂v Ch¿

]et∏mgpw ImWn-®p-X-cp∂p. ae-bm-f-]-Z߃ Adn-bn-s√∂pw Cw•ojv ]Z-߃

Adnbmsa∂pw t{imXm-°sf tXm∂n-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿ t_m[-]q¿Δw {ian-°p-∂p.

Ah-Xm-c-I-bpsS "ssÃenjv kv]o°nwKv' ae-bm-f-Øns‚ "k¿Δ ssÃepw' XI¿

°p∂p. `mj-bpsS Bflm-hn\pw A¥- n\pw Ah¿ Gev]n-°p∂ ]cp°v Ch¿

H´pta Xncn-®-dn-bp∂n√. t{]£Isc {Xkn-∏n-°m≥ Ch¿ X´n-°q-́ p∂ `mjbmWv

C∂sØ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ am\-I-cq-]-sa∂v ]pXp-X-e-apd [cn-°p-∂Xv Gsd `hnjy

ØpIƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

_mey-Iu-amc ImeØv F√m-Ø-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ A\p-I-cWw a\pjycn¬

ImWmdp≠v. ̀ mj-Whpw CXn\v A]-hm-Z-a-√. kn\n-a, kocn-b¬, ]ckyw Chbnse

Ub-tem-Kp-Iƒ ]ecpw Dcp-hn-Sp∂Xp km[mcWamWv. amXm-]n-Xm°fpw a‰p-≈hcpw

]d-bp∂ ̀ mj tI´mWv inip-°ƒ ̀ mj ]cnioen-°p-∂-Xv. am[y-a-ß-fnse ̀ mjbpw

Ahsc KWy-ambn kzm[o\n-°p-∂p. sSen-hn-j-\n¬ \nXyhpw \nc-¥-chpw Ip´nIƒ

{ihn-°p∂ `mj hnI-e-sa-¶n¬ AX-h-cpsS `mjmt_m[sØ KWy-ambn kzm[o-

\n°pw. Nm\-ep-I-fnse Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS D®m-c-W-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ̀ mjm-ip-≤n-sb-∏-‰nbpw

Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ t_Pm-dm-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ hø. `mjsb D®m-c-W-Øn-eqsS aen-\-

am°p∂Xn¬ Nne Nm\epIƒ ap≥]-¥n-bn-em-Wv. Nne ]Z-ß-fpsS D®m-c-W-Øn¬

hntijn®pw. A[ym-]-I≥, hnZym¿∞n, kwhn-[m-\w, IY, {]hrØn Ch-sbms°

D®mcW sshIey߃°p hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p. AZym]I≥, hn[ym¿∞n, kwhnZm\w,

IX, {]h¿Øn Fs∂m-s°-bmWv D®mc-Ww. ipt`m-X¿°w, \n¿±-\≥, sFI-WvtTy\,

Nn”w BZn-bm-b-hbpw sX‰mbn D®-cn-°s∏Sp-∂p.

dnbm-en-‰n-tjm-bnepw a‰pap≈ Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS `mj Itºm-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-

t‚-Xm-Wv. BI¿jn-°m\pw hio-I-cn-°m\pw DX-Ip∂ `mj. Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS

Agn™m-Snbpw Ipg™mSnbpw \o´nbpw Ipdp-°nbpw IpWp-ßn-bp-ap≈ `mj

44

CjvSs∏-Sp∂ t{imXm-°-fp-≠m-Imw. ]t£ `mjbpsS D®m-c-W-ip-≤n°pw hfcp∂

Xe-ap-d-bpsS ̀ mjm-h-t_m-[-Øn\pw CXp henb sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. dnbm-en-‰n-tjmsb

P\Iob-am-°nb apJy-L-SIw ̀ mj-W-co-Xn-bm-Wv. dnbm-en-‰n-tjm-°m¿ tIc-fobcpsS

ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ ske-£≥, Fen-an-t\j≥ XpSßnb ]Z-߃ thcp

]nSn∏n®p. ]e A]q¿Δ Cw•ojv ]Zßfpw ae-bm-f-hm-°p-Iƒs°m∏w tN¿Øp

]tbm-Kn°m\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w dnbm-en-‰ntjm ae-bm-fn°p \evIns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬s∏´v ]Z߃ hj-fm-°nbpw h{IoIcn®pw

D®cn°p-∂-Xn¬ ]pXp-X-e-apd B\μw Is≠-Øp-∂p. CXmWv B[p-\nI ssì

F∂ hnNmcw. F’-Ω, tPmk^v F∂-sXms° F¬j-Ω, tPmj∏v F∂m-°p

tºmƒ FSp-∏mbn! Cw•ojv ]Z-ßfpw ae-bm-f-]-Z-ßfpw amwk-f-am°n D®-cn-°m\pw

hjfmbn Iq´n-t®¿°m\pw \mw X{Xs∏-Sp-∂p. C∂sØ aw•ojv ]gb aw•oj√;

Nm\ep-Im¿ {]tXy-In®v Ah-Xm-c-I¿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]pXnb aw•o-jm-Wv. Hmtcm

Znhkhpw ]pXnb ]pXnb aw•o-jns\ AhXcn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-Xm-c-I¿ a’-cn-

°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

ae-bm-f-Ønse Hcp Nm\-en¬ \o≠-Imew D≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bmWv

"anSp°n'. anSp°n F∂ aebmf]ZØns‚ A¿∞sØ am‰n-a-dn-°p∂ coXn-bn-embn-

cp∂p AXns‚ Bhn-jv°m-cw. \√-hÆw ]Tn-°p∂hscbpw {]Xn`mhnem-k-ap-≈-

h-sc-bp-amWv \mw anSp-°n-sb∂p hnh-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øn¬ Xnf-°-ap-

≈-h-scbpw \√ ta\n-an-\p-∏p-≈-h-scbpw •ma-dp-≈-h-sc-bp-amWv "anSp°n'Isf∂

t]cn¬ Nm\¬ {]Xy£s∏-Sp-ØnbXv. _u≤n-I-Xsb°mƒ imco-cn-I-X-bmWv

anSp°n\v Bkv]Zw F∂ A¿∞I-ev]\ AXp-hgn Nm\¬ cq]s∏-Sp-Øn.

D]-kw-lmcw

sSen-hn-js‚ kzm[o\w B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬ KWy-ambn h¿≤n-®n-cn°p∂p.

Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ temIw sNdp-{Km-a-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

1982-˛¬ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw 1985˛¬ hn]p-e-ambn {]t£]Ww XpS-ßp-Ibpw

sNbvX Zq¿Z¿i-\mWv tIc-f-Øn¬ sSen-hn-j≥ Ncn-{X-Øn\v \mμn Ipdn-®-Xv. 1993˛se

45

Gjyms\-‰ns‚ cwK-{]-th-ihpw 2003-̨ se C¥ym-hn-js‚ hchpw Sn.-hn.sb ho´nse

hnin-jvSm-Xn-Yn-bm-°n. Nm\-ep-Iƒ C∂p Sn.-hn.-bnse \nd-km-∂n-[yhpw Sn.-hn. C∂v

hoSp-I-fnse \nd-km-∂n-≤y-hp-am-Wv. Cu am[y-a-Øns‚ km∂n[y-Øn-em-ImØ

a\pjycmcp-an-√. CØ-c-samcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv ae-bm-fnbpsS Pohn-X-Ønepw

kwkvIm-c-Ønepw `mj-bn-ep-ap≈ Sn.-hn.-bpsS kzm[o-\sØ At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-

am°n-bXv. sSen-hn-js\ hnUvVn-s∏-´n-bmbn ImWp-∂hcp-s≠-¶nepw s\t©‰n

emfn°p∂-h-cmWv alm-̀ q-cn-]-£-hpw. hm¿Ø, kwKo-Xw, kvt]m¿Svkv, {]ivt\mØcn,

tSmIvtjm, dnbm-en-‰ntjm XpSßn D≈-S-°-Ønse sshhn[yw am[y-asØ _lp

P\-Øn\p {]nb-¶-c-am-°n. saKm-tjm, Ahm¿Uv\ni, F‚¿sS-bn≥sa‚ v sKbnapIƒ,

kocn-b-ep-Iƒ, kn\naIƒ Chbpw [mcm-fw. ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnse hyXy-kvX-X-bm-IWw

Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-ambn sSen-hn-js\ am‰n-b-Xv. C¥y-bn¬Øs∂ 850-̨ -Hmfw

Nm\-ep-I-fmWv kpk-÷-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. Ccp-]-Øn-\mep aWn-°qdpw

P\sØ hnt\mZn∏n-°m-\p≈ hn -̀h-ß-fp-ambn Nm\-ep-Iƒ a’-cn-°p-∂p.

aebmfnbpsS Hgn-hp-k-a-bsØ A∏msS {Kkn-°p∂ Hcp am[y-a-amWv C∂p

sSen-hn-j≥. hnZym¿∞ntbm A[ym]It\m A`n-̀ m-j-It\m tUmIvStdm Bcpambn

s°m-≈-s´, Hgn-hp-k-abw D]-cn-hn-⁄m\ kam¿P-\-Øn-\v DX-Ipsa¶n¬ AXXp-

cw-KsØ Xnf-°-Øn\v AXv D]m-[n-bm-Ipw. C∂v GXp taJe-bn-ep-≈-h-cpsSbpw

Hgn-hp-k-a-bsØ IqSp-Xepw A]-l-cn-°p-∂Xv sSen-hn-j-s\∂ am[y-a-am-Wv. aebmfn-

bpsS hmb\ acn-°m\pw Zriy-ß-fn¬ A`n-c-an-°p∂ a\ p cq]-s∏-Sm\pw Sn.-hn.

hgn-sbm-cp-°n. hmb-\-bpsS A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂v a\pjy a\- ns\ AI‰pIhgn

am\-kn-I-amb ]cn]mIw Ah\v A`mh-s∏-Sp-∂p. {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ AXn-ssh-Im-

cn-IX ]pe¿Øp∂ Zp¿∫-e-a-\- p-I-fmbn a\p-jy≥ amdp∂p.

sSen-hn-js‚ apJy[¿Ω-ß-fn-sem∂mbn KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hm¿Ø Adnbn

°emWv. hm¿ØIƒ°p am{X-am-bp≈ Nm\-ep-Iƒhsc sSen-hn-j-\n-ep-≠v.

A∂∂sØ hm¿ØIƒ A∏t∏mƒ P\-ßsf Adn-bn-°m≥ sSen-hn-j\p

Ignbp∂p. a‰p-≈-h-sc-°mƒ t\ctØ hm¿Ø \evIm-\p≈ shº¬ Nne-t∏mƒ

46

A¿≤-k-Xy-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn¬ FØm-dp-ap-≠v. hm¿ØIƒ°p \evIp∂

hymJym\w Nm\-ep-I-fpsS \n£n]vX XmXv]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v hf-s®m-Sn-°m-dp-ap-≠v.

hm¿Øsb hmKzm-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn-emWv Nm\-ep-Im¿°v an°-t∏mgpw Iºw. PmXn-bp-

sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw cmjv{So-b-Øn-s‚bpw \ndw-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hy{KXs∏Sp∂p.

hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°v Xpc-∂p-I-b-dn-bp≈ B{I-a-Whpw Ah-tl-f-\hpw hm¿Øm

`mK-am°n am‰p∂p. hm¿Ø-I-fpsS `mK-am-bp≈ {Kq∏pN¿®-Ifpw a‰pw Nm\-ep-Im

cpsS XmXv]-cy-ßsf Dd-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn-em-°m-dp-≠v. Nm\-ens‚ \ne-]m-Sn\p \nc-

°p∂ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°epw DØ-cw-tX-Sepw X{¥-]-c-ambn Ch¿ \n¿Δ-ln°p∂p.

k-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw [¿a-Øn¬ \n∂pw hm¿Ø AI-ep∂ AhÿbmWnXv.

hm¿Øm-\n-th-Z\w Sn.hn.bpsS apJy-am-sbmcp [¿Ω-am-Wv. cm]-I-en-√msX

{]h¿Øn°p∂ Bdp {][m\ hm¿Øm-Nm-\-epIƒ Xs∂ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v.

km[mcW hm¿Ø-IƒsIm≠v Ch¿°p kabw t]m°m-\m-hn√ F∂Xp

bmYm¿∞yw. X∑qew kmZm-hm¿Ø-Isf Akm-[m-cWam°m\pw ]g-bXp ]eXpw

IpØns∏m°m-\p-sa√mw Ch¿ {ian-°p-∂p. hm¿Ø-bnepw Bhn-jv°-c-W-Øn-ep-

sa√mw CXp ]e-t∏mgpw Acm-P-IXzw krjvSn-°p-∂p. hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-Im-cpsS hb‰p

]ng-∏ns‚ {]iv\wIqSn CXn\p ]n∂n-ep-≠v. Nm\-ep-Im¿ henb hm¿Ø-bmbn

s]m°ns°m≠ph∂p N¿® sNøp∂ ]eXpw ASpØZnhkw Pe-tc-J-bmbn amdp-

∂Xpw \mw ImWp-∂p. hm¿Ø-bpsS taJ-e-bn¬ Nm\-ep-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ CØcw

ssiYn-ey-߃ Cu ]T\w At\z-jW hnt[-b-am-°n-bn´p≠v.

IpSpw_am-[y-a-ambn KWn-°-s∏-Sp∂ sSenhnj≥ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS

A`n{]mb-ß-sfbpw A`n-cp-NnI-sfbpw Fßs\ _m[n-°p∂psh∂Xv hne-bn-cp-

Ønbn´p-≠v. IpSpw-_-Po-hnXØns‚ AP≠ Xocp-am-\n°p∂ LS-I-ambn sSen-hn-

j≥ amdn-°-gn-™p. {]m¿∞-\m-k-abw \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mepw am[y-a-sa∂p h∂n-

cn-°p-∂p. hymbm-aw, `£-W-{Iaw BZn-bm-b-h-sb√mw am[y-a-Øm¬ \n›-bn-°-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ.

47

hnZym¿∞n-Isf sSen-hn-j≥ Fßs\ _m[n°p∂p-sh-∂Xv {]tXyIw ]T\

hnt[-b-am-°n-bn-́ p-≠v. hnZym¿∞n-bpsS ]T-\-sØbpw A[n-I-hm-b-\sbbpw am[yaw

Ae-t¶m-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. sSen-hn-j≥ Aev]-amb Adnhv hnZym¿∞n°p ]I-cp-sa

¶nepw hmb-\-bn¬\n∂p e`n°p∂ hn⁄m-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw AXp hyXy-kvX-amWv.

I≠-h≥ ad°pw, hmbn-®-h≥ Hm¿Ωn°pw F∂ XØz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-

emWv hnZym¿∞nbpsS Sn.-hn. ImgvN-sbbpw hmb-\-sbbpw hnebncp-Øn-bn-́ p-≈Xv.

_mey-Iu-am-c-Im-eßfnse Sn.-hn. hgn-bp≈ ssewKn-I-Xbpw A{I-a-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ AS-bm-fs∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ BPo-h-\m¥w hy‡nsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂p.

hm¿Ø-sbbpw hnt\mZ]-cn-]m-Snsbbpw Hcp-t]mse ImWp∂ ssii-h-°m-cn¬ Sn.hn.

Df-hm-°p∂ kzm[o\w Gsd AKm-[-am-Wv. ssiih Iuam-c-co-Xn-I-sfbpw A`ncpNn-

I-sfbpw sSen-hn-j≥ F{X-am{Xw A\m-im-ky-am-°p-∂p-sh∂v hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ {ian-

®n-´p-≠v. Iuam-c-°p-‰-hm-fn-Ifpw A{I-an-I-fpw kaq-l-Øn¬ h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn\p ]n∂n-

ep≈ am[y-a-kzm-[o\w {]_‘w Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p-≠v.

_mly-tem-IsØ hy‡n-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Isf sSen-hn-j≥ F{Xam{Xw

kzm[o\n°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv At\z-jW hnt[-b-am-°n-bn-́ p≠v. am[yaw ]ucs\ Ccp∏p-

ap-dn-bn-te°v HXp-°p-∂Xphgn kwPm-X-am-Ip∂ kmaq-ln-I ssiYn-ey-߃ Is≠-

Øp-∂p-≠v. hy‡n-bpsS B¥-cnI Pohn-X-sØ-sb∂t]mse kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-

sØbpw am[yaw \n¿Kp-W-am-°p-∂Xv Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

Nm\-ep-I-fnse Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS thj-hn-[m-\-߃ ]pXp-X-e-ap-dsb F{X-am{Xw

kzm[o\n°p∂psh∂pw Agn-™mSnbpw Ipg-™m-Sn-bp-ap≈ Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS `mj

Fßs\ ]pXp-X-e-ap-dsb _m[n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw {]_-‘-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p≠v.

s]mXp-t_m-[-tØmSv adp-X-en-°p∂ ̀ mjm-cm-jv{So-b-amWv Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ Ah-XmcI¿

]e-t∏mgpw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v hy‡am°n-bn-́ p-≠v.

ae-bm-fnbpsS ]mc-º-cy-aq-eyßsf Sn.-hn. ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ inYneam-°p-∂-Xns‚

hnhn[ apJ߃ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian®n´p-≠v. kaq-l-Ønse A]-Nyp-Xn-Ifpw NXn-

48

°p-gn-Ifpw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ am[yaw AØcw ]mX kzoI-cn-°m≥ Nne¿s°-¶nepw

t{]c-W-bm-Ip-∂p-sh-∂Xv hkvXp-XbmWv. Bfl-lXym dnt∏m¿´n-ßn¬ ]Xn-bn-cn-

°p∂ A]-I-S-]-c-Xbpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p-≠v.

]c-ky-߃ kaq-l-Øn¬ Df-hm-°p∂ hnhn-[-Xcw kzm[o-\-߃ {]_-‘

Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p-≠v. ]c-ky-ß-fpsS AXn{]kcwaqew Bkzm-Z-I≥

F∂ \ne-hn´v D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v hy‡n amdp-∂p. t{]£-I¿

IqSp-X-ep≈ ]cn-]m-Snt° ]c-ky-°msc In´q F∂-Xn-\m¬ {]t£-]W ]cn-]mSnIƒ

P\-Io-b-am-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ bXv\n-°p-∂p. CØcw A\-`n-e-j-Wob I®-hS

{]hWXIsf Cu {]_‘w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. hy‡n-bnepw IpSpw-_-Ønepw

kaq-l-Ønepw CØcw {]h-W-X-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ ssiYneyßsf hne-bn-cp

Øm\pw {ian®n-́ p-≠v.

B\μØn-\p≈ At\I hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xpd∂nSp∂ sSen-hn-j≥ Ie-bpsS

DØ-amw-i-ßsf ]e-t∏mgpw ad-∂p-I-f-bp-∂p. B\-μn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v a\- ns\

kwkvIcn∏n°p-I-sb∂ auen-I-e£yw ssIhn-Sptºmƒ Iem-`m-k-amIpw ^ew.

a\p-jy-a-\- nse ]mc-º-cy-aq-ey-ßsf IS-]p-g-°p∂ hm°pw Zriyhpw C∂p Sn.-hn.-

bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn amdp∂p. Ipt_-chpw amwk-f-hp-amb Zriy-߃°v Sn.-hn. hncpt∂-

Ip-∂p. Iemwiw AØcw ImgvN-I-fn¬ Imen-bmbn amdp-∂p. IptN-eXzsØ hnkva-

cn®v Ipt_cXz-Øn¬ A`n-c-an-°m-\mWv am[yaw ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv. X∑qew Hcp

Nm\¬ ImWp-tºmƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bmØ Im°sØm≈m-bncw Nm\-ep-I-fn¬

FhnsS-sb¶nepw "CXnepw ck-Ic'amb-Xpt≠m F∂ Nn¥-bmWv t{]£-I-\n¬

DtZzKw P\n∏n°p∂Xv. kaqlw t`mKm-k-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ Sn.-hn. sNep-Øp∂

kzm[o\w Gsd ]Tn-°-s∏-tS≠Xm-Wv.

ae-bmfw kocn-b-ep-IfpsS IY-bn-√m-bvabpw AXp IpSpw-_t{]£Icn-epfhm

°p∂ kzm[o\hpamWv At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-°nb as‰m-∂v. a\p-jy-a-\- n¬

AcmPIXzw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw s\K‰ohv F\¿Pn Df-hm-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ch

IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ krjvSn°mhp∂ Xmf-∏n-g-I-sf-∏‰n hnebncpØnbn´p-≠v.

49

`mjbpsS taJ-e-bn¬ sSen-hn-j≥ krjvSn-°p∂ `mhm-fl-Ihpw \ntj-[m-fl-I-hp-

amb kzm[o-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ {ian®n-́ p-≠v.

sSen-hn-j≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ P\sØ DW¿Øm\pw DZv_p≤cm-°m\pw DX-Ip∂

coXn-bn¬ {]t£-]Ww sNbvXm¬ hen-sbmcp kmaq-ln-I-tk-h\w BIp-am-bn-

cp∂p. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\w, imkv{Xo-b-t_m-[w, hnZym-̀ ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn, Im¿jnI

]ptcm-K-Xn, ]cn-ÿnXn k¥p-en-XXzw Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ KWy-amb kw`m-h\ Cu

am[y-a-Øn\p \n¿Δln-°m\mhpw. IpSpw-_-t£-aw, kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw

A[x-ÿnXcp-sSbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn, Iem-kmw-kvIm-cn-I ]-cn-t]mjWw, A\m-Nm-c-ß-

fpsSbpw A‘hnizmkßfp-sSbpw ZqcoIcWw CXymZn taJ-e-I-fnepw KWy-amb

kzm[o-\-am-Im≥ am[y-a-Øn\p ]gp-Xp-≈-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ hmWn-Py-Xm-Xv]-cy-߃°p

ap≥Xq°w \evIp-I-bm¬ CsX√mw am[yaw ad°p∂p.

t_mZnemZv \nco-£n-°pwt]mse PohnXw sSen-hn-j-\nepw sSen-hn-j≥ PohnX-

Ønepw Aen™p-tN-cp∂ ÿnXn ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ kw -̀hn-°p-∂p. AXns‚

hnhn[ Xe-ßfpw am\-ßfpw At\z-jn-°p∂ Cu {]_‘w {]mXn-kznI {]k‡n-

bp-≈-sX∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. inem-bp-Kw, teml-bpKw F∂-Xp-t]mse kv{Io≥ GPnt‚

Xmb C°m-eØv Cu At\z-j-W-Øn\v ÿm\-ap-s≠∂p hnizkn-°p∂p. sSen

hnj≥ Nm\-ep-I-fpsS X≈n-°-b‰w ]pXp-bp-KsØ am{X-a√ Rc-ºp-tcmKw _m[n®

Xe-ap-d-sb°qSn krjvSn-°p∂p. ab°p-a-cp-∂p-I-sf-t∏mse Sn.-hn. Hcphs\ Ab

Ym¿∞ temI-tØ°p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p-sh∂pw ab-°p-a-cp-∂ns‚ AtX

{]`mhamWv sSen-hn-j≥ ImgvN-°m-cn¬ krjvSn-°p-∂-sX∂pw B[p-\n-I-]-T-\-߃

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.14 Bƒ°q´w sSenhnjs‚ ab-°p-a-cp-∂m-sW∂pw ]T\ß

fp≠v.15

50

Foot Notes

1. kp\n¬ tPmkv, "sSen-hn-j≥ kwkvImcØns‚ P\-{]n-b-am-\߃', \h-am[ya

߃ (F-Un. tUm. tPmkv sI. am\p-h¬), 2014, Fkv.-]n.kn.-Fkv., tIm -́bw,

]p. 143.

2. H.-sI. tPmWn, am[yahr-Øm-¥w, 2006, ]q¿Wm ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tImgn-t°mSv,

]pdw. 108.

3. tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, hm¿Ø, hmeyw 2, 2014, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v,

Xncph\¥-]pcw, ]p. 245.

4. Dev Vrat Sing, Indian Television, 2012, HARANAND Publications Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi, P. 213.

5. McLuhan, Understanding Media, 2008, Routledge, London and Newyork,P-336.

6. "ImWpI a¿Xy-\-∑-bpsS Zr-iy`mjy߃', Zo-]nI Zn\]{Xw, Pqsse 12, 2012,

]p. 4.

7. {]`m-h¿a, Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-hpw, sdbn≥t_m _pIvkv, 2005,

Xncph\¥-]p-cw, ]p. 26.

8. kn. CμpNqV≥, "dnbm-en-‰n-bn-√msX ae-bm-fn-s°-¥m-tLmjw', Z ÃpU‚ vkv

thmbvkv, P\p-hcn 2012, ]p. 13.

9. D≤-c-Wn, H.-sI. tPmWn, am[y-a-hr-Øm-¥w, ]p. 93.

10. s{]m^. sIm®p-t{Xkym tXma-kv, kv{Xoi-‡n-bpsS a\ximkv{Xw, 2009,

\mjW¬ _pIv Ãmƒ, tIm´bw, ]p. 57.

11. sUbvkn F{_-lmw, "]c-ky-߃ kaq-l-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w',

am[ya kao£ (F-Un. tUm. kpa kndn-b-Iv), 2015, ae-bm-f-hn-̀ mKw Akw]vj≥

tImf-Pv, Nß-\m-t»-cn, ]p. 314.

12. Sumit Navula, Mass Communications, 2011, Regal Publications, New Delhi,P.273.

13. Fw.-F≥. Imc-t»-cn, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, 2011, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw, ]p. 98.

14. www.mathrubhumi.com/health/files/print.php?.id=8545

15. Toby Miller, Television Studies, 2010, Rouledge, London and Newyork, P-11.

51

d^d≥kv

1. kn.-F-kv. sh¶ntSiz-c≥, sSenhnj≥ ]T\߃, 2014, amXr-`q-an _pIvkv,

tImgnt°mSv.

2. tUm. tP°_v {kmºn-°¬ (F-Un.), am[y-a-ß-fp-sS a\ximkv{Xw, 2000, aoUnbm

lukv, U¬ln.

3. tUm. tPmkv sI am-\p-h¬ (F-Un.), \h-am-[y-a-߃, 2014, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.,

tIm´-bw.

4. Fw.-hn. tXma-kv, am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hpw, 2004, kmwkvIm-cnI

{]kn≤o-I-cW hIp-∏v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.

5. {^m≥knkv Imc-bv°mSv (F-Un.), am[y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-th-iw, 2005, tUm¨

t_mkvtIm tImfPv tP¿W-enkw Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v, IÆq¿.

6. sI. Ip-™n-Ir-jvW≥, am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hpw, 2000, tIc-f-`mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

7. sNdp-Ic kÆn eqt°mkv (F-Un.), am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpw,

2014, tIcf {]kv A°m-Z-an, sIm®n.

8. H.-sI. tPmWn, am[y-a-hr-Øm¥w, 2016, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

9. jn_p Al-Ω-Zv, sSen-hn-j≥ Ncn-{Xhpw cmjv{So-bhpw, Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

10. F≥.]n. cmtP{μ≥, amdp∂temIw amdp∂ am[y-a-temIw, 2009, amXr-`qan

_pIvkv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

11. sI.F¬. taml-\-h¿Ω, Hcp t\mh-en-Ãns‚ am[y-a-Nn-¥-Iƒ, 2014, tIcf

{]kv A°m-Z-an, sIm®n.

12. F≥.-F≥. kXy{]Im-i≥, hm¿Ø-bpsS inev]ime, 2014, tIcf {]kv

A°mZan, sIm®n.

13. hnPbIrjvW≥, Zriyam-[y-a߃, 2003, tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw.

52

14. `mkp-tc-{μ-_m-_p, ae-bm-fn-bpsS am[y-a-tem-Iw, 2009, knØmc _pIvkv,

ImbwIpfw.

15. tUm. Fw.Fw. {io[c≥, am[yaw auen-I-Xbpw \ncm-I-c-W-hpw, 2011, Fkv.-]n.

kn.-F-kv., tIm´-bw.

16. F.-hn. s_∂n, aXw, am[y-aw, A[nImcw, 2011, Fkv.-]n. kn.-F-kv., tIm -́bw.

17. s{]m^. ]∑\ cma-N-{μ≥ (F-Un.), am[y-a-]-T-\-߃, Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

18. Fw.-sI. inh-i-¶-c≥, {]t£-]W Iem-N-cn{Xw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,

Xncph\-¥-]p-cw.

19. Sn.ssI. kt¥mjvIpam¿, ae-bmf sSen-hn-j≥Ncn-{Xw 1985-˛2013, 2014, {]kv

A°mZan, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw.

20. tUm. Achnμ≥ h√-®n-d, Ggmw Ie-bpsS aXn-hn-{ -̀aw, tIcf-̀ mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

21. {]`m-h¿Ω, Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-hpw, sdbv≥t_m _pIvkv, sNß∂q¿.

22. hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬, sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw, 2000, I-d‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

23. tPm¨ {_n´m-kv, Nn√p-Pm-e-I-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv, Id‚ v _p-Ivkv, tIm -́bw.

24. tUm. sP.-hn. hnf-\n-ew, Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥, 1985, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

25. t]mƒ aW-en¬ (FUn.), am[y-a-ßfpw kaq-l-hpw, 2000, kn.-F-kv.-F-kv., Xncph√.

26. hn.-sI. \mcm-b-W≥, am[y-ahpw `mj-bpw, `mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.

27. sI. Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥, am{¥nIs∏´n, 1995, an\nkv{Sn Hm^v C≥^¿ta-j≥

B≥Uv t{_mUvImÃnw-Kv, Xncph\-¥-]p-cw.

28. am[y-a-\n-L-≠p, 2003, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

29. The Television Hand Book – Patricia, 1997, Routledge, London.

30. The Communication Revolutions – Narayan Menon, 1997, National Book Trust

of India, Delhi.

53

31. K.M. Shrivastava, Radeo and Television Journalism, Sterling Publishers.

32. Masterman L, Teaching About Television, Macmillan, 1980.

33. Gebriel Solomon, The use of Visual MediaBoyd Baret, Knowledge and Powercroomeltome, London.

34. Beckingham D, Young People and the Media, Master University Press, 1993.

35. P.N. Malhan, Communication Media: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, Publication Division,Govt. of India, 1985.

36. Kewal J Kumar, Mass Communication in India, Jaico, Bombay, 1987.

37. R.J. Chatterjee, Mass Communication, NBT, New Delhi, 1973.

38. P.C. Joshy, Communication and Nation Building: Perspective and Policy, PublicationDivision, 1986.

39. S. Raydu, Media and Communication Management, Himalaya Publishing House,Bombay, 1993.

40. Retheesh Kaliyadan, Principles of Mass Communication, Journalism AcademiciansInstitutte, Kozhikode, 2003.

41. Narayan Menon, The Communications Revolutions, National Book Trust of India, 1976.

42. I.P. Tewari, Communication Technology and Development, Publications Division, 1987.

43. James Watson & Anne Hill, A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies, IndianEdition, New Delhi, 1991.

44. The Televison Hand Book, Patricia, 1997, Routledge, London, New Fetter lane LondonEcaptee.

45. Kees Brants, Joke Hermes and Liesbet Van Zoomen (ed.), The Media in question –Popular Cultures and Public Interests Sage Publications, 1998.

46. Fiske John, Telvision Culture, 1987, Routledge, London.

47. Kottak Convad, Prime Time Society: An Anthropological Analysis of Television andCulture, 1990, Wadsworth, Belmont.

48. Mankeker, Purnima, Screening, Culture, Viewing Politics, 1993, Duke University Press,Durban, USA.

49. Mitra Ananda, Television and Popular Culture in India : A Study of Mahabharat, 1993,Sage Publications.

50. Rajagopal Aravind, Politics after Television, 2001, Cambridge University Press, UK.

51. Willams, Raymond, 1983, Keywords Fontanna.

54

52. Williams Reymond, Television Technology and Cultural Form, 1990, Routledge,London.

53. Anderson, Robin, Gray, Jonathan Alan, Battle Ground, The Media, Green Wood Press,2008.

54. Andrew Edgard and Peter Sedgwick (Eds.), Key Concepts in Cultural Theory, Routledge,1999.

55. Bagdikian, Bent, The New Media Monopoly, Beacon Press, 2004.

56. Benjamin, Walter, Illuminations, Pinco, 1999.

57. Bignell, Jonathan, Post Modern Media Culture, Edinburgh, 2000.

58. Carrol, Noet, A Philosophy of Mass Art, Clavendon, Press, 1998.

59. Chomsky, Noam, Media Control, The Spectacular Achivements of Propaganda, OpenMedia, 1997.

60. L Lee Harington & Denise D Bielby (Eds.), Popular Culture; Production andConsumption, Blackwell, 2001.

61. Duncambe, Stephen, Cultural Resistance, Reder Verso, 2002.

62. Hall Staurt,. Dorothy Hobsion, Andrew Lowe and Paul Willis (Eds.) Culture, Media,Language Roultedge, 1990.

63. Herman, Edwards & Chomsky, Noam, Manufacturing Consent, The Political Economyof Mass Media, Wintage Books, 1994.

64. Killner Douglas, Media Culture, Routledge, 1996.

65. MC Chensney Robert, Corporate Media and The Threat to Democracy, Seven StoriesPress, 1998.

66. Ninan Sevanti, Through The Magic Window; Television and Change of India,l PenguinBooks, India, 1995.

67. Perenti, Michael, Inventing Reality, The Politics of New Media, St. Martins (Ltd.),1993.

68. Singhal, Aravind & Roggers Evertton, Indias Communication Revolution : FromBullockert to Cyberh Mart Sage Publication, 2001.

69. Storey John, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction, Pearson, 2001.

55

B\p-Im-en-I-߃

1. temN\w ˛ ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tP¿W¬, hmeyw II, e°w 1, 2008, De-l-∂≥

am∏nf Kth-j-W-tI-{μw, Fkv.-_n. tImf-Pv, Nß-\m-t»-cn.

2. {]Xn-—mb hmcn-I, 2012, Pq¨ 6, tIm -́bw.

3. \h-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\w, ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tP¿W¬, hmeyw IV, \º¿

11, 2011.

4. kwkvImc tI-fw, G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨, 2003, kmwkvIm-cnIhIp∏v {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

5. ae-bmfw hmcnI, sk]v‰w-_¿, 2000.

6. `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, \hw-_¿, 2001.