• Greek civilizations experienced a decline in the Dorian Age.

• Dorians and even the Mycenaeans identified less with the culture of their ancestors and more with their local city-states.

• 750 BC Greeks saw the rise of powerful city-states.

• City-state (50-500 sq miles of territory)• Fundamental political unit in ancient

Greece• Comprised by

City Numerous villages (normally surrounding the countryside) At most, 20,000 residents An agora (public center) or sometimes an acropolis

(fortified hilltop) This is where male citizens gathered and conducted

business.

• MONARCHYo It was the first system of government in ancient

Greece. o In Monarchy, the state is ruled by a King.o The rule is hereditary.o Some monarchs claim divine right.o And this form of government was practiced in

Mycenae in 1450BC.

• ARISTOCRACYo It is a government ruled by a small group of noble

land-owning families. These very rich families often gained political power after working in a King’s military cavalry.

o In this form of government, the state is ruled by nobility.

o Rule is hereditary and based on land-ownership.o Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority.o This form of government was practiced in Athens

in 594 BC.

• OLIGARCHYo It was formed when a new class of wealthy

merchants and artisans emerged in some cities. o These people became dissatisfied with aristocratic

rule that they sometimes took power or shared it with the nobility.

o State ruled by a small group of citizens.o Rule is based on wealth.o And the ruling group controls the military.o This kind of government was practiced in Sparta

from 800-600 BC

• In the first part of the Dorian Age, only the rich could afford bronze spears, shields, breastplates, and chariots.

• Eventually, iron replaced bronze for it was a cheaper and more common metal. Hence, it became a popular metal used in manufacturing weapons.

• Not only was it popular in metal manufacture, it opened the chance for the common people, during this period, to acquire weapons for arming and defending themselves.

• And this shift ushered in the emergence of new kind of army.o An army composed of merchants, artisans, and

small landowners.o Citizens now were expected to protect the

polis.o Hoplites or foot soldiers stood side by side,

holding a spear in one hand and a shield in the other, forming a Phalanx, the most powerful fighting force in the ancient world.

• Located in the southern part of Greece.

• Also known as Peloponnesus.

• Unlike other city-states, Sparta was the only one which built a military state.

• Around 750 BC, Sparta conquered the neighboring Messina and took over the land.o Messenians became Helots, peasants forced to

stay on the land they worked. o Helots produced crops and gave half of the

production to the Spartans every year.o This practice eventually angered the many Helots

that they staged a revolt against the ruling Spartans.

o Spartans put down the revolt, and dedicated themselves to the creation of a strong city-state.

The government of Sparta is divided in two:

ASSEMBLY COUNCIL OF ELDERS

• Assemblyo Composed of all free adult maleso They are elected officialso Usually voted on major issues

• Council of Elderso Proposed laws on which the assembly voted

Ephors - They are the 5 elected officials who carried out the laws the

council passed. - They controlled education and prosecuted court cases.

Spartan Military - Is ruled by TWO kings, commonly.

• 1st Citizens descended from the original inhabitants of the region (eg. Ruling families who owned the land).

• 2nd Non-citizens but free people who worked in commerce and industry.

• 3rd Helots

• 4th Slaves (household servants; worked for citizen hoplite warriors)

• MENo Centered around military training.o 7 yrs old: boys left home and moved into barracks; the start of

military schooling which was said to toughen these boys up to become soldiers.

• Spartan Women/Girlso Exempted from military training.o Contrary to public knowledge, Spartan women ran, wrestled and

played sports.o Spartan women did not have the right to vote BUT managed the

family estates while their husbands served the polis.

• Spartans did not value the arts and had practically no time for artistic expression. Spartans valued duty, strength, and discipline over individuality, beauty, and freedom.

• Located on a rocky hill in eastern Greece.

• In outlook and values, Athens contrasted with Sparta.

• Athenians were said to be “always eager to learn new ideas , tricks and positions” because they were trained to think and act as free people.

DEMOCRACY

• Democracy or rule by the people was practiced in Athens in 461 BC.

• In democracy, the state is ruled by its citizens.• Rule is based on citizenship. (Citizens participated directly in

political decision making)• And in this form of government, the majority rule decides the

vote.

• Only the free adult males are counted as citizens.

• Women, slaves, and foreigners are considered non citizens.

Slaves comprised 1/3 of the Athenian population; worked in mines, farmed fields, and houses.

Athenian women focused attention on child-rearing, weaving cloth, preparing meals, and managing the household.

• Women in Athens had no part in government and had very little to do with the city’s intellectual life.

• Xenophon, in his Oeconomicus, tells us of the things that an ancient Greek husband expects from his wife.

• You (wife) will need to stay indoors.• Prove yourself to be...

o A better helpmate to myself and to the childreno A better guardian at home.

If you do so, your HONOR will increase, you’ll enjoy food, grow vigorous in health, and your complexion will in truth be LOVELIER.

• There were clashes between the aristocrats and the common people.

• A group of peasants foiled an attempt by an Athenian nobleman named Cylon to establish a tyranny.

• The peasants demanded a written code of laws.

• Draco wrote the first legal code.

• The code dealth mainly with contracts and property ownership.

• It also included unfair practices of debt slavery.

• The Draconian laws however did not discontinue conflicts between the aristocrats and the poor. Hence, aristocrats sought for Solon.

• Solon, in 594 BC, was chosen by the aristocrats to head the Athenian government to prevent civil war.

• He established law reforms by the power vested by Athenians on him.

• Solon’s reforms include:o Outlawing debt slaveryo Encouraging all citizens to participate and debate

policies in the Athenian assemblyo Introducing the legal concept of charging

wrongdoers (citizens are the only ones allowed to charge)

o Exporting grapes and olives, hence improving the economy of Athens. Solon’s leadership declined at the end of his rule. During

this time, a fight between the wealthy landowners and the poor erupted. This gave way for Pisistratus to seize power and become one of Athen’s first Tyrants.

• A nobleman and military leader

• Sought power at the expense of the nobles

• Provided funds to help peasants buy farm equipment

• Launched a massive building program that gave jobs to the poor and earned him their support

• Introduced further reformso The reorganization of an

assembly that would break up the power of the nobility

o Increased the power of the assembly by allowing citizens to submit laws fior debate and passage

o And created the Council of 500.

• This body proposed laws and counseled the assembly.

• Council members were chosen by lot or random.

• Was said to be the “greatest danger that moved Sparta and Athens alike to their greatest glory.”

• Battle at Marathon • Thermopylae and Salamis

• TIME: 490 BC• PLACE: Marathon, northeast of

Athens• WHO: Persian men numbering

25,000 and Athenians numbering 10,000

• Outnumbering the Athenians, Persian men wore light armour and lacked training in land combat.

• Greeks, on the other hand, greeted the Persians in Phalanx formation.

• After several hours of battling...o The casualties reportedly numbered 6,400

Persians and 192 Athenians.

Who is PHEIDIPPIDES and why does he matter in the Battle at Marathon?

• Tradition has it that the chosen Pheidippides raced back to Athens to deliver the good news of the Athenian victory over the Persians.

• This was deemed necessary so that Athenians would not give up the city without a fight. If ever some invading forces would have entered Athens.

• Delivered the message, collapsed, and died.

• Xerxes, son and successor of Darius the Great, tried to crush Greece. He assembled an enormous invasion force of ships and men.

• In Greece, things had changed since the Persian defeat. City-states were now divided.

XERXES AND HIS ENORMOUS ARMY

THERMOPYLAE A narrow mountain pass

wherein 7000 Greeks including the 300 Spartans, were blocking the way.

The fight lasted for 3 days.

• In Athens, citizens debated how best to defend the city.

• THERMISTOCLES was an Athenian statesman who convinced Athens to evacuate the city and fight at sea. He positioned the Greek fleet in a narrow channel near the island of Salamis.

Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom

Athens became the leader of an alliance of 140 City-States

This marked the start of the Golden Age.

• PERICLES was a wise and able statesman who led Athens to its Golden Age.

• He is said to have dominated the life of Athens from 461-429 BC.

• FIRSTGOAL : A STRONGER ATHENIAN DEMOCRACYo Increasing the number of paid public officials

• SECOND GOAL : HOLD AND STRENGTHEN THE ATHENIAN EMPIREo Enlarging the wealth and power of Athenso Using money from Delian League’s treasury, he

commissioned a 200-ship navy that would strengthen the safety of its empire.

• THIRD GOAL : GLORIFYING THE EMPIREo Beautifying Athenian Empire.o Ex. Parthenon

• PARTHENONo Is a masterpiece of Greek

craftmanship and design.

o Built to honor Athena

o A sculpture of the 38-foot tall Athena stood within Parthenon. PHIDIAS was the sculptor.

• Phidias and other sculptors during the Golden age aimed to create figures that were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed.

• The sculptures’ faces showed no laughter nor anger, only serenity.

• Sculptors tried to capture the grace of the idealized human body in motion.

• Their values on order, balance, proportion became standards of classical art.

• Greeks invented drama and built the first theaters in the west.

• Actors used colorful costumes, masks while they dramatized stories about leadership, justice, and the duties owed to the gods.

GREEK DRAMA

TRAGEDY

COMEDY

A serious drama of love, hate, war,and betrayal.

Examples of tragedies Oresteia, Oedipus and the King, Antigone, and Medea

Filled with slap-stick situations and crude humor; mostly satires on customs, politics, respected people, and ideas.

Examples of comedy are The Birds, and Lysistrata

• Peloponnesian Waro Rooted in the growing tensions between Sparta

and Athens in the belief that their own city had the advantage of acquiring power.

o Sparta’s own version of the Delian, the Peloponnesian League. This league has 1 goal:to cause the fall of the Athenian empire.

o Spartans marched into the Athenian territory, burning supplies of local food.

• `

• Plague that killed roughly 1/3-2/3 of the total Athenian population, including Pericles. The plague’s symptoms accdg. to Thucydides, included high fever, inflamed eyes, sore throat, coughing, extreme thirst, vomiting, and red blisters on the skin.

• Athenians attempted to destroy the polis of Syracuse, one of Sparta’s wealthiest ales;’ however, this expedition ended with a total destruction on the Athenians.

• After 27 years, Athens lost its empire, power, and wealth. And the general confidence in democratic government began to falter.

• From two Greek words Philos and sophia which mean “lovers of wisdom”

• Pag-ibig sa Karunungan o Katalinuhan

• Great thinkers based their philosophy on two assumptions.

The universe (land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws.

People can understand these laws through Logic and Reason

SOCRATESPLATO

ARISTOTLE

• 469-399 BC• One of the most powerful thinkers in history• He believed absolute standards did exist for

truth and justice.o Sophists- questioned people’s unexamined beliefs

and ideas about justice and other traditional values. (Socrates VS Sophists such as Protagoras)

• He encouraged his students to examine their beliefs. And made use of the Question and Answer method (Socratic method)

• For Socrates, there is one good (Knowledge) and one evil (Ignorance).

• 427-347 BC• He was 28 years old when his teacher

Socrates died.• He founded a school he called The

Academy in 387 BC• He wrote The Republic wherein he set

forth his vision of a perfectly governed society.o The concept of a PHILOSOPHER KING

• 384-322 BC• Questioned the nature of the world and of

human belief, thought,and knowledge.• He invented a method for arguing

according to rules of logic. This method would later be applied to problems in psychology, physics, and biology.