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Transcript of SRB Presentation
The
Student Resource Building!
Student Resource Building Comfort and Energy Study
Michael Georgescu Bryan Eisenhower
Igor Mezic
Spring 2011
Outline q Building Design q Sustainability Features q Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q Facility Energy Usage q Energy Visualiza3on Tools q Recommenda3ons
The
General Information!
General StaBsBcs
Name: LocaBon:
Size: FuncBon:
Levels: Project Delivery Method:
ConstrucBon Dates: Cost:
ConstrucBon Details
Architect, Interiors and Landscape: Structural + MEP Engineering:
Student Resource Building Santa Barbara 68,413 Square Feet University Administra3on and Mul3-‐func3onal Spaces 3 Design-‐Bid-‐Build Spring 2005 – November 2006 $18,986,000 Sasaki Associates, INC. ARUP
hYp://leadership.sa.ucsb.edu
The
General - Design Intent!
Departments in SRB
Resource Centers in SRB
Campus Learning Assistance Services
African and Diasporic Cultural Resource Center
Disabled Students Program
American Indian Resource Center
Educa3onal Opportunity Program
Asian Resource Center
Graduate Division – Diversity, Recruitment,
Reten3on
Chican@/La3n@ Resource Center
Office of Student Life Greek Student Resource Center
Office of Interna3onal Students and Scholars
Middle Eastern Resource Center
Office of Judicial Affairs Non-‐Tradi3onal and Re-‐entry Student Resource
Center
Orienta3on Programs Resource Center for Sexual and Gender
Diversity
Student Affairs Grants and Development
Women’s Center
q The SRB was designed to be a space where campus departments and organiza3ons could collec3vely assist students from a centralized loca3on
Images courtesy of Sasaki Associates, INC
Outline q Building Design q Sustainability Features q Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q Facility Energy Usage q Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q Recommenda3ons
The
Sustainability!
q Reinforcing the University’s demand for sustainable buildings, the SRB incorporates innova3ons in energy efficient design through green measures including: v Building construc3on with materials containing few vola3le organic
compounds v Mo3on operated ligh3ng controls to reduce energy usage v Low flow water fixtures v Passive ven3la3on/cooling in many building areas v Real-‐3me energy use monitoring and metering
q As a result of these measures, the SRB has obtained LEED silver cer3fica3on from the United States Green Building Council
Images courtesy of Sasaki Associates, INC
The
Sustainability - Energy End Use!
The focus of this project is to decrease energy usage while maintaining comfort by opBmizing the operaBon of the building
Already Op3mized Through
Sustainability Measures
Room For Improvement
Through BeYer Building Opera3on
q In addi3on to sustainable building design, reducing energy usage is important in minimizing a building’s nega3ve environmental impact
q In most buildings, the largest form of energy consump3on is from ligh3ng, space hea3ng and cooling (blue and green above)
hYp://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/ChartView.aspx?chartID=0
Outline q Building Design q Sustainability Features q HeaBng and Cooling Systems q Facility Energy Usage q Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q Recommenda3ons
Heating and Cooling!
q To gauge the efficiency of the building’s thermal performance, analysis was performed on the components responsible for controlling the building’s temperature
q The Student Resources Building has three different mechanisms to keep occupants comfortable 1. Radiant floor and baseboard panel hea3ng 2. Natural ven3la3on (through windows and Atrium) 3. Mechanical ven3la3on (through vents in non-‐perimeter
rooms)
hYp://www.hgtvpro.com/hpro/photo_template/ar3cle/0,3140,HPRO_28216_5930262_06,00.html
Baseboard
Heating and Cooling - Radiant!
q In certain rooms, heat is introduced through hot water pipes: • Radiant hea3ng occurs through the floor of the atrium and
daycare center • Convec3ve hea3ng takes place in baseboard heaters along
the walls of offices in the building’s perimeter
hYp://www.radianthea3ngsystem.net/2010/06/04/hydronic-‐radiant-‐floor-‐hea3ng/hydronic-‐radiant-‐floor-‐hea3ng/
Convec3ve Heater Radiant Floor Hea3ng
The
Heating and Cooling - Natural!
q The building perimeter and atria is cooled through natural ven3la3on
q The atrium’s height promotes natural airflow by lemng hot air escape from the ceiling while cool air stays at ground floor
q This airflow is enhanced by open windows and vents around the perimeter of the building
Diagram of the stack effect
Atrium
Windows
Wind
Out
Heating and Cooling - Mechanical!
q An air handling unit (AHU) is part of a building’s mechanical hea3ng and ven3la3on (HVAC) system and provides -‐ Fresh outdoor air to improve air quality -‐ Hea3ng/cooling for comfort
q The air is ini3ally cooled on the roonop AHU and reheated as necessary just before entering each room
Air Handling Unit Room Vents Outdoors Building HeaBng and cooling equipment
Supply Air
Cooling Coil
Recirculated Air
Hea3ng Coil
Outdoor Air
Outline q Building Design q Sustainability Features q Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q Facility Energy Usage q Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q Recommenda3ons
Energy Usage - Facility!
q The amount of site energy usage is heavily influenced by seasonal weather condi3ons
Metasys data
q The SRB consumes three forms of source energy: Electricity (red), Gas (Green), and Chilled Water (blue) Site Energy Usage
S
Electricity Consumption Intensity!
q The SRB uses approximately 600,000 kWH of electricity each year q For comparison, an average office building of similar size uses 950,000 kWH*
*Based on CBECS average
SRB
q Electricity consump3on intensity is a performance metric that measures energy usage rela3ve to building area
q It allows buildings of different size to be compared to each other
Outline q Building Design q Sustainability Features q Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q Facility Energy Usage q Comfort and Energy VisualizaBon Tools q Recommenda3ons
Tools – Current State of Affairs!
q Building opera3on is currently subop3mal (in general) Ø En3re building is not analyzed at once Ø Too much data, takes too long to obtain & process
For the SRB project, we have developed a toolkit that aggregates building-‐wide data with one push of the buYon
Tradi3onal Analysis
Finer Scale Analysis
Tradi3onal analysis looks at energy at the facility level In our approach, we look at opera3on at a finer scale
Tools – Spatial Analysis!
Tools – Spatial Analysis!!
Floor 1
Floor 2
Floor 3
Floor by floor layout
North view
South view
SRB – Architectural Schema3c
q To analyze sensor data at a finer scale, a visualiza3on tool was developed to spa3ally display informa3on
q With a floor by floor display of informa3on, area specific subop3mal performance is more easily iden3fied
Tools – Previous Building Software!
q Previous building management sonware is menu driven and text based
q Much naviga3on & 3me necessary just to plot measured data
Tools – SRB Toolkit!
q In contrast to current sonware building diagnos3c tools, the visualiza3on GUI developed is graphically based and can quickly display informa3on and iden3fy possible abnormali3es in building behavior
S
Tools – Wireless Sensors!
SRB Floor Plan (3rd Floor)
Receiver: Wireless Sensor:
q For detailed analysis, data was analyzed from room-‐level sensors
q All non-‐yellow regions in the building previously had sensors installed.
q To gain more informa3on, wireless sensors were installed in these yellow regions
Tools – Temperature Sensors!
1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor
Shading Color DescripBon Yellow No current sensing
Non-‐yellow Instrumented with sensors
(temperature) Black Wireless Sensor
q The maps above illustrates the loca3on of these sensors
q Addi3onal sensors (wireless) are being added in areas that have no sensing
Legend
Tools - Thermostat Settings!
q Highlighted rooms are currently regulated to the temperature of the thermostat semng shown here
q Throughout the building there is a 10 degree varia3on in thermostat semng temperature
°F
°F *These thermostat plots represent semngs for early January
E
Tools - Local air reheating!
q Rooms requiring air warmer than what the air handling unit provides have in-‐vent heaters to reheat air before it’s delivered
q In “reheat” figures as shown below, the magnitude of the air temperature difference over the reheat coil is ploYed
Reheat Plot
Large amount of in-‐vent rehea3ng
LiYle or no in-‐vent rehea3ng applied
°F
Tools – Energy Modeling!
q The sensor data from the building provides a limited picture of its behavior
q An energy model can be used to obtain informa3on about the physics of the building Ø Unmeasured comfort & energy usage Ø Inves3ga3ng opera3on alterna3ves Ø Detailed analysis of current design Ø Retrofit designs considera3ons
Tools - Energy Modeling!
q Energy models capture both the architectural components of the building as well as its thermal physics q Typical sonware contains front-‐end for drawing purposes, with mathema3cal engine for computa3on
Equa3ons / Physics / etc.
Building design
Ryan Casey Erika
Student Interns
Tools - SRB Model!
The SRB Energy Model captures weather, building design and opera3on to predict thermal performance
VAVCAVFan Coil UnitRadiant Floor HeatingAir TemperatureNoneOutside Air
North
Tools - Model vs. Data Comparison!
q Comparison is during working hours of the month of July q Model results is on similar order with data q Model does not include baseboard hea3ng since it is occupant controlled
and usage is difficult to predict, but if it were included, electricity and gas usage would increase
q Chilled water (cooling) consump3on is en3rely modeled and model results closely match building data
Model Vs. Data Energy Usage
Building Data Model
These are only iniBal results!
Tools - Overview!
q SoWware Tools u Building Energy Model
§ Predicts characteris3cs of building opera3on
§ Helpful in studying building behavior for different opera3ng condi3ons
u Visualiza3on GUI § Allows quick display of informa3on
from sensors or model data q Measurement Tools
u Metasys Sensors § Senses environment in areas
containing HVAC equipment u Wireless Sensors
• Allows measurement of temperature in naturally ven3lated areas
q Analysis Tools u Spa3al Temperature Distribu3ons
• Temperatures from Metasys and wireless sensors
• Highlights areas of discomfort or subop3mal HVAC opera3on
u Spa3al Reheat Plot • Visualizes fine detail energy usage of
HVAC system • Illustrates inter-‐room interac3ons of
mechanically ven3lated areas and instantaneous hea3ng / cooling demand
Outline q Building Design q Sustainability Features q Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q Facility Energy Usage q Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q RecommendaBons
Aner crea3ng the comfort and energy visualiza3on tools, the SRB data was studied in great detail and recommenda3ons were created to improve comfort and energy efficiency
Data Tools RecommendaBons
Case Studies & Recommended Improvements
Case Number ObservaBon ResulBng behavior SuggesBon
1 (mul3-‐purpose room)
Unusual hea3ng paYern in adjacent rooms
Excessive hea3ng and cooling
Remove or reset one thermostat
2 (DSP center) Unusual hea3ng paYern in adjacent rooms
Excessive hea3ng and cooling
Remove or reset one thermostat
3 (CLAS office)
Unresponsive hea3ng Excessive hea3ng Relocate thermostat
4 (Comp. lab) Inadequate cooling Uncomfortable temperatures
Change cooling schedule and capacity
5 (AHU) Improper HVAC scheduling Uncomfortable condi3ons at night
Match schedules to occupancy
6 (Boiler) Excessive boiler opera3on Excessive energy use Reset boiler schedule
7 (mul3-‐purpose room)
HVAC prematurely shut down Uncomfortable condi3ons
Match schedules to occupancy
Summer
q The local climate is such that most rooms in the SRB should only require hea3ng in the winter months
q A room displaying reheat in the summer and no reheat in winter is abnormal and can indicate improper HVAC opera3on for that room’s thermostat
Summer Winter
Case 1: Excessive heating / cooling!
Reheat Plot
q In the building design Rooms A and B appear to be separated and use two different thermostats
q In reality, these rooms are not separate, yet due to different thermostat semngs, a conflict is made
q The rooms use extra hea3ng and cooling to compensate for the interference each room has on the other
Hea3ng
Cooling Thermostat SeYngs Reheat Plot
72 F
67 F
°F
Room A
Room B
Sugges3on: Change sonware to use only one thermostat (large room)
°F
Case 1: Excessive heating / cooling!
August
q Due to the mixing of air in a building, many factors influence a room’s temperature including the temperature of adjacent rooms
q If a room’s temperature is more effected by an adjacent room rather than it’s own ven3la3on, the adjacent room may impede a thermostat’s opera3on
q This interference is exhibited when a room uses more reheat in the summer rather than the winter
Case 2: Excessive heating / cooling!Reheat Plot
q Aner construc3on, Rooms A and B were originally separated by a wall q From remodeling, the two areas are now a single room with two thermostats q If the room’s two thermostat set points are dissimilar, they will interfere with
each other by introducing air at dissimilar temperatures q In the worst case: half the room is being heated and the other half is being
cooled
Thermostat SeYng
75.7 F 67 F
Sugges3on: Change sonware to use only one thermostat (large room)
°F °F
Room A
Room B
Reheat Plot
Case 2: Excessive heating / cooling!
August
q Under normal circumstances, a room that is con3nuously being heated indicates that a thermostats set point is not being reached and that the heat supplied is not sufficiently effec3ng the temperature of the room
Summer Winter
Case 3: Unresponsive heating!
Reheat Plot
q Rooms near the atrium can have their thermostat skewed if placed too close to atrium opening
q If thermostat semng is too high, room will con3nually be heated
q This hea3ng is wasted as hot air flows into atrium and escapes the building
Thermostat Loca3on Thermostat SeYng of Room
Mean Atrium Temperature
75.7 deg. F 69.6 deg. F
Atrium
December Mean Temperature
Sugges3on: Move thermostat away from Atrium
°F
Case 3: Unresponsive heating!
August
July August September
q Mechanically ven3lated rooms which overheat are not being supplied enough cool air to condi3on the space
q The circled room above contains many computers which generate a lot of heat
q This is the hoYest ven3lated room in the building because there is insufficient cool air being supplied
Case 4: Inadequate cooling!
Sugges3on: Increase airflow provided to the computer lab by adjus3ng the air damper.
AHU1
The AHUs should be scheduled to operate only when needed to save energy and keep occupants comfortable
q Yellow por3ons illustrate when the AHU is opera3ng and not needed
q Maroon por3ons illustrate when the AHU is not opera3ng but needed (i.e. in the overhea3ng computer room)
Sugges3on: Reduce energy waste by turning off AHUs during yellow regions. Increase comfort by con3nuing to operate AHUs during maroon por3ons.
Case 5: Improper HVAC scheduling!
q The SRB’s boiler operates needlessly during the late night
q Hot water consump3on for building hea3ng accounts for 20% of the total building energy usage
Sugges3on: Turn boiler off during unoccupied hours for 15-‐20% reduc3on in building HVAC hea3ng water usage
Metasys data
Case 6: Excessive boiler operation!
AHU1
Many occupants of the SRB mul3purpose (oval) room have experienced discomfort during evening hours
q Maroon por3ons illustrate when the mul3purpose room’s AHU is not opera3ng but needed
u Hypothesis: Occupants are uncomfortable because there is no temperature regula3on during nights and weekends
Sugges3on: Increase comfort by con3nuing to operate AHUs during 3mes highlighted in maroon
Case 7: HVAC prematurely turned off!
Conclusions and Ac3ons
Case Number ObservaBon ResulBng behavior ResoluBon
1 (mul3-‐purpose room)
Unusual hea3ng paYern in adjacent rooms
Excessive hea3ng and cooling
Will be addressed during Facili3es’ reprogramming project of SRB thermostats
2 (DSP center) Unusual hea3ng paYern in adjacent rooms
Excessive hea3ng and cooling
Will be addressed during Facili3es’ reprogramming project of SRB thermostats
3 (CLAS office) Unresponsive hea3ng Excessive hea3ng Under observa3on by Facili3es
4 (Computer lab)
Inadequate cooling Uncomfortable temperatures
Under observa3on by Facili3es
5 (AHU) Improper HVAC scheduling Uncomfortable condi3ons at night
Schedule adjusted
6 (Boiler) Excessive boiler opera3on Excessive energy use Schedule adjusted
7 (mul3-‐purpose room)
HVAC prematurely shut down Uncomfortable condi3ons Schedule adjusted
Outline q Building Design q Sustainability Features q Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q Facility Energy Usage q Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q Recommenda3ons q Future Research
Future Work!
q The work we have done and recommenda3ons we have provided primarily focus on iden3fying energy waste and solu3ons based on the opera3on of the building
q Occupants in por3ons of the SRB are s3ll uncomfortable which drives down morale and produc3vity
Ø A more detailed study of air-‐flows (natural cooling) within the building will help to op3mize the free cooling
Ø Integra3on of the comfort / energy visualiza3on at the desktop level will provide users with beYer understanding of how they influence their own comfort
Tools - Overview!
q SoWware Tools u Building Energy Model
§ Predicts characteris3cs of building opera3on
§ Helpful in studying building behavior for different opera3ng condi3ons
u Calibrate Energy Model u Visualiza3on GUI
§ Allows quick display of informa3on from sensors or model data
u Desktop ImplementaBon of InteracBve VisualizaBon & Comfort Tool
q Measurement Tools u Metasys Sensors
§ Senses environment in areas containing HVAC equipment
u Wireless Sensors • Allows measurement of temperature
in naturally ven3lated areas
q Analysis Tools u Spa3al Temperature Distribu3ons
• Temperatures from Metasys and wireless sensors
• Highlights areas of discomfort or subop3mal HVAC opera3on
u Spa3al Reheat Plot • Visualizes fine detail energy usage of
HVAC system • Illustrates inter-‐room interac3ons of
mechanically ven3lated areas and instantaneous hea3ng / cooling demand
u Expand visualizaBon tool to be interacBve with user feedback
u Perform analysis of interacBon of natural & mechanical flows in the building
* Future opportunity
The
q Many factors contribute to air flow in the SRB including: u Flow due to HVAC opera3on u Natural Ven3la3on u Air flow from occupant travel
q These modes of air transport operate independently
q LiYle is understood of how these factors can impede or enhance a building’s opera3on
q Coopera3vely controlling these system has the poten3al to both improve comfort and reduce consump3on
Improving Airflow!
Atrium
Windows
Wind
q Develop no3fica3on system that instructs occupants when it’s beneficial to open windows in addi3on to other building sta3s3cs
q Include feedback so occupants can also communicate level of comfort produced by control algorithm
Interactive Visualization Tool!
Open Windows
Possible SoluBon: Web Based Dashboard
Picture: William Wordsworth, Nature As the Teacher, 2010
NoBficaBon system in place in an elementary school in Virginia
Tools - Overview!
q SoWware Tools u Building Energy Model
§ Predicts characteris3cs of building opera3on
§ Helpful in studying building behavior for different opera3ng condi3ons
u Calibrate Energy Model u Visualiza3on GUI
§ Allows quick display of informa3on from sensors or model data
u Desktop ImplementaBon of InteracBve VisualizaBon & Comfort Tool
q Measurement Tools u Metasys Sensors
§ Senses environment in areas containing HVAC equipment
u Wireless Sensors • Allows measurement of temperature
in naturally ven3lated areas
q Analysis Tools u Spa3al Temperature Distribu3ons
• Temperatures from Metasys and wireless sensors
• Highlights areas of discomfort or subop3mal HVAC opera3on
u Spa3al Reheat Plot • Visualizes fine detail energy usage of
HVAC system • Illustrates inter-‐room interac3ons of
mechanically ven3lated areas and instantaneous hea3ng / cooling demand
u Expand visualizaBon tool to be interacBve with user feedback
u Perform analysis of interacBon of natural & mechanical flows in the building
* Future opportunity
PresentaBon Appendix
q Daily HVAC hot water consump3on shown
q During this month, the boiler was con3nuously opera3ng
q Predicted energy savings calculated by summing hot water consump3on during unoccupied building hours (12:00am to 5:00am)
q Consump3on during night hours was measured to be 20% of December’s HVAC hot water consump3on
Metasys data
Case 6 Savings Calculation Method!
Day of Month En
ergy Con
sumpB
on (k
Btu) December HVAC Hot Water ConsumpBon
Boiler OperaBng Schedule