SQUEO Lezioni Lingua Inglese I
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Transcript of SQUEO Lezioni Lingua Inglese I
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Introduction to Translation Studies
Translation Practice and Contrastive Grammar
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Main texts
M. Ulrych, Translating Texts. FromTheory to Practice, pp. 21-114
C. Taylor, Language to Language, pp.
48-64
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Source TextSource Language Text
ST
Target TextTarget Language Text
TT
Translation is an incredibly broad notion, which canbe understood in many different waysMark Shuttleworth, DictionaryofTranslation Studies(1997)
Translation is the rendering of a SourceLanguage text into a Target Language text. Buttranslation is not a merely automaticsubstitution of linguistic structures.
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Prego
CiaoPronto?You know the truth
He delivered the punchHa il senso della realtA gentle slopeOfgentle birthAntonio arrivato arrivato Antonio! successa una disgrazia.
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Pronto?
Pronto. Parla Mary,potrei parlare conSusan
Pronto? Si, cara
Allora andiamo
Hello?
Hello, this is Mary,could I speak toSusan please?
Are you ready? Yes, I am
Right, then lets go
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Potrebbe passarmi
quel libro per favore? Prego?
Vorrei leggere quellibro
Prego Grazie
Prego
Could you give me
that book please? Sorry?
I would like to readthat book
Here you are Thank you
Youre welcome
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Prego?
Vorrei comprare un
libro
Prego, dopo di lei
Can I help you?
Id like to buy a
book
After you
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Non hanno un bel niente
Niente affattoLa goccia che fa traboccare il vasoMi piace il tiramisIl rosso delluovoA buon mercatoBuon Natale e buon annoHe went (and, andava, andato)
Egli andava (he went, he would go, he usedto go, he was going)
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Language
Use Structure
Context and culture(situation)(register)
Communicative Functions
Phonology
Graphology
Lexicon
GrammarStyle
Linguistic Variations
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Ewe Turn: sheep stop the traffic in Madrid
Pecore in fuga bloccano il traffico di Madrid
Could breaking news be starting to break us instead?
E se le ultime notizie fossero davvero le ultime?
Ewe Turn U Turn
To break: distruggere, fare a pezzi
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Coleridge, TheRime oftheAncientMariner
The fairbreeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free;We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.
Soffiava il buon vento, volava la bianca spuma
seguiva libera la scia;I primi fummo che irrompemmoIn quel tacito mare.
Laballata delvecchio marinaio (trad. T. Tommaso Pisanti)
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It is dangerous to lean out Vietato sporgersi
Valone, 20 aprile 1917
Unaltra notte,In questoscuroColle mani
GelateDistinguoIl mio visoMi vedo
Abbandonatonellinfinito
Ungaretti
In this darkWith frozen handsI make out
My face
I see myselfAdrift in infinitespace
Traduzione diPeter Creagh
In this darkWith handsFrozen
I make outMy faceI see myselfabandoned inthe infinite
Traduzione diCharlesTomlison
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There was another problem to be solved: how toprotect bank deposits from the risk ofdisappearing intothin airas a result of the overwhelming losses whichwere threatening to bring down the three main banks.
Cera anche un altro problema da risolvere: come
proteggere i depositi bancari dal rischio di dissolversinellaria in seguito alle perdite schiaccianti cheminacciavano le tre banche principali.
Restava inoltre scoperto il problema dellasalvaguardia dei depositi bancari esposti al rischio divolatilizzarsi a fronte della gran massa di perdite cheormai schiacciava i tre principali Istituti di credito.
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Translation Studies
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In his article OnLinguisticAspectsofTranslation (1959)Roman Jakobson distinguishes three kinds of translation
Intralingual translation: rewording(riformulazione)(an interpretation of verbalsigns by means of other signs in the samelanguage)
Interlingual translation: translation proper(an interpretation of verbal signs bymeans of some other language)
Intersemiotic translation: transmutation (aninterpretation of verbal signs by means ofnon verbal signs) (parola-immagine)
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Translation Studies refer to what Jakobson definesINTERLINGUAL Translation
Translation Studies date back to the 1970s.1972 James S. Holmes, The Name and Nature ofTranslation Studies during the Third Conference of
Applied Linguistics (in Copenhagen) used the
expression Translation Studies to define a newarea of analysis that is not simply a part of linguistics.
1978 Andr Lefevere proposed that the name
Translation Studies should be adopted for thediscipline that concerns itself with the problemsraised by the production and description oftranslations
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Language
Use Structure
Context and culture(situation)(register)
Communicative Functions
Phonology
Graphology
Lexicon
GrammarGrammarStyle
Linguistic Variations
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Translation:
From Theory to Practice
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The translatability of a text depends on many aspects.
1. It depends on the degree to which the sourcetext is embedded in its own culture. Themore culture-bound a text is, the more difficult itis to translate. The less culture bound a text is,
the less it needs to be adapted to suit the TLreadership. We should speak of a sliding scaleof translatability, largely depending on thedegree to which a text is embedded in SL
culture.
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2. The translatability of a text is deeplyconnected with the communicativefunction of the text. Promotional leaflets,business letters and poetry aremeaningful examples of different
degrees of translatability.
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Translation Strategies (Malone)
In 1988 Malone introduces a list of ninetranslation strategies, that is nine differentprocedures adopted by translations in order tocope with the lexical and syntactical differencesbetween Source Language and TargetLanguage
Approfondimento: C. Taylor, Languageto
Language, pp. 48-64.
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1. Equation
Spaghetti, Lasagna, Pizza (however the absolute
equivalence of these terms must be questioned, as they
are used outside their home context)
One of the most well-known traps associated with the word-
for word equation if that of false friends, where the
meanings of deceptively similar terms do not match
across languages (Actual/attuale; editor/editore)
Some lexical items have a particularly high frequency inItalian (much higher than their English equivalents)
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(ex. Realt) reality: the English lexical item has too high a
level of abstraction
Larte come imitazione della realt/Art as imitation ofnatureLa realt dura/Life is hard
La sua malattia una realt/Her illness is genuine
Progetti che diventano realt/plans which are realised
Spesso la realt ci sfugge/Often we dont see things as they
really are
Ha il senso della realt /He is realistic
Bisogna tenere il senso della realt locale/We must keep localneeds in mind
La realt economica/the economic situation
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Examples that deviate fromequation
The Holy Bible (La Sacra Bibbia)(not The Sacred Bible)(not La Santa Bibbia)
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2. Substitution
(the antithesis of equation: the translation has little or no
morpho-syntactic or semantic relation to the source text.
Ex. The Italian subjunctive replaced by an Englishinfinitive
Far in modo che si convinca a venire
Ill try to get her to come
The straw that broke the camels back
La goccia che fa traboccare il vaso
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3. Divergence:The strategy of choosing one possible solution from a
potential range of alternatives
Creampanna
Crema
glass
vetro
bicchiere
Se dovesse succedere
Were it to happen
If it were to happen
should it happen
If it should happen
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She saw a beautiful dress in the window
She opened the window
She lowered the window
Non ho niente da dire
Niente male
Niente scherzi
Non hanno un bel niente
NIENTE
I have nothing to say
Not bad
No messing about!
They have nothing at all
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4. Convergence
Commercialista
Contabile
Ragioniere
Accountant
Tu
Lei
Voi
You
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5. Amplification
Swansea is the birthplace ofDylanThomas
Swasea il luogo natale del famososcrittore e poeta Dylan Thomas
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6. Reduction
Carta geografica
Map
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7. Diffusion
A source text item or utterance is expandedwithout adding any extra layer of meaning
Cheap A buon mercato
Weatherwise Per quanto riguarda il tempo
The nineteen century sex role system
La divisione dei ruoli in base al sesso nel XIX secolo
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8. Condensation
A source text item or utterance is contractedwithout omitting any layer of meaning
To look at guardare
To fall in love innamorarsi
To run after inseguire
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9. Reordering
It occurs when various procedures areintroduced to the syntactic units into the mostfamiliar patterns of the target language
Black and white Bianco e nero
Non ancoragiunto il tempo
The time has not yet come
successauna disgrazia
Something terriblehas happened
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HIGH PRESSURE
Pressione alta: high blood pressure
Alta pressione: in the meteorological sense
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The very small percentage of workstrnaslated by us compared to the totalnumber of works imported per yearis
clearfrom these lists.
Da questi elenchi apparir
evidentissima la minima percentualedelle opere da noi tradotte in confrontoal totale annuo delle opere importate.
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The hands which, on the 25 th of April1953 picked the apple from the Biblicaltree of knowledge belonged to a rather
eccentic English physicist.
A cogliere la mela del biblico albero
della conoscenza furono, il 25 aprile1953, le mani di un bizzarro fisicoinglese
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Language
Use Structure
Context and culture(situation)(register)
Communicative Functions
Phonology
Graphology
Lexicon
GrammarGrammarStyle
Linguistic Variations
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Language USE
language functions
Ex. Nice weather, isnt it?: two people atthe bus stop. The main purpose is to
socialise, to create a common ground forconversation and not to make a statementabout the weather.
Standard phrases should be translatedwith standard equivalents in the TL, theyshould not be translated literally.
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La lingua un modo di agire sociale. Attraversoi nostri atti linguistici che si concatenano in untesto (scritto, verbale) e si attualizzano
pragmaticamente, siamo in grado non solo diveicolare dei messaggi, ma di influenzare icomportamenti degli altri con richieste,domande, proposte, avvertimenti. Non sempre i
meccanismi dellazione linguistica sono diretti edespliciti.
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Ex. Chiuda quella finestra! in una sala dattesaad uno sconosciuto: ordine efficace nelcontenuto linguistico ma del tutto infelice dalpunto di vista pragmatico, perch scortese.
Le dispiacerebbe chiudere quella finestra?Potrebbe chiudere per cortesia: un attolinguistico strutturato a livello del discorso comeuna frase interrogativa, in realt non una
domanda, una richiesta di informazione, ma diun servizio.
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A: Linguistic Functions
Austin, HowtoDo Thingswith Words(1962)
Functions
THE LOCUTION: the literal meaning of anutterance, the formal meaning of the words
THE ILLOCUTION: the communicative force(the act that is performed by it: warning,request, etc.)
THE PERLOCUTION: the effect on the hearer orreader
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B : communicative functions
Elements of an act of verbalcommunication
Jakobson (1960): communicative schemeCommunicative functions
Although texts are generally multifunctional,
one function generally predominates
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Addresser Message Addressee
ContactContext
Code
Expressive Poetic Conative
Phatic
ReferentialMetalingual
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Relationship between communicative
functions and text types (1)
Emotive functionLiterary texts
autobiographies
letters
Technical reports
textbooks
Scientific articles
advertising
Political propaganda
Charity appeals
referential function
conative function
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Relationship between communicative
functions and text types (2)
Poetic function
Poetry
songs
Nursery rhymes
Greetings
condolences
Good wishes
grammar
dictionary
phatic function
metalingual function
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C: Rhetoric functions
Once the translator has determined what is thepredominant language function of a ST, he has toestablish what rhetorical strategies the author of the ST
has used to achieve the desired effect Ex. In a vocative text, persuation may be achievedby narrating, describing, arguing
Once the predominant language function has beenestablished, the translators next task will be to
determine what rhetorical function the author has used toachieve the desired effect.
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Language
Use Structure
Context and culture(situation)(register)
Communicative Functions
Phonology
Graphology
Lexicon
GrammarStyle
Linguistic Variations