Square One Preschooler Development Course · 2019. 7. 27. · Preschooler Development Course This...

PreschoolerDevelopment(37months‐5yearsold)

PreschoolerDevelopmentCourse

PresentedbySquareOne,anon‐profitschoolreadinessiniBaBveinVirginiaBeach,Virginia,thatprovidesprofessionaldevelopmenttrainingtothosewhoworkwithyoungchildrenages0‐5andtheirfamilies.SquareOneisadivisionoftheVirginiaBusinessCoaliBononHealth(VBCH).Visitwww.SqOne.organdwww.myvbch.orgVBCHPresidentandCEO:BarbaraK.Wallace,EdD.SquareOneDirector:MarthaP.LaGiglia,MSEd.CourseDeveloper:BeverlyH.Bullock,MSW,LCSW

*“PreschoolerDevelopment”Coursedevelopedin2012.

PreschoolerDevelopmentCourse

Thisself‐pacedonlinetrainingcourseisdesignedtoprovideinformaBonon

PreschoolerDevelopment(37months‐5yrs.),inaonehourformat,focusingonthedevelopmentofapreschoolchild.

Itisimportantforearlychildhoodeducators,homevisiBngagencystaff,parents/caregiversandotherswhoworkwithyoungchildrentounderstandpreschoolagedevelopment,includingdevelopmentalmilestones.

Asyouprogressthroughthisonlinecourse,pleasenotethe“review” quizquesBonswillhelpyou“pracBce”forthefinalquiz.

Youwillbeaskedtofollowthelinktotakethe“FinalQuiz”onthelastslideinthispresentaBon.AcerBficatewillbesenttoyoua_erreceivingan80%passrate.

CourseCompetenciesandLearningObjecBves

1.  Traineeswillunderstandage‐appropriatedevelopmenta.Givenexamplesofphysical,social/emoBonal,cogniBve,and

languagedevelopmentalmilestones,traineeswillclassifywhichmilestonesmatchwhichagegroupofpre‐schoolers.

b.GiventheimportanceofposiBveparent/childinteracBon,traineeswillidenBfywaysthatparentsandcaregiverscanpromotebraindevelopmentinpre‐schoolchildren.

c.Givennormaldevelopmentalmilestones,traineeswillrecognizeindicatorsthatdevelopmentisnottakingplacewithinnormallimitsandthatreferralforfurtherservicesmaybesuggested.


2.  Traineeswilldevelopanunderstandingofissuescommonlyfoundwiththepre‐school‐agedchildandwillidenBfystrategiestoaddresstheseissues.a.Givenexamplesofcommonplayscenariosinpre‐schoolchildren,traineeswillidenBfywaysplayisusedasacommunicaBontool,methodofexpression,andvehicleforlearning.b.Givenexamplesofcommonpre‐schoolbehaviors,includingsharing,notgedngalongwithothers,andbeingaggressivetowardothers,traineeswillidenBfythecausesofthesebehaviors,includingsiblingrivalryandseparaBonanxiety.


3.TraineeswillrecognizeexploraBon,safety,andhealthissuesthataffectthisagegroup.a.GiventhecharacterisBcsofphysicaldevelopmentofchildrenages37monthsto5years,traineeswillexplaintheimportanceofrouBne,prevenBvemedicalcare,includingcheck‐ups,immunizaBons,andoralhealthcare.b.GivenstaBsBcsofunintenBonalinjuriesinchildrenages37monthsto5years,traineeswillexplaintheneedtoeducatechildren,parents,andcaregiversabouthomeandneighborhoodsafetyissuesandidenBfysomeofthemostcommoncausesofunintenBonalinjuriesinthisagegroup.


4.  TraineeswillidenBfyeffecBvedisciplinestrategiestomanageanger,frustraBon,opposiBonalbehaviors,andimpulsecontrol.a.GiventhedefiniBonofdiscipline,traineeswilldifferenBatebetweendisciplineandpunishment,emphasizingtheroleofposiBvedisciplineinraisingchildren.b.Giventhereasonswhychildrenofthisagegroupmisbehave,traineeswillidenBfyandexplainhowtouseseveraldisciplinestrategies,including“Timeout,” “1,2,3Magic,”“Catchthembeinggood,”and“The101PosiBvePrinciplesofDiscipline.”

PreschoolerDevelopment

Inthenextfewslides,wewillexplorenotonlythegeneralguidelinesfor“normal”preschoolagechilddevelopment,butalsotherolethatcultureplaysindevelopment,theimportanceofparent/childinteracBonondevelopment,andfinally,signsofdevelopmentaldelays.

TheRoleofCultureinChildDevelopment

Whatroledoescultureplayinthewayachild’sdevelopmentisviewed?

TheRoleofCultureinChildDevelopment

Differentculturesviewchilddevelopmentindifferentways:• SomeculturesvaluespendingBmewithchildrenmorethanothers

• Someculturesvalueoneaspectofdevelopmentoveranotherandmayemphasizethataspect–forexample,aculturemayhighlyvaluecogniBveabilityandintellectualdevelopment,therefore;encouragingthataspectofdevelopmentmorewhilenotpayingenoughajenBontotheothers

• VaryinglevelsofeducaBoninallculturesaffectcaregivers’expectaBonsaboutchildren’sdevelopment–someexpectaBonsmaybeunrealisBc

• Somevaluedifferentfamilysizes,whichmayinfluencetheamountofqualityBmeparentshavetointeractwithpreschool‐agedchildren

Parent/Child/TeacherInteracBon

Howimportantisparent/child/teacherinteracBoninthedevelopmentofchildren?Howdoyouinteractwithyoungchildren?

WaystoInteractwithChildren

PayingajenBontothechildPlayingwiththechild

SingingLaughingHugging

TalkingReadingbooksaloud

Parent/Child/TeacherInteracBon

Parent/child/teacherinteracBonisveryimportant!Talking,singing,readingaloud,playing,hugging,andaskingquesBonswillhelpdevelopachild’sbrainaswellaspromoteliteracyskills.Researchshowsthatreadingtoayoungchildisthesinglemostimportantstrategytoimproveschoolreadinessskills.Makereadingfun–useadifferentvoicewhilereading,uBlizepuppetsandtryacBngoutstories!Findatopicthatachildisinterestedinandexplorethatsubjectwithbooks.Besureyoureadtochildreneveryday!

Let’sReview…

Doyouknowtheanswers?TrueofFalse‐1.  Allculturesvaluetheacademicachievementsofyoung

childrenthesame.

2.  HuggingisawayofinteracBngwithachild.3.  Readingtoachildisanimportantstrategyforbuildingliteracy/schoolreadinessskills.

AnswerstoreviewquesBons…

Howdidyoudo?1)  False‐(Someculturesfeelacademicachievementismore

importantthanothermilestonesofdevelopment.)2)True‐(Hugging,cuddling,smiling,etc.arenon‐verbalformsofinteracBonwithchildren.)3)  True‐(Readingwithchildrenisoneofthemostimportantwaystopromoteliteracyandschoolreadinessskills.)

PreschoolerDevelopmentalMilestones

SocialandEmoBonalDevelopment

PhysicalDevelopmentCogniBveDevelopment

LanguageDevelopment


Doyouknowhowmanywordsa3yearoldshouldbeabletosay,iftheyaredevelopmentallyontargetfortheirage?


Ifyouguessed500‐900words,youareabsolutelycorrect.Now…Howmanywordsshoulda5yearoldknoworbeabletosay?


Byage5,achildshouldbeabletosayabout2,000words!Howquicklytheygrowanddevelop!

3yr.oldDevelopmentalMilestonesPhysical/MovementandCogni5veDevelopmentRuns,jumps,andclimbswellConcentratesontasksfor8‐9minutesWalksupstairsunassisted,alternaBngfeetRecognizesshapesandcolorsStandsonBptoesRidestricycleMatchesandsortsitemsThrowsballoverhandKnowsfullnameandageDressesandundressesselfStacks5‐10blocksHoldscrayonswellAjemptstosolveproblemsDrawsstraightlinesandcopiesacircle

Age3

3yr.oldDevelopmentalMilestones

LanguageandSocial/Emo5onalDevelopmentUsesunderstandablespeechDoesadult‐likerole/pretendplay(i.e.,talkingonthephone,talkingtodolls,etc.)Saysabout500‐900wordsLikestoplaywithothersSpeaksintwoorthreewordsentences,progressingtofourtofivewordsentencesBeginstoshowfeelingsinsociallyacceptableways(i.e.,fewertempertantrums)Referstoselfbyusingownname/Saysfullname,age,andsexUses“please”and“thankyou”TakesturnsBeginstoshareEnjoyshelpingwithsimplehouseholdtasksAsks“who,what,when,whereandwhy”quesBonsBeginstotalkaboutfeelingslikefearandsadnessNamescolorsPlayswellwithothers;cooperatesUsespronounscorrectly(I,you,he,me,etc.)&plurals

Age3

4yr.oldDevelopmentalMilestonesPhysical/MovementandCogni5veDevelopmentWalksdownstairsaloneBeginstounderstandBmeSkipsandhopsononefootBelieveshisorherownthoughtscanmakethingshappenUnderstandsdifferencebetweenfantasyandrealityBuildsablocktowerwith10blocksLikestoexplorethebodyandmayplaydoctorornurseBujonsclothingMovesforwardandbackwardwithagilityCorrectlynamessomecolorsBeginstocopysomecapitallejersUnderstandsconceptofcounBngUsesscissorsFollowsthree‐partcommands

Age4


LanguageandSocial/Emo5onalDevelopmentSaysabout1,500wordsBeginstobecomelessawareofonlyone’sselfandmoreawareofpeoplearoundhimorherSpeaksinfourtosixwordsentencesWantstodothingsonhisorherown;veryindependentLikestotellstories/describehowtodothingsSelfish;doesnotliketoshareSingssongsFightswithsiblingsbutnegoBatessoluBonstoconflictsMayhaveimaginaryplaymatesAsksquesBonsconstantlyHasanumberoffearsHasmasteredsomebasicrulesofgrammarImaginesthatunfamiliarimagesmaybe“monsters”

Age4


Age5

Physical/MovementDevelopmentJumpsropeSomersaults,maybeabletoskipSwingsBeginstolearntoBeshoesCopiesshapeswhiledrawingDresses/undressesselfcompletelyUsesfork,spoon,andsomeBmesknife

Cogni5veDevelopmentCannamecoinsandmoneyCanunderstandcommandswithmulBpleinstrucBons HasanincreasedunderstandingofBmeIscuriousaboutrealfactsabouttheworldMaycomparerulesofparentswiththatoffriendsLikestocookCancount10ormoreobjects


LanguageandSocial/Emo5onalDevelopmentSaysabout2,000wordsSpeaksinsixtoeightwordsentencesWantstobelikefriendsIseagertopleaseothersandmakethemhappyHasgoodmannersKnowsdaysoftheweekandmonthsoftheyearGetsalongwellwithparentsKnowsaddressandphonenumberRecallspartsofastory/tellslongerstoriesLikestoplaysportsAbletodisBnguishfantasyfromreality

Age5

Let’sReview…

TrueorFalseQuesBons:1)  A3yr.oldcannamecolorsofthings.

2)A4yr.oldunderstandstheconceptofcounBng.3)A5yr.oldisabletodisBnguishthedifferencebetweenfantasyandreality.


1)  True–(3yr.oldsshouldbeabletonamethebasiccolors.)

2)True‐(4yr.oldsshouldbeabletocountobjects.)3)  True‐(5yr.oldsshouldbeabletodisBnguishthe

differencebetweenfantasyandreality.)

SignsofDevelopmentalDelay

Unfortunately,somechildrendonotmeetthemilestonesoutlinedinthegeneralguideandareconsidered“developmentallydelayed.”Earlyrecogni5onofadevelopmentaldelaycanenabletheparentorcaretakertoobtainhelpfulservicesforthechildwhenheorsheisyoung,hopefullyallowingforthechild’sachievementofhisorhermaximumlevelofdevelopmentandfunc5oning.Thereareseveraltestsavailablethatareusedtoscreenfordevelopmentaldelays.Alwaysconsultaprofessional.

SignsofDevelopmentalDelayThesecouldbe“redflags”indicaBngdelaysfora4to5yearoldchild:Speechishardtounderstand(uncleararBculaBon,poorvoicequality)Childisnottalkingincompletesentencesbyage5StujeringconBnuespastage5ChildisnotabletositandlistentoashortstoryChildisnotabletodress/undressthemselvesChildisnotpojytrainedbyage5Childcannotfollow2‐stepdirecBonsbyage5Childisnotabletopedalatricyclebyage4ChildissBllin“scribble”stageincreaBveartprocessatage4Thechild’sfinemotorskillsarenotdeveloping,i.e.,notbeginningtousescissorsordrawshapes

ScreeningTestsSeveraltestsareavailabletoscreenfordevelopmentaldelay:TheDenverDevelopmentalScreeningTest:ages0‐6yearsTheBayleyScalesofInfantDevelopment(BSID)usedtoassesscogniBve,behavioral,andmotordevelopmentforchildren2to30months.TheBaIelleDevelopmentalInventory(BDI)evaluateschildrenfrombirthto8yearsTheAgesandStagesQues5onnaires(ASQ)isascreeningtoolthatevaluateschildrenages4to60monthsintheareasofcommunicaBon,grossmotorskills,finemotorskills,problem‐solving,andpersonal‐socialdevelopment.TheStanford‐BinetIntelligenceScaleisastandardizedinstrumentusedtoassessthecogniBvefuncBoningofchildrenagestwoto23yearsTheWeschlerPre‐schoolandPrimaryScaleofIntelligence‐Revised(WIPPSI‐R)isacomprehensivetesttodetermineoverallcogniBveabilityforpreschoolers(ages4to6.5).

DevelopmentalDelays

AnychildofpreschoolagewhoissuspectedofhavingadevelopmentaldelayshouldbereferredtoanEarlyChildhoodIntervenBonProgramforascreening.Askapediatriciantosuggestprofessionalsinthearea.IntheCommonwealthofVirginia,allchildrenage2andabovemaybescreenedFREEbytheirCityorCountyPublicSchoolSystem.ItisimportanttogetearlyintervenBonservicesassoonaspossible.

MilestonesToRemember 3Years Runs,jumps,andclimbswellRidestricycle

Concentratesontasksfor8‐9min. Saysabout500‐900wordsTakesturnsBeginstoshare

4Years

BujonsclothingUsesscissorsUnderstandsdifferencebetweenfantasyandrealitySaysabout1,500words

SpeaksinfourtosixwordsentencesVeryindependent Imaginesthatunfamiliarimagesmaybe“monsters”

5yearsJumpsropeSomersaultsSaysabout2,000wordsIseagertopleaseothersandmakethemhappy LikestoplaysportsAbletodisBnguishfantasyfrom

reality

Let’sReview…

TrueorFalse:1. Achild’svocabularyincreasesfrom500‐900wordsatage3tonearly2000wordsbyage5.2. Achildisconsideredtohaveadelayintheirdevelopmentiftheyarenotabletousescissorsorrideatricyclebyage3.3. Achildisconsidereddelayediftheyarenotabletodressandundressthemselvesbyage5.


1)  True‐(A5yr.oldchildshouldsaynearly2000words.)

2)  False‐(A3yr.oldissBlllearningtocutwithscissorsandrideatricycle.Itisnormaliftheyhavenotyetmasteredthoseskills.)

3)  True‐(Achildshouldbeabletodressandundressthemselvesatage5.)

Let’stalkaboutchildsafety…

Let’sBeSafe

Accidentsarethegreatestthreattothelifeandhealthofachild.AccordingtoSafeKidsUSA,“AccidentalinjuryisthenumberonekillerofAmerica’schildren,takingmorelivesthandisease,violence,andsuicide.”(SafeKidsUSA,hjp://www.usa.safekids.org/Ber2rl.cfm?folder_id=166).

Let’sBeSafePre‐school‐agedchildrenarebecomingmoreindependent,especiallyastheybecomeolder.Five‐yearolds,whileitisrecommendedtheyareneverle_unsupervised,arebeginningtorideabicycleandcrossthestreet.Infact,accordingtoChildren’sHospitaloftheKing’sDaughtersinNorfolk,VA,“Mostuninten5onalinjuriesoccurbetweenMayandAugust,duringeveninghourswhenchildrenaremostlikelytobeunsupervised.Almosthalfofuninten5onalinjuriesoccurinoraroundthehome.”

Let’sBeSafe

Accidentsandinjuries…

Whataresomeexamplesofinjuriesthatoccurinpreschoolagechildren?

Ifyouguessed…

Falls

Childrenincaraccidents

Drowning

ShooBngs

Burns

You are right!

Let’sBeSafe

Let’sBeSafe

Oneinfourchildreneachyears5llsufferinjuriesthatareseriousenoughtorequiremedicalaIen5on.Amongthecausesoftheseinjuriesarefalls,caraccidents,andbicycle‐relatedinjuries.Addi5onally,drowningistheleadingcauseofuninten5onalinjury‐relateddeathamongchildrenages1‐4.Mostdrowningaccidentsoccurinresiden5alswimmingpools,althoughchildrencan

drowninasliIleasoneinchofwater.Burnsarealsoofconcernforthepreschool‐agechild,butthegoodnewsisthatupto90percentofuninten5onalinjuriescanbeprevented.

BurnsBurnsandfiresarethefi_hmostcommoncauseofunintenBonalinjury‐relateddeathinchildrenages14andunder.Firekillsabout500childrenages14andundereachyear.ThemajorityoffiresthatkillorinjurechildrenareresidenBalfires.Themajorityofchildren,ages4andunder,whoarehospitalizedforburnrelatedinjuriesfromscaldburns(65%)orcontactburns(20%).HottapwaterscaldburnscausemoredeathsandhospitalizaBonsthanburnsfromanyotherhotliquids.

RiskfactorsFlame:playingwithmatches,cigarejelighters,firesinfireplaces,barbecuepits,andtrashfiresScalding:Bppingscaldingliquids,bathtubscaldsassociatedwithlackofsupervisionorchildabuse

Let’sBeSafe

Let’sBeSafePreven5onofBurnsDuringthepast30years,burninjurieshavedecreasedsignificantlyintheU.S.duetothefollowingprevenBonstrategies:•  UsingworkingsmokedetectorsinmulBpleareasofthehome•  Usingflame‐resistantsleepwearandtoysforyoungchildren•  Keepingflammableproductsoutofthereachofchildren•  Decreasingsmoking•  Sedngwaterheatersinhomesto120degreesFahrenheitorbelow•  AlwaystesBngthetemperatureofliquids,foods,andbathwaterbeforeexposingchildrentothem

Let’sBeSafeCarSafety InVirginia,asofJuly2007,childrestraintdevices

arerequiredforallchildrenuptoage8whentheyareinamovingvehicle.ThecarseatusedmustbeproperlyinstalledaccordingtoVirginia’sDept.ofTransportaBon,butabout85percentofchildsafetyseatsorboosterseatsareimproperlyused.Someofthemostcommonmistakesininstallingorusingchildsafetyseatsincludethefollowing:• safetybeltnotholdingtheseatinBghtlyand/ornotinlockedmode• harnessstrapsnotsnugand/orroutedcorrectly• harnessretainerclipnotatarmpitlevel• lockingclipnotusedcorrectly• carseatrecalledandnotrepaired(includesboosterseats)

Parentsandcaregiversshouldcarefullyreadtheirvehicleowner’smanualandalsoaskalocalfirestaBontocheckthechildsafetyseattoensureproperinstallaBonanduseoftheseat.Reviewyourstatelawsaswell.

Also,advisechildrennottoplayaroundthecarandkeepthecardoorsandtrunklocked.TherearemanyprogramsbothnaBonallyandstatewideforlow‐incomefamiliestoobtainchildsafetyseats.CalltheCenterforInjuryandViolencePreven5on,VADepartmentofHealth,at1‐800‐732‐8333forinformaBononassistanceprogramsforlow‐incomeVirginians.

Let’sBeSafe

Let’sBeSafe

StreetSafetyAchildisindangerofbeinghitbyacarifheorshedartsoutintothestreetwhileplaying.Itisadvisabletotakechildrentotheplaygroundorparktoplay.

Parents/caregiversshouldalsoshowchildrenthecurbandteachthemtoalwaysstopatthecurbandnevercrossthestreetwithoutagrown‐up.Holdthechild’shandtobesafe!

Let’sBeSafe

BicycleSafetyChildrenbegintorideatwo‐wheelbicycleatages5‐6.Oneofthemostimportantsafetyprecau5onsparentsshouldtakeisinsis5ngthattheirchildrenwearproperly‐fi\nghelmetswhenbicycling,skaBng,orskateboarding,becauseheadinjuryisthemostcommoncauseofdeathinbicycle‐relateddeaths.Bicyclehelmetscanreducetherisk

ofaheadinjuryby85percent andbraininjuryby88percent.

Evenwhenachildisridinghisor herbicyclealongsideofanadult, theadultshouldmakesureheor sheridesontheinsideand againsttheflowoftraffic.

Let’sBeSafeBicycleSafety(cont.)Itisimportanttobesurethatthebikeachildridesisthecorrectsize.Thechildshouldbeabletoplacetheballsofbothfeetonthegroundwhensidngontheseatwithhandsonthehandlebars.Achild’sfirstbicycleshouldhavecoasterbrakes,asfive‐year‐oldsareunabletousethehandbreakscorrectly.Childrenshouldnotrideinthestreet.

SafetyPointstoRemember1)  DrowningistheleadingcauseofunintenBonalaccidentsforchildrenages1‐4.

Alwayssupervisechildrenaroundwater!Note:Allteachers/parents/grandparentsshouldtrytotakeinfantandchildCPRandFirstAidclasses.(ContacttheRedCross,localhospitalorfirestaBonforclasses.)2)  MostunintenBonalinjuriesoccuraroundthehomebetweenMayandAugust,

duringeveninghourswhenchildrenaremostlikelytobeunsupervised.

3)  Makesurehomesmokedetectorsareinworkingorder.

4)  ChildsafetyseatsneedtobeinstalledcorrectlyinavehicletobeeffecBve.5)Properfidnghelmetsshouldbewornbychildren/adultswhenridingbikes.

Let’sReview…CanyouanswerthesequesBonscorrectly?1.TheleadingcauseofunintenBonalinjury‐relateddeathinchildrenagesonetofouris:a.Automobileaccidents;b.Bicycleaccidents;c.Drowning;d.Falls2.Topreventburns,homewaterheatersshouldbesetatatemperaturenohigherthan____degreesFahrenheit:a.120degrees;b.130degrees;c.140degrees;d.150degrees3.  InVirginia,asofJuly2007,childrestraintdevicesarerequiredforallchildrenuptoage____whentheyareinamovingvehicle.a.6years;b.7years;c.8years;d.9years4.Theuseofbicyclehelmetscanreducetheriskofaheadinjuryby___percent.a.50;b.60;c.75;d.85

AnswerstoreviewquesBons…1.  TheleadingcauseofanunintenBonalinjury‐relateddeathinchildrenages1‐4is:c.Drowning2.  Topreventburns,homewaterheatersshouldbesetatatemperaturenohigherthan____degreesFahrenheit:a.120degrees3.  InVirginia,asofJuly2007,childrestraintdevicesarerequiredforallchildrenuptoage____whentheyareinamovingvehicle.c.8years4.Wearingbicyclehelmetscanreducetheriskofaheadinjuryby__percent.d.85percent

ImportanceofOutsidePlayPreschoolersshouldhaveatleast1hourofoutsideplayinan8hourchildcareprogram.Itisrecommendedthatpreschoolersaccumulateatleast60min.ofstructuredphysicalacBvityeachday.Preschoolersshouldengageinatleast60min.anduptoseveralhoursofunstructuredphysicalacBvityor“freeplay”eachdayandshouldnotbesedentaryformorethan60min.ataBme,exceptwhensleeping.Source:NaBonalAssociaBonforSportandPhysicalEducaBon‐www.aahperd.org

PlaygroundSafetyEachyearmorethan200,000childrenvisithospitalemergencyroomsbecauseofplaygroundinjuries.Manyplaygroundinjuriescanbeprevented.Usethisguidetoexamineyourchildren'splaygroundsothattheycanrun,jump,swingandslidetotheirheart'scontent—safely.

PlaygroundSafetyProtecBvesurfacesonplaygroundsareimportant!Becausenearly79percentofplaygroundinjuriesarecausedbyfallstotheground,impropersurfacingisthefirstthingparentsshouldwatchforwhentheyinspectaplayground.Woodchips,barkmulch,woodfibers,sand,peagravel,shreddedBresandrubbermatscushionfallswell.Aminimumdepthof9inches*ofmaterialsurroundingeachpieceofequipmentina6‐footfallzoneisrecommended.Regularmaintenanceofaplaygroundisalsocrucial.*BasedoninformaBonfromtheU.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommission(CPSC),PublicPlaygroundSafetyHandbook,Pub.No.325andinformaBonfromtheAmericanSocietyforTesBngandMaterialsStandards(ASTM),StandardConsumerSafetyPerformanceSpecificaBonforPublicUsePlaygroundEquipmentforChildren6Monthsthrough23Months,F2373‐05

PlaygroundSafetySwings‐Swingsarethepiecesofmovingequipmentthataremostlikelytocauseinjuriestochildren.Metalorwoodenseatsshouldbereplacedwithso_seats.Swingsshouldbesetfarenoughawayfromotherequipmentsothatchildrenwon'tbehitbyamovingswing.OnlytwoswingsshouldbeineachsupporBngframework,andtheyshouldbeatleast24inchesapart.

Full‐bucketseatsarerecommendedforyoungerchildren.Half‐bucketseatsaredangerousbecausebabiesandtoddlerscanslideoutofthem.

PlaygroundSafetySlides‐Playgroundslidesshouldbewell‐anchored,havefirmhandrailsandgoodtracBononthesteps.Thereshouldbenogapsbetweentheslideitselfandtheplazorm.Thereshouldalsobeabaratthetopoftheslidesothatchildrenhavetositbeforetheygodown.Oneofthegreatestdangerswithslidesoccurswhendrawstringsonchildren'sclothesgetcaughtatthetopoftheslide.Althoughmostchildren'sclothingmanufacturershavestoppedmakingdrawstrings,manychildrenhaveolderclothes.

PlaygroundSafetyClimbingequipment‐Fortypercentofallplaygroundinjuriesarerelatedtoclimbingequipment.Morechildrenareinjuredfallingoffclimbingequipmentorhorizontalladdersthananythingelseontheplayground.Childrenunder4shouldn'tplayonthisequipment.However,climbersaregreatforencouragingupperbodystrength.Watcholderchildrenwhenthey'reclimbing,checkthatstepsandhandrailsareingoodcondiBon,andmakesureaguardrailorbarriersurroundsraisedplazorms.

Anyclimbingropesshouldbesecuredatthetopandbojom.

**Thenumberofinjuriescausedbymonkeybarsisso

significantthatmanyexpertsrecommendthattheyberemovedfromallplaygrounds.

PlaygroundSafetyTop10ChecklistforPlaygroundSafety1.Surfacesaroundplaygroundequipmentshouldbefilledwithatleast9inchesofloosefill,suchaswoodchips,mulch,sandorpeagravel.2.MoststaBonaryequipmentshouldhaveatleasta6footusezoneinalldirecBons.3.Anyopeningsthatcantrapchildren(inguardrailsorbetweenladderrungs)shouldbelessthan3.5inchesapartormorethan9inches.4.Guardrailsshouldsurroundallelevatedplazormsandshouldbeatleast29incheshighforpreschool‐agechildrenand38incheshighforschool‐agechildren.

PlaygroundSafety

5.LookforexposedconcretefooBngs,treerootsorrocksthatcouldtripchildren.6.Checkforsharpedgesanddangeroushardware,likeopen“S”hooksorprotrudingbolts.7.Makesureyourchildplaysonage‐appropriateequipment.8.Playgroundsshouldbemaintainedregularly.Reportanyproblemsimmediately!9.Removehoodsordrawstringsthatcangetcaughtonequipment.10.Supervisechildrenwhiletheyplay.

PlaygroundSafetyReview

TrueorFalseQuesBons:1. Sincenearly79%ofplaygroundinjuriesarecausedbyfalls,rubbermats,woodchips,sandormulchareneededtohelpcushionthefallzonearea.2. ItisOKforseveralswingstobeinthesameframeworkaslongastheswingsare24inchesapart.3. Oneofthebiggestdangersforslidesisthatthedrawstringsfromchildren’sclothingo_engetscaughtatthetopoftheslide.4. Althoughinjuriesoccuronclimbingequipment,itisOKfor3yearsoldtoclimbonthemonkeybars.5.Childrenshouldalwaysbesupervisedwhiletheyplay.

PlaygroundSafety

AnswerstoTrue/FalseQuesBons:1.  True‐(9in.ofsurfaceprotecBonisrecommendedinthefallzonesofplaygroundequipment.)2.  False‐(Onlytwoswingsshouldbeinthesameframework.)3.True‐(Makesuredrawstringsareremovedfromjackets.)

4.False‐(Childrenunderage4shouldnotplayonclimbingequipment.)5.True‐(Childrenshouldalwaysbesupervisedduringoutsideandinsideplay.)

TheHealthyPreschooler

AccordingtotheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics,childrenshouldreceiveyearlymedicalexaminaBonsa_erage3.

Thecheck‐upsshouldincludeaphysicalexaminaBonaswellasdevelopmental,behavioralandlearningassessments.Besuretoaskyourpediatricianaboutanyconcerns!


Don’tforgetaboutoralhealth!

BytheBmeachildisayearold,visitthedenBst.VisitthedenBstregularlytherea_er(twiceperyear).


A_erage2,offerapea‐sizedamountoftoothpastewithfluoride,makingsurethechilddoesn’tswallowthetoothpaste.HelpchildrenbrushtheirteethtwiceadayunBlage5or6.Limitthechild’sconsumpBonofsugarydrinkssuchassodaandsweets.Offerdiluted100%fruitjuiceinstead,butnomorethan6oz.perday.Offerwatermostfrequently.

Neverexpectayoungchildtobrushthoroughlyonhisorherown.


ImmunizaBonsforchildrenareveryimportant!

ChildrenshouldbevaccinatedagainstdiseaseonascheduleasrecommendedbyapediatricianaccordingtotheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics.BesurethattherequiredshotsaregivenbeforestarBngKindergarten.Visitwww.cdc.gov/vaccines/toviewtheupdatedchildandadultimmunizaBonschedules.Adultcaregiversshouldbeimmunizedalso.


HealthandSafetyPointstoRemember:• Preschoolersshouldhaveayearlyphysicalbeginningatage3,shouldvisitthedenBsttwiceyearly,andshouldbrushtheirteethatleasttwoBmesaday.• Limitthechild’sconsumpBonofsugarydrinks.• Offerplentyofwater.• KeepupwiththeimmunizaBons,asrecommendedbytheAmericanAcademyofPediatricsandtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevenBon(CDC).

CommunicaBngthroughPlay

Eventhoughpreschoolershavemoreopportuni5estoexpressthemselvesverbally,theycon5nuetouseplayasawaytoexpressfeelings,fearsandexcitement.

Childreninthepre‐schoolagegroupo_enexperienceissueswhenseparaBngfromtheirparentstoajendchildcareorbewithababysijer.InaddiBon,theyarelearningtonegoBatesocialenvironmentsthatmaynotbefamiliartothem.


Childrenmustalsobegintolearntosharewithothers,astheymovefromparallelplaytocoopera5veplay.Notbeingabletoalwaysgettheirownwaypresentsachallengetopreschool‐agedchildren.Inaddi5on,theyarefacedwithnewsocialsitua5onsandenvironmentsthattheyhavetolearntonego5ate.


Thisageisalsocharacterizedbysiblingrivalry,inthatthechildmayhavebeenanonlychildduringthefirstfewyearsofhisorherlife,andnowayoungersiblingisintroduced.Orperhaps,thepreschoolerhasgojenhisorherownwaybecauseheorshewasthebaby,butnowthatheorsheisgedngolderandmoremature,theyareexpectedtotakesomeresponsibilityeventhoughtheyoungerchildisn’t.Hence,siblingrivalrybegins.

Behavioralproblemsinchildrenmayhavemanycauses.ItisimportanttotakeenvironmentalandotherstressorsintoconsideraBon.

DisciplineforPreschoolers

Discipline,whichmeans“toteachandtrain,”isimportantinapreschooler’slife.• Disciplineshouldbeage‐focusedandshouldteachage‐appropriatebehaviors.• Trytorecognizeandpraiseyourchildwhenheorsheisbeinggood.Rewardsforgoodbehaviorshouldbeimmediate.• Beagoodrolemodelforyourchild.• Makesurethechildknowsitisthebehavioryouarenothappywith,notthechild.Besurethechildknowsyoulovehimorhernomajerwhatthebehavior.Spankingachildisnotrecommendedasadisciplinestrategy.

DisciplineStrategies1‐2‐3MAGIC:ThismethodgivesthechildtwoopportuniBestocorrectinappropriatebehavior,butiftheparent/caregiverreachesthecountof3,aconsequenceoccurs.

TimeOut:Achildisisolatedinanareaoftherooma_eranadultexplainsthereasonforhismisbehavior.Theusuallengthof“Bmeout”isoneminuteperyearofthechild’sage.

Time–In:Time‐InreferstotheposiBveinteracBonsandfeedbackchildrenreceivefromadultswhentheyarenotmisbehaving.“Catchthembeinggood”andpraisethemfortheiracBons.

Diversion/RedirecBon:Achild’sajenBonisdivertedfromtheinappropriatebehavior.

GivingChoices:Toavoidpowerstruggles,itiso_enadvisabletoprovidethechildwithchoicesofacceptablealternaBves.

DisciplineStrategies

101’s:AGuidetoPosi/veDisciplineDr.KatharineC.Kersey,ProfessorofEarlyChildhoodEducaBon,OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,Virginiahasdevelopedthe101’swhichareuser‐friendlydisciplinestrategiestousewithyoungchildren.

5Strategiesthatreallywork!1) DemonstrateRespectPrinciple‐Treatthechildthesamewayyoutreatotherimportantpeopleinyourlife‐thewayyouwantthemtotreatyou‐andothers.2) ModelingPrinciple‐Modelthebehavioryouwant.Showthechild,byexample,howtobehave.Childrenwillgrowuptobelikeus.3) ChoicePrinciple‐Givethechildtwochoices,bothofwhichareposiBveandacceptabletoyou.(“WouldyouratherBptoeorhopupstairstobed?”)4) When/Then‐Abuseit/LoseitPrinciple‐“Whenyouhavefinishedcleaningupthetoys,thenwewillgooutsidetoplay.” “A_eryouarehookedupinyourcarseat,thenI’llstartthecar.”5) MakeaBigDealPrinciple‐Makeabigdealoverresponsible,considerate,appropriatebehavior‐witheye‐contact,thanks,praise,thumbs‐up,hugs,recogniBonorprivileges.Gotowww.dl.odu.edu/101stolearnaboutallthe101’s…

DisciplineWrap‐up

•  Befirmandconsistentwithdiscipline•  Buildabondwithyourchild•  Beagoodrolemodel•  DorewardposiBvebehavior‐notnegaBvebehavior•  Avoidconflictbygivingchoices‐Nopowerstruggles!•  GivethechildareasonfordisciplinaryacBon•  Letachildknowthatyouareunhappywithhis/herbehavior,notthechild•  Teachthattherearenaturalconsequencesforbehavior•  SBcktoyourguns!•  Trytokeepyoursenseofhumor

Let’sReview

True/FalseQuesBons:1) Itisrecommendedthatpreschoolershavedentalcheck‐upstwoBmesayear.2) Preschoolersshoulddrink100%fruitjuiceaso_enastheywouldlike.3) Disciplineachildbybeingconsistentandbybeingagoodrolemodel.4) Siblingrivalryisnormalforapreschooler.5) AccordingtoDr.Kersey’s101’s“ChoicePrinciple,”childrenshouldbeallowedtohave3choices.

ReviewAnswers

1)  True‐(Childdentalcheck‐upsa_erage1shouldoccurtwiceayear.)

2)  False‐(JuiceconsumpBonshouldbelimitedto6oz.aday.)3)  True‐(Alwaysbeconsistent,firmandmodeltheappropriate

behaviorforachild.)4)  True‐(Itisnormalforapreschoolagechildtobejealousofa

sibling,whichresultsin“siblingrivalry”.)5)  False‐(Itisbesttoofferonly2appropriateandacceptable

choicestoapreschool‐agechildwhenusingthisdisciplinemethodofthe“ChoicePrinciple.”)

FamilyResourcesAmericanAcademyofPediatrics‐www.aap.orgCenterforEffecBveParenBng‐www.parenBng‐ed.orgCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevenBon‐www.cdc.govComprehensiveHealthInvestmentProject(CHIP)ofVirginia‐www.chipofvirginia.orgCommunityServiceBoardsinVirginia‐www.dmhmrsas.virginia.govChildren’sHospitaloftheKing’sDaughters‐www.chkd.orgHealthyFamiliesofVirginia‐www.preventchildabuseva.orgKidsPriorityOne‐www.kidspriorityone.orgNaBonalAssociaBonfortheEducaBonofYoungChildren(NAEYC)‐www.naeyc.orgNaBonalParent‐TeacherAssociaBon‐www.pta.orgParentsasTeachers‐www.parentsasteachers.orgPoisonControl‐www.vapoison.orgSmartBeginnings‐www.smartbeginnings.org(Virginia)

FamilyResourcesSquareOne‐www.SqOne.org(HamptonRoads,VA)ThePlanningCouncil‐www.theplanningcouncil.org(HamptonRoads,VA)TheUPCenter‐www.theupcenter.org(HamptonRoads,VA)ToySafety(AProjectoftheNaBonalAssociaBonofStatePublicInterestResearchGroups)‐www.toysafety.netVirginiaAssociaBonforEarlyChildhoodEducaBon‐www.vaece.orgVirginiaBeachParenBngInformaBon/Events‐www.vbparents.comVirginiaDepartmentofEducaBon‐www.pen.k12.va.us/VirginiaDepartmentofHealth‐www.vdh.govVirginiaDepartmentofMentalHealth,MentalRetardaBonandSubstanceAbuse Services‐www.dmhmrsas.virginia.govVirginiaDepartmentofSocialServices‐www.dss.virginia.govZerotoThree‐www.zerotothree.org(Washington,D.C.)

BibliographyAmericanAcademyofPediatrics.(1999).Developmentalmilestones‐Preschool3‐5yrs.RetrievedFeb.6,2012from:hjp://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages‐stages/preschool/Pages/default.aspxCenterforEffecBveParenBng.(1999).HowtocommunicatemoreeffecBvelywithyourchild.RetrievedApril10,2006,from:hjp://www.parenBng‐ed.org/handout3/Parental%20Involvement/CommunicaBon%20Handout.pdfCenterforEffecBveParenBng.(1997).Siblingrivalryamongolderchildren.RetrievedApril20,2006,from:hjp://www.parenBng‐ed.org/handout3/Specific%20Concerns%20and%20Problems/sibling%20rivalry.htmCenterforEffecBveParenBng.(1997).Time‐in.RetrievedApril9,2007,fromhjp://parenBng‐ed.org/handout3/Discipline%20and%20IntervenBon%20Strategies/Bme‐in.htmChildren’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2005).AccidentstaBsBcs.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02853Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2005).Age‐appropriatespeechandlanguagemilestones.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02170Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2006).Bicycle/In‐lineskaBng/Skateboardingsafety–IdenBfyinghigh‐risksituaBons.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P03005Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2007).Factsaboutburninjury.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02796Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2005).Firearms.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02980Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2005).Generalprinciplesofdiscipline. [On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02215Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2005).Thegrowingchild:Pre‐school(4to5years).[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02272

BibliographyChildren’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2007).Installingandusingchildsafetyseatsandboosterseats.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02985Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2006).Motorvehiclesafety–InjuryandincidencestaBsBcs.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02989Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2005).SafetyandinjuryprevenBon.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02984Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2005).SafetyBps.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/SafetyTips/Default.aspxChildren’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2005).Time‐out.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02299Children’sHospitalofTheKing’sDaughters.(2005).Watersafety‐prevenBon.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.chkd.org/HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P03003DiscoveryEducaBon(Producer).(1998).Mygrowingbook:Allaboutgrowthanddevelopmentfor3yearolds.[MoBonPicture].(AvailablefromDiscoveryEducaBon,P.O.Box6027,Florence,KY,41022)Kersey,K.C.(n.d.)The101posiBveprinciplesofdiscipline.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.odu.edu/~kkersey/101s/101principles.shtmlSafeKidsUSA.hjp://www.usa.safekids.orgVirginiaDepartmentofHealth.(2004).Smile…forgoodhealth!.[Brochure].Richmond,VAVirginiaDepartmentofMotorVehicles.(2010).Carseats.[On‐line]Available:hjp://www.dmv.state.va.us/webdoc/safety/programs/car_seats/index.aspWikEd.UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana‐Champaign.(2009).1‐2‐3Magic.[On‐line].Available:hjp://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/123_Magic

DisclaimerAllhealth‐relatedinformaBoncontainedwithinthis“onlinetraining”isintendedtobegeneralinnatureanduBlizedasaneducaBonaltool.EveryefforthasbeenmadetoensurethatthematerialwithinthiswebsiteisaccurateandBmelyasofAugust2012.

ThisinformaBonshouldnotbeusedasasubsBtuteforavisitwithahealthcareprofessional.YourhealthcareprovidershouldbeconsultedregardingmajersconcerningthemedicalcondiBon,treatmentandneedsofyouandyourfamily.AlleducaBonalinformaBonisregardedasbestpracBceinformaBonforapreschoolagechildbutalwayscheckwithaprofessionalifconcernsarisewithachild’sdevelopment.

ThanksforparBcipaBng…

Timetotakethefinalquiz….• Youwillneedtoanswer8outof10quesBonscorrectlytoreceiveapassingscore.• AcerBficatefor1hourofin‐servicetrainingwillbeawardeda_erpassingthequizviaemail.

Whenyouarereadytotakethequiz,goto:

hIp://sqone.org/g/preschool‐quiz

Goodluck!

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