m//c/* 2010

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/

p/&{Q 1

s/Uc/n// p/F/

ke+––10 ke+– a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+I m/uKy/ iv/x/e{/t//A] ky//-ky// hE]?

ke+––10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ t/In/ a/p/s/ m/e] s/]b/]iD/t/ s/UF//e] m/e] a/y//eij/t/ hE:

• B//{// – ij/s/m/e] iv/ê/T/I* a]g/>ejµ/I B//{// a/Er y/h kE+s/e k+/m/ k+rt/I hE ws/ke+ b//re m/e] j//n/k+/rI p/>/pt/ k+rt/e hE] =

• s//ihty/ – ij/s/m/e] iv/ê/T/I* s//ihity/k+ p//Q k+I vy//Ky// k+rn//, Ws/ke+ g/u[/ j//n/n//, Ws/k+/ m/Uly//\]k+n/ k+rn// a/Er Ws/k+I rc/n// k+rn// s/IK/t/e hE], j/Es/e ik+ b//el/-c//l/, il/iK/t/ a/Er izij/ql/ op/ m/e] v/&f//nt/, p/ê, g/ê, n//qk+, iP+lm/ a/Er im/l/I-j/ul/I x/Eil/y//]e k+/ p//Q =

• s//`/rt// – ij/s/m/e] iv/ê/T/I* B//{// k+I j//n/k+/rI k+/e iv/st/&t/ t/rIke+ ke+ p//Q/e] k+/e s/un/n/e, p/Zµn/e, deK/n/e, b//el/n/e, il/K/n/e a/Er Wn/k+I rc/n// k+rn/e m/e] p/>B//v/x//l/I t/rIke+ s/e wst/em//l/ k+rt/e hE] =

ke+–10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ p/Zµn/e a/Er il/K/n/e ke+ a/rimB/k+ d/Er m/e] s/e s/IK// j//n// hE Ws/k+I iv/{/y/v/st/u k+I sp/{q j//n/k+/rI det// hE ij/s/m/e] Wcc//r[/ p/>ik>+y// k+I j//n/k+/rI, Dv/in/ a/Er a`/r/e] k+I j//n/k+/rI, Dv/in/ a/Er a`/r/e] ke+ t//l/m/el/ a/Er v//ky/ rc/n// t/T// aT/* iv/~/n/ è/r/ m/t/l/b/ s/m/J/n// x//im/l/ hE] = wn/ k+/Ex/l//e] k+/ iv/k+/s/ p/Zµ/w* ke+ s/B/I v/{//e*] m/e] h/eg// =

skU+l/ ke+ s/B/I v/{//e*] m/e] vy//k+r[/ k+I p/Zµ/w* t/In//e] s/UF//e] k+/ Ak+ aiB/nn/ a]g/ hE = B//{// ke+ s/UF/ m/e] iv/ê/T/I* vy//k+r[/ k+/ wst/em//l/ k+rn// a/Er ws/k+/ wst/em//l/ ky//e] a/v/xy/k+ hE, y/h s/IK/t/e hE] = s//ihty/ a/Er s//`/rt// s/UF//e] m/e] p/U[/* op/ s/e vy//k+r[/ k+/ wst/em//l/ h/et// hE = p//Q<y/k>+m/ m/e] vy//k+r[/ ke+ p//irB//i{/k+ x/bd/e] ke+ k+/ aT/* s/]g/t/ Op/ s/e wst/em//l/ h/e, ws/ke+ il/A Ak+ x/bd/v/l/I B/I x//im/l/ k+I g/w* hE =

ke+–10 ke+– a]g/>ejµ/I ke+– a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ iv/iB/nn/ r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] s/e ik+n/ b//t//e] m/e] im/l/t// hE a/Er ik+n/ b//t//e] m/e] Wn/s/e iB/nn/ hE ?

ke+–10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ B//{//, s//ihty/ a/Er s//`/rt// ke+ t/In/ s/UF//e] m/e] a/y//eij/t/ hE = y/h

p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ an/ek+ r/{qMIy/ a/Er ant/r/*{qMIy/ dst//v/ejµ//e] s/e iB/nn/ hE j//e b//el/n/ ea/Er s/un/n/e, p/Zµn/e a/Er il/K/n/e k+I p/>[//l/I p/r a/D//irt/ hE], l/eik+n/ iv/{/y/v/st/u im/l/t/I-j/ul/t/I hE =

ke+–10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ ke+––10 ke+ hr ix/`// v/{/* ke+ st/r p/r iv/ix/{q iv/{/y/v/st/u k+I j//n/k+/rI det// hE j/b/ik+ ku+C r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ dst//v/ejµ/ d/e-v/{/I*y/ ant/r/l/ ke+ a/D//r p/r iv/{/y/v/st/u k+I j//n/k+/rI det/e hE] =

aiD/k+/\]x/ r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ an/uOp/, ke+––10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ a/rimB/k+ p/Zµn/e a/Er il/K/n/e ke+ ~/n/ ke+ aiB/g/>h[/ k+I iv/ix/{q iv/{/y/v/st/u k+I j//n/k+/rI det// hE =

ke+––10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede m/e] iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+/e B//{// ke+ p/>B//v/I wst/em//l/ s/e ap/n/e ~/n/ k+/e b/Zµ/n/e m/e] s/h/y/t// den/e ke+ il/A sp/{q Op/ s/e vy//k+r[/ k+I p/Zµ/w* k+/ d&i{qk+/e[/ ap/n//y// g/y// hE = r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] m/e] vy//k+r[/ k+/ v/t/*m//n/ wst/em//l/ iB/nn/ hE = ku+C vy//k+r[/ k+/ iv/st//r s/e Wll/eK/ n/hI] k+rt/e a/Er j/h/\] Ws/k+/ Wll/eK/ ik+y// g/y// hE t//e k+w* m//m/l//e] m/e] ke+v/l/ a/Ep/c//irk+ d&i{qk+/e[/ ap/n//y// g/y// hE = j/h/\] vy//k+r[/ k+/ Wll/eK/ hE, a/m/ t//Er p/r ke+v/l/ vy//k+r[/ ke+ s/hI wst/em//l/ p/r hI b/l/ idy// g/y// hE =

ke+––10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede a/Er s/B/I r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] m/e] B/I im/l/I-j/ul/I x/Eil/y//e] a/Er izij/ql/ p//Q k+/e p/Zµ/n/e k+I a/v/xy/k+t// k+/e m//ny/t// dI g/w* hE =

s//ihity/k+ p//Q ke+ g/u[//e] k+/e j//n/n/e a/Er s//ihty/ a/Er s//ihity/k+ t/k+n/Ik+/e] k+/e s/m/J/n/e p/r b/l/ den/e ke+ il/A p/>/T/im/k+ skU+l/I v/{//e*] m/e] s//ihty/ k+I p/Zµ/w* k+/e x//im/l/ ik+y// g/y// hE = h/l//\]ik+ s//ihity/k+ p//Q r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ s/B/I v/t/*m//n/ dst//v/ejµ//e] m/e] x//im/l/ hE], a/m/ t//Er p/r v/e iv/ê/iT/*y//e] m/e] p/Zµn/e, a/Er rc/n// t/T// p//Q k+I iv/ix/{qt//a/e] k+/e s/m/J/n/e k+I ku+x/l/t// ke+ iv/k+/s/ p/r Dy//n/ det/e hE] =

b//k+I ag/l/e p/&{Q p/r

a]g/>ejµ/I (p/&{Q 1 ku+l/ 2)

m//c/* 2010

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/

p/&{Q 2

s/Uc/n// p/F/

ke+––10 ke+– a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+/ iv/k+/s/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A ik+n/-ik+n/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ s/]dB//e*] k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// g/y// hE?

v/{/* 2006 ke+ p/>/eg/>/m/ P+/\r wnqrn/ex/n/l/ sqUze]q as/Es/m/e]q (ant/r/*{qMIy/ iv/ê/iT/*y//e] ke+ p/rI`/[/ k+/y/*k>+m/ - PISA) m/e] B//g/ l/en/e v//l//e] m/e] p/Zµn/e k+I s//`/rt// m/e] s/v//e*cc/ p/>dx/*n/ k+rn/e v//l/e dex//e] m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// Ak+ hE = ke+–10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede ke+ iv/k+/s/ m/e] any/ s/v//e*cc/ p/>dx/*n/ k+rn/e v//l/e dex//e], j/Es/e ik+ iP+n/l/E]z, h/\]g/-k+/\]g/, k+n//z/ (a/en/q/iry//e a/Er ib/>iqx/ k+/el/imb/y//), ny/Ujµ/Il/E]z a/Er a/y/rl/E]z ke+ m/uKy/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ dst//v/ejµ//e] k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// g/y// hE =

a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ ij/n/ any/ dst//v/ejµ//e] k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// g/y// hE Wn/m/e] w]gl/E]z, kE+l/IP+/ein/*y// a/Er is/]g//p/ur ke+ dst//v/ejµ/ x//im/l/ hE] = a/rimB/k+ p/Zµ/w* a/Er il/K//w* m/e] Dv/in/ a/Er a`/r/e] ke+ t//l/m/el/ a/Er Dv/in/ a/Er a`/r/e] k+I j//n/k+/rI ke+ sp/{q v/[/*n/ ke+ m//m/l/e m/e] ke+–10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ wn/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] s/e im/l/t// hE, h/l//\]ik+ v/t/*n/I a/Er hst/l/eK/ k+/ ke+–10 ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede m/e] Wt/n/e iv/st//r s/e Wll/eK/ n/hI] ik+y// g/y// hE =

vy//k+r[/ ke+ p/Zµ/A j//n/e ke+ b//re m/e] ke+–10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ ws/ `/eF/ ke+ ku+C t//j/e anv/e{/[//e] a/Er is/à/]t//e] p/r a/D//irt/ hE = an/ek+ r/{qMIy/ a/Er ant/r/*{qMIy/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ dst//v/ejµ//e] m/e] y/id vy//k+r[/ k+/ Wll/eK/ hE B/I t//e aiD/k+ iv/st//r s/e n/hI] hE = j/h/\] vy//k+r[/ k+/ Wll/eK/ hE v/h s//D//r[/t/y// vy//k+r[/ ke+ s/hI wst/em//l/ s/e s/]b/]iD/t/ hE =

an/ek+ ant/r/*{qMIy/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ b//el/n/e a/Er s/un/n/e, p/Zµn/e a/Er il/K/n/e k+I p/>[//l/I p/r a/D//irt/ h/et/e hE] = ku+Cek+ m/e], j/Es/e a/enq/iry//e, ait/irfé p/>[//il/y//\] B/I x//im/l/ hE] j/Es/e m/Iizy// s//`/rt// = iP+n/l/E]z m/e] s//ihty/ a/Er B//{//, p/Zµn/e a/Er s/un/n/e k+/e im/l// k+r m//EiK/k+ b//t/c/It/ k+/ al/g/ s/UF/ hE =

ke+–10 ke+ a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ iv/ê/l/y/ ke+ hr d/e v/{//e*] ke+ il/A p//Q k+I ap/ei`/t/ j/iql/t// k+/ iv/v/r[/ det// hE = any/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ dst//v/ejµ//e], j/Es/e kE+l/IP+/ein/*y// ke+ dst//v/ejµ//e] m/e] hr v/{/* ke+ il/A Wp/y/ufé p//Q/e] k+I s/Uc/I x//im/l/ hE =

any/ m/uKy/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ s/]dB//e*] m/e] x//im/l/ hE]:

• n/ex/n/l/ wnkv//y/rI wn/qu qIic/]g/ a/\P+ il/qMes/I, izp//q*m/e]q a/\P+ Aj/uke+x/n/, s//w*]s/ A]z qMein/]g/, a/\sqMeil/y/n/ g/v/n/*m/e]q (2005)

• id irp//eq* a/\P+ id n/ex/n/l/ rIiz]g/ p/en/l/: qIic/]g/ ic/lzMn/ qu rIz, n/ex/n/l/ rIiz]g/ irp//eq* USA (2000)

• p/>/eg/>Es/ wn/ w]qrn/ex/n/l/ rIiz]g/ il/qMes/I sqzI (PIRLS) 2006as/Es/m/e]q P>e+m/v/k*+ A]z sp/Eis/iP+ke+x/n/s/< = w]qrn/ex/n/l/ As//eis/Ax/n/ P+/\r id wv/Ely/uAx/n/ a/\P+ Aj/uke+x/n/l/ Ac/Iv/m/e]q (IEA), Amsqz*m/, id n/Edrl/E]zs/< =

• p/>/eg/>/m/ P+/\r w]qrn/ex/n/l/ sqUzE]q as/Es/m/e]q (PISA) 2009 as/Es/m/e]q P>e+m/v/k*+ –k+I k+mp/IqE]s/Is/< wn/ rIiz]g/, OECD.

a]g/>ejµ/I (p/&{Q 2 ku+l/ 2)

m//c/* 2010

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/

p/&{Q 1

s/Uc/n// p/F/

ke+––10 ke+– wit/h/s/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+I m/uKy/ iv/x/e{/t//A] ky//-ky// hE]?

ke+–10 ke+ wit/h/s/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ d/e a/p/s/ m/e] s/]b/]iD/t/ s/UF//e] m/e] a/y//eij/t/ hE–– wit/h/s/ k+/ ~/n/ a/Er b//eD/ t/T// Aeit/h/is/k+ k+/Ex/l/ =

~/n/ a/Er b//eD/ k+/ iv/v/r[/ hr b/{/* ke+ st/r p/r idy// g/y// hE = ik+]zrg//q*n/ s/e v/{/* 2, iv/ê/T/I* ap/n/e p/irv//r/e] a/Er s/m/ud/y//e] k+I iv/r/s/t/ ke+ k+T//n/k+ p/r d&i{qp//t/ k+rkee+ wit/h/s/ ke+ b//re m/e] s/IK/n/e l/g/t/e hE] = v/{/* 3 s/e 6, p/Zµ/w* k+/ Dy//n/ sT//n/Iy/ wit/h/s/ s/e iv/st/&t/ h/e k+r p/>/deix/k+ a/Er r/{qMIy/ wit/h/s/ k+I a/Er j//t// hE = iv/ê/T/I* a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] 1800 s/e p/hl/e ke+ j/Iv/n/, a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ Ak+ r/{qM ke+ Op/ m/e] WB/rn/e a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ any/ r/{qM/e] s/e s/]b/]D//e] ke+ b//re m/e] s/IK/t/e hE] = wn/m/e] s/e hr Ak+ v/{/* m/e] d/e g/hn/ aDy/y/n//e] ke+ è/r/ iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+/e iv/ix/{q iv/{/y//e] p/r iv/st/&t/ j//n/k+/rI a/Er ~/n/ p/>/pt/ k+rt/e k+/ av/s/r im/l/t// hE =

v/{/* 7 s/e 10 k+I wit/h/s/ k+I p/Zµ/w* m/e] c//r Aeit/h/is/k+ k+/l/ a/t/e hE] = v/{/* 7 m/e] a/r]iB/k+ m//n/v/ s/m/ud/y//e] ke+ s/m/y/ s/e p/ur/t/n/ k+/l/ ke+ a]t/ (60 000 w*s// p/Uv/* s/e v/{/* 500) ke+ wit/h/s/ p/r Dy//n/ idy// j//t// hE = v/{/* 8 m/e] p/ur/t/n/ k+/l/ s/e a/D/uin/k+ k+/l/ k+I x/uoa/t/ (v/{/* 500–1750) ke+ wit/h/s/ p/r Dy//n/ idy// j//t// hE = v/{/* 9 m/e] 1750 s/e 1901 t/k+ ke+ a/D/uin/k+ iv/xv/ a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ wit/h/s/ p/r Dy//n/ idy// j//t// hE = v/{/* 10 m/e] 1901 s/e ab/ t/k+ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y// a/Er a/D/uin/k+ iv/xv/ ke+ wit/h/s/ p/r Dy//n/ idy// j//t// hE =

v/{/* 7 s/e 10 ke+ hr v/{/* ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m/ m/e] p/Zµ/w* k+I m/uKy/ iv/{/y/v/st/u a/Er Ws/ke+ s/]dB/* p/r Ak+ s/rs/rI in/g//h s/iht/ c//r g/hn/ aDy/y/y/n/ x//im/l/ hE] = g/hn/ aDy/y/n/ s/rs/rI in/g//h m/e] x//im/l/ wit/h/s/ ke+ ik+s/I Ak+ p/hl/U p/r iv/st/&t/ K//ej/ ke+ è/r/ Aeit/h/is/k+ k+/Ex/l/ ke+ iv/k+/s/ k+/ av/s/r p/>d/n/ k+rt/e h]E = p/Zµ/w* ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m/ m/e] sT//n/Iy/ s/]dB/* m/e] oic/ a/Er Ws/k+I a/v/xy/k+t//a/e] k+/e Dy//n/ m/e] rK/t/e huA v/{/* 7 s/e 9 ke+ g/hn/ aDy/y/y/n//e] m/e] Ak+ iv/ê/l/y/ è/r/ iv/k+is/t/ aDy/y/y/n/ x//im/l/ hE =

Aeit/h/is/k+ k+/Ex/l//e] k+I j//n/k+/rI hr d/e v/{/* ke+ ant/r/l/ ke+ a/D//r p/r dI g/w* hE a/Er y/h p/Ure ke+–10 ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m/ m/e] c//r Wp/s/UF//e] m/e] a/y//eij/t/ hE j//e Aeit/h/is/k+ j//\]c/ k+I p/>ik>+y// k+/e dx//*t/e hE] = y/e Wp/s/UF/ hE] Aeit/h/is/k+ p/>xn/ a/Er anv/e{/[/; s/>/et//e] k+/ iv/xl/e{/[/ a/Er wst/em//l/; p/irp/e`y/ a/Er aT/* in/Op/[/; t/T// a/k+l/n/ a/Er s/]c//r[/ =

ke+––10 ke+ wit/h/s/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+/ Ak+ m/uKy/ a/y//m/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ wit/h/s/ k+/ `/eF/Iy/ a/Er iv/xv/ wit/h/s/ ke+ s/]dB/* m/e] aDy/y/n/ k+rn// hE = ws/s/e iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ wit/h/s/ k+I b/hul/t//, ij/s/m/e] Ab//eirij/n/l/ a/Er q/eirs/ sqMeq a/y/l/E]z ke+ wit/h/s/ a/Er s/]sk&+it/ k+/ a/y/uk+/l/ a/Er iv/ix/{qt// s/iht/ iv/xv/ m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ b/dl/t// sT//n/ a/Er B/Uim/k+/, j/Es/e ik+ Aix/y//-p/Eis/iP+k+ `/eF/ m/e] hm//r/ iv/ix/{q sT//n/ x//im/l/ h]E, k+/e s/hI Z]g/ s/e s/m/J/n/e k+/ av/s/r im/l/t// hE =

ke+–10 ke+– wit/h/s/ ke+– a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ iv/iB/nn/ r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] s/e ik+n/ b//t//e] m/e] im/l/t// hE a/Er ik+n/ b//t//e] m/e] Wn/s/e iB/nn/ hE ?

ke+–10 ke+ wit/h/s/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede ke+ iv/k+/s/ m/e] r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ v/t/*m//n/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ dst//v/ejµ//e] k+/e Dy//n/ m/e] rK// g/y// hE = ku+C r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] m/e] ke+–10 k+I p/Zµ/w* m/e] wit/h/s/ Ak+ al/g/ iv/{/y/ n/hI] hE =

s/m//n/t//a/e] m/e] s/e Ak+ hE p/Ure ke+–10 m/e] iv/ê/T/I* ke+ vy/ifég/t/ a/Er p//irv//irk+ wit/h/s/ s/e sT//n/Iy/, r/jy/ aT/v// `/eF/ a/Er r/{qM ke+ wit/h/s/ k+I a/er p/irv/t/*n/ ij/s/m/e] Wcc/t/r p/>/T/im/k+ v/{//e*] m/e] iv/xv/ wit/h/s/ ke+ ku+C p/hl/ua/e] k+I p/Zµ/w* x//im/l/ hE = iv/{/y/v/st/u m/e] ik+s/ b//t/ p/r aiD/k+ b/l/ idy// g/y// hE, ws/ m//m/l/e m/e] r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+– v/t/*m//n/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ m/uk+/b/l/e m/e] ku+C b/dl//v/ hE], iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e in/mn/t/r p/>/T/im/k+ v/{//e*] m/e] =

Aeit/h/is/k+ k+/Ex/l//e] k+/ hr d/e v/{/* ke+ ant/r/l/ ke+ a/D//r p/r v/[/*n/ a/m/ t//Er p/r r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+– p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ an/uOp/ hE = l/eik+n/ Aeit/h/is/k+ s/]dB/* k+/ c/un//v/ ik+s/ hd t/k+ s/]B/v/ hE, ws/ m//m/l/e m/e] r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] m/e] b/hut/ iv/iv/D/t// hE =

b//k+I ag/l/e p/&{Q p/r

wit/h/s/ (p/&{Q 1 ku+l/ 2)

m//c/* 2010

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/

p/&{Q 2

s/Uc/n// p/F/

ke+–10 ke+ wit/h/s/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ ku+C r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] s/e wn/ m//m/l//e] m/e] iB/nn/ hE:

• s/rs/rI in/g//h a/Er g/hn/ aDy/y/y/n//e] k+/ wst/em//l/ a/y//ej/k+/e] ke+ Op/ m/e] ik+y// g/y// hE

• Aeit/h/is/k+ k+/Ex/l/ j/Es/e ik+ anv/e{/[/, s/>/et//e] k+/ iv/xl/e{/[/, aT/* in/Op/[/ t/T// s//`y/ k+/ wst/em//l/, iv/ix/{q iv/{/y/ hE] a/Er a/m/ t//Er p/r Aeit/h/is/k+ j//\]c/ k+I p/>ik>+y// k+/e dx//*t/e hE]

• v/{/* 7 s/e 9 ke+ hr v/{/* m/e] iv/ê/l/y/ è/r/ iv/k+is/t/ aDy/y/y/n/ idA g/A wit/h/s/ k+/l/ m/e] Aeit/h/is/k+ s/]dB/* ke+ an/us//r c/un//v/ k+rn/e k+/ av/s/r p/>d/n/ k+rt/e hE] = ws/k+/ aT/* hE ik+ iv/ê/l/y/ a/Er ix/`/k+ ik+nhI] iv/ix/{q aDy/y/n//e] k+/ c/un//v/ k+r s/k+t/e hE], j/Es/e ik+ sT//n/Iy/ `/eF/ k+/ wit/h/s/ j//e iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+I a/v/xy/k+t//a/e] a/Er oic/y//e] ke+ an/uOp/ h/e =

ke+––10 ke+– wit/h/s/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+/ iv/k+/s/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A ik+n/-ik+n/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ s/]dB//e*] k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// g/y// hE?

ke+––10 ke+ wit/h/s/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede ke+ iv/k+/s/ k+I p/>ik>+y// m/e] ant/r/*{qMIy/ st/r p/r wit/h/s/ ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ dst//v/ejµ//e] a/Er wit/h/s/ k+I p/Zµ/w* p/r a/D/uin/k+t/m/ anv/e{/[/ k+/e Dy//n/ m/e] rK// g/y// hE = y/h r/{qM ke+ wit/h/s/ k+/e `/eF/Iy/ a/Er iv/xv/ wit/h/s/ ke+ s/]dB/* m/e] a/Er `/eF/Iy/ a/Er iv/xv/ wit/h/s/ k+/e r/{qMIy/ s/]dB/* m/e] p/>st/ut/ k+rt// hE = ku+C hd t/k+ Aes// s/rs/rI in/g//h a/Er t/ul/n//tm/k+ Wd/hr[//e] è/r/ ik+y// g/y// hE =

wit/h/s/ iv/{/y/ k+/e p/irB//{// den/e v//l/e is/à/]t/ a/m/ t//Er p/r aiD/k+/\]x/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] m/e] ij/s/ hd t/k+ p//A j//t/e hE] Ws/s/e k+hI] aiD/k+ iv/st/&t/ Op/ m/e] Wnhe] wit/h/s/ k+/ ~/n/ a/Er b//eD/ s/UF/ ke+ ant/g/*t/ x//im/l/ ik+y// g/y// hE = y/e is/à/]t/ Aeit/h/is/k+ iv/c//r[/ a/Er wit/h/s/ k+I p/Zµ/w* ke+ `/eF//e] m/e] a/D/uin/k+t/m/ anv/e{/[/ p/r a/D//irt/ hE] ij/s/m/e] p/Iqr s/Iks//s/<, s/Em/ v//w*n/b/g/*. sqIv/en/ l/Ev/esky/U, j/En/eq v//n/ zM/w* a/Er k+/l//* v//n/ b//\ks/qEl/ j/Es/e wit/h/s/ iv/x/e{/~/e] k+/ k+/y/* x//im/l/ hE =

wit/h/s/ (p/&{Q 2 ku+l/ 2)

m//c/* 2010

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/

p/&{Q 1

s/Uc/n// p/F/

ke+––10 ke+– g/i[/t/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+I m/uKy/ iv/x/e{/t//A] ky//-ky// hE]?

ke+––10 ke+ g/i[/t/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ t/In/ iv/{/y/v/st/u ke+ s/UF//e] a/Er c//r d`/t//a/e] ke+ s/UF//e] m/e] a/y//eij/t/ hE =

iv/{/y/v/st/u ke+ s/UF/ hE] a]k+ a/Er b/Ij/g/i[/t/, s//\]iKy/k+I a/Er s/]B//vy/t//, t/T// m//p/ a/Er reK//g/i[/t/ = wn/ s/UF//e] k+I iv/{/y/v/st/u m/e] iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+/e ‘‘ky//’’ p/Zµ/y// j//n// hE, ws/k+I j//n/k+/rI hE =

d`/t//a/e] ke+ s/UF/–-~/n/x/ifé, D//r/p/>v//h, s/m/sy// s/m//D//n/ a/Er t/k*+ x/ifé -j//e ‘kE+s/e’ k+/ j/v//b/ det/ee h]E–-iv/{/y/v/st/u k+/e g/i[/t/ ke+ ‘‘s//ec/n/e’’’ a/Er ‘‘‘k+rn/e’’’ k+I iv/iD/ s/e ik+s/ p/>k+/r j//\]c// aT/v// iv/k+is/t/ ik+y// j//t// hE = iv/{/y/v/st/u ke+ t/In//e] s/UF//e] ke+ iv/st/&t/ v/[/*n/ m/e] d`/t//a/e] k+/e s/m//iv/{q ik+y// g/y// hE = y/h iv/iD/ s/uin/ixc/t/ k+rt/I hE ik+ iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+I g/i[/t/ k+I ku+x/l/t//a/e] m/e] p/>v/I[/t// p/Ure p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ d/Er/n/ iv/k+is/t/ h/et/I hE a/Er iv/ê/l/y/ ke+ v/{//e*] ke+ s//T/-s//T/ aiD/k+ p/ec/Idg// h/et/I j//t/I hE a/Er iv/ê/T/I* ap/n/I s//ec/n/e a/Er k+/r*v//w* k+rn/e k+I t/k*+x/ifé k+I `/m/t// k+/e b/Zµ/t/e hE] j/Es/e ik+ iv/xl/e{/[/ k+rn//, p/>m//i[/t/ k+rn//, m/Uly//\]k+n/ k+rn//, s/m/J//n//, in/{k+{/* in/k+/l/n//, Wic/t/ is/à k+rn// a/Er vy//p/k+ Op/ den// =

ke+––10 ke+– g/i[/t/ ke+– a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ iv/iB/nn/ r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] s/e ik+n/ b//t//e] m/e] im/l/t// hE a/Er ik+n/ b//t//e] m/e] Wn/s/e iB/nn/ hE ?

ke+––10 ke+– g/i[/t/ ke+– p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ iv/k+/s/ k+rn/e m/e] r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ g/i[/t/ ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ v/t/*m//n/ dst//v/ejµ//e] k+/e Dy//n/ m/e] rK// g/y// hE = a]k+ a/Er b/Ij/g/i[/t/ t/T// m//p/ a/Er reK//g/i[/t/ ke+ m//m/l//e] m/e p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ a/m/ t//Er p/r Wn/ dst//v/ejµ//e] s/e m/el/ K//t// hE = iv/{/y/v/st/u a/Er Wp/l/ibD/ m//n/k+/e] k+/ iv/k+/s/ k+rn/e m/e] 2008 a/Er 2009 ke+ n/ex/n/l/ as/Es/m/e]q p/>/eg/>/m/ - il/qMes/I A]z ny/Um/res/I (r/{qMIy/ p/rI`/[/ k+/y/*k>+m/ - s//`/rt// Av/] a]k+b//eD/n/ - NAPLAN) k+/e B/I Dy//n/ m/e] rK// g/y// hE =

j/h/\] t/k+ iB/nn/t// k+/ s/v//l/ hE, ke+–10 ke+ g/i[/t/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ 21v/I] s/dI m/e] iv/ê/iT/*y//e] è/r/ a/\]k+zµ/e] k+/ iv/v/ec/n/ k+rn/e k+I y//egy/t// k+I a/v/xy/k+t// k+/e Dy//n/ m/e] rK/t/e huA s//\]iKy/k+I a/Er s/]B//vy/t// p/r aiD/k+ b/l/ det// hE =

d`/t//a/e] ke+ s/UF//e] k+/ in/iht/ h/en// ku+C r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ dst//v/ejµ//e] s/e iB/nn/ hE ij/n/m/e] aks/r ‘‘g/i[/t/Iy/ k+/y/* p/>[//l/I’ ’ n//m/ k+/ Ak+ al/g/ p/>ik>+y// s/UF/ hE = al/g/ s/UF/ ws/il/A hE ik+ g/i[/t/ k+I p/>ik>+y//A] g/i[/t/ ke+ Wp/y/ufé is/à/]t//e] ke+ s/]dB/* m/e] a/Er Wn/s/e X&\]K/l//b/à h/e] =

ke+––10 ke+– g/i[/t/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+/ iv/k+/s/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A ik+n/-ik+n/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ s/]dB//e*] k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// g/y// hE?

qME]zs/< wn/ w]qrn/ex/n/l/ m/ET/m/Eiqks/ A]z s//w*]s/ sqzI (g/i[/t/ a/Er iv/~/n/ k+I ant/r/*{qMIy/ p/Zµ/w* ke+ oJ//n/ - TIMSS, 2007) m/e] B//g/ l/en/e v//l//e] m/e] is/]g//p/ur g/i[/t/ m/e] s/v//e*cc/ p/>dx/*n/ k+rn/e v//l/e dex//e] m/e] s/e Ak+ hE = w]gl/E]z, y/Un//w*iqz ik+]g/zm/ a/Er y/Un//w*iqz sqeqs/< a/\pµé am/eirk+/ n/e B/I v/{/* 4 m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// s/e k+/pµéI b/eht/r a/Er v/{/* 8 m/e] T//ezµ/ s// b/eht/r p/>dx/*n/ ik+y// =

ke+–10 ke+ g/i[/t/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ m/uKy/ Op/ s/e y/Un//w*iqz sqeqs/< a/\pµé am/eirk+/ (n/ex/n/l/ k+/E]is/l/ a/\pµé qIc/s/*< a/\pµé m/ET/m/Eiqks/< sqE]zz*s/< - g/i[/t/ ke+ m//n/k+/e] ke+ ix/`/k+/e] k+I r/{qMIy/ p/ir{/d<)a/Er ny/Ujµ/Il/E]z ke+ t/T// iP+n/l/E]z a/Er y/Un//w*iqz ik+]g/zm/ ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] m/e] v/i[/*t/ ap/e`//a/e] ke+ an/uOp/ hE = s//\]iKy/k+I a/Er s/]B//vy/t// ke+ s/UF/ k+/ iv/k+/s/ k+rn/e m/e] am/eirk+n/ sqeiqisqk+l/ s//es//y/qI, g//w*zl//w*ns/< wn/ as/Es/m/e]q A]z wnsqMkx/n/ wn/ sqeiqisqk+l/ Aj/uke+x/n/ (am/eirk+n/ s//\]iKy/k+I s//es//y/qI, s//\]iKy/k+I ix/`/[/ ke+ p/Zµ/n/e a/Er p/rI`// l/en/e s/]b/]D/I idx//in/de*x/) k+I irp//eq* k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// g/y// hE =

is/]g//p/ur ke+ g/i[/t/ ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/uk+/b/l/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+I iv/{/y/v/st/u a/r]iB/k+ a/Er p/>/T/im/k+ v/{//e*] m/e] D/Ire l//g/U k+I g/w* hE t//ik+ a/g/e b/Zµn/e s/e p/hl/e iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+/e acCI t/rh Ws/e s/m/J/n/e k+/ av/s/r im/l/e = v/{/* 10 t/k+ s/Eà/]it/k+ k+iQn//w* k+/ st/r is/]g//p/ur ke+ dst//v/ejµ//e] m/e] v/i[/*t/ st/r ke+ b/r/b/r k+/ h/e j//t// hE =

g/i[/t/

m//c/* 2010

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/

p/&{Q 1

s/Uc/n// p/F/

ke+––10 ke+– iv/~/n/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+I m/uKy/ iv/x/e{/t//A] ky//-ky// hE]?

ke+–10 ke+ iv/~/n/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ t/In/ a/p/s/ m/e] s/]b/]iD/t/ s/UF//e] m/e] a/y//eij/t/ hE––iv/~/n/ k+/e s/m/J/n//, v/E~/in/k+ j//\]c/ k+I ku+x/l/t// a/Er iv/~/n/ k+I a/er m//n/v/Iy/ p/>y//s/

ws/ke+ iv/k+/s/ ke+ Wäexy/ hE]:

• iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+/e j/Iv/n/ a/Er s/ik>+y/ n//g/irk+ ke+ Op/ m/e] iv/~/n/ k+/ Wp/y//eg/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A t/Ey//r k+rn// t//ik+ v/e iv/~/n/ a/Er p/>/Eê/eig/k+I ke+ `/eF/ m/e] Wnn/t/ s/m//j/ m/e] p/>B//v/I Op/ s/e k+/m/ k+r s/ke+]

• p/Zµ/w* k+I s/hI b/uin/y//d b/n//n// t//ik+ v/e Wcc/t/r m//Dy/im/k+ iv/~/n/ t/T// iv/xv/iv/ê/l/y/ ke+ iv/~/n/ a/Er w]ij/in/y/ir]g/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] t/T// t/k+n/Ik+I a/Er vy//v/s//iy/k+ p/>ix/`/[/ ke+ il/A t/Ey//r h/e s/ke+] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] iv/~/n/ ke+ ix/`/[/ m/e] Ak+ m/uä/ hE j//e hm//re iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+I ant/r/*{qMIy/ p/rI`//a/e] m/e] Wp/l/ibD/y//e] s/e n/hI] b/ilk+ iv/~/n/ ke+ p/>it/ iv/ê/iT/*y//e] ke+ a/k+{/*[/ a/Er oic/ k+/ee l/e k+r hE = iv/~/n/ ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ iv/ê/iT/*y//e] ke+ il/A iv/~/n/ k+I vy/ifég/t/ a/Er p/>/y//eig/k+ p/>/s/]]ig/k+t// s/iht/ s/m/k+/l/In/ v/E~/in/k+ m/uä/e] p/r ke+]id>t/ hE = ws/k+/ Wäexy/ ix/`/k+/e] k+/e Aes/e t/rIke+ s/e iv/~/n/ p/Zµ/n/e k+/ a/D//r p/>d/n/ k+rn// hE ij/s/s/e v/e iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+I ws/m/e] oic/ j/g// s/ke+] a/Er Wnhe] dEin/k+ j/Iv/n/ m/e] iv/~/n/ k+/ Wp/y//eg/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A t/Ey//r k+r s/ke+] =

ke+–10 ke+ iv/~/n/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/:

• • p/Zµn/e a/Er s/IK/n/e m/e] an/us/]D//n/ p/r a/D//irt/ hE t/T// s/ik>+y/ Op/ s/e s/b/k+/e x//im/l/ k+rn/e ke+ p/>/Op/ p/r b/l/ det// hE

• • m/hfv/p/U[/* v/E~/in/k+ ~/n/, s/m/J/d/rI a/Er ku+x/l/t//a/e] k+I j//n/k+/rI det// hE l/eik+n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/e is/à/]t//e] b//eiJ/l/ n/hI] b/n//t// a/Er iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+/e m/uKy/ is/ä/]t//e] k+/e acCI t/rh s/m/J/n/e ke+ il/A s/m/y/ det// hE

• • Aes/I iv/{/y/v/st/u k+/e x//im/l/ k+rt// hE j//e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ iv/ê/iT/*y//e] ke+ j/Iv/n/ ke+ s/m/k+/l/In/ a/Er a/n/e v//l/e s/m/y/

ke+ m/uä/e] p/r b/l/ det// hE, j/Es/e ik+ D//r[/Iy/t//, a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/l/, sv//sTy/, a/n/uv/]ix/k+I ke+ Wp/y//eg/, n/v/Ik+r[/Iy/ @j//*, s//v/*B//Em/ W{[/t//, m//Es/m/ m/e] b/dl//v/, n/w* t/k+n/Ik+I p/àit/y//\] a/Er w]ij/in/y/ir]g/

• sT//n/Iy/ s/]dB/* m/e] p/Zµ/w* k+I an/um/it/ det// hE y/id Aes// k+rn/e s/e iv/ê/T/I* Ws/ke+ aiB/p/>/y/ k+/e b/eht/r t/rIke+ s/e s/m/J/ s/ke+]g/e =

ke+––10 ke+– iv/~/n/ ke+– a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ m/s//Ed/ iv/iB/nn/ r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] s/e ik+n/ b//t//e] m/e] im/l/t// hE a/Er ik+n/ b//t//e] m/e] Wn/s/e iB/nn/ hE ?

ke+–10 ke+– iv/~/n/ ke+– p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+/ iv/k+/s/ k+rn/e m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ v/t/*m//n/ dst//v/ejµ//e] k+/e Dy//n/ m/e] rK// g/y// hE a/Er y/h n//eq ik+y// g/y// hE ik+:

• v/E~/in/k+ j//\]c/ k+I ku+x/l/t// a/Er iv/~/n/ k+/e s/m/J/n// s/UF//e] m/e] iv/~/n/ ke+– a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+/ iv/{/y/-`/eF/ a/Er an/uk>+m/ a/m/ t//Er p/r v/t/*m//n/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ an/uOp/ hE

• r/jy//e] a/Er `/eF//e] ke+ iv/~/n/ ke+ v/{/* ke+ s/e v/{/* 6/7 a/Er ku+C m//m/l//e] m/e] v/{/* 7/8 s/e v/{/* 10 ke+ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ m/uk+/b/l/e iv/~/n/ k+I a/er m//n/v/Iy/ p/>y//s/ n//m/ k+/ s/UF/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede m/e] Ak+ n/y// iv/{/y/ hE

• a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede m/e] Wp/s/UF//e] ke+ a/y//ej/k+/e] (j/Es/e ik+ v/{/* ke+ s/e v/{/* 6 t/k+ ‘j/Iv/n/ a/Er j/Iiv/k+/’, ‘p/&Tv/I a/Er a]t/ir`/’, ‘@j//* a/Er p/irv/t/*n/’; aT/v// v/{/* 7/8 s/e v/{/* 10 m/e] ‘j/Iv/-iv/ê/ iv/~/n/, ‘p/&Tv/I a/Er p/y//*v/irk+ iv/~/n/) k+/ aB//v/ aiD/k+/\]x/ v/t/*m//n/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] s/e iB/nn/ hE = Aes// p//Q<y/k>+m/ k+I s/]rc/n// m/e] j/iql/t// k+/ Ak+ a/Er st/r j//ezµn/e s/e b/c/n/e ke+ il/A ik+y// g/y// hE, l/eik+n/ y/id a/v/xy/k+t// h/e t//e ws/ke+ a/\n/l//w*n/ d&xy/ k+/e Aes/e a/y//ej/k+/e] k+/ wst/em//l/ k+rke+ a/y//eij/t/ ik+y// j// s/k+t// hE

• • a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ an/ek+ p/>/T/im/k+ iv/ê/l/y//e] m/e] l//g/U v/t/*m//n/ aT/v// p/>st//iv/t/ p/>/T/im/k+ s/]y//ej/n/ wk+/w*y//\] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ iv/~/n/ ke+ m/s//Ede s/e m/el/ K//t/I hE =

b//k+I ag/l/e p/&{Q p/r

iv/~/n/ (p/&{Q 1 ku+l/ 2)

m//c/* 2010

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/

p/&{Q 2

s/Uc/n// p/F/

ke+––10 ke+– iv/~/n/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede k+/ iv/k+/s/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A ik+n/-ik+n/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ s/]dB//e*] k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// g/y// hE?

v/{/* 2006 ke+ p/>/eg/>/m/ P+/\r wnqrn/ex/n/l/ sqUze]q as/Es/m/e]q (ant/r/*{qMIy/ iv/ê/iT/*y//e] ke+ p/rI`/[/ k+/y/*k>+m/ - PISA) m/e] B//g/ l/en/e v//l//e] m/e] v/E~/in/k+ s//`/rt// m/e] s/v//e*cc/ p/>dx/*n/ k+rn/e v//l/e dex//e] m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// Ak+ hE = ke+–10 ke+ iv/~/n/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//Q<y/k>+m/ ke+ m/s//Ede ke+ iv/k+/s/ m/e] any/ s/v//e*cc/ p/>dx/*n/ k+rn/e v//l/e dex//e] j/Es/e ik+ y/Un//w*iqz ik}}+g/zm/, ny/Ujµ/Il/E]z, is/]g//p/ur, iP+n/l/E]z a/Er a/en/q/iry//e ke+ m/uKy/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ p//Q<y/k>+m//e] ke+ dst//v/ejµ//e] s/iht/ iv/~/n/ k+I p/Zµ/w* p/r m/uKy/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ anv/e{/[//e] k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// g/y// hE =

any/ m/uKy/ ant/r/*{qMIy/ s/]dB//e*] m/e] x//im/l/ hE]:

• n/ex/n/l/ s//w*]s/ Aj/uke+x/n/ sqE]zz*s/< (n/ex/n/l/ irs/c/* k+/E]is/l/, USA, 1996)

•• b/E]c/m//k*+ P+/|r s//w*]s/ il/qMes/I (am/eirk+n/ As//eis/Ax/n/ P+/|r id Azv//\]s/m/e]q a/\P+ s//w*]s/, p/>/ej/ekq 2061, USA, 1993)

••• 21st s/E]c/urI isk+ls/< m/Ep/ P+/|r s//w*]s/ (p//q*n/rix/p/ P+/|r 21st s/E]c/urI isk+ls/< A]z n/ex/n/l/ s//w*]s/ qIc/s/*< USA, 2009)

••• winzp/E]zeq iriv/y/U a/\P+ id p/>/w*m/rI k+rIku+l/m/ (r/ejµ/, UK, 2009)

••• a/\sqMeil/y/n/ skU+l/ s//w*]s/ Aj/uke+x/n/ n/ex/n/l/ Akx/n/ pl//n/ 2008 – 2012 (g/uzrm/ A]z rEn/I, 2007)

•••• ir-wm/eij/]g/ s//w*]s/ Aj/uke+x/n/: A]g/eij/]g/ sqUzE]qs/< wn/ s//w*]s/ P+/|r a/\sqMeil/y//jµ/ Py/Uc/r (q/w*ql/r, 2007).

iv/~/n/ (p/&{Q 2 ku+l/ 2)