SQL Server Notes

7/31/2019 SQL Server Notes

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SQL-SERVER DATA TYPES NOTES:-

1. BIGINT2. BINARY

3. BIT

4. CHAR5. DATETIME

6. DECIMAL

7. FLOAT

8. IMAGE9. INT

10. MONEY

11.NCHAR

12.NTEXT13.NUMERIC

14.NVARCHAR15. REAL

16. SMALLDATETIME

17. SMALLINT18. SMALLMONEY

19. SQL_VARIANT

20. TEXT

21. TIMESTAMP22. TINYINT

23. UNIQUEIDENTIFIER24. VARBINARY25. VARCHAR


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*We can execute more than one command on the prompt usingterminator (;) in Oracle/MySQL/SQL-server and in SQL-server without

terminator too.

The Create Table Command

In Oracle

create table student

(roll number,

name varchar2(50))

In SQL Server


(roll integer,

name varchar(50))

Note:-Number or numeric datatype not allowed, varchar2 is not

allowed

In MYSQL


(roll integer,

name1 varchar(50));

Note:-Number datatype not allowed,varchar2 is not allowed

Insertion of data into table

In Oracle

insert into student values(1,'amit');


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In SQL Server


In MYSQL


In Oracle

insert into student (name,roll) values('amit',2);

In SQL Server


In MYSQL


Viewing Data in the Table

# All Rows and all Column:-

In Oracle

select * from student;

In SQL Server


In MYSQL


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select name from student where roll=1;

In SQL Server


In MYSQL


# Elimination of duplication from theSelectstatement:-

In Oracle

select distinct name from student;

select distinct roll,name from student;

select distinct * from student;

In SQL Server




In MYSQL





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Note:-If distinct is applied with two or more column then union of

this column should be unique in the output of

Oracle/SQLServer/Mysql

# Sorting data in a table:-

Asending Order

In Oracle

select * from student order by roll;

select * from student order by roll,name;

In SQL Server



In MYSQL



Desending Order

In Oracle

select * from student order by roll desc;

select * from student order by roll,name desc;


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select * from student order by name,roll desc;

In SQL Server




In MYSQL




Note:- In descending the records are descended by the right hand

side of the specified column;But in ascending the records are sorted

by left hand side of the specified columns;

############################################

In SQL Server

select roll,name,position=case roll

when 1 then 'FIRST'

when 2 then 'SECOND'

when 3 then 'THIRD'

else 'FAIL'


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end from stud

############################################

Creating a table from a table

In Oracle

create table student1 as select * from student

create table student5 as select roll from student;

create table student9 (roll) as select (roll) from student

create table student2 (roll,name) as select roll,name from student

create table student4(roll_no) as select roll from student;

NOTE-

(1) It will create a table as student where data is also transffered in

another command(2) Afterselectcommand the column name should not be in

parenthesis if it contaion more than one column;

(3) We can create a new table using existing table with changed

column name.

In SQL Server

************************************************

In MYSQL

create table student1 as select * from student


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insert into student select roll from student1;

(Not Working, not enough values(because of no of columns))

In my sql

insert into student select * from student1;

insert into student select roll,name from student1;

insert into student select roll from student1;

(Not Working, not enough values(because of no of columns))

DELETE

In oracle

delete student1;

delete from student1;

delete student where roll=2;

delete from student where roll=2;

in sql server

delete student1;


delete student where roll=2;


in mysql

delete student1;(not working)


delete student where roll=2;(not working)



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Updation

Update

In oracle

update student set name='amit';

update student set name='amit' where roll=2;

in sqlserver



in mysql



Alter (verifying the structure of table)

In oracle

alter table student

add (address varchar2(50));

alter table student

add address varchar2(50);

Note: - the column name must not be as add in alter

command; as well as in create table command;


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In sql server

alter table student

add (address varchar(50));(not working due to parenthsessis)

alter table student

add address varchar(50);

Note: - the column name must not be as add in altercommand; as well as in create table command;

In my sql

alter table student

add (address varchar(50));

alter table student

add address varchar(50);

Note: - the column name must not be as add in alter

command; as well as in create table command;

Modify:-

In oracle

alter table student

modify

address varchar2(75);


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alter table student

modify

(name varchar2(60));

note:-we can increase the size of a column but we cant decease the size if

column is not empty.

Note:-we cant modiy the datatype of column if column is not empty

We cannot change the name of table and column, we canot drop a

column with modify

In sql server

alter table employee

alter column emp_name varchar(50)

In mysql

alter table student

modify

address varchar2(75)

note:-we can not use parenthesis after modify clause

note:-we can increase the size of a column but we can decease the size of

column until the maximum data size entered in a column.

Note:-we cant modiy the datatype of column if column is not empty

We cannot change the name of table and column using ALTER with

modify command,

Drop


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In oracle

alter table student

drop column

sss;

note:- column keyword should be used;

note:-this sql will drop column in both conditions if data exists or not.

note:- you cannot drop all columns in a table with alter table drop

command.

note:- you cannot drop more than one column in a single statement in a

table with alter table drop command.

In sql server

ALTER TABLE student

DROP COLUMN address

In mysql

alter table student

drop column

sss;

alter table student

drop

sss;

note:-this sql will drop column in both conditions if data exists or not.

note:- you cannot drop all columns in a table with alter table drop

command.


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note:- you cannot drop more than one column in a single statement in a

table with alter table drop command.

Renaming a Table

In oracle

rename student to s1;

note:-table keyword must not be used;

in sql server

sp_rename 'abc','student1'

note :-abc is old object name and student1 as new object

name;

sp_rename renames all object in the data base;

In my sql

rename table student to s1;

note:-table keyword should be used;

Dropping Table:-

In oracle

drop table student1;


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In Sql server


In Mysql


FINDING OUT THE ALL TBALE ACCESSED BY A USER

IN ORALE

select * from tab;

NOTE:-TAB IS RESRVE KETYWORD

IN SQL SERVER

Sp_help

IN MYSQL

Show tables;

DESCRIBE A TABLE

In oracle

desc student;describe student;

in sql server


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sp_help student;

in mysql

desc student;

describe student;

OPERATORS:-

Arithmetic

operator

Oracle SQL-

Server

MYSQL

Addition + + +

Multiplication * * *

Subtraction - - -

Division / / /

Exponentiation **

Enclosed

Operation

() () ()

Modulo Used Modfunction

% Used Modfunction,%

Assignment operator Oracle SQL-Server MYSQL

Assignment = = =

Bitwise operator Oracl

e

SQL-

Server

MYSQL

BITWISE AND & &

BITWISE OR | |

Bitwise

EXCLUSIVE OR

^ ^


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Bitwise SHIFT

LEFT

>

BITWISE NOT ~ ~

Comparison

operator

Oracle SQL-

Server

MYSQL

Less Than < < > >

Equal To = = =

Not Equal !=, !=, !=,

Not Less Than !Greater Than

Equal To

>= >= >=

Less than Equal to


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NOT BETWEENY

NOT IN Y Y

NOT LIKE Y

REGEXP Y

NOT REGEXP Y

Logical operator Oracle SQL-Server MYSQL

AND Y Y Y(&&)

OR Y Y Y(||)

XOR Y

NOT Y Y Y(!)

String operator Oracle SQL-Server MYSQL

CONCATENATION || +

Unary operator Oracle SQL-Server MYSQL

POSITIVE + + +

NEGATIVE - - -

Truncate table

In oracle


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truncate table student;

in sql server


in mysql


note:-

1.Truncate operation drop and recreate the table which is muchfaster than deleting rows one by one.

2.truncate operation are not transaction safe and generate error if

and active transaction or an active table lock exitx.

3.the number of deleted rows are not returned;

Drop table (Destroying table)

In oracle

drop table student;

in sql server


in mysql

drop table student9

Grouping data from tables in SQl


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In oracle

select roll from student group by roll,name;

select sum(roll) from student group by name;

select sum(roll),name from student group by name;

select sum(roll),name from student group by name having

name='amit';


sum(roll)>5

In sql server

select sum(roll) from student group by name

select sum(roll),name from student group by name

select sum(roll),name from student group by name having name='amit'


sum(roll)>5

In mysql

select sum(roll) from student group by name1;

select sum(roll),name1 from student group by name1;


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select sum(roll),name1 from student group by name1 having

name1='amit';


sum(roll)>5

having clause:-

In oracle


name='amit';

In sql_server


name='amit'

In mysql

select sum(roll),name1 from student group by name1 having

name1='amit';

Notes for group by and having clause


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1. Column listed in the select statement has to be listed in

group by clause

2. Column listed in group by clause need not be listed in select

statement

3. Only group function can be used in the having clause.

4. The group function listed in having clause needs not listed in

select statement.

Note:-function that act on the set of values is called group

function ex-sum, count etc.

*********************************Group by rollup

Group by cube

ALIAS

In oracle

In sql_server

SELECT roll as 'ROLL',name as 'STUDENT' FROM STUD

SELECT roll 'ROLL',name 'STUDENT' FROM STUD

SELECT roll "ROLL",name "STUDENT" FROM STUD


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In mysql


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To view the constraints applied on the table

sp_helpconstraint tablename

CONSTRAINTBUSINES RULES which are inforced on data being stored in a table are calledconstraints.

Types of data constraints:-

1.input out put constraints.

2.business rules constraints.

Input/out put constraints:-=

primary keya. It defines column as maindatory column that is the column cant be left blank.

as the not NULL attribute is active.

b. Primary is a column ar a set of column that uniquely identify a column. its

main purpose is to record uniqueness.

c. Primary key will also not allow null value.

d. Primary key helps to relating tables with one another.

e. Primary key cant be long or long row data type,f. Only one primary key is allowed per table.

g. Unique index is created automatically if there is a primary key.

h. One table can combined up to 16 column in a composite column

i. A single column primary key is called simple key.j. A multi column primary key is called a composite primary key.

Primary key constrained defined at column level

Syntax:- () primary key

create table testing_pk

(roll int not null primary key,n int identity,

name1 varchar(20))

Primary key constraint defined at table level


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Syntax:-

Primary key (,)

create table testing_pk(id int not null ,

r_no int identity,

name1 varchar(20),

primary key (id,r_no))

Note:-table level uniqness depends on the combination of column values.

correct/wrong insertion are:-

insert into class values('r3','c3','amit'); ->correct

insert into class values('r3','c3','amit'); ->wrong




Unique key(1) Unique key will not allow duplicate value.

(2)Unique index created automatically.

(3) A table can have more than one unique key which is not possible in primary key.

(4)unique key can combined upto 16 columns in a composite unique key.(6)The unique key constraint permits one entry of NULL in to the column.

Unique key constraint defined at column level

Syntax:- () unique

create table s1(

roll int identity,

name varchar(10) unique)

Unique key constraint defined at Table level

Syntax:- Unique (,)create table r1(

roll varchar(10),

class varchar(10),


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name varchar(10),

unique(roll,class))

NULL Constraint defined at the column level only

By default Oracle store NULL,Data type of column does not matter.

NOT NULL Constraint defined at the column level only

SYNTAX:- () NOT NULL

create table r2(

roll varchar(10) not null)

Foreign key

Foreign Key is a column(s) that references a column(s) of a table and it can

be the same table also.

Parent that is being reference has to be unique or primary key.

Child may have duplicates and NULLs but unless it is specified.

Foreign Key Constraints can be specified on child but not on parent.

Parent record can be deleted provided no child records exists. Master table can not be updated if child record exists.

Records can not be inserted into a detail table if corresponding record in amaster table do not exists.

Records of the master table can not be deleted if corresponding records in the

detail table actually exists .

We can not drop a table if it is referenced by other child table.

Foreign key constraint defined at column level

Syntax:-

() references tablename(column name)

create table room(

r_id int foreign key references student,

room_id varchar(30)

)


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create table room(

r_id int foreign key references student(roll),

room_id varchar(30))

create table room(

r_id int references student(roll),

room_id varchar(30))

Foreign key constraint defined at Table level

Syntax:-

foreign key (column name, column name) references tablename.(column name,column name)

create table continent(

c_id varchar2(10),r_id varchar2(10),

unique(c_id,r_id));

create table country3(

con_id varchar(10),

rd_id varchar(10),

cry varchar(10),

constraint u3

foreign key(con_id,rd_id) references continent(c_id,r_id))

On delete no action It is by default setting.In this setting ca not delete a record in master table if it

exists in detail table.

On update no action It is by default setting.In this setting ca not update a record in master table if

it exists in detail table.

On delete cascade


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MASTER:

create table continent(c_id varchar(10) primary key,

c_name varchar(20))

DETAILED:

create table country(

con_id varchar(10) references continent(c_id) on delete cascade,

cry_id varchar(10),

con_name varchar(20))

NOTE:- When a row of Master table is deleted all rows of detail table referencing

the row of master table deleted.

On delete set NULL

Not available/working in sql server

On update cascade

create table continent(c_id varchar(10) primary key,

c_name varchar(20))

create table country(

con_id varchar(10) references continent(c_id) on update cascade,

cry_id varchar(10),con_name varchar(20))

NOTE:- When a row of Master table is updated all rows of detail table referencing

the row of master table updated.

CHECK (column level)

create table stud1(

roll int check(roll>1),

name varchar(15) check( name like 'A%'))


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CHECK (Table level)

create table stud1(

roll int ,

name varchar(15),addr varchar(30),

sex varchar(6) default 'MALE',

check (roll >1), check( name like 'A%'))

DEFAULT VALUE CONCEPTS

Syntax:-

() DEFAULT ()

create table stud1(

roll int ,

name varchar(15),addr varchar(30),

sex varchar(6) default 'MALE',

check (roll >1), check( name like 'A%'))

CREATION OF USER CONSTRAINTSSYNTAX:-

Constraint

create table class1(roll int

constraint abc check(roll> 100))

Note:-always make constraint using constraint name for future alteration.It is a good

practice.

Alter Constraints

alter table class1


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add constraint abc primary key(roll),check(roll


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INNER JOIN(equi join)

Table-> emp_master;

create table emp_master(emp_no int not null,

fname varchar(25),

dept varchar(25),desig varchar(25),

branch_no int)

Table->branch_master;

create table branch_master(name varchar(10),

branch_no int not null)

insert into emp_master values(1,'amit','computer','programmer',1)insert into emp_master values(2,'balram','computer','programmer',1)

insert into emp_master values(3,'verma','computer','programmer',2)


select * from emp_master

Emp_no fname dept design branch_no

1 amit computer programmer 1

2 balram computer programmer 13 verma computer programmer 24 verma computer programmer 3

insert into branch_master values('patna',1)insert into branch_master values('delhi',2)

insert into branch_master values('gaya',3)

select * from branch_master

name branch_nopatna 1

delhi 2

gaya 3

select e.emp_no,e.fname,b.name,e.dept,e.desigfrom emp_master e, branch_master b


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where b.branch_no=e.branch_no

or

select e.emp_no,e.fname,b.name,e.dept,e.desig

from emp_master e inner join branch_master b on

b.branch_no=e.branch_no

emp_no fname name dept desig

1 amit patna computer programmer

2 balram patna computer programmer

3 verma delhi computer programmer4 sanjay gaya bts guide

Outer join

Table emp_master

create table emp_master(emp_no int not null,

fname varchar(25),

dept varchar(25),desig varchar(25),

branch_no int)

insert into emp_master values(1,'amit','computer','programmer',1)insert into emp_master values(2,'balram','computer','programmer',1)


insert into emp_master values(4,'verma','computer','programmer',3)insert into emp_master values(5,'krisna','bialogy','teacher',4)

insert into emp_master values(6,'babloo','math','reader',5)

select * from emp_master

Emp_no fname dept design branch_no

1 amit computer programmer 1

2 balram computer programmer 1

3 verma computer programmer 24 verma computer programmer 3


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5 krisna bialogy teacher 4

6 babloo math reader 5

Table branch_master

create table branch_master(name varchar(10),

branch_no int not null)

insert into branch_master values('patna',1)

insert into branch_master values('delhi',2)

insert into branch_master values('gaya',3)insert into branch_master values('england',10)

select * from branch_master

name branch_no

patna 1

delhi 2gaya 3

england 10

Left join

select e.fname,e.dept,b.name from branch_master b,emp_master e

where e.branch_no*=b.branch_no

Note:-In this syntax we will see all rows of emp_master because in where clouse

emp_master field is left side.

or

select e.fname,e.dept,b.name from emp_master e left outer join branch_master b on


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b.branch_no=e.branch_no

Note:-In this syntax we will see all rows of emp_master because with from clouseemp_master field is left side.

fname dept nameamit computer patna

balram computer patna

verma computer delhisanjay computer gaya

krishna biology NULL

babloo math NULL

Right joinselect e.fname,e.dept,b.name from branch_master b,emp_master e

where e.branch_no=*b.branch_no

Note:-In this syntax we will see all rows of branch_master because in where clouse

branch_master field is right side.

or

select e.fname,e.dept,b.name from emp_master e right outer join branch_master b on

e.branch_no=b.branch_no

Note:-In this syntax we will see all rows of emp_master because with from clouse

emp_master field is left side.

fname dept name

amit computer patna

balram computer patna

verma computer delhisanjay computer gaya

NULL NULL england

Full join


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select e.fname,e.dept,b.name from branch_master b,emp_master e

where e.branch_no*=b.branch_no

union

select e.fname,e.dept,b.name from branch_master b,emp_master ewhere e.branch_no=*b.branch_no

/

OR

select e.fname,e.dept,b.name from emp_master e full join branch_master b on

e.branch_no=b.branch_no

fname dept name

amit computer patnababloo math NULL

balram computer patnakrishna biology NULL

sanjay computer gaya

verma computer delhiNULL NULL england

Cross join

Table--student;

create table student(

roll int not null,

name varchar(20))

insert into student values(1,'amit')insert into student values(2,'verma')

select * from student

roll name 1 amit


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2 verma

Table-class

create table class(

roll int,c_name varchar(20))

insert into class values(1,'nursery')insert into class values(2,'ukg')

select * from class

roll c_name

1 nursery

2 ukg

select s.roll , s.name,c.c_name,c.roll from student s, class c order by s.roll

or

select s.roll , s.name,c.c_name,c.roll from student s cross join class c order

by s.roll

roll name c_name roll1 amit nursery 1

1 amit ukg 2

2 verma nursery 1

2 verma ukg 2

Cross join:- out put of two table is cartesin product;


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SELF JOIN

TABLEEMPLOYEE

create table employee(

employee_no varchar(25) not null,

employee_name varchar(25),manager_no varchar(25))

insert into employee values('E01','BASU','E02')

insert into employee values('E02','RUKMANI','E05')

insert into employee values('E03','KAROL','E04')insert into employee(EMPLOYEE_NO,EMPLOYEE_NAME) values('E04','BAROS')

insert into employee(EMPLOYEE_NO,EMPLOYEE_NAME) values('E05','IVAN')

employee_no employee_name manager_no

E01 BASU E02

E02 RUKMANI E05

E03 KAROL E04

E04 BAROS NULLE05 IVAN NULL

SELECT E.EMPLOYEE_NAME,M.EMPLOYEE_NAME "MANAGER"

FROM EMPLOYEE E, EMPLOYEE M WHEREE.MANAGER_NO=M.EMPLOYEE_NO;

EMPLOYEE_NAME MANAGER

-------------------- --------------------

BASU RUKMANI

RUKMANI IVANKAROL BAROS

NOTE:-In some situation it is necessary to join a table ot it self as though two separate

tables this is referred as self join;


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UNION

Retrive the name of all clients and sales man in the city of Mumbai

from the tables client_master and sales_master.

TABLE CLIENT_MASTER

create table client_master(

c_id varchar(20),

c_name varchar(20),c_city varchar(20))

c_id c_name c_city

C01 ASRAF MUMBAIC02 VISHAL DELHI

C03 AJAY MUMBAI

C04 ROHIT KOLKATA

C05 NALINI MUMBAI

C06 PREM DELHI

TABLE:-SALESMAN_MASTER

create table salesman_master(

s_id varchar(20),

s_name varchar(20),

s_city varchar(20))

S_ID S_NAME S_CITY

S01 MANISH MUMBAIS02 KIRAN DELHI

S03 NITESH MUMBAI

S04 MAHESH KOLKATA

SELECT S_ID ,S_NAME FROM SALESMAN_MASTER WHERE S_CITY ='MUMBAI'


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UNION

SELECT C_ID,C_NAME FROM CLIENT_MASTER WHERE C_CITY='MUMBAI'

S_ID S_NAMEC01 ASRAFC03 AJAY

C05 NALINIS01 MANISH

S03 NITESH

NOTE:-

1. NO OF COLUMN AND TYPES OF BOTH THE TABLES SHOULD BE SAME;

2. UNION CANT BE USED IN SUB QUERIES;

3. AGREEGATE FUNCTION CANT BE USED WITH UNION CLAUSE

INTERSECTION

Retrive the sales man name in Mumbai whose affords have resulted into at list one

sale transaction.

create table salesman_master(

s_id varchar(20),

s_name varchar(20),

s_city varchar(20))

TABLE-> salesman_master

select * from salesman_master

S_ID S_NAME S_CITY

S01 MANISH MUMBAI

S02 KIRAN DELHI

S03 NITESH MUMBAIS04 MAHESH KOLKATA

create table sale_order(

o_no varchar(10),o_date datetime,

s_id varchar(20))

insert into sale_order values('o01','12-apr-97','s01')

insert into sale_order values('o02','25-apr-97','s03')


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insert into sale_order values('o03','03-oct-97','s01')

insert into sale_order values('o04','18-june-97','s04')

insert into sale_order values('o05','20-aug-97','s02')

insert into sale_order values('o06','12-jan-97','s02')

TABLE_>sale_order;

O_NO O_DATE S_ID

o01 1997-04-1200:00:00.000 s01

o02 1997-04-2500:00:00.000 s03

o03 1997-10-0300:00:00.000 s01

o04 1997-06-1800:00:00.000 s04

o05 1997-08-2000:00:00.000 s02

o06 1997-01-1200:00:00.000 s02

SELECT DISTINCT s_id,s_nameFROM salesman_master

WHERE EXISTS

(select sm.s_id,sm.s_name from salesman_master sm ,sale_order so where

lower(sm.s_id)=lower(so.s_id))

or

SELECT DISTINCT sm.s_id,sm.s_name

FROM salesman_master sm INNER JOIN sale_order so

ON sm.s_id = so.s_id order by sm.s_id

S_id s_name

SO1 MANISH

SO2 KIRAN

SO3 NITESH

SO4 MAHESH

MINUS

Retrive all the product No of non moving item from the product_master table.

create table sales_order(

o_no varchar(20),

p_no varchar(20))

insert into sales_order values('o01','p01')


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insert into sales_order values('o03','p03')insert into sales_order values('o04','p01')

insert into sales_order values('o05','p04')insert into sales_order values('o06','p06')

select * from sales_order

o_no p_no

o01 p01

o01 p04

o01 p06

o02 p05

o02 p02o03 p03

o04 p01

o05 p06

o05 p04

o06 p06

create table product_master(

p_no varchar(20),

description varchar(20))

insert into product_master values('p01','1.44 floppies')

insert into product_master values('p02','monitor')

insert into product_master values('p03','mouse')insert into product_master values('p04','1.22 floppies')

insert into product_master values('p05','key board')

insert into product_master values('p06','cd drive')insert into product_master values('p07','hdd')

insert into product_master values('p08','1.44 drive')

insert into product_master values('p09','1.22 drive')

select * from product_master

p_no description

p01 1.44 floppies

p02 monitor

p03 mouse


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p04 1.22 floppies

p05 key board

p06 cd drive

p07 hdd

p08 1.44 drivep09 1.22 drive

SELECT DISTINCT p_no

FROM product_master

WHERE not EXISTS

(select * from sales_order where sales_order.p_no=product_master.p_no)

Or

SELECT DISTINCT p_no

FROM product_master

WHERE p_no NOT IN

(SELECT p_noFROM sales_order where sales_order.p_no=product_master.p_no)

P_no

p07

p08

p09


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BLOCK

The first block:-

begin

declare

end

(1)

begin

declare @roll int

declare @name varchar(20)end

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(2)

begindeclare @roll int

set @roll=100

print @roll

end

declare @roll int

begin

set @roll=100print @roll

end

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100


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(4)

begin

declare @name varchar(20),@name2 varchar(20)set @name='amit'

set @name2='verma'

print @name

print @name2

print @name + @name2

end

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amit

verma

amitverma

Note:-print is used to output the text or variable;

Note:-+ is used to for concanate

(3)

begin

insert into student values(10,'asd')

print 'successfully entered'

end

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successfully entered

Note:-we can insert values in the table like this


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if

(4)

begin

declare @a int

set @a=200

if @a=100

begin

print 'a=100'end

print 'a=?'

end

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a=?

if

else

(5)

begin

declare @num1 int


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declare @num2 int

set @num1 = 100

set @num2 = 200

if @num1 > @num2

print 'num1 greater than num2'else

print 'num2 greater than num1'

print 'successfully executed'

end

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num2 greater than num1

successfully executed

if

else if

else

(6)

begin

declare @num1 int

declare @num2 int

set @num1=100


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set @num2=200

if @num1>@num2

begin

print 'num1 greater than num2'

endelse if @num1


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set @j=1

while @j


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set @i=@i+1

end

end

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1

11

Continue:-

begindeclare @i int

set @i=1

while @i3 and @i< 7begin

set @i=@i+1

continue

endprint @i

set @i=@i+1

end

end

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1

2

37

8

9

10


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Commit

begin transaction

insert into stud values(17,'raj')

commit transaction

This commits the transaction(insert)

Rollbackbegin transaction


rollback transaction

This rollbacks the transaction(insert) last commit.

SAVE POINT

begin transaction t1


save transaction t1


save transaction t2


save transaction t3

rollback transaction t1


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NOTE:-Save transaction is just lika a book mark in our TSQL,thats

reference we can use to tell sql server to rollback transaction upto.



save transaction t1


save transaction t2


save transaction t3

commit transaction

NOTE:- It finally save the transaction in memory.



save transaction t1

insert into stud values(119,'raj')save transaction t2


save transaction t3

rollback transaction


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ERROR TRAPPING

select * from sysmessages

Table sysmessages in master message shows all errors numbers with description

(1)

begin transaction MYTRNS

declare @error int

save transaction t1

insert into stud values(6,'raj')select @error=@@error

IF @error 0

begin

print 'ERROR OCCURED'rollback transaction T1

endELSE

BEGIN

print 'INSERTION SUCCESS'

commit transactionEND

(2)

begin transaction MYTRNS

declare @error int

save transaction t1insert into stud values(7,'raj')

select @error=@@error

IF @error = 2627begin

print 'ERROR OCCURED'rollback transaction T1

endIF @error =0

BEGIN

print 'INSERTION SUCCESS'

commit transaction


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END

Function

SIMPLE FUNCTIO THAT EXCEPTS TWO PARAMETERS AND

RETURN A VALUE

CREATE FUNCTION TEST_FUNC(@A INTEGER,@B INTEGER) RETURNS INTEGER

AS

BEGINRETURN (@A+@B)

END

--------------------------------

BEGINDECLARE @C AS INTEGER

EXECUTE @C=TEST_FUNC 1,2

PRINT @C

END

Function WITHOUT PARAMETER AND REATURN A VALUE

ALTER FUNCTION TEST_FUNC() RETURNS INTAS

BEGIN

RETURN 100

END

BEGIN

DECLARE @C AS INTEGER

EXECUTE @C=TEST_FUNC

PRINT @C

END


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SIMPLE FUNCTIO THAT EXCEPTS NO PARAMETERS AND

RETURN A TABLE

CREATE FUNCTION TEST_FUNC1() RETURNS TABLE

ASRETURN (SELECT * FROM STUDENT)

BEGIN

SELECT * FROM TEST_FUNC1()END

Overloaded FunctionALTER FUNCTION TEST_FUNC(@A INTEGER=100,@B INTEGER=200) RETURNS INTEGERAS

BEGIN

RETURN (@A+@B)

END--------------------------------

BEGIN

DECLARE @C AS INTEGER

EXECUTE @C=TEST_FUNC

PRINT @C

END


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STORED PROCEDURE


Roll Name

1 amit2 raj

3 ruppu

4 ajnabi

Without parameter

create procedure proc_studas


execute proc_stud

Roll Name

1 amit

2 raj3 ruppu

4 ajnabi

With two input parameter And Alter Procedure

alter procedure proc_stud

@rn int,

@nm varchar(25)as

insert into student values(@rn,@nm)

execute proc_stud 5,'basu'


Roll Name

1 amit2 raj


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3 ruppu

4 ajnabi

5 basu

With one input and one output parameter And AlterProcedure

alter proc proc_stud

@rn int,@nm varchar(25) output

as

select @nm=name from student where roll=@rn

DECLARE

@name varchar(30)execute proc_stud

@rn=4,

@nm=@name outputprint @name

output

ajnabi

alter proc proc_stud

@rn int,

@nm varchar(25) output

as

if @rn=1

begin

select @nm=name from student where roll=1

end

else

begin

select @nm=name from student where roll=@rn

end

DECLARE

@name varchar(30)

execute proc_stud

@rn=3,

@nm=@name output


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print @name

output

ruppu

create proc proc_logincheck

@user_name varchar(25),

@pass_word varchar(25),

@flag int output

as

if exists(select * from tab_login where user_name=@user_name and pass_word=@pass_word)

set @flag=1

else

set @flag=0

DECLARE@abc int

execute proc_logincheck

@user_name='amit',

@pass_word='verma',@flag=@abc output

print @abc

using Return keyword

ALTER proc proc_test_returnas

declare @mymessage varchar(20)

declare @myothermessage varchar(20)

select @mymessage='i am amit'

print @mymessage

return 2

select @myothermessage='i am amit verma'

print @myothermessage

return

declare @return int

exec @return=proc_test_returnprint @return

outputi am amit

2


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CURSOR WITHIN PROCEDURE

alter proc proc_studas

DECLARE @name varchar(25)declare mycursor cursor

local

scroll

dynamic

optimistic

type_warning

for select name from student

open mycursor

fetch next from mycursor into @name

print @namewhile @@fetch_status=0

begin


print @nameend

close mycursor

deallocate mycursor

execute proc_stud

output

amit

raj

ruppu

ajnabibasu

basu


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Trigger

Trigger on insertion

create trigger stud_ins

on stud

for insert

as

declare @name varchar(20)

select @name=name from insertedif @name='verma'

begin

print 'can''t insert the name verma'

rollback

print 'trigger fired'

end

Trigger on deletion

alter trigger del_stud

on stud

for delete

as

declare @roll1 int

declare @name1 varchar(30)select @roll1=roll,@name1=name from deleted

if @name1 ='chintu'

begin

print 'can''t delete '


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rollback

end

trigger for update

alter trigger del_stud

on stud

for update

as

declare @roll1 int

declare @name1 varchar(30)select @roll1=roll,@name1=name from deleted

insert into delstud values(@roll1,@name1)

if @name1 ='chintu'

begin

print 'can''t be updated '

rollback

end

select @roll1=roll,@name1=name from inserted

if @name1 ='taj mahal'

begin

print 'can''t be inserted '

rollbackend


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note:-DELETED ,INSERTED are system table and we

have to use these tables in trigger as when we insert any

record first it goes in INSERTED table ,and when wedelete the deleted record goes in DELETED table,and for

update we have to use combination of INSERTED and

DELETED table because in updation two actions takes

place first DELETION then INSERT

DROP TRIGGER

drop trigger stud_ins


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CursorIn Access or Visual Basic we have worked on record set ,cursor is just like record set but it

is server side.The cursor is set of rows to gather with a pointer that identify a current row.

Steps for cursor:-

1. Declare cursor

2. Open cursor

3. Fetch records

4. Close cursor

5. Deallocate cursor

declare cursorname cursor

[ local | global ][ forword_only | scroll ]

[ Static | Keyset | dynamic | fast_forward ]

[ Read_only | Scroll_Locks | optimistic]

[ Type_warning]

FOR select_statement

[ For update [ of column_names ] ]

Local:-The local keyword limits the use of the cursor to the batch ,stored

procedure,trigger where it was declared.

Global:-The global keyword makes the cursor available to any statement to

the current connection.

Forward_only :- Forward_only specifies that only the next option of the

Fetch(keyword) statement is supported.

Scroll:-Scroll specifies that the option of the Fetch (keyword) should besupported like:- Fetch next | Fetch prior | Fetch First | Fetch Last.If you specify

scroll you can not specify Fast_Forward..

Static:-Static causes the cursor to return a set of rows that reflects(shows) the stateof the data base when the cursor is opened and that is never updated.

(The database will be updated not the cursor)


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Keyset:-Keyset specifies that the cursor should be updatable,both by theconnection and by other user.However new rows added by other user will not be

reflacted.Dynamic:-Dynamic specifies that cursor should be fully updateble and that it

should reflact new rows. (The database and cursor will be updated)

Fast_forward:-

Read_only:-It specifies Cursor should be read only.

Scroll_Locks:-It specifies that update or deletion made thrugh the cursor

should always succeed.Sql server ensures this by locking the rows as soon as

they are read into the cursor.

Optimistic:-Optimistic uses optimistic locking when you attempt to change

a row through the cursor.

Type_warning:-Type_warning tells sql server to send a warning if the

selected cursor options can not all be ful filled

For select statement:- The select statement argument is a standard T-SQL

select statement that supply the rows for the cursor.This statement can not

use the COMPUTE,COMPUTE BY,FOR BROWSE ,INTO.options

FOR UPDATE:-FOR UPDATE specifies explicitly that the cursor should

allow updating if you use update of with a list of column name only data in

those columns can be updated.

@@cursor_rows

declare mycursor cursor

local

scroll

static

optimistic

type_warning


open mycursor

print @@cursor_rows

close mycursor


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deallocate mycursor

output

4

@@Cursor_rows :- may return one of the follwing values

A Negative number indicates that the cursor is being populated asynchronously and

shows the number of rows retrive sofar.The value -57, for example ,indicates that the

cursor have 57 rows,but the sql server has not finished populating cursor.


local

scroll

dynamic

optimistic

type_warningfor select name from student

open mycursor

print @@cursor_rows

close mycursordeallocate mycursor

output

-1

The value -1 is a special case that is always returned for dynamic cursors because other

users can be adding or deleting data,Sql server can not be sure about the number of rowsin a dynamic cursor or whether it is fully populated.

Select * from student

Roll name

1 amit verma

2 raj

3 ruppu

5 ajnabi

@@FETCH_STATUS-returns the status of the last cursor FETCH statement issued

against any cursor currently opened by the connection.

Return value Description

0 FETCH statement was successful.

-1 FETCH statement failed or the row was beyond the result set.

-2 Row fetched is missing


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forward_only,Fetch ,@@FETCH_STATUS

DECLARE @name varchar(25)

declare mycursor cursorlocal

forward_only

dynamic

optimistic

type_warning


open mycursor


print @name

while @@fetch_status=0

begin

fetch next from mycursor into @nameprint @name

end

close mycursor

deallocate mycursor

outputamit verma

raj

ruppu

ajnabi

ajnabi

scroll,Fetch, @@FETCH_STATUS



local

scrolldynamic

optimistictype_warning


open mycursor


print @name


begin



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print @name

end

close mycursor

deallocate mycursor

output

amit verma

raj

ruppu

ajnabi

ajnabi ->repeate data solved innext example


local

scroll

dynamic

optimistic

type_warning


open mycursor


print @name

while @@fetch_status=0begin

set @name=nULL


if @name='raj'

beginset @name='abc'

end

print @name

end

close mycursor

deallocate mycursor

output

amit verma

abc


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ruppu

ajnabi


local

scroll

dynamic

optimistic

type_warning


open mycursor

fetch last from mycursor into @name

print @name

while @@fetch_status=0begin

set @name=nULL

fetch prior from mycursor into @name

print @nameend

close mycursor

deallocate mycursor

outputajnabi

ruppu

rajamit verma

static


declare mycursor cursorlocal

forward_only

static

optimistic

type_warning


open mycursor

insert into student values(9,'sohan')


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print @name


begin

set @name=null


print @nameend

close mycursor

deallocate mycursor

outputamit verma

raj

ruppu

ajnabi

kamal

goldi

krisna

raju



local

forward_only

static

optimistic

type_warning


open mycursor

update student set name='rohan' where roll=4


print @name


begin

set @name=null


print @name

end

close mycursor

deallocate mycursor

outputamit verma

raj

ruppu

ajnabi

rohan

goldi

krisna


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raju

dynamic



local

forward_only

dynamic

optimistic

type_warning


open mycursorinsert into student values(6,'goldi')


print @name


begin

set @name=null


print @name

end

close mycursor

deallocate mycursor

output

amit verma

raj

ruppu

ajnabi

golu

goldi

keyset



local

forward_only

keyset


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optimistic

type_warning


open mycursor

update student set name='rohan kumar' where roll=4


print @namewhile @@fetch_status=0

begin

set @name=null


print @name

end

close mycursor

deallocate mycursor

outputamit verma

raj

ruppu

ajnabi

rohan kumar

goldi

krisna

raju

sohan


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VIEW

SYNTAX:-

CREATE VIEW VIEWNAME

AS

SELECT-STATEMENT;

Eg:create view view1

as


VIEW ON SINGLE TABLE:-

ADD->allowed

UPDATE-> allowed

DELETE-> allowed

NOTE:-(1) View created on a single table supports all DML(INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,SELECT)

operations, and will affect the base table as well.

(2) If the user wants to insert with the help of the view then they primary key column and all the

not null column must be included in the view.

(3)Any DML operation on view need base table constraints to be followed

MULTIPLE TABLE WITH RELATION

ADD->allowed in master

ADD->allowed in detailADD->not allowed in both detail and master

Update->can update in master

Update->can update in detail


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Update-> not allowed in both detail and master

Delete->not allowed

MULTIPLE TABLE WITHOUT RELATION BUT JOIN(without key field)

ADD-> allowed in master

ADD-> allowed in detailADD->not allowed in both detail and master

Update->can update in masterUpdate->can update in detail


Delete->can not delete from view in detail and master.

MULTIPLE TABLE WITHOUT RELATION BUT JOIN(between unique key field)

ADD-> allowed in master

ADD-> allowed in detail

ADD->not allowed in both detail and master

Update->can update in master

Update->can update in detail


Delete->can not delete from view in detail and master.

NOTE:-After this observation we can make a concept that using

view we can do insert,update opration on invidual tables of the view

not on the both at a time.Delete operation is not supported using

view .

To DROP A VIEW

drop view viewname


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Creating Indexing

create index ind_stud on student (name)

DATEDIFFReturns the number of date and time boundaries crossed between two specified dates.

Syntax

DATEDIFF ( datepart,startdate ,enddate )

Arguments

datepartIs the parameter that specifies on which part of the date to calculate the difference. The

table lists dateparts and abbreviations recognized by Microsoft SQL Server.

Datepart Abbreviations

Year yy, yyyy

quarter qq, q

Month mm, m

dayofyear dy, y

Day dd, d

Week wk, ww

Hour hh

minute mi, n

second ss, s

millisecond ms


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Eq:-

print datediff(dd,'10/09/2006','10/11/2006')

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2

SQL Server Notes

Documents

Transcript of SQL Server Notes