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Transcript of SP's Naval Forces Oct-Nov 2010
n COMMODORE (RETD) C.P. SRIVASTAVA
Assume A scenArIo whereIn
the so called tech whiz kids
ask the submarine drivers,
“what do you want us to de-
velop which will transform the
way submarines do business at sea?” can
this aspect then drive the development
trends without going overboard in the wish
list and yet inject sufficient stretch to keep
the technology pundits busy and cajole
them to deliver beyond the routine? The
aim of this article is to challenge the current
frontiers of submarine technologies and de-
mand submarine capabilities which will
transform submarine warfare as currently
known. In this article, only two facets of
submarine development are being dis-
cussed in detail-propulsion and payload.
The other aspects are mentioned in passing.
Submarine PropulsionThe deployment envelope of conventional
submarines has always been governed by
the capability of its propulsion system, as
it dictates speed and underwater en-
durance. Therefore, unlike most current air
independent propulsion (AIP) systems
which generally deliver in the ‘4 knots-14
days’ format, the next generation AIP sys-
tems needs to deliver speeds in the region
of 14-16 knots and endurances of 2-3
weeks. For this, AIP systems need to move
from the current ‘add on’ status to the ‘pri-
mary mode of propulsion’. The air depend-
ent diesel engine-storage batteries combine
can then be relegated to ‘a bring back home’
propulsion system. For this, it is imperative
that the submarine be designed around
such a high performance AIP system rather
than the current philosophy of treating AIP
as a mere add on to an existing design. The
power train would be complete with a Per-
masyn motor and glass reinforced plastic
shrouded propeller.
such an AIP system will provide the
submarine the ability to integrate with the
fleet, be deployed quicker, and keep much
larger areas under surveillance. so let us
revisit the submarine propulsion and de-
mand from emerging AIP technologies,
submerged speeds and endurances of such
magnitudes that revolutionise submarine
deployment and not merely make existing
submarines less indiscreet.
Submarine PayloadsThe aim of submarines is to detonate ord-
PaGe 4
Delay No More
With the second refit and modernisation of
the existing submarine fleet around the
corner, the naval as well as the non-uni-
formed decision-makers need to orchestrate
their act and deliver to this nation a well-
conceived and timely-implemented
submarine modernisation programme
Commodore (Retd) C.P. Srivastava
PaGe 6
No GoCountering of a2/ad is not merely a sea-
denial threat to be tackled by the Us Navy.
It is to be seen as an area denial threat which
has to be defeated for successful power
projection in any area of the Us interest.
Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand
PaGe 9
Strengthening Naval TiesIndia may sign CIsMoa to enable import of
equipment. It appears that long-term Indo-Us
strategic partnership will develop gradually,
depending on mutual trust and convergence
of concerns
Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand
PaGe 12
Ransom on the High SeasFrom 22 in 2006 to 217 in 2009, the number
of incidents of attacks on ships by somali
pirates has doubled with each passing year.
the scourge of piracy can only be addressed
collaborative efforts by the shipping industry,
security agencies and the international
maritime organisations.
Commander Shishir Upadhyaya
PLUS
INS Kalpeni Commissioned 13First 14TecKnow 14News in Brief 15
l e a d s t o ry
SP’s A N S P G U I D E P U B L I C A T I O N
R O U N D U P
october-November l 2010 Volume 5 No 5 `100.00 (India-based Buyer only)
www.spsnavalforces.net
5/2010 1
Business at SeaThe two capabilities that can transform the way submarines do trade at sea are
revolutionary developments in AIP systems and torpedo technologies
Howaldts-werke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) have a long experience in the construction of submarines
PhotograPh: hDW
SP’s
DO YOU THINK INDIASHOULD AGREE TO SIGNCISMOA DURING OBAMA
VISIT TO INDIA?Yes No Don’t Know
Join the poll & comment
nance in the vicinity of enemy assets at sea
and ashore. The ordnance could be in any
form, from a sea mine or an underwater
saboteur with a range of influence of a few
hundreds of yards to torpedoes or missiles.
As a submarine commander all these pay-
loads are relevant, but the growth potential
of torpedoes is the most significant followed
by the underwater launched missiles.
Anti-Ship Missiles: submarine launched
anti-ship missiles were developed primarily
to cater to the sensor-torpedo range mis-
match. however, as the range and endurance
of torpedoes increased, wire-guided torpe-
does once again became the weapon of
choice of submarine commanders. The
lethality and stealth of the torpedo always
outweighed the advantages of an anti-ship
torpedo. It may therefore be prudent to steer
torpedo development to a threshold which
makes it the weapon of choice for all
seaborne targets. once this is assured, the
anti-ship missile may be considered for dele-
tion from the submarines payload.
Land-Attack Missiles: submarine laun-
ched land-attack missiles have the poten-
tial to become weapons of deterrence, if
they are accurate and capable of precision
strike with reasonable target discrimina-
tion. In fact, it may be possible to pre-pro-
gramme them for specific targets of
strategic significance. some of our existing
missile inventory has the potential to being
encapsulated for underwater launch from
the standard 533mm torpedo tubes. This is
an area of development which can change
the way submarines are currently deployed
and tasked.
Wire Guided Heavy Weight Torpedoes:
Developments in the arena of wire guided
torpedoes have not only been path breaking
but also have significant latent potential,
which is yet to be exploited. It is well within
the realms of emerging technology and not
outrageous to expect wire-guided torpedoes
with combat ranges of 100 km and en-
durance in the region of two hours. coupled
with very advanced onboard signal process-
ing and acoustic tell back, these would have
the potential to be deployed either as ‘under-
water drones’ with a warhead or as extended
acoustic surveillance vehicles transferring
real time data to the submarine. replacing
the warhead with enhanced fuel or payload
will make them truly formidable assets on-
board submarines. one could then consider
deploying them for extended durations, of
the order of a couple of days, in standby, loi-
ter or conserve modes, in areas of tactical
significance, fairly remote and distant from
the operating area of the ‘mother subma-
rine’. The submarine would have constant
control on the operation of its onboard
sensor suite and its mobility through the
guidance wire.
Light Weight Torpedoes, Rocket Torpe-
does and Anti-Submarine Rocket: Long-
range wire-guided torpedoes could be aug-
mented by light weight torpedoes, 200
knots high speed rocket torpedoes (VA-111
shkval) or submarine fired anti-submarine
rockets (rPK-7 Vetar). This combination of
heavy weight, lightweight and rocket torpe-
does will provide the submarine a spectrum
of ordnance against all targets. The issue of
carrying sufficient reloads can be resolved
by a spacious storage compartment with an
automated quick reloading system.
Mine Saddle and Swimmer Delivery
Vehicles: The ability to carry mines and
swimmer delivery vehicles is a capability all
submarines of the future must possess.
These payloads must ideally be carried ex-
ternally and not replace or impinge on the
regular payload carrying capability. Further,
the submarine must have the ability to con-
tinue on its primary mission once these
tasks are accomplished. such a capability is
available even currently and may require
only certain refinement.
Miscellaneous IssuesCombat Systems, Sensors, Communication
and Navigation Suite: Developments in the
spheres of integrated combat systems,
acoustic and non-acoustic sensors, commu-
nications suite and navigation complex have
more or less reached a plateau and no ‘game
changing advantage’ is likely to accrue by
vigorously perusing development efforts in
these spheres. It may therefore be prudent
to acquire the contemporary and thereafter
upgrade these during the modernisation
programmes of the submarines.
Silencing Techniques: submarines of
the same vintage have reasonably similar
noise characteristics and silencing tech-
niques. The guiding principle should be to
ensure that only those machinery and
equipment are fitted onboard which meet
very stringent specifications related to their
radiated noise and vibration levels. This ap-
proach is far better than permitting their
fitment on board and then investing in con-
taining the generated noise levels.
Automation: Another sphere which
merits development is automation. It may
be prudent to reduce the crew to about 20,
which is dictated by the minimum damage
control and fire fighting requirements
rather than watch keeping alone.
Revolutionary DevelopmentsAs practicing submariners, it may be pru-
dent to clearly differentiate between devel-
opment efforts and technology trends
which have incremental payoffs and others
that may have transformational payoffs.
Two capabilities that can in fact change the
way submarines do business at sea are rev-
olutionary developments in AIP systems
and torpedo technologies.
5/20102
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l e a d s t o ry
n LT GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND
Building a submarine is a highly spe-
cialised task involving complex tech-
nology. marine companies in the us,
europe and the russian Federation are
leading manufacturers of submarines in
the world.
United States
Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding: For
more than a century, northrop Grumman
shipbuilding (nGsB) has been designing,
building, overhauling and repairing a wide
variety of ships for the us navy, the us
coast Guard and world navies. newport
news is constructing the nation’s latest at-
tack submarines-the Virginia class, as part
of a team with General Dynamics electric
Boat and has already delivered the first five
boats.
General DynamicsIt was formed in 1952 with the combina-
tion of electric Boat company and other
companies. In the early 1990s, it sold of all
its divisions except electric Boat and Land
systems. subsequently, it has been grow-
ing by acquiring new businesses and has
formed four business groups of which ma-
rine systems is one. The marine business
includes:
l National Steel and Ship Building Com-
pany (NASSCO) has been designing
and building ships since 1959.
l American Overseas Marine (AMSEA)
is the ship operating segment of Gen-
eral Dynamics marine systems.
l Bath Iron Works is a full service ship-
yard specialising in the design, building
and support of complex surface com-
batants.
l Electric Boat is more than 100 years
old and has established standards of
excellence in the design, construction
and life cycle support of submarines
for the us navy. electric Boat has deliv-
ered the lead ship of the Virginia class,
uss Virginia (ssn774), and the final
ship of the seawolf class, uss Jimmy
carter (ssn23), to the us navy in 2004.
Europe
France
DCNS: France has a long history of ship-
building since the first naval dockyard
came up in 1631. In 2008, Le Terrible is the
latest in the line of nuclear-powered ballis-
tic-missile submarines. Dcns is one of the
leading groups which has more than 350
years of history and as early as 1926, it al-
ready had all the facilities now owned by
the Group. In 2007, Dcn and Thales joined
forces within the convergence project and
it became Dcns which now acts as prime
contractor for naval shipbuilding and sup-
port. It has great expertise in building con-
ventional and nuclear powered
submarines. The examples of nuclear-pow-
ered submarines are the Barracuda attack
submarines and the latest ballistic-missile
submarine Le Terrible. conventional sub-
marines are the scorpene class, which have
been supplied to chilean, malaysian and
Indian navies. The Andrasta class of sub-
marines are specifically optimised to oper-
ate in coastal waters which is considered
the future area of operations. It can also
operate effectively in deep waters.
GermanyThyssenKrupp Marine Systems: German
naval shipbuilding industry comprises nu-
merous yards. however, only howaldts-
werke-Deutsche werft (hDw) and Thyssen-
nordseewerke (Tnsw) have experience in
the construction of submarines. In late
2004, hDw was acquired by ThyssenKrupp,
forming the new group ThyssenKrupp ma-
rine systems. ThyssenKrupp marine sys-
tems includes hDw, sweden’s Kockums and
hellenic shipyards in Greece. German naval
shipyards have exported submarines to
countries all over the world. ThyssenKrupp
offers three types of submarines:
l Type 209 is diesel-electric patrol sub-
marines.
l Type 212A is hybrid diesel-electric/AIP
submarines, with an AIP system based
on fuel cell technology.
l Type 214 is hybrid diesel-electric/AIP
for long-range submarines.
ItalyFincantieri Navali Italiani: It was founded
in December 1959 and is today one of the
largest groups in the world in the design
and construction of merchant and naval ves-
sels. It is also the reference builder for pro-
viding a wide range of ship including
surface vessels (frigates, corvettes, patrol
vessels, etc) and submarines. Fincantieri is
also partner to some of the main companies
in the defence sector for submarine pro-
grammes. The cooperation between Fin-
cantieri naval Vessel Business unit and
russian Partner state-owned enterprise cen-
tral Design Bureau for marine engineering
rubin (under the aegis of russian Federal
state unitary enterprise rosoboronoexport),
resulted in the s1000 submarine. The u212
submarine is the result of an agreement
signed on April 1996 between German and
Italian moD. Two submarines i.e. Todaro
and scire have already been realised for the
Italian programme.
SpainNavantia: navantia’s activities include naval
construction, propulsion and energy, ship
repairs, military and civil platform control
systems as well as weapons. It is also in-
volved in submarines and has built four s-
80 submarines for the spanish navy.
navantia is also involved in the engineer-
ing/technology transfer of scorpene sub-
marines for India.
Russian Federationrussia has had a record of designing and
building the largest number of conventional
and nuclear powered submarines. It is esti-
mated that as of January 1, 1989, the soviet
navy held 317 submarines, including 207
ssns, apart from specialised submarines. In
case of sub surface platforms, the central
Design Bureau for marine engineering
(ruBIn) located at st Petersburg is the nodal
agency which specialises in submarines and
other underwater technologies. shipbuild-
ing (GrTsAs) in severodvinsk is made up of
two shipyards-the northern machine-Build-
ing enterprise and the Zvezdochka state
machine-Building enterprise. Indian sub-
marines of russian origin have been under-
going midlife upgrade at Zvezdochka.
severnoye mashinostroitelnoye Predpriy-
atiye (severnoye machine- Building enter-
prise) is another major shipyard both in
russia and europe.
Submarines Manufactured Globallymarine companies in the us, europe and the russian Federation are leading manufacturers of submarines in the world
Ph
oto
gr
aP
hS
: N
g, U
S N
avy,
DC
NS
, hD
W
The Class 214 submarine. Powered by Fuel Cells.
For extended submerged operations.
Robust and reliable. Stealthy.
Deep diving capabilities. State-of-the-Art.
Multi-mission/ISR roles.
Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbHWerftstr. 112 - 11424143 Kiel · Germany
Tel.: +49 - 431 - 700 - 0Fax: +49 - 431 - 700 - 2312
www.hdw.de · email: [email protected]
I n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h
Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
Reporting for Duty
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M o d e r N I s at I o N
The season of happenings in India has begun
with a promise of cool weather, festivals, busi-
ness delegations and defence seminars. The first
seminar on the horizon is on naval armament to
be held from November 24 to 25.There has been
a lot of focus on China’s growing naval power
which is a concern for India. The US is equally
concerned, as its influence is being challenged
in the Pacific. Simultaneously, Iran is challenging
the US in the Persian Gulf. The joint orchestra-
tion of anti-access/ area-denial (A2/AD) strategy
to counter the US by China and Iran is not merely
an attempt at sea denial but denial of crucial
areas to it. The US Navy has thus come up with
an Air Sea Battle strategy, jointly with the US Air
Force to counter A2/AD. Read through the lead
article to know more about the Air Sea Battle
strategy. India is planning to acquire additional
conventional submarines to make up for its dwin-
dling force levels as well as fighting obsoles-
cence. Accordingly, there are three articles which
include analyses of India’s submarine arm,
trends in submarine design and a brief survey of
the global submarine industry. In view of the
ongoing strategic dialogue with the US and the
importance of President Barack Obama’s forth-
coming visit to India in November, an insight into
the Indo-US defence cooperation has been
included. Then there is an article on maritime
piracy, Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Nirmal
Verma’s visit to the US, report of Indian Navy’s
joint exercises with Brazil and South Africa, and
the usual News Digest.
Wish all readers an enjoyable reading.
Happy Dussehra and a prosperous Diwali.
Jayant BaranwaL
Publisher & Editor-in-ChiefED
IT
OR
IA
L
n COMMODORE (RETD) C.P. SRIVASTAVA
suBmArInes TAKe A DecADe to be
designed and manufactured, have
an operating life span of three to
four decades and require at least
two mid-life upgrades to remain
operationally relevant. It is therefore imper-
ative that modernisation of submarines are
conceived with an unambiguous under-
standing of what is required and to be exe-
cuted on time. This becomes all the more
relevant when viewed in the backdrop of the
prevalent decision-making mindset and ac-
quisition process. considering the highly re-
stricted indigenous submarine building
capability and commensurate infrastruc-
ture, our modernisation processes would
have to be made enterprising along with
proficient decision-making. Greater empha-
sis should be placed on cooperative mecha-
nism, joint ventures, transfer of technology
arrangements, etc, in consonance with
emerging trends in shipbuilding practices to
drastically reduce the prevailing gestation
periods of modernisation.
surprisingly, the Indian submarine arm
has delivered both—a relatively successful
modernisation project as well as the shishu-
mar class refit-cum-modernisation pro-
gramme and the eKm modernisation
programme. some consider the later a re-
gression in operational capability and plat-
form availability. The aim of this article is
not only to discuss the material aspects of
the modernisation projects, but to evaluate
in hindsight the approach followed and its
operational outcome. These insights should
drive the forthcoming second refit-cum-
modernisation of the submarine fleet.
Shishumar Class ModernisationThe schedule and scope for the ‘major refit
and modernisation package’ for the shishu-
mar class was conceived with the two broad
realities and one firm operational resolve.
The first reality being that since mazagon
Docks Limited (mDL) had constructed these
boats; they would be able to carry out the
refit and modernisation. however, the origi-
nal equipment manufacturer (oem) of the
new/upgraded equipment would provide
necessary inputs which would help the naval
Design team and mDL undertake the struc-
tural changes, where required. The second
reality was all that was required as part of
the modernisation package, was available in
the open market. It was only a question of
identifying and thereafter procuring it at a
realistic price and within an appropriate
time frame. These realities were rather
straightforward and well understood.
however, the firm operational resolve
was the tough one and finally turned out to
be the differentiator.
The shishumar class submarines were
into their fourth/fifth operations cycle and
their combat potential was established.
Therefore, even the remotest risk of diluting
the platform’s operational capability was not
acceptable to the operational directorates.
Thus, a crucial and overriding decision was
taken that only sea proven systems/equip-
ment will replace the existing ones. This
translated into two assurances-firstly, the
operational capabilities and performance
of the upgraded/modified submarines was
predictable and enhancement of combat
effectiveness was assured, secondly, the
submarine refit schedule was insulated from
the uncertainties and delays in the develop-
ment and availability of the new system/
equipment.
This operationally significant resolve
was challenged repeatedly by various profes-
sional directorates, Defence research and
Development organisation (DrDo) labs and
defence public sector undertakings (Psus) by
way of offering a number of ‘nearly ready’ or
‘promise to make it ready’ category of in-
digenous/indigenously assembled systems.
The cliché that ‘this decision does not en-
courage indigenous development’ was used
time and again. however, this stigma was
countered by the assurance that the moment
a system is ready, a submarine platform
would be provided for trials. Its acceptance
as a replacement was, however, subject to
the system meeting the design/performance
criteria promised by the developing/manu-
facturing agency.
once the requirement for the replace-
ment system/equipment to be sea proven
was accepted, the process of short listing,
ordering and receiving the system at refit-
ting yard was a matter of procedure. The
subsequent delays in starting and complet-
ing the refit and modification in time were
due to inordinate delays in the procurement
of hardware, coupled with the tardy prac-
tices and non-adherence to the principles of
project management at the yard.
The outcome of this has been the fact
that the modernisation programme of the
shishumar class submarines has been a suc-
cess story and especially in enhancing the
combat effectiveness of the platform. The
fact that the required scale and speed of
modernising these submarines have not been
achieved is a reflection of the existing ‘crisis
of action and capability’ in the current pro-
curement and refitting process rather than a
‘crisis of ideas and decision-making’.
Modernisation of Sindhughosh Class SubmarinesThe approach, challenges, scope and out-
come of the modernisation programme of
the sindhughosh class submarines were en-
tirely different, despite the fact that it was
conceived nearly at the same time and under
the same leadership/decision-makers.
Ground realities: The on ground realities
that differentiated the two modernisation
approaches were stark. Firstly, the sub-
marines were acquired from russia and like
most such acquisitions, documentation was
rudimentary and transfer of technology non-
existent. secondly, none of the Indian ship-
yards had the expertise or infrastructure to
undertake major refits and modernisation.
Finally, there were very serious hygiene and
housekeeping issues, coupled with certain
technical and operational limitations, which
severely restricted the deployability and
combat exploitation of the platform in our
environment. All these merited immediate
mitigation. enhancing combat effectiveness
through improved weapons and sensors was
unfortunately second in the list of priorities.
under the circumstances, the most logi-
cal decision was taken and the initial sub-
marines were sent to the russian yard and
were refitted and modernised with a very
limited indigenous package. however, the
fault lines and decision cross roads, ap-
peared when the logical decision to build in-
digenous refit capability was taken.
Problems of simultaneous induction of
multiple uncertainties: It is a sound and
proven strategic management concept not
to introduce multiple variables into a situa-
tion or system simultaneously. unfortu-
nately, this was precisely done while
conceiving and scheduling the refits and
modernisation of the second lot of sind-
hughosh class submarines.
Firstly, the guiding principle of replacing
any existing system only with a sea proven
system, as practised in shishumar moderni-
sation, was sacrificed at the altar of promot-
ing indigenisation. The primary acoustic
sensor of the submarine was replaced with
a non-proven system simultaneously in two
or three platforms. unlike a ship in which
the sonar is one of many sensors, non-oper-
ational sonar in a submarine is tied along-
side. Thus, design deficiencies and delays
in operationalising the sonar on board
rendered the two otherwise operational
submarines undeployable.
secondly, the first indigenous refit-cum-
modernisation was undertaken in one of the
naval dockyards, primarily geared for
repairs and not major refits. Thereafter, the
second refit cum modernisation was out-
sourced to a public sector shipyard, which
initiates the process of acquiring the expert-
ise of refitting submarines from an overseas
yard only after the submarine landed in its
premises. It would not be unrealistic to as-
sume that the submarine will be available to
the Indian navy only after a decade.
Moving ForwardThe submarine fleet will soon be due for its
second modernisation. with new inductions
nowhere in sight, it would not only be es-
sential to upgrade the combat effectiveness
of these frontline assets but also ensure
that it is done within a realistic time frame.
repeating mistakes of the past would be
Delay No Morewith the second refit and modernisation of the existing submarine fleet around the corner, the naval as well as the
non-uniformed decision-makers need to orchestrate their act and deliver to this nation a well-conceived and
timely-implemented submarine modernisation programme
Crisis of Ideas and Decision-Making
–When an organisation does not know what it wants to do.
Crisis of Action and Capability
–When an organisation is unable to do what it wants to do.
This time around, neither a
crisis of ideas and decision-
making, nor a crisis of action
and capability is acceptable
criminal. so the approach should be to
firstly identify the capabilities which these
submarines can absorb and thereafter artic-
ulate the strategy to implement the refit-
cum-modernisation programme.
Upgrading combat effectiveness: Iden-
tifying appropriate upgrades is a function
best done by the current users. however, it
has to be forward integrated with what is
planned for the newer submarines being in-
ducted and backward integrated with what
is available in our existing inventory. It also
needs to be driven by the axiom ‘let best not
be the enemy of good’. some contemporary
trends which may be considered for the ap-
propriate class of submarine are as follows:
l Payload upgradation in the form of tube
launched missiles, contemporary univer-
sal torpedo with extended range/speed,
wire guidance and no depth limitation,
external mine carrying capability and
swimmer delivery vehicle.
l non-acoustic sensors in the form of op-
tronic periscopes, esm including
comInT capability, etc.
l Acoustic sensors such as PTAs in the
form of clip on or thin line towed
array, etc.
l communication suite covering the entire
spectrum from satellite to VLF, which is
compatible with other platforms and
supports net-centricity
l Integrated weapon control and sensor
display.
l noise reducing concepts such as per-
masyn motor, glass reinforced plastic-
shrouded propellers, polymer injection
technique, etc.
l emergency and safety systems such as
emergency blowing system (akin to hy-
drazine), more capable and safer escape
suite, nATo compliant uwT, etc.
l navigation upgradation in the form of
electronic chart display and information
system, doppler log, ring laser gyros and
accurate Ins, etc.
Strategies to implement refit-cum-
modernisation programme: If modernisa-
tion is to proceed as per a realistic time
frame, there needs to be a predefined im-
plementation strategy in place. Based on
our not so good past record and the lessons
learnt, some of the critical aspects have
been enumerated below:
l Keeping in mind the excessively long lead
time, initiate the process of identifying,
finalising and procuring the necessary
equipment immediately. The existing
process cannot be wished away. There-
fore, probably starting yesterday would
have been more appropriate.
l ruthlessly follow the principle of not
permitting any equipment, indigenous or
otherwise, on board, unless it is sea
proven.
l off load refits only to yards with proven
track record of undertaking such work.
Accept the fact that sindhughosh class
being a russian design, with no transfer
of technology, may have to be refitted in
their yards, as in the past. however, do
not forget to factor this while short list-
ing and acquiring the next generation
submarines.
l Put in place a programme management
team. The team members should be pro-
gramme/project managers by qualifica-
tion and certification and not by virtue
of their assignment.
l Do not forget the core purpose of the ex-
ercise-upgrading the combat effective-
ness of the submarine fleet in a time
bound manner. All other requirements
such as developing indigenous industry,
enhancing indigenous content and en-
couraging research and development,
etc, are subservient and cannot be at the
cost of the primary purpose.
What needs to be done?no nation can afford a gap of 30 years in the
induction of submarines, the weapon plat-
forms which have an optimum operation life
span of the same period. The situation can-
not be further compounded by not keeping
the available assets combat worthy. The only
way to do so is to conceive and execute refits
and modernisation of submarines in a time
bound manner. reflecting on the past pro-
vides us with a clear understanding, albeit in
hindsight of what was correct the first time,
what may or may not work again, and what
was downright disastrous. with the second
refit and modernisation of the existing sub-
marine fleet around the corner, the naval as
well as the non-uniformed decision-makers
need to orchestrate their act and deliver to
this nation a well-conceived and timely-im-
plemented submarine modernisation pro-
gramme. This time around, neither a crisis
of ideas and decision-making, nor a crisis of
action and capability is acceptable.
5/2010 5
M o d e r N I s at I o N
The Scorpene submarine developed by DCNS incorporates the verylatest naval technology. At the heart of the submarine is the SUBTICSintegrated combat system, a highly computerised central management system, which oversees all of the submarine’s sensorsand its seapons. Scorpene will enhance Indian Navy’s potential
Our modernisation processes
will have to be made enter-
prising along with proficient
decision-making
PhotograPh: SP guide Pubns
5/20106
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n LT GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND
The us hAs Been a global power for
more than half a century and has se-
cure access to resources, commerce
and trade. It has tried to defend and
restore democratic rule but has
been supporting authoritative regimes in
self-interest. The us interventions, twice in
Iraq and current operations in Afghanistan,
are examples of projection of power. 9/11
has further given an impetus for projection
of power to safeguard the us homeland and
economic interests. It also extends the um-
brella of power projection to its allies and
partners who cooperate with it. The most
important ingredient of acquiring global
power is the ability to project and maintain
military power to substantially influence the
areas of interest.
During the cold war period, ussr chal-
lenged the us’ global status. But us could
still have its way in Korea, Persian Gulf and
other sub-regions. After the collapse of
ussr, the us took the mantle of being the
sole superpower. however, this status is now
being challenged by china in the western Pa-
cific region and Iran in the Persian Gulf.
Although china is way ahead of Iran
both militarily and economically, both are
authoritarian regimes and want to curtail
us’ reach in their own way.
currently, china and Iran are trying to
create ‘no-go’ zones in their maritime
areas. Thus, the us has no choice but to
find ways and means to maintain access to
these zones. The anti-access/area-denial
(A2/AD) strategy is not merely a sea denial
scenario but denial of crucial areas to the
us. A2/AD strategy includes naval power
coupled with air power integrated with air
defences to maintain air parity or superi-
ority over its territory and forces. The us
navy naturally plays a major role in mar-
itime affairs and it has come out with the
concept of Air sea Battle along with the
usAF to examine the possibility of main-
taining the us power projection capability
despite the threat from china and Iran. In
a way it is analogous to the Air Land battle
concept against the soviet union during
the cold war period. however, during this
period, the us was able to operate its car-
rier-borne force successfully. This could be
achieved due to its strong submarine force
and long-range bombers although the cost
must have been prohibitive. After the col-
lapse of the soviet union, the us had a free
run as seen from the examples of the us
navy operations in the two Gulf wars,
Balkans conflict of 1999 and off the Pak-
istan coast after 9/11.
China and Western Pacific RegionThe Pacific ocean is the largest of the earth’s
oceanic divisions and extends from the Arc-
tic in the north to the southern ocean in the
south. It is bounded by Asia and Australia in
the west, and the Americas in the east. It
covers about 46 per cent of the earth’s water
surface and about 30 per cent of its total
surface area. Japan controlled most of the
western Pacific by 1914 and occupied many
other islands during world war II. however,
by the end of the war, Japan was defeated
and the us Pacific Fleet was the virtual mas-
ter of the ocean. many important ports are
located on the Pacific like shenzhen and
shanghai (china); Los Angeles and san Fran-
cisco (us); sydney (Australia); Tokyo (Japan);
Vancouver (canada), etc. china’s major area
of concern is Taiwan, which is in the Pacific
ocean and so are us’ closest allies Japan,
south Korea and the Philippines.
China’s ThreatThe chinese threat manifested through
the1996 Taiwan strait crisis due to a series
of missile tests conducted by the People’s
republic of china is in the coastal areas
around Taiwan and the Taiwan strait. The
intention was to send a strong signal to the
Taiwan Government to adhere to the one-
china policy. The us responded strongly by
sending uss nimitz into the Taiwan strait
in December 1995 which was a clear signal
by the us that it was willing to defend Tai-
wan with military action. since the 1996
Taiwan crisis, the chinese have focused on
developing A2/AD capabilities to destroy
us naval fleet or any hostile navy within the
second island chain which extends from the
Japanese island of honshu, through the
marianas and down to the western tip of
new Guinea. china has acquired from rus-
sia anti-carrier weapons technology which
would disable or destroy the us carriers if
they came close enough for their aircraft to
be within range. In case they operate from
a distance to avoid chinese attacks then the
effectiveness of their air power will be im-
paired. This implies acquiring the state-of-
the-art submarines, anti-ship cruise
missiles (Ascm) and strike aircraft. china’s
missile development especially in the field
of anti-ship ballistic missile (AsBm) and sur-
face-to-surface ballistic missile is a cause of
concern to the us and its allies. The prob-
lem is further compounded due to the In-
termediate range nuclear Forces (InF)
Treaty of 1987 which prohibits its signato-
ries i.e. the us and russia from producing
or deploying ballistic missiles with ranges
between 500 and 5,500 km. As china is not
a party to this treaty, it has no such restric-
tion and is exploiting this loophole to its
advantage. The us allies in the region do
not have such a capability. china’s problem
of developing these missiles are not simple
as it needs a superior Isr system to detect
and target us ships. For this, china has de-
veloped and deployed over-the-horizon
backscatter (oTh-B) radars, land-based
over-the-horizon surface wave (oTh-sw)
radars, electro-optical satellites and radar
satellites. It is reported that china is work-
ing on many types of satellites for imagery,
electronic and signal intelligence, naviga-
tion, communications, and meteor. some
examples are Yaogan 1 to 5, the haiyang-
1B, and the cBers-2 and -2B. It has also ac-
quired/acquiring satellites capable of
visible, infrared, multi-spectral, and syn-
thetic aperture radar imaging. The combi-
nation of space and terrestrial based
systems will make it increasingly risky for
aircraft carriers to operate within the sec-
ond Island chain. china is also using the
conventional method of using maritime pa-
trol aircraft and submarines to shadow
naval forces in international waters.
Anti-Satellite and Cyber Weaponschina is determined to acquire anti-satel-
lite (AsAT) and cyber weapons. on January
11, 2007, after three failed attempts, PLA
rocket forces destroyed an inoperative chi-
nese weather satellite, although the us
intelligent estimates were that this capabil-
ity would be acquired only by 2010. china’s
progress in this exclusive technology is
really impressive. china has also developed
ground-based AsAT laser systems that
have reportedly been employed to “dazzle”
the us military satellites as the us uses
them extensively for Isr, navigation, com-
mand and control, and communications for
power projection. In Afghanistan, all Pred-
ator strikes are satellite based and so are
all GPs based navigation systems and thus
can be severely interfered with. chinese
cyber warfare capabilities are highly classi-
fied and much is not known except that it
is formidable. India has been at the receiv-
ing end of chinese hackers which made
India’s Defence minister to direct the
three chiefs to develop counter cyber war-
fare capabilities.
Air and Anti-ship missileschina has a large variety of Dongfeng series
of missiles which can be land, sea and air
launched and can be equipped with nuclear
warheads. DF-21 medium-range ballistic
missile is one example and its improve-
ments continue. The air-based maritime
platform is the h-6K naval aircraft which
can carry about six Ascms. It can carry the
russian Kh-31A mod 2, Acsm which has a
speed of mach 2+, is a sea-skimming active
radar missile and has a range just over 50
nm (about 90 km). The h-6K can also be
armed with the Kh-31Pm/PmK missile, a
100 nm (about180 km) range anti-radiation
missile with a multi-band passive seeker de-
signed specifically to attack the us radar
systems like the us navy’s sPY-1 radar, the
e-2 hawkeye carrier Aew radar, the us Air
Force’s AwAcs, and the Army’s Patriot fire
control radar. Thus the h-6K is just tailor
made for the second Island chain. support-
ing the h-6Ks in the maritime strike role are
land-based strike fighters, like the russian-
built su-30mKK2. Thus the combination of
fighter and bomber attacks would be lethal
for us aircraft carriers.
Submarines china’s submarine force is a key compo-
nent of the PLAn’s A2/AD force as they be-
lieve that stealth warships and modern
submarines represent the future sea battle
platforms. The earlier submarines held by
china were diesel-electric with limited
capability. At best they could challenge the
us carriers within the second Island chain.
however, china is striving hard to improve
their submarine based anti-surface warfare
in order to react quickly to any carrier
strike Group operating in the western
Pacific region. They have acquired many
Kilo class submarines from russia which
are equipped with advance wake-homing
and wire-guided torpedoes which are very
lethal for surface ships. Later version of
Kilo class and song class submarines are re-
ported to be equipped with Klub Ascm, also
known as the ss-n-27B sizzler which is
specifically designed to penetrate us Aegis
ballistic missile defence system. The Yuan
class ssG, which may be the first chinese
diesel-electric submarine equipped with an
auxiliary air-independent propulsion plant.
western analysts suggest that china has
more than 30 advanced submarines and
dozens of older submarines, and the
strength is still growing.
Likely Chinese strategychina’s strategy would be to deny us the
Ph
oto
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aP
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Dis
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countering of A2/AD is not merely a sea-denial threat to be tackled by the us navy.
It is to be seen as an area denial threat which has to be defeated for successful power
projection in any area of the us interest.
No Go
China’s Kilo class and Song class submarines are reported to be equipped
with Klub ASCM, also known as the SS-N-27B Sizzler which is specifically
designed to penetrate US Aegis ballisticmissile defence system
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> INERTIAL NAVIGATION
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sin
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s t r at e G y
use of its bases like Kadena (okinawa), as
early as possible. This could be achieved by
a combined attack of surface-to-surface bal-
listic missiles and strike aircraft on aircraft
on the ground, fuel and munitions dumps,
etc. simultaneously, chinese AsBms and
Ascms would attack us surface combatants
located in the south Pacific. chinese Air De-
fence aircraft and sAm batteries would pro-
vide air superiority over its area of interest.
The chinese aim appears to be to develop
such an A2/AD capability which would
raise the us cost of power-projection to
prohibitive levels, thereby preventing it to
interfere. china then becomes the sole
power in its area of influence.
Iran and Persian GulfThe Persian Gulf is an extension of the In-
dian ocean, located between Iran and the
Arabian Peninsula. The Persian Gulf is 600
miles (960 km) long and between 40 miles
(64 km) and 210 miles (336 km) wide. The
strait of hormuz is a bottleneck, which is
only 33 miles (54 km) at its narrowest point.
The Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the
world’s largest single source of crude oil and
related industries. Al-safaniya, the world’s
largest offshore oilfield, is located in the Per-
sian Gulf. Large gas finds have also been
made with Qatar and Iran sharing a giant
field across the territorial median line. The
Persian Gulf was a focus of the 1980-88 Iraq-
Iran war and again during Persian Gulf war
of 1991 when Iraq invaded Kuwait. A major
portion of the world’s oil transits through
the strait of hormuz to the open seas. Iran’s
coastline runs nearly the entire length of the
Gulf’s northern edge and has over 10 large
and 60 small ports and harbours. The area
is also dotted with many fishing villages
which can offer excellent places for hiding
small ships.
Iran’s A2/AD StrategyThe relations between the us and Iran have
been historically strained since the down-
fall of the shah and there seems no hope in
the near future for its improvement. The
situation also gets more complicated as
Iran is predominantly shia while most of
the Arab states are sunni. It is also the orig-
inal star of the Axis of evil along with north
Korea and Iraq. President obama’s cosmetic
gestures to improve the relations have not
borne any fruit and the recent threats of
sanctions have also not helped. meanwhile,
Iran is single-minded in its pursuit of ac-
quiring A2/AD and nuclear ballistic missile
capability at any cost.
The Iranian navy has a very strong
presence in the Persian Gulf with its naval
bases strung all along the coast including
a large naval air station and operational
headquarters at Bandar Abbas. The Iranian
navy is reinforced by the Islamic revolu-
tionary Guard corps navy (IrGcn) which
has constructed outposts on islands close
to the strait. The IrGc has also built an
elaborate network of tunnels and under-
ground missile bunkers on these islands.
Iran continues striving to improve its
A2/AD capability with the support of
china, north Korea and russia. This capa-
bility includes ballistic and cruise missiles,
mobile Ascms, both ship as well as land
based, submarines, high-speed boats which
can operate along the coast and advanced
anti-ship mines. The scenario in the imme-
diate future does not seem very threaten-
ing for the us as Iran has a long way to go
before it can be taken seriously. But seeing
Iran’s doggedness in the pursuit of improv-
ing its A2/AD capability to target shipping
in the Persian Gulf and endanger oil and
natural production in the region, immedi-
ate prophylactic action by all the affected
countries led by the us is required.
Iran cannot be compared to china but it
has a geographical advantage over china
which will allow it to achieve its aim of
A2/AD with lesser resources. whereas china
has to handle a much larger area up to the
second Island chain which may be over a
1,000 miles (1,600 km), Iran has to handle
much lesser area of the Persian Gulf which
is just 600 by 210 miles (960 by 335 km) at
its maximum dimension. The strait of hor-
muz also is a formidable bottleneck. Iran’s
strategy is to use multiple resources from
land, sea and air. The use of anti-ship mines
will slow down and disrupt movement of
ships with little room to manoeuver thus
making them easy targets for torpedoes,
Ascms, small craft on suicide attacks with
ballistic missiles threatening the forward us
bases. with the further development of wmD
by Iran, there is likelihood of these being
dove-tailed into their military planning.
Iran’s A2/AD strategy could be on the
following lines:
Use of small craft and mines Iranian navy and IrGsn have high mine-lay-
ing capability and more are being acquired.
Iran also plans to augment its limited num-
ber of specialised mine vessels with small
craft, submarines, helicopters and even
commercial vessels if required. The only
way is to attack Iran’s mine laying resources
before they become effective. Iran has a
small surface fleet and it will find it impos-
sible to operate against us navy’s formida-
ble power. Thus its only hope for survival
is to attack first. some improvisation has
been carried out by embarking small craft
with missiles makes them a formidable
weapon platforms especially in the small
area of the Persian Gulf. There are reports
that IrGcn operates Iran’s entire fleet of
missile craft which include chinese-built
Thondor (hudong)-class fast attack craft
equipped with I-band search and navigation
radars, and armed with the c-801 and c-
802 anti-ship cruise missiles. supporting
these are small patrol boats equipped with
heavy machine guns, grenade launchers,
anti-tank-guided weapons and manportable
sAms or just small arms. These small boats
are difficult to detect except in very calm
waters. The possibility of suicide attacks
also cannot be ruled out.
ASCMIran’s Ascm inventory includes a mix of old
western and russian missiles, and missiles
of chinese origin like the silkworm series.
It is reported that Bandar Abbas is fortified
by hundreds of Ascms. Another chinese
example is the sardine and its upgrade the
saccade (cs-802). The sardine is the equiv-
alent of French exocet. During the Israeli
attack on Lebanon, hezbollah used a ver-
sion of saccade, probably with Iranian help
to attack the Israeli sa’ar 5-class hanit. The
noor (light) is Iran’s indigenously produced
improved version of the c-802. These mis-
siles are capable of being launched from a
variety of platforms including aircraft and
trucks. when mounted on trucks, they can
easily be used from the coast to launch
anti-shipping attacks. The naval platforms
are either of chinese or French origin. Iran
has an air-launched version of the c-801,
installed on up to six old us-built F-4e air-
craft. In the recent war games, Iran fired
noor and another Ascm called nasr (vic-
tory). It was also reported that Iran also
fired an unnamed missile which has a
range of 300 km. These missiles were fired
by IrGcn. Iran continues to improve its
Ascm weaponry.
SubmarinesIran has also tried to improve its submarine
capability and it has added three soviet era
kilo submarines (Type 877 eKm) from rus-
sia. each submarine can operate up to six
weeks and carries 18 torpedoes/24 mines.
These submarines are likely to be located
outside the Persian Gulf, and once in the
open sea, they can be used optimally for
their capability. These submarines can eas-
ily threaten any ship leaving the Persian
Gulf or provide a perimeter A2/AD perime-
ter defence as Iran did in 1987 by laying
mines in the Gulf of oman. These sub-
marines are supported by Yono-class
midget and nahang-class coastal sub-
marines. They are likely to be used in the
shallow waters in the strait of hormuz.
It is clear that Iran is striving hard to im-
prove its military power and A2/AD capa-
bility to become the dominant power in the
Persian Gulf and if not in the middle east.
Armed with such a capability, Iran then can
successfully coerce its neighbours and
force concessions from major powers as it
could easily threaten global economy’s ac-
cess to energy.
The Naval cluster of Laboratories of DRDO consisting of Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Naval Physical &Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) & Naval Materials Research
Laboratory (NMRL) are primarily dedicated to R&D activities in the fieldof Naval technologies especially, underwater technologies. They have a very strong relationship with Indian Navy and through constant inter-action at all levels, provide continuous scientific and technological sup-port ranging from routine analysis/advanced failure analysis of materialsto development of complex systems such as underwater SONAR Sys-tems and underwater weapons.
The indigenous capability in designing sensors for underwater sur-veillance being a strategic requirement for Indian Navy, DRDO had com-menced development of SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging)systems almost four decades ago at NPOL. As a result of the meticulousdevelopment work ranging from transducer technologies, digital signalprocessing to oceanographic models, this complex technology has notonly been made available in India but also several Sonar systems developed for surface ship and underwater vessels have been inductedby Indian Navy in their platforms.
After the successful development of APSOH Sonar systems at NPOL,the lab has developed HUMSA & HUMSA (NG) Sonars that have beenproductionised and fitted on naval ships. Similarly, after successful de-velopment of Sonar System Panchendriya, the lab developed USHUSSonar for underwater vessels which have been productionised and fittedin the naval vessels.
Though the majority of the Sonars have the hull-mounted and bowmounted transducers, the Variable Depth Sonars and Towed ArraySonars (VDS & TAS) help in detection of targets and torpedoes in theacoustic channel below the layers to offset the adverse effects of bathymetric profile of the ocean as well as self-noise of the platform toimprove detection/ surveillance substantially. The technology for TowedArray Sonars has been developed at NPOL to global standards. The labhas also developed Sonobuoy for airborne application (TADPOLE) anddelivered to Indian Navy. Currently Development of a helicopter baseddunking Sonar System is being pursued at the lab. In a dunking Sonar,the transducers and associated electronics are dipped into the sea from
a helicopter for detection of sub-surface targets. Due to stringent re-quirement of weight and platform safety, optimisation in design ofwinches and towed bodies are being pursued vigorously at NPOL alongwith development and characterization of advanced materials for sonarsystems in various areas like composite materials nanomaterials, baf-fles, encapsulants, etc. that are important for improved reliability and
enhanced life of transducers and interconnect materials. India’s pre-eminent geographical position in the IOR not only
provides the nation with opportunities for sea borne trade but alsoseaborne security challenges. The 7,600 km long coastline with 12major ports and 184 minor ports requires comprehensive security fromunderwater threats. Coastal Surveillance Systems are essential tocounter the asymmetric threats posed by hostile submarines, boats anddivers. Systems based on Sonar technology such as Seabed Arrays andDiver Deterrence System are being developed and for integrating into asuitable coastal surveillance system. Seabed arrays are passive Sonars,which can be deployed on the seabed for surveillance of designated underwater space on a continuous basis near strategic assets to assessthe threat from submarines and submersibles. The system consists ofmultiple linear hydrophone arrays with a data acquisition system. Thedata can be transferred to a processing station at the coast. Multiple-arrays deployed with appropriate spatial separation will facilitate thepassive range estimation of the target. A seabed system with capabilityto detect multiple targets without any left/right ambiguity and end fireanomaly has been developed at NPOL and proven for performance. TheDiver deterrence system envisages detection of divers intruding our vitalinstallation through underwater route.
DRDO has been working very closely with PSUs, private sector in-dustries, and academic institutions for the design, development, pro-duction and induction of Sonar systems. With the increasing requirementfor Sonar systems for the new platforms being acquired by the IndianNavy, the industry have evinced keen interest in absorbing the complexsonar technologies. Moreover, the Sonar systems have undergone evolutionary changes from unitary systems to composite systems wherefusion of data from multiple sensors makes Sonar displays highly user-friendly. Riding on the revolutionary changes offered by the computation and communication technologies, and the indigenously developed models for prediction and interpretation of Sonar perform-ance in Indian waters, user has gained more confidence in exploitation of these sonar systems. The large number of uniquetesting facilities established under DRDO for evaluation of Sonars havebeen gainfully utilised by both navy and industry.
Sonar Technologies by DRDO
Sonobuoy system
n LT GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND
The creDIT For The Indo-us
military collaboration goes to
the narasimha rao government
in 1992 when an Indo-us Army
executive steering committee
was set up. This was followed by setting up
of similar committees for the navy and the
Air Force. A joint naval exercise was also
conducted way back in 1992. The Indo-us
military cooperation Agreement was signed
in 1995 which enabled Indian defence
forces officers to go to the us for training,
staff exchanges and joint exercises. The ties
were further strengthened when India en-
dorsed President Bush’s national missile
Defence programme and the unconditional
support to the global war on terror post-
september 11, 2001. removal of sanctions
against India in september 2001 further
gave a push to the Indo-us defence ties. The
us-India Defence Policy Group had short-
listed some areas of cooperation which in-
cluded joint operations to protect the sea
lines of communication in the Indian ocean
and maintain strategic stability in the Asia
Pacific region. Indian navy will play a major
role in such a scenario.
India and the us signed a historic docu-
ment called the new Framework for us-
India Defence relationship (nFDr) on June
28, 2005, which will be applicable for 10
years and includes the following:
l cooperate in fighting terrorism
l curbing the proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction
l strengthening their respective militaries
l enhancing defence related research and
development
l collaboration in multinational opera-
tions
The nFDr was a forward step in the
strategic partnership between the two
countries and conveyed to the world that
India has arrived on the world stage. The
us’ compulsions to strengthen defence ties
with India could be for the following
reasons:
Indian Ocean: India’s strategic location
in the Indian ocean is of great importance
as it dominates the sea lines of communi-
cation from west Asia to east Asia. The us
already has very close allies in Asia like
Japan, south Korea and saudi Arabia, but
its hands will be further strengthened with
India coming on board. This also provides
the us other options if due to some reasons
their traditional allies back out. India with
its democracy, large english-speaking pop-
ulation, growing economic might and very
large and battle proven defence forces, will
prove a very valuable ally. china is the sec-
ond largest user of oil and the third largest
importer of it, most of which passes
through the Indian ocean. Thus India’s
location in the Indian ocean makes it a very
attractive ally for the us. The us may also
be looking for naval and air bases for repair
and replenishment but at present India may
not be too inclined for this.
Naval cooperation: The us needs coop-
eration in the Indian ocean to provide its
navy with secure and neutral bases to sup-
port operations. Indian navy is a blue water
force which can provide the necessary in-
frastructure and force levels for such a sup-
port. It has already proven this during
operation enduring Freedom when Indian
naval ships escorted merchant vessels from
the north Arabian sea to the straits of
malacca, providing active support to the us
navy. It also carried out rescue operations
in the region during tsunami. Indian navy
is capable of supporting all us naval mis-
sions including escorting and responding to
regional crisis. The us feels that there is an
immediate future to the Indo-us military re-
lations in naval cooperation. Towards this
end, an India-usA Framework for maritime
security cooperation was signed in 2006,
which covers bilateral cooperation between
the navies in a very comprehensive manner.
Other areas: Indian defence forces op-
erate in all types of terrain including desert,
urban, jungle and high altitude. It has thus
created excellent training facilities which
the us may like to use individually or
jointly. It already has commando training
facilities and jungle warfare training centre.
Joint training is being regularly carried out
by the army, navy and the air force of both
the countries. The aim of joint training is to
improve interoperability so that it will come
handy during joint missions.
Interoperability: This spells out a vision
for the future where both countries could
share their strategic and operational doc-
trines to handle new challenges. The aim in
promoting defence ties is to develop joint
capabilities and confidence to confront se-
curity issues like protection of energy sup-
plies and sea lines, conduct peacekeeping
exercises and combat terrorism. Joint train-
ing will lead to developing confidence
building and firming up of interoperability
procedures, communications and doctrines.
Training: The India-usA Framework for
maritime security cooperation, amongst
other aspects suggests that both navies
should periodically ‘exercise’ at sea/in har-
bour, so as to build interoperability as also
share best practices. Towards meeting this
end, the malabar series of joint exercises
was started in 1992, and till date, 14 such
exercises have been held including the one
Salient aspectsl India and the us committed themselves to comprehensive cooperation in ensuring
a secure maritime domain, to work together with other regional partners, protect
the free flow of commerce and to counter threats that could undermine maritime
security.
l support existing multilateral efforts to enhance maritime security, including initia-
tives undertaken by the International maritime organisation and other relevant un
programmes.
l India and the us will jointly address maritime threats, including piracy and armed
robbery at sea; threats to safety of ships, crew and property, as well as safety of
navigation; transnational organised crimes in all dimensions; illicit trafficking in
weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems and related materials; environ-
mental degradation; and natural disasters.
l hold regular maritime security policy and implementation discussions in the De-
fense Policy Group, the naval executive steering Group, and military cooperation
Group.
l enhancement of their cooperative capabilities in the maritime domain through
technology cooperation and defence trade, as well as an appropriate agreement
on logistic support.
Indo-US Framework for Maritime Security Cooperation
India may sign cIsmoA to enable import of equipment. It appears that long-term Indo-us strategic partnership will
develop gradually, depending on mutual trust and convergence of concerns
5/2010 9
d I l P l o M a C y
Strengthening Naval Ties
Commissioning ceremony of INSJalashwa at Naval Station Norfolk. The
amphibious transport ship, formerlyknown as USS Trenton, was transferred
from the US Navy to the Indian Navy
The Indian ship Rajput class destroyer INS Rana follows behind the Nimitz-class
aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan during Malabar exercise 2008
PhotograPhS: US Navy
n SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
DeFence mInIsTer A.K.
Antony was on a visit to the
us from september 26 to 28,
most likely to set the defence
related agenda for President
obama’s visit during november. Antony
was accompanied by Defence secretary
Pradeep Kumar, Defence minister’s adviser
sundaram Krishna, eastern Army com-
mander Lt General Bikram singh, An-
daman and nicobar tri-services command
Admiral D.K. Joshi and IAF’s Director Gen-
eral (Air/operations) Air marshal A.K.
Gogoi. The important issues on the agenda
included supply of American arms to Pak-
istan as a portion of them is being diverted
against India, seeking an early solution to
export control restrictions, moving from a
buyer-seller relationship to that of transfer
of technology and co-production, etc.
Antony held detailed discussions with
his us counterpart and reviewed the entire
gamut of bilateral defence cooperation, in-
cluding the progressively increasing trade
in military-technical equipment, service to
service exchanges, joint military exercises
and collaboration in defence technologies.
Antony also had separate meetings with
the secretary of state hillary clinton and
national security Advisor General James
Jones. Antony said that such high level in-
teractions had successfully served to de-
velop deeper mutual understanding on
defence and security issues and played an
important role in the process of unlocking
the full potential of defence cooperation
between India and the us.
The importance of Indo-us defence
ties was highlighted by the fact that the us
Defence secretary robert Gates and chair-
man of the us Joint chiefs of staff Admiral
mike mullen held a joint conference in the
Pentagon. Gates said that he wants to
strengthen and expand America’s military-
to-military ties with India. he elaborated,
“we are looking to expand this relation-
ship in ways that are mutually beneficial.
They have a big competition going on for
a new modern fighter. we will probably
have some conversations about that.”
on India’s concerns about restrictions
on export of high-technology items, Gates
acknowledged that this was high on the
agenda and he would like to see those re-
strictions removed. mullen said that the
military-to-military relationship with India
is exceptionally strong and growing. "The
Indian ocean is an incredibly important
body of water. we recognise the importance
of keeping that relationship as strong as it
is and also make it grow," he said.
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n LT GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND
PrePArATIons Are on For President Barack
obama’s visit to India in november. Besides sen-
ior us officials visiting India, many Indian offi-
cials including external Affairs minister m.s.
Krishna and Foreign secretary nirupama rao,
chief of naval staff Admiral nirmal Verma and Defence
minister A.K. Antony have also visited the us. Indian navy
has been at the forefront of formulating the Indo-us de-
fence ties. In order to boost further military ties, Admiral
Verma went on a visit to the us from september 16-26. his
visit was in response to chief of the us naval operations
Admiral Gary roughead’s visit to India in April this year
and the recent visit of the us Pacific commander robert F
willard. Admiral Verma started with a trip to hawaii, the
headquarters of the us Pacific command and oversees the
entire Asia-Pacific region, where he had talks with Admiral
robert willard. The cns then visited washington, seattle
and norfolk, including some of the naval establishments
and bases before returning to India on september 26. In
washington he met top Pentagon officials.
The us has special interest in the Indian ocean region.
And with china getting more and more assertive in the re-
gion, the us would be inclined to have India as an ally apart
from its traditional partners like Japan and south Korea. In-
dian navy would be especially attractive because of its blue
water capability and ambition to be a regional power, and
thereby the convergence of interest of both the countries.
The relations started with the conduct of the first joint naval
exercises in 1992 called malabar exercise. The malabar se-
ries has continued ever since with the 14th exercise held
this year. These exercises have contributed immensely in
the strengthening of ties, better understanding of each
other’s navies and inculcating interoperability. Indo-usA
Framework for maritime security cooperation’ was signed
in 2006, which covers bilateral cooperation between the
navies in a very comprehensive manner. This document has
further strengthened and formalised the naval ties.
India would also be looking towards the us for supply
of hardware to modernise its navy. The ice was broken
with the first naval procurement of Ins Jalashwa (ex-uss
Trenton), an amphibious transport dock along with six uh
3h sea King helicopters. In 2006, the Indian navy had
expressed an interest in Boeing’s maritime Patrol Aircraft
P8-I as a replacement for its existing fleet of Tu-142m air-
craft. An agreement was signed in January 2009 for eight
aircraft with the first to be delivered in 48 months at an
appropriate cost of $2.1 billion (`10,000 crore). The as-
sembly of the first aircraft is due to begin in the last quar-
ter of this year after the Indian navy completed the final
design review in July. Incidentally, India is the first over-
seas buyer. Admiral Verma is visiting seattle to see the
progress on P8-I. There were reports that India is inter-
ested in another four aircraft at an additional cost of $1
billion (`5,000 crore). There are other minor issues like
spares which should fructify in the normal manner.
The Indian ministry of Defence (moD) is tight-lipped
about the result of the visit, but it can be inferred that dis-
cussions on a wide range of issues including joint opera-
tions against terrorism, anti-piracy operations which are
already on, cyber warfare, network-centric operations, and
coastal security including homeland security, disaster re-
lief and joint training must have been held. India would
also be looking for naval uAVs, submarine communica-
tions, sensors and undersea remotely operated vehicles.
There are two impediments which come in the way of
smooth Indo-us naval ties and which India is at present
reluctant to sign i.e. the Logistic support Agreement and
the communication Interoperability and security memo-
randum of Agreement.
Logistic Support Agreement (LSA): The LsA for India
enables Indian and us ships and aircraft access to each
others’ facilities for refuelling and refurbishment through
a barter system or an equal value exchange basis.
Communication Interoperability and Security Memo-
randum of Agreement (CISMOA): This agreement is a must
for all countries that purchase sophisticated command and
control equipment from the us as it allows interoperability
with the us equipment. It would permit us cryptologic in-
formation to be provided along with the c-130Js and the
same would be applicable for the high-tech us equipment
likely to be on board P-8I multi-mission maritime aircraft.
Discussions on these issues could have been done with
Admiral Verma but the final call is with the Government
of India. These issues would have also come up during the
visit of Defence minister A.K. Antony, but the outcome is
not known. however, for smoother defence ties, a way has
to be found around these agreements if India is sensitive
to signing these documents as it does not want to be seen
as a formal ally of the us. The us had managed to push
through the end-use monitoring Agreement during the
visit of secretary of state hillary clinton last year.
Antony held detailed discussions with his us
counterpart and reviewed the entire gamut of bilateral
defence cooperation, including the progressively
increasing trade in military-technical equipment, service
to service exchanges, joint military exercises and
collaboration in defence technologies
Looking Forward to Obama VisitThe us has special interest in the Indian ocean region. And with china getting more and more assertive in the region,
the us would be inclined to have India as an ally apart from its traditional partners like Japan and south Korea
Defence Minister on
US Visit
PhotograPh: PIBheld in 2010. malabar series of exercises
have contributed immensely towards all
facets of operations like anti-submarine
warfare; maritime interdiction operations;
visit, board, search and seizure; submarine
operations; anti-piracy operations; and hu-
manitarian assistance and disaster relief.
The exercises are primarily aimed at deriv-
ing mutual benefit from each other’s expe-
riences. The interoperability achieved over
the years as a result of such exercises has
proved to be operationally beneficial and
particularly in the disaster relief opera-
tions during the 2004 tsunami and ongo-
ing anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of
Aden. The other exercises, like the recently
concluded exercise spitting cobra, covers
aspects of explosive ordnance disposal
through demolition exercises, helicopter
operations and hostage threat simulations.
seven such exercises have been held in
these series.
Naval equipment acquisitions: so far
Indian navy has been depending upon all
its major acquisitions from soviet union
and now the russian Federation. But this is
a key area where India would like to diver-
sify its source of supply from a technically
advanced country like the us. India’s wish
list would cover key technologies, major
platforms and weapon systems which
would provide force capability enhance-
ment to safeguard its economic and secu-
rity interests. The us would like to have a
powerful ally in the Indian ocean region to
counter china’s growing power and safe-
guard its security concerns including the
ones in the west Pacific region. This
process was started with the purchase of
Ins Jalashwa (ex-uss Trenton) an amphibi-
ous transport dock along with six uh 3h
sea King helicopters. The next big item is
multi-mission maritime patrol aircraft P-8I,
which is being customised for the Indian
navy and is based on the highly successful
Boeing-737 commercial airliner. The navy
PhotograPh: US government
I NDUSTRY /OEM
5/2010 11
ON THE SURFACE OR above, at the
bottom of the seas, or in the air,
Sagem, a company of the Safran
Group, is involved in several criti-
cal technologies necessary for the
efficiency of a naval combat system of a sub-
marine. This is the feeling we can retain after
visiting its new research & development cen-
tre, the “François Hussenot” facility in the
south-suburbs of Paris, The company is fo-
cused on the development of high perform-
ing solutions in navigation systems,
optronics, intelligence, self-protection and
UAVs systems. The Sagem familly of prod-
ucts and systems covers all the spectrum of
naval scenarios, from homeland security,
protection of shores, search and rescue,
guerrilla warfare, to high intensity engage-
ments and deterrence missions in the harsh-
est environments.
This involvement of the company in the
military naval sector is particularly high on
submarines programmes, for which Sagem
develops and produces the optronics and
surveillance masts and its navigation sys-
tems. The Sagem family of submarines
mast includes Series 30 Search Mast Sys-
tem, Series 20 Attack Periscope System and
Series 10 Compact Submarine Radar mast.
In all cases, the Sagem “Series” submarines
masts are integrated to the combat system
of the ship. Their modularity allows several
configurations of sensors, along with the
integration of electronic support measures
sensors. The innovation here is notably the
technology of non-penetrating masts, com-
pactness, multisensor capabilities, and a
user-friendly MMI running on from multi-
function workstations in the operation &
navigation centre of the ship. The other ad-
vantage of the concept of non-penetrating
masts, as illustrated with Series 20 and Se-
ries 30, relies on an easy integration and
easy installation in the submarine, either
for a totally new design, a modernisation
programme or a new programme. The intel-
ligence process is also enhanced by image
processing software and services developed
by Sagem. The other dimension of this con-
tribution to the efficiency of a combat sys-
tem is the reliance on the navigation
system. Currently, an application of laser-
gyro technology, the Sagem Sigma 40 XP, a
version of Sigma 40 navigation system de-
veloped to satisfy the needs of submarines,
has been adopted in France to modernise
its fleet of nuclear attack submarines. On
the international market, Sigma 40 XP has
been adopted for several modernisation
programs of submarines, notably the Aus-
tralian Collins submarines, the U209 of
Denmark. In addition, Sigma 40 XP is part
of new programmes, such as the Indian
Scorpene submarines. At last, this year, the
optronic, intelligence and combat masts of
Sagem have been ordered to equip the new
four DCNS submarines of Brasil.
How can we explain the credibility of
the Sagem solutions? It is mainly a legacy
of the R&D works conducted years after
years, since the 1960s, to build-up the
French deterrence, especially the develop-
ment of the SSBN submarines of the Tri-
omphant family and the nuclear attacks
submarines. This colossal background en-
ables the company to propose high per-
formance solutions. This strategy is at the
core of the company policy. New high tech-
nology programmes, like the Scorpene and
Andrasta SSK of DCNS are also other op-
portunities for Sagem to improve the per-
formances and services of its systems.
These new solutions for masts and naviga-
tion are designed for new-generation pro-
grammes of submarines or ships in need
of modernization. Shaping the future, in
these critical components of a submarine
combat system, the company has been se-
lected to develop and produce the above-
the-surface detection systems of the
future Barracuda French nuclear attack
submarines.
had in November 2006 expressed an inter-
est in the aircraft as a replacement for its
existing fleet of TU-142M aircraft that are
nearing the end of their service life. The
high point of P-8I is that it will be simulta-
neously introduced in service with the In-
dian as well as the US Navy. At least eight
P8-I were contracted for $2.1 billion
(`10,000 crore) and it is now understood
that an order for additional four aircraft is
on the anvil. Finally, with Indian Navy
growing, there may be a requirement of 30
aicraft by 2020. It is understood that a large
number of items like helicopter spares, un-
dersea remotely operating vehicles and sub-
marine combat systems, have been asked
for and are in various stages of clearance.
Naval UAVs, network-centric operating sys-
tems, sensors and submarine communica-
tions are other areas where the US Navy
retains a global edge which can be of great
use to the Indian Navy. Major US companies
like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon,
Northrop Grumman, etc are already in India
and pushing their products.
Impediments in the relationshipThere are three key pacts the US has been
pushing India to sign in order to meet the
constitutional requirements of the US so
that the relationship becomes mutually
binding and smooth. But there are reserva-
tions at the Indian end. The pacts are the
logistics support agreement (LSA), the com-
munication inter-operability agreement (CIS-
MOA) and the basic change and cooperation
agreement for geo-spatial cooperation.
Logistic Support Agreement: The LSA
for India is designed to give Indian and US
ships and aircraft access to each others’ fa-
cilities for refuelling and refurbishment
through a barter system or an equal value
exchange basis. It is based on acquisition
and cross-servicing agreements the US has
inked with many other countries.
Communication Interoperability and
Security Memorandum of Agreement
(CISMOA): This agreement is a must for all
countries that purchase sophisticated com-
mand and control equipment from the US,
and allows interoperability with the US
equipment. It would permit top level US
cryptologic information to be provided
along with the C-130Js that India has
bought and the same is applicable for the
high-tech US equipment likely to be on
board P-8I multi-mission maritime aircraft.
Basic Change and Cooperation Agree-
ment (BECA) for geospatial cooperation:
The agreement calls for basic exchange co-
operation in the geospatial area which will
provide India with the highest technology
possible in terms of navigational capability
and targeting.
The US had managed to push through
the End-Use Monitoring Agreement during
the visit of Secretary of State Hillary Clin-
ton last year. But India seems not very
keen to seal the above pacts. The US feels
that India should at least sign the CISMOA
and the BECA, as it will remove sanctions,
or else it will not be possible to transfer
high-tech avionics to India. On the other
hand, India feels that export restrictions
against DRDO, ISRO and BEL, should be re-
moved on their own merit and should not
be linked with the above pacts. As far as
LSA is concerned, it is too premature at
this stage. However, to start with, India
may sign CISMOA to enable import of
equipment. It appears that long-term Indo-
US strategic partnership will develop grad-
ually, depending on mutual trust and
convergence of concerns.
Submarine ForcesThe Sagem components for intelligence, attack and navigation
PhotograPh: Daniel Linares/Sagem
Series 30 Optronics Mast
for submarines
Multi-mission maritime patrol aircraft P-8I,
is being customised for the Indian Navy
is based on the highly successful Boeing-737
PhotograPh: Boeing
n COMMANDER SHISHIR UPADHYAYA
PIrAcY In The GuLF of Aden is the
manifestation of a greater problem
being faced by somalia, which
does not have a central and effec-
tive government since the over-
throw of the authoritarian regime of
mohamed siad Barre in January 1991. The
un mission withdrew in 1995 leaving soma-
lia a classic failed state with factional vio-
lence, lawlessness, poverty and famine.
Today, somalia carries the dubious distinc-
tion of being the longest-running instance of
a failed state in the post-colonial history.
The lack of security ashore has spilled into
the maritime domain where there is lack of
regional maritime capacity and no credible
indigenous maritime forces. As a result, the
decade following the collapse of the somali
Government saw extensive poaching activi-
ties by Asian and european fishing fleets in
the somali exclusive economic zone (eeZ).
There were also reports of toxic waste being
dumped in the somali waters, which subse-
quently washed ashore. According to a
lesser-known study by the uno, somalia was
losing $ 300 million (`1,330 crore) annually
due to poaching in its eeZ. All this led to the
emergence of self-styled armed protection
groups such as the somali national Volun-
teer coast Guard and the Puntland coast
Guard, aimed at combating poaching and
dumping of toxic waste.
The self-styled coast guard groups took
it upon them to attack illegal poachers.
soon, they moved on to attacking private
yachts transiting the somali eeZ. however,
the somali pirates made global headlines for
the first time when on november 5, 2005,
they attempted to hijack the American
cruise liner seabourn spirit approximately
75 nautical miles off the coast of somalia.
This unsuccessful attack triggered a wave of
piracy attacks along the somali coast. sub-
sequently, somali pirates made headlines in
India when in February 2006, they hijacked
an Indian dhow named Bhakti sagar (regis-
tered in Porbandar) whilst on passage to
Kisamayu. Twenty-five Indian crew members
were held hostage till a large undisclosed
amount was paid as ransom by the owners.
According to ImB reports, in 2006, there
were 22 incidents of attacks on ships by so-
mali pirates. The number has since in-
creased rapidly. From 51 in 2007 to 111 in
2008 and 217 in 2009, the number has dou-
bled with each passing year. For the first
time since 2006, the ImB has reported that
the total number of attacks on ships re-
ported globally declined significantly during
the first quarter of 2010 to 67 from 102 in
the same period last year. During this pe-
riod, somali pirates were responsible for 35
out of the 67 attacks (a drop from 42 attacks
in the first quarter of 2008) reported glob-
ally. Twenty-four ships were boarded and 11
others hijacked in the Gulf of Aden. The
drop in the number of piracy incidents;
though a welcome development, should not
be considered as a sign of success of the
naval patrols in the Gulf of Aden. while the
number of attacks has reduced, the range of
attacks by somali pirates has increased sig-
nificantly in recent months. on march 23,
2010, a Turkish-owned vessel, mV Frigia, a
bulk carrier with a 21-member crew was hi-
jacked at 1,350 nautical miles from mo-
gadishu, somalia. At the time of its capture,
the ship was closer to India than somalia.
Security Initiatives in the Gulf of AdenThe various ongoing security initiatives
aimed at combating piracy are enumerated
in the following paragraphs.
CTF 151: The coalition Task Force 151
under the us Fifth Fleet headquarters in
manama, Bahrain, was established in Janu-
ary 2009 with a clear mandate to combat
piracy in the Gulf of Aden. It comprises
countries engaged in the coalition maritime
Force (cmF) in the north Arabian sea region
and includes Germany, uK, Turkey, Pak-
istan and others.
International Recommended Transit
Corridor (IRTC): The us navy central com-
mand (cenTcom) established the IrTc, a
560 nm long security corridor formerly
known as the maritime security Patrol Area
(msPA) in the Gulf of Aden on August 22,
2008. This area is currently patrolled by the
coalition forces, north Atlantic Treaty or-
ganisation (nATo) and european union (eu).
Operation Ocean Shield by NATO: A
standing nATo maritime Group (snmG) has
been deployed in the region to allow world
Food organisation fulfill its mission of pro-
viding humanitarian aid to somalia under
the un world Food Programme. The opera-
tion has been code-named ‘ocean shield’.
The snmG comprises of about seven ships
from Italy, Germany, Greece, Turkey, uK,
usA and spain.
EU Naval Force (EUNAVFOR); Opera-
tion Atlanta: A convoy escort system
codenamed operation Atlanta is being
maintained by six ships of the 27 nation
european union. About three to five mar-
itime patrol aircraft are also employed for
surveillance in the region. The eu has now
decided to extend the ongoing operation
Atlanta up to December 2010.
Independent Anti-piracy Patrols: sev-
eral counties have deployed their navies on
independent patrols for safety of their mer-
chant ships. These include china, russia,
India, Iran, Japan, south Korea, etc.
Djibouti Code of Conduct: The Djibouti
code of conduct inspired by the 2004 re-
gional cooperation Agreement on combat-
ing Piracy and Armed robbery against
ships (recAAP) in Asia, concerning the re-
pression of piracy and armed robbery
against ships in the western Indian ocean
and Gulf of Aden came into force from Jan-
uary 29, 2009. on the occasion of the meet-
ing in Djibouti, nine countries in the region
signed the code of conduct which included
Djibouti, ethiopia, Kenya, somalia (TFG),
Yemen, madagascar, maldives, seychelles
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avy
From 22 in 2006 to 217 in 2009, the number of incidents of attacks on ships by somali pirates has doubled with each
passing year. The scourge of piracy can only be addressed with collaborative efforts by the shipping industry, security
agencies and the international maritime organisations
Ransom on the High Seas
Rescued persons are transported in a securityboat to the amphibious dock landing ship USS
Pearl Harbor. They were rescued by sailors assigned to the guided-missile destroyer USS
Winston S. Churchill after their small boat capsized in the Gulf of Aden.
The latest fast attack craft of the
Indian navy, Ins Kalpeni was com-
missioned into the Indian navy re-
cently by Jasti chelameswar, chief Justice,
high court of Kerala at naval Base Kochi.
The ship propelled by three powerful
water jets can achieve speed in excess of
35 knots. Ins Kalpeni would operate under
the Flag officer commanding in chief
southern naval command and based at
Kochi. The ship would bolster the capabil-
ities of southern naval command in
coastal surveillance and search and
destruction of fast moving targets. The
ship commanded by Lieutenant com-
mander subhal nathan has a crew of three
officers and 38 sailors onboard.
The formal and solemn ceremony com-
menced with the Inspection of a Guard of
honour by the chief Justice. Thereafter the
commanding officer of Ins Kalpeni intro-
duced the crew of the ship to the chief
guest. The commissioning warrant signed
by the chief of naval staff was read out by
the commanding officer then. The formal
ceremony was completed when the naval
ensign and the national flag was hoisted
onboard the ship for the first time along
with the traditional breaking of the com-
missioning pennant. This ceremony was
carried out with the parading of the colour
guard and to the accompaniment of the
national anthem.
Ins Kalpeni, an improved version of the
Bangaram class fast attack craft, is con-
ceived, designed and built indigenously.
The commissioning of the ship is another
milestone in the continuing saga of indi-
genisation in the field of warship design
and construction. Ins Kalpeni is the seventh
of a batch of 10 ships being built at Garden
reach shipyard, Kolkata. The main arma-
ment of the ship is 30mm crn 91 Gun with
an optronic Pedestal sight as its Director.
In addition the ship has been fitted with 11
machine guns of various types and shoul-
der launched IGLA surface to air missiles to
neutralise aerial threats.
and Tanzania. The code of conduct is open
for signature by 21 countries in the region.
The signatories of the Djibouti code of
conduct have agreed to the establishment
of piracy information exchange centres at
Kenya, Tanzania and Yemen, and a regional
training centre in Djibouti.
Role of the Indian NavyFollowing the hijacking on september 15,
2008, of mV stolt Valor (Japanese owned
chemical Tanker sailing under the hong
Kong flag) in the Designated safety corridor,
the Government of India decided to deploy
Indian naval ships on anti-piracy patrols in
the Gulf of Aden region. The Indian navy has
been deployed in the International maritime
Transit corridor off the horn of Africa and
the coast of somalia since october 2008,
making it the navy’s longest continuous out-
of-area deployment ever.
In June 2010, the Indian navy crossed a
milestone in out-of-area operations when it
safely escorted its thousandth ship; the mV
Bornza, through the Gulf of Aden. As on
september 17, 2010, the Indian naval ships
had safely escorted 1,200 merchant
vessels–including both Indian and foreign
flagged ships-from over 50 different nations
and prevented 18 pirate attacks. In septem-
ber this year, Ins Delhi put down three pi-
rate attacks in four days. The anti-piracy
patrols are in addition to the regular eeZ pa-
trols conducted by the navy in the waters off
the maldives and the seychelles.
Factor Impacting Naval PatrolsThe ImB report for the first quarter of 2010
indicates a significant drop in piracy inci-
dents off somali. This can be attributed to
the fact that naval patrols have succeeded
in destroying several of the ‘mother boats’
used by the somali pirates and also cap-
tured a large quantity of arms and equip-
ment used by the pirates. however, the fact
that the range of attacks by somali pirates
has increased in recent weeks and the num-
ber of attacks continues to remain at an un-
acceptable high level despite naval patrols
is a cause for concern. The main factors
that hamper warship efforts at countering
piracy in the Gulf of Aden are as follows:
Lack of investments in ship security:
Lack of propensity of the shipping sector to
invest in security stems from the fact that
most ships involve multiple stakeholders.
Thus, there is a tendency of passing the
buck. several usA and British Private secu-
rity companies (Psc) offer security solu-
tions for ships transiting the Gulf of Aden.
however, these services are expensive; a
three- man armed detail typically costs
about $21,000 (`9.45 lakh) per day. The
Yemini navy also provides security in asso-
ciation with a uK Psc for $55,000 (`24.75
lakh) per trip through the Gulf of Aden.
consequently, a majority of the shipping
companies are reluctant to invest in expen-
sive security solutions. Analyses of various
incidents reveal several attempts of hijack-
ing been successfully thwarted due to
timely alarm being raised by the target ship.
Lack of such system reduces the effective-
ness of naval patrols. Perhaps, a certain
basic security system could be considered
as a mandatory suite for ships.
Lack of regulations dealing with
armed protection of merchant ships: The
extant Imo and ImB regulations do not en-
courage armed protection of ships since it
is expected to lead to increased violence at
sea. It is likely that confrontation between
armed guards and pirates could lead to sec-
ondary/collateral damage. At present, the
authorisation to carry firearms onboard
ships is a decision of the flag state. how-
ever, this would be subject to the laws of
the country being visited when in port or in
territorial waters. In the absence of clearly
defined rules of engagement, the use of
firearms can pose a serious challenge.
Following the capture of the us flagged
vessel m.V. maersk Albama, the us govern-
ment has advised all us flagged vessels to
carry armed security. The mV maersk Al-
bama successfully fired and defended itself
from pirates when attacked for the second
time in november 2009. It is believed that a
few of the flag of convenience states are also
actively considering following suit, since
under Article 94 of the united nations con-
vention on the Law of the sea, the flag states
are responsible for security of the ship.
The use of private security for trans-
portation systems on land is not a new
practice. consider the example for moving
cash (say a few million dollars) from a bank
to another location in the city. Today, the
use of an armoured vehicle with a GPs
tracking system and well-trained and armed
guards is the norm rather than an excep-
tion. In stark comparison, a typical mer-
chant ship loaded with billions of dollars
worth of cargo would be manned by a skele-
ton crew of 10-15 unarmed people. security
for shipping hitherto was not considered
important since the high seas were once
upon a time desolate areas. This is no
longer true as the somali pirates equipped
with medium sized trawlers (mother boats),
a global positioning system (GPs) and radio
sets have demonstrated. The hijacking of
the Turkish owned vessel, mV Frigia, in
march 2010 with 21 crew members at 1,350
nautical miles from mogadishu, somalia, is
a recent example. At the time of its capture,
the ship was closer to India than somalia.
Inadequacy of extant international laws
for prosecution of pirates: The most diffi-
cult challenge faced by warships on anti-
piracy is that of prosecution of pirates
arrested at sea. Pirates once detained become
‘persons under control’. International law re-
quires that the pirates be tried by the courts
of the flag state of the warship, which appre-
hended the pirates or carried out the seizure.
This poses a serious logistics challenge of
transporting the captured pirates to the flag
state to stand trial. In 2006, these difficulties
caused the us to provide temporary custody
for somali pirates on board usn warships for
months at a time. even in 2009, it was
reported that over 60 per cent of the pirates
captured during operation Atlanta were
released for want of proper detention and
trial facilities. Thus the lack of proper judi-
cial mechanism is hugely counterproductive
to the efforts of the warships in the region.
Apprehended pirates go scot free only to re-
turn to piracy, with more experience.
Trends in PiracyRansom: According to reports, the ransom
collected by somali pirates in 2009 exceeds
$48.4 million (`214 crore). evidently, a large
part of this amount has been ploughed back
into business to procure better equipment
and weapons. The somali pirates are now
equipped with GPs, automatic rifles, rocket
propelled grenade launchers and high speed
boats. The increased range and audacity of
attacks clearly indicates improved tactics
and better equipment in the hands of the pi-
rates. The average ransoms demanded by so-
mali pirates have increased from $1,00,000
(`45 lakh) to $2,00,000 (`90 lakh) in 2005 to
$3-5 million (`13- 22 crore) this year.
Insurance: The rise in ransom demands
has been accompanied by an increase in in-
surance premiums. The insurance sur-
charge for ships transiting the Gulf of Aden
currently stands at $25/Teu (twenty foot
equivalent unit used in container trans-
portation) or $5/tonne. Accordingly, the
shipping companies have increased their
freight charges to include the insurance
surcharge and also additional risk pay for
crew. The shipping corporation of India
has recently introduced a piracy risk sur-
charge of $40/Teu on all shipments thor-
ough the Gulf of Aden. This increased
freight is passed on to the exporter by the
shipping agent. eventually, the sum is
passed on to the final consumers.
over 24,000 ships transit the Gulf of
Aden annually. In 2009, 47 ships were hi-
jacked and released on payment of ransom.
The ransom is paid by the insurance com-
panies through their agents in cash and the
sum is generally undisclosed. considering
an average of $4 million (`18 crore) ransom
for each ship hijacked; the total ransom
paid would be about $188 million (`834
crore). clearly, the total ransom paid is
much lower than the insurance surcharge
(at $25/Teu or $5/ tonne) paid by the ship-
ping companies. Thus, the system of ran-
som has emerged as a lucrative business
model with both insurance companies and
the pirates making a neat sum at the ex-
pense of the end consumer.
Terrorism: The gravest risk of piracy is
the threat of terrorist groups linking up with
the somali pirates. There is a clear danger of
the Al shabbab (a somali origin terror outfit)
and/or the Al Qaeda operating out of Yemen
linking up with somali pirates. while there is
no evidence to suggest any linkages between
pirates and terrorist groups, the possibility
cannot be ruled out in the near future.
Need for collaborative effortsPiracy in the Gulf of Aden, which first made
headlines in 2005, is now a well-established
industry. The fact that the system of ransom
is turning out to be a lucrative business for
pirates and insurance companies, sets a dan-
gerous precedence. clearly, in such a sce-
nario, the interest of the crew is not being
addressed. The additional insurance sur-
charge is passed on to the end consumer of
the goods with no dues to the ship-owners.
warship patrols in the Gulf of Aden have
reached a record number with a majority of
the G20 navies operating in the region. Yet,
piracy continues to flourish, albeit at re-
duced intensity. warships cannot be om-
nipresent and therefore there is a need for
ships to invest in security. however, this
calls for a new regulation to be drafted. The
scourge of piracy can only be addressed with
collaborative efforts on part of the three
main stakeholders i.e. the shipping industry,
the security agencies and the international
maritime organisations such as the Imo and
ITwF. India as the largest provider of skilled
manpower to the maritime sector could play
an important role ensuring participation by
all the stakeholders.
The author is serving in the Indian Navy
and is at present a Research Fellow in the
National Maritime Foundations
5/2010 13
P I r a C y
Piracy in the Gulf of Aden,
which first made headlines
in 2005, is now a well-
established industry
INS Kalpeni Commissioned into the Indian NavyThe National Flag and the NavalEnsign being hoisted on board INS Kalpeni the first time
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F I r s t / t e C k N o W
Small and EconomicalThe use of morphing flight surfaces has enabled the development of an unmanned plane that can operate in extreme weather conditions
The eureKA e! 3931 AsArP project
has developed a small and cheap-
to-build unmanned aerial vehicle
(uAV) intended to cut the cost of mar-
itime search-and-rescue missions and re-
duce risks to material and human lives.
The seaplane uses shape-changing tech-
nology to improve flight stability, en-
abling the plane to fly in severe weather
conditions. The resulting craft has an en-
durance of 4.5 hours with a payload of
up to 40 kg. It is equipped with state-of-
the-art avionics and onboard cameras
and it is linked wirelessly to the com-
mand centre from where the pilot can
control the uAV. A prototype is currently
undergoing final trials in cyprus and the
design is already attracting interest from
governmental and civil rescue and sur-
veillance organisations.
According to the company, effort has
been made to ensure maximum stability
by use of special aerofoil profile opti-
mised for high lift at low speeds. The en-
tire configuration contributes to stability
in severe weather.
The trial aircraft weighed 50 kg with
no fuel and 270 to 275 kg mission ready,
when fully fuelled and equipped. It was
flown initially with a conventional remote
control operating joystick and throttle.
The uAV base station has now been mod-
ified with two screens to exploit the
plane’s avionics—one screen shows the
instruments and the other the image
from the on-board camera. The control
base unit is self-supporting with an elec-
tric generator to provide power and dual-
computer system communicating with
the on-board computer. The AsArP uAV
can take off from and land on the sea as
well as land.
The Sea BreacherA unique dolphin-inspired submersible watercraft
Innerspace Productions, a watercraft design and fabri-
cation company based in california, has developed
custom-built seabreachers, a unique dolphin-inspired
submersible watercraft that can jump, dive and roll like
real dolphins. The seabreacher has a cruising speed of
40 mph (64 kph) and underwater speeds of 20mph
(32 kph)—all within the safety and security of a dry,
sealed cockpit.
According to Innerspace, the seabreacher X is the lat-
est and most advanced submersible watercraft that has
been built till date and is based on the dolphin-inspired
seabreacher J. however, it has a more aggressive shark-
style body. The X model also steps up the performance
envelope with a 260 hp supercharged engine, propelling
the vessel to a top speed of 50 mph (80 kph) on the sur-
face and 25mph (40 kph) below.
The seabreacher X can sustain high speed dives and
then breach the surface, launching the entire vessel
clearly out of the water. some of its high tech features in-
clude a snorkel mounted video camera which transmits
live video to LcD screens for the pilot and passengers
during dives, GPs navigation, etc.
some characteristics of this submarine are:
Engine/drive: roTAX 1500cc, 4 stroke engine; 260 hp
supercharged, intercooled; high output, low emission;
axial flow jet pump; fully vectored thrust (up/ down,
left/right); forward, neutral, reverse; closed cooling sys-
tem, reliable in fresh or salt water.
Features: redesigned shark style body; mouth-
shaped viewports for enhanced underwater visibility:
double snorkel intakes for engine’s increased air require-
ments; high performance, low profile wings and elevators;
powder-coated stainless steel and aluminium hardware;
custom exhaust outlet; fully upholstered interior, cus-
tomised; front and rear LcD screens, displaying live video
from snorkel-mounted camera; onboard stereo system
with ipod dock; removable lifting eyes for launching from
a yacht mounted davit.
Safety measures: Positively buoyant, self-righting
hull design; 1/2 inch, impact-resistant, acrylic canopy;
inflatable aircraft seal keeps cockpit and engine bay water
tight; three automatic bilge pumps; collapsible nose
section; hand-laid composite, monologue structure;
Break-away wing tips; all marine approved engine
components and hardware; onboard fire extinguisher and
carbon monoxide detector.
For related video log on to www.spsnavalforces.net
n REAR ADMIRAL (RETD) SUSHIL RAMSAY
The seconD rounD oF India-Brazil-
south Africa maritime exercise (IB-
sAmAr) 2010 was held from
september 13 to 27, 2010, off the
south African coast from simon’s
Town to Durban. The multi-dimensional ex-
ercise was structured to include the best
practices in various aspects of naval opera-
tions focusing on the likely scenarios partic-
ipating nations may encounter. The Indian
navy fielded Indian navy ships mysore,
Tabar, Ganga and Aditya; south African (sA)
navy nominated ships Amatola, spioenkop,
Drakensburg, charlotte maxeke, Queen
modjadji-I and Galeshewe, while the lone
Brazilian naval ship niteroi joined the
other participating units. The integral air
element was provided by Lynx and sea King
helicopters.
The Initial Planning conference (IPc) for
IBsAmAr 2010 was held from october 12 to
16, 2009, at mumbai, under the aegis of
western naval command. The final session
of IPc was held in August in south Africa.
IBsAmAr series of joint exercises are held
under the instrument of trilateral govern-
mental cooperation initiative between the
three-member states and steered by one of
the 16 Joint working Groups for Defence.
The inaugural round of IBsAmAr was held
in south Africa from may 7 to 14, 2008.
Gurpreet s. Khurana defines IBsAmAr
as a manifestation of the transformed
global geopolitical and security landscape
since the end of cold war. “The first
IBsAmAr was conducted off south Africa’s
south-western coast, adjoining the cape of
Good hope. For the exercise, Indian and
Brazilian naval units were required not only
to transit a substantial distance to the exer-
cise area (over 4,000 and 3,000 nautical
miles respectively), but also to endure the
exercise-duration. This is a seminal devel-
opment on two counts. Firstly, it signals the
increasing reach and sustainability of
navies of developing countries. secondly, it
is indicative of an increasing realisation
among policy makers of the imperative
need of safeguarding their geographically
expanding interests and meeting their inter-
national obligations,” he said.
missions defined for the very first round
of trilateral IBsAmAr 2008 were maritime se-
curity issues such as safety of shipping traf-
fic, anti-piracy, search and rescue, and
casualty evacuation in the region. Although
suez canal has for several decades provided
the shortest route for Persian Gulf oil to tran-
sit to europe, technology advances in marine
engineering has offered greater incentive to
a larger number of vessels of higher tonnage
to transit at much higher economical speeds
to circumnavigating Africa. This develop-
ment has resulted in nearly 30 per cent of the
Persian Gulf oil bound for europe and Amer-
ica to be routed around the cape of Good
hope and thus the threefold increase in traf-
fic density on this route.
Gurpreet Khurana further articulates,
“For India, IBsAmAr was an effective in-
strument to showcase its foreign policy. It
served to dispel the apprehensions of
India’s growing strategic relationship with
the united states and its allies, which arose
in some quarters following the high-level
malabar and TrILATeX naval exercises of
2007.” IBsAmAr followed the Indian ocean
naval symposium (Ions) launched in Feb-
ruary 2008, which was also devoid of the
us participation. As an Indian initiative,
Ions has itself contributed to India’s image
as a stabilising factor. Together with Ions,
IBsAmAr reinforces the point that India’s
geopolitical engagement is multi-vectored
and not directed against any country,
including china.
Multi-dimensional ExerciseIBsAmAr is a manifestation of the transformed global geopolitical and security landscape since the end of cold war
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T E C K N O W
ICG INTERCEPTOR BOAT COMMISSIONED
At a ceremony held at Veraval, Indian coast
Guard (IcG) Interceptor Boat, c-148 was
commissioned by Vice Admiral Anil
chopra, Director General IcG. It is the sixth
in the series of 11 boats, designed and built
indigenously by ABG shipyard, surat.
NAVy TO ACqUIRE FLOATING DOCKThe Indian navy plans to acquire its second
floating dock, at an estimated cost of rs
300 crore, which will be stationed at the
strategically significant Andaman and nico-
bar Islands. The Floating Dock navy-1
(FDn1) is currently put into optimum use
and with the number of warships stationed
on the coast set to increase significantly in
the next decade; the need was felt for the
second one.
ADDITIONAL P8-I The Indian navy is likely to order four ad-
ditional Boeing’s P8-I maritime reconnais-
sance aircraft at an approximate cost of $1
billion (about `4,500 crore). It may be rec-
ollected that India has already ordered
eight P8-I at a cost of $2.1 billion (about
`10,000 crore). At present, for this role,
India has eight Tu-142m which have
reached the end of their life and five IL-38.
India has also decided to go for additional
four LPDs at a cost of approximately $3 bil-
lion plus (`13,500 crore). These LPDs will be
on the same lines as Ins Jalashwa which
was acquired from the us in 2007.
SySTEMS RESEARCH LABORATORyThe naval research Laboratory (nrL) has es-
tablished the Autonomous systems research
Laboratory (AsrL) to support highly innova-
tive, interdisciplinary research in au-
tonomous systems. The laboratory will capi-
talise on the broad multidisciplinary charac-
ter of nrL, bringing together scientists and
engineers with disparate training and back-
grounds to attack common goals at the inter-
section of their respective fields in
autonomous systems.
ITALIAN NAVy TRIALS FOR AW139The Italian navy ships—sirio, orione and
Bettica—have been designated for the eval-
uation trials of the Agustawestalnd Aw139
helicopter. The first ship on which the trials
were carried out was sirio which included
deck landings, take-offs, deck lashing and
possible interference between the ship’s on-
board radio and radar systems with the he-
licopter’s avionics.
MINE NEUTRALISATION SySTEM raytheon Integrated Defense systems has
been awarded a $14,696,495 firm-fixed-
price contract for seven airborne mine neu-
tralisation low rate initial production
systems and associated engineering serv-
ices. The airborne mine neutralisation sys-
tem will explosively neutralise bottom and
moored mines using an expendable mine
neutralise device. The system will be de-
ployed from the mh-60 helicopter as part
of the Littoral combat ship mine counter-
measures mission module.
BAE SySTEMS AN/Sqq-32(V)4 BAe systems’ Information and electronic
systems Integration has been awarded a
$14,599,366 firm-fixed-price contract for
four high frequency wide band An/sQQ-
32(v)4 systems and associated engineering
services and support that will detect and
classify bottom and moored sea mines. The
An/sQQ-32(v)4 will be deployed from carri-
ers for self-protection. high frequency wide
band An/sQQ-32(v)4 will replace the in-ser-
vice An/sQQ-32(v)3 detection sonar and will
improve detection performance and target
resolution in high clutter environments in-
cluding littoral zones and confined straits.
ATLAS PRODUCES 2000TH SEAFOx
The 2000th seaFox mine disposal un-
manned underwater vehicles (uuV) will be
joining the German navy, which was also
the recipient of the first seaFox 10 years
ago. At present, about 10 of these uuVs
leave the production facility in Bremen
every week. with the seaFox, Atlas elek-
tronik blazed a new trail in mine counter-
measures more than a decade ago,
deploying uuV’s for the first time. The
reusable seaFox I (Intelligence) is used to
identify the sea mine, whereas the expend-
able seaFox c (combat) with its integrated
warhead serves as intelligent ammunition
for mine neutralisation. To complement the
seaFox I and c, a training version has also
been developed and marketed.
US NAVy’S FIRST JHSVFabrication of the future usns Vigilant
(JhsV 2), the first joint high speed vessel
(JhsV) to be operated by the navy, began on
september 13 at the Austal usA shipyard.
The JhsV will be used for fast intra-theatre
transportation of troops, military vehicles
and equipment. The navy’s strategic and
theatre sealift programme is procuring the
vessels for both the Army and the navy.
Vigilant is the second vessel in the class.
The first, the future us Army vessel usAV
spearhead (JhsV 1), is scheduled for deliv-
ery to the Army in 2012. The JhsV pro-
gramme merges the previous Army theatre
support vessel and the navy high speed
connector to decrease costs by taking ad-
vantage of the inherent commonality be-
tween the existing programmes.
NAVANTIA COMMISSIONS LHD “JUANCARLOS I” TO THE SPANISH NAVy
navantia commissioned the LhD “Juan car-
los I” to the spanish navy at the Ferrol Arse-
nal on september 30. This amphibious ship,
the biggest ever built by navantia, and the
biggest ship of the spanish navy. other au-
thorities have attended the ceremony, as the
minister of Defence, carmen chacón and the
President of navantia, Aurelio martínez.
The LhD Juan carlos I has been de-
signed to carry out amphibious missions,
force deployment, humanitarian assistance
and act as an auxiliary aircraft carrier. The
ship also has a large hospital capacity,
which in addition to her cargo capacity
make her ideal for deployment in disaster
areas. with a length overall of 230.82 me-
tres (flight deck 202.3 m.), 32 m. beam and
full load displacement of more than 27,500
tonnes, this will be the biggest ship ever
made available to the spanish navy. she will
also be the first of such a size with podded
electrical propulsion. highly automated, the
crew will consist of just 247 persons.
RAyTHEON APPOINTS BILL BLAIR VICEPRESIDENT & SENIOR ExECUTIVE, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, INDIAraytheon company has appointed Bill Blair
vice president and senior executive for
raytheon’s business development efforts in
India, effective immediately.
In this capacity, Blair will be responsible
for managing raytheon’s strategic relation-
ships with customers
and trading partners
to ensure the continu-
ation of the company’s
long standing relation-
ship with India. As the
company’s senior exec-
utive in India, Blair will
serve as the primary
interface with ray-
theon’s customers. In addition, Blair will
serve as the senior voice of the customer
within raytheon to ensure that the company
identifies key pursuits and fulfills its com-
mitment to India.
RAyTHEON MISSILE SySTEMS NAMES BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR FOR INDIAraytheon company’s missile systems busi-
ness has named Peter wray as its new Busi-
ness Development director for India. In this
position, wray will continue to develop and
implement the rms business strategy for
India, and build on the company’s growing
partnership with the Indian armed forces
and industry. wray has been employed by
raytheon since 1987.
5/2010 15
Publisher and Editor-in-Chief
Jayant Baranwal
Assistant group Editor r. Chandrakanth
Senior Editorial Adviser r. adm (retd) S.K. ramsay
Senior Technical Group Editor Lt general (retd) Naresh Chand
Contributing EditorsLt general (retd) V.K. Kapoorair Marshal (retd) V.K. Bhatia
Copy EditorSucheta Das Mohapatra
Assistant Correspondentabhay Singh thapa
Assistant Photo Editorabhishek Singh
ContributorsIndia
admiral (retd) arun PrakashVice adm (retd) r.N. ganeshVice adm (retd) P.J. Jacobr. adm (retd) raja Menon
Cmde rajeev Sawhney
Europealan Peaford, Doug richardson,
andrew Brookes (UK)
USA & CanadaLon Nordeen (USa)
anil r. Pustam (West Indies)
West Asia/Africah.r. heitman (S. africa)
Chairman & Managing DirectorJayant Baranwal
Administration & CoordinationBharti Sharma, Survi Massey
Senior Art Directoranoop Kamath
DesignVimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht
Sales & MarketingDirector Sales & Marketing: Neetu Dhulia
head Vertical Sales: rajeev Chugh
SP’s WebsiteSr. Web Developer: Shailendra P. ashishWeb Developer: Ugrashen Vishwakarma
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21-22 october49th Congress of Naval Architecture
and the Maritime Industry
hotel carlton, Bilbao, spainwww.ingenierosnavales.com/SESIONES2010/index2_i.asp
25-29 octoberEuronaval
Paris-Le-Bourget exhibition center, Francewww.euronaval.fr/en
2-3 novemberCoastal Surveillance 2010
Amara sanctuary hotel, singaporewww.coastalsurveillancemda.com
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