Spring Semester Exam Review Answers

7C Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces changes in POPULATIONS, not individuals.

7D Analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection including inherited variation, the potential to produce more offspring than can survive and a finite supply of environmental resources result in differential reproductive success.

7E Analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation, and to the development of diversity in and among species.

Q1: What is fitness?

- The ability of an organism to __SURVIVE___ and ___REPRODUCE____.

Q2: In each example, circle the organism that has the HIGHEST FITNESS.

a. White moths or dark moths (during the Industrial revolution)b. Tan mice or black mice (in the desert)c. Short-neck giraffes or long-neck giraffes (in the safari with tall trees)d. Plants w/ lots of leafs or Cactus w/ no leafs (in the desert)e. Hummingbirds with short beaks or hummingbirds with long beaks.

Q3: What is inherited variation?

Q4: Write the variation for each trait:

- Mice fur color: _white, gray, black_- Bird’s beak size: ___small, medium, large__- Giraffe’s neck length: ____short, medium, long _____

Q5: Circle what happens to the organisms in the population when the organism is most fit?

Survive, reproduce or dies off

Q6: What happens to the organisms in the population when the organism is least fit/

Survive, reproduce or dies off

Q7. Explain how the population shift towards a specific trait (evolution) using the terms fitness, variation, and natural selection. A population can change over time using the process of natural selection. Natural selection is the process in which a population has different

variations for a specific trait. The organisms with the higher fitness for that trait survive and reproduce passing down that fit trait. The organisms with lower fitness for that trait die off and the trait is not passed down. OVER time, there will only be the trait that gave higher fitness because they survived and reproduced.

Q8. In each example, circle which trait nature will favor and the population will have more of over time?

a. White, tan, or black mice ( in the tan sand of the desert)b. Lions with dull molars/weak body frames OR Lions with sharp molars/strong body

framesc. Long neck giraffes, medium-neck giraffes, OR short-neck giraffes

Q9. Why do turtles lay more eggs than can survive? (hint: think about what happens to a lot of them as they travel to the ocean after they hatch) OVERPRODUCTION is necessary because natural selection requires that some organisms will be less fit and die off. If there were not more offspring than can survive, the population would die out.

Q10: What is an adaptation? A heritable trait that allows an organism to survive and reproduce.

Q11: Describe an example of an adaptation that favors organisms’ in their habitat (i.e. hawks have strong talons to catch their prey) An owl’s eyes for night vision and its ability to move its neck to capture prey at night.

Q12: How do adaptations relate to natural selection (Is nature going to favor that trait in the population?) NATURE will favor the trait

Q13Circle which traits are favored by nature in:

Stabilizing selection: low extreme middle trait high extreme

Directional selection (shift to the left): low extreme middle trait high extreme

Directional selection: (shift to the right): low extreme middle trait high extreme

Disruptive selection: low extreme middle trait high extreme

Stabilizing Direction Directional Selection

DISRUPTIVE SELECTION

7F Analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms including genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, and recombination.

Q14: Define genetic drift. – change in population due to random chance; two examples: founder’s effect and bottleneck

Examples of Genetic Drift

Q15: Match the scenario to the term.

1. a. Founder’s effect – C

2. b. Gene FlowB

3.A

c. Bottleneck event

Q16: What affect does genetic drift have on the DIVERSITY (the differences amongst) of a population? Depends on how the genetic drift (RANDOMLY) changes the population more differences high diversity; less differences Low diversity

Mutations

Q17: What is a mutation? A random change in the DNA

Q18: How do mutations affect evolution? Organisms with Good mutations pass on the mutation; Organisms with bad mutations do not pass on the mutation and die off.

7G Analyze and evaluate scientific explanation concerning the complexity of the cell.

Endosymbiosis

Q19: In your own words, describe the endosymbiotic theory.

1st, A eukaryote engulfs a prokaryote that can convert glucose to ATP. That prokaryote eventually became the mitochondria.

2nd, the eukaryote with the mitochondria engulfed a prokaryote that could do photosynthesis (convert light to glucose). That prokaryote eventually became the chloroplast

Q20 What were 2 examples of ENGULFED prokaryotes?:

MITOCHONDRIA, CHLOROPLAST

7B Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record.

Fossil Record

Index fossil – an important, keystone fossil used to identify and identify specific geological periods

Q21: Draw the rock that is the oldest. Q22: Draw the rock that is highly evolved.

Gradualism, Punctuated Equilibrium, and Adaptive Radiation

Q23: Match the image to the sequential nature of evolution

Gradualism – evolution occurs a.over a long period of time C

Punctuated equilibrium – long periods ofno change (stasis) followed by a rapid b.evolutionary change B

Adaptive radiation – several different speciesstem from a single ancestral species A c.

7A Analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies including anatomical, molecular, and developmental.

Common ancestry – most recent individual that other species have evolved from

Q24: Label the following Evidences for common ancestry:

Word Bank: Fossil Record, Homologous Structure, Analogous structure, Vestigial structures

___FOSSIL RECORD__________ ____HOMOLOGOUS– same struct, different function

Vestigial structure – reduced in size no longer used

Analagous structure - same function different structure

Q25: What does a vestigial structure tell us about its common ancestor? The structure was larger and was used in the common ancestor

Q26 Circle what type of structure: same anatomical structure, different function

Analogous OR Homologous

Q27 Circle what type of structure: different anatomical structure, same function

Analogous OR Homologous

Developmental homology: Embryology

Q28 Since human embryos develop similarly to rabbit embryos rather than snake embryos, what does that evidence say about our common ancestry with rabbits versus snakes?

That we are more closely related to rabbits than snakes. We have a more recent common ancestor with rabbits than our common ancestor with snakes.

8A Define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community.

8B Categorize organisms using a hierarchical ytem based on similarities and differences shared among the groups.

8C Compare characteristics of taxonomic group including archae, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Q29: What is taxonomy?

Classifying organisms into taxons based on shared characteristics and common ancestry

Q30: Why is having taxonomic groups (taxons) important?

Uniform way of classifying organisms around the world

Binomial Nomenclature - uniform and accurate way to name organisms using the “Genus species” format

Q31 Circle the correct scientific name:

a. Dog OR Canis familiarisb. Felis familiaris OR catc. Lion OR Panthero leod. Cervus camelopardalis OR camel

Q32 Why is binomial nomenclature important? (hint: is a seahorse really a type of horse? Think about different countries and what their scientists call different species) Universal and accurate way of naming organisms

Taxonomic Groups

Q33 Complete the tables.

Three Kingdoms

Characteristics Eukarya Archae EubacteriaPhyla Fungi, animalia,

plantae, protistaArchaebacteria Bacteria

Uni-, multi- cellular, or Both

Both UNI UNI

Nucleus or No Nucleus

Nucleus NO nucleus NO nucleus

Hetero- Auto- troph, or both

BOTH BOTH BOTH

Four Phyla of Eukarya

Characteristics Fungi Protist Plants AnimalsHetero-, auto- troph, or both

HETERO BOTH AUTO HETERO

Have cell walls? Yes or No

YES YES YES NO

Uni- Multi- cellular or Both

BOTH BOTH MULTI MULTI

Cladogram

Q34 In cladograms, are derived characters shown in the MORE RECENT organisms or the OLDER organisms?

MORE RECENT

Q35 Which 2 organisms do not have lungs? Perch, Hagfish

Q36 Which organism is most closely related to the chimp? mouse

Dichotomous key

Q37Which organisms have feathers?

Duck and hen

Q38 Which organism swims?

Duck

Q39 Which organism has no feathers, nor legs? snake

11B Investigate and analyze how organisms, populations, and communities respond to external factors.

11C Summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of organisms and ecosystems.

Q40 Order the following from exclusive to inclusive (smallest to largest):

Population-2 Organism -1 Ecosystem -4 Community - 3 Biosphere 5

Q41 Label as either an biotic or Abiotic factor.

a. Soil __ abiotic ___ e. Lions ___biotic__b. Light ___ abiotic ____ f. decomposers ____ biotic ____c. Rocks ___ abiotic __ g. bacteria ____ biotic ________

Q42: What distinguishes a community from an ecosystem?

A community is a group of many different populations of species (ALL biotic)

An ecosystem is the combination of biotic and abiotic factors (adding abiotic factors to communities

Microorganisms – very-tiny microscopic organism in an ecosystem; can be bacteria, viruses, or in rare cases small disease-causing protists

Q43. Label the microorganism as GOOD or BAD.

Bacteria that live in intestines that help break down food. GOODGonnorhea BAD, pathogenBacteria in root nodules of plants that convert nitrogen into usable ammonia so plants can use it. GoodBacteria that help make foods like yogurt and sausages GOODFlu virus BAD, pathogenBacteria that cause infections in plant’s leaves BAD, pathogen

Q44. A Pathogen is a microorganism that CAUSES DISEASE. Label the above as pathogen or non-pathogen.

Q45. Is AIDS a pathogen? Yes because it causes disease by killing cells of immune system.

12C Analyze the flow of matter and energy through trophic level using various models including food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids.

FOOD WEB FOOD CHAIN

Q46: Label each side of the image as either a food chain OR a food web.

Q47. Circle the # of paths a food chain has.

ONE or MANY

Q48. Circle the # of paths a food web has.

ONE or MANY

Q49 What are the producers in both pictures? PLANTS, FLOWERS, CARROT GRASS,

Ten-Percent Rule

Q50. How much energy is at the producer trophic level?

100%

Q51. How much energy is at the secondary consumer trophic level?

10%

Q52 How much energy do the owls have?

1%

12F Describe how environmental change can impact ecosystem stability.

Q53 Which is a more healthy ecosystem?

Less diversity OR More diversity

Q54 Determine if the following situations would be GOOD or BAD for the ecosystem stability.

Acid rain bad - fertilizing the grass GOOD Volcanoes erupting BAD - equilibrium of predators and prey GOODToxins from run off (i.e. DDT) BAD

Biomagnification – when toxins enter the ecosystem that have a magnifying detrimental affect on the food chain

Q55 Which organism has the highest concentration of DDT toxin?

Phytoplankton, small fish, large fish, or hawk

Q56 Which organism has the least concentration of DDT toxin?

Phytoplankton, small fish, large fish, or hawk

12D Recognize that long-term survival of species is dependent on changing resource bases that are limited.

Key vocab: Resources (i.e. food, water, shelter), extinct (die out), mass extinction (large # of species die off in a short period of time, endangered (about to be extinct)

12A Interpret relationships including predation, parasitism(+/-), commensalism(+/o), mutualism(+/+), and competition among organisms.

Q57 Identify the symbiotic relationships as parasitism, commensalism, or mutualism.

Leeches sucking the blood out of organism PARASITISMLeeches sucking the blood for medicinal purposes MUTUALISMBirds living in a tree COMMENSALISMOrchids growing on a tree COMMENSALISMCleaning bird on a rhinoceros MUTUALISM

Q58 Write an example of predation (predator-prey relationship). LIONS HUNT GAZELLE

Q59 Write an example of competition (i.e. competing for food, resources, shelter). LIONS COMPETE WITH HYENAS FOR FOOD

12B Compare variations and adaptation of organisms in different ecosystems.

Q60 COMPARE/CONTRAST the adaptations/variation of plants in the desert with plants in the rainforest. PLANTS IN DESERT HAVE THORNS TO PROTECT PLANTS FROM PREDATORS AND NO LEAVES TO PRESERVE WATER.

PLANTS IN RAINFOREST GROW ON OTHER TREES TO ATTAIN SUNLIGHT BETTER; AND HAVE THICK CUTICLES TO PREVENT WATER AND HAVE SPECIAL LEAVES TO FUNNEL WATER TO THE ROOTS MORE EFFICIENTLY

11D Describe how events and processes that occur during ecological succession can change populations and species diversity.

Q61 What is an example of a pioneer species?

LICHENS AND MOSS

Q62 What happens to the diversity of organisms as time elapses during ecological succession?

INCREASES or DECREASES

Q63 Which succession is where pioneer species grow on bare rock? Primary or Secondary

Q64 Which succession is where pioneer species grow on soil after a fire or flood?

Primary or Secondary

12E Describe the flow of matter through the carbon and nitrogen cycles and explain the consequences of disrupting these cycles.

NITROGEN CYCLE CARBON CYCLE

Q65 Label the above cycles as either Carbon cycle or nitrogen cycle.

Nitrogen Cycle

Q66 Nitrogen fixation converts _ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN_ to _ AMMONIA (USABLE NITROGEN)____

Q67 What organisms do nitrogen fixation? NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA

Q68 What do denitrifying bacteria convert? NITRITES, NITRATES BACK TO ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN

Carbon cycle

Q69 What would happen to atmospheric carbon if …

More producers were added ___LESS CO2 IN ATMOSPHERE___Less factories __MORE CO2 IN ATMOSPHERE___More animals ____MORE CO2 IN ATMOSPHERE___

9C Identify and investigate the role of enzymes

Enzymes are catalysts (protein molecules that) speed up the rate of chemical reactions

Enzymes are SPECIFIC to the reactions they catalyze

Q70 Match the following enzymes to the substrates that they break down.

Amylase -B a. lipidsLipase - A b. carbohydratesPepsin- D c. PeroxidesPeroxidase- C d. Proteins

Enzymes are proteins, therefore they are 3D in shape and can be affected by different factors.

Q71 What will happen to pepsin if it moves out of the stomach and into the less acidic small intestine? IT WILL DENATURE CHANGE SHAPE BECAUSE OF THE Ph CHANGE

Q72 What will happen to the molecular structure of lipase if it is heated to very hot temperatures? IT WILL DENATURE CHANGE SHAPE BECAUSE OF HEAT

10C Analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole systems

Q73 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate level of organization using

Tissue, cells, organ systems, organism, organs

CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM

Q74 A tissue is a group of _CELLS_ together.

Q75 The liver is an organ; therefore it has different __TISSUE__ working together to filter out toxins from the bloodstream.

9B Compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respirations in terms of energy and matter.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Organelle (circle one) Mitochondria OR Chloroplast

Mitochondria OR Chloroplast

Plants, Animals, or Both PlANTS BOTHUltimate Goal? To create SUGAR USING

LIGHT__.To convert sugar into ATP

Q76 Complete the table above.

Q77 What is the equation for photosynthesis?

CO2+ H2O + LIGHT C6H12O6 + O2

Q78 What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + O2 ATP + CO2+ H2O

Q79 How do the products and reactants of these two processes compare/relate?

THE PRODUCTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS THE REACTANTS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

10A Describe the interaction that occurs among ystem that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants.

Q80 What structure of the plant does photosynthesis occur? LEAVES

Q81 What is the main responsibility of the flower? REPRODUCTION

Q82 Sugar flows from the leaf / roots in the xylem / phloem (circle the correct answers)

Q83 Water flows from the leaf / roots in the xylem / phloem (circle the correct answers)

Response – tropisms

Q84 Identify and explain the following images as GRAVITROPISM, PHOTOTROPISM, or THIGMOTROPISM.

1. GRAVITROPISM –RESPONSE THIGMOTROPOISM RESPONSE PHOTOTROPISM RES TO GRAVITY _ 2. __TO TOUCH ___ 3. TO LIGHT__

10A Describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform function of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness

Major Functions Major Parts

SystemDigestive Break down FOOD.

Absorb NUTRIENTS_.Expel SOLID WASTE.

Mouth ESOPHAGUS_ Stomach small intestine _LARGE INTESTINE rectum _ANUS_; pancreas, gallbladder, liver

Circulatory Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients through the body

HEART, ARTERIES, VEINS

Respiratory Inhale OXYGEN_, ExhaleCARBON DIOXIDE

Nose, trachea, lungs, diaphragm

Integumentary Protection/barrier, temperature regulation,

Skin, blood vessels, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nerves

Skeletal Support, protection of internal organs, formation of blood cells

BONES,

Muscular Voluntary and Involuntary Movement.

Skeletal, smooth, and CARDIAC muscle.

Nervous Sends electric MESSAGES/IMPULSES throughout the body.

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

Endocrine Releases _HORMONES_.Involved in GROWTH, metabolism, bLOOD sugar regulation.

_HYPOTHALAMUS, thyroid, pancreas, OVARIES and testis

Excretory Filter BLOOD to get rid of WASTE_.Produce _URINE__

KIDNEY, ureter, _BLADDER_, urethra

Immune/Lymphatic Creation of __WHITE BLOOD CELLS ______. Fight off DISEASE_.

_WHITE BLOOD CELLS_, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.

COMPLETE THE TABLE ABOVE BY FILLING IN THE BLANKS!

Q85 Write the interaction of TWO systems in the following scenarios:

Breathing while asleep: RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORYDigestion of sugar: DIGESTIVE AND CIRCULATORY AND ENDOCRINEWarming your body when you’re cold: MUSCULAR AND NERVOUS