Faculty of Agricultural Engineering IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) Faculty of Agricultural Engineering IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

Neelesh ChaturvediMasters Seminar FMPE 591

Roll No.13935

Largest producer of fruits in the world.

Fruit production 46 million tonnes.

10% of world production

1% of export earnings from agricultural products

25-30% fruit production losses occurs due to Pest and dicease in India.

Largest producer of fruits in the world.

Fruit production 46 million tonnes.

10% of world production

1% of export earnings from agricultural products

25-30% fruit production losses occurs due to Pest and dicease in India.

Orchard: An area of land devoted to the cultivation of fruit or nut trees.Orchard: An area of land devoted to the cultivation of fruit or nut trees.

Sprayer: It is the device used for apply fluids in the form of droplets Sprayer: It is the device used for apply fluids in the form of droplets

Spraying : It is the application of chemicals, foliar nutrients, insecticides, fungicides in the form of fine droplets

Spraying : It is the application of chemicals, foliar nutrients, insecticides, fungicides in the form of fine droplets

Orchard Sprayer using by large air stream for the application of chemicals, growth regulators, pesticides, foliar nutrients.

Orchard sprayers: Axial fan orchard sprayer Air assisted tunnel sprayer Centrifugal fan orchard Cross flow fan orchard sprayer

The efficiency and Cost effectiveness of these sprayers mainly depends on operational skill, machine settings, selection of chemical, timing, orchard condition

Orchard Sprayer using by large air stream for the application of chemicals, growth regulators, pesticides, foliar nutrients.

Orchard sprayers: Axial fan orchard sprayer Air assisted tunnel sprayer Centrifugal fan orchard Cross flow fan orchard sprayer

The efficiency and Cost effectiveness of these sprayers mainly depends on operational skill, machine settings, selection of chemical, timing, orchard condition

Orchard sprayers

Basic components of axial fan orchard sprayer((Adapted from Cromwell, R. P. 1975.)

Working principle:Working principle:

Tank of the sprayer should be corrosion resistant.

Piston or centrifugal Pumps may be use .

Pressure regulator which helps to maintain speed of engine

Pressure gauges spray helps to control over spray output or input

Control valves use to on\off valve.

Spray nozzles use to atomize liquid

Tank of the sprayer should be corrosion resistant.

Piston or centrifugal Pumps may be use .

Pressure regulator which helps to maintain speed of engine

Pressure gauges spray helps to control over spray output or input

Control valves use to on\off valve.

Spray nozzles use to atomize liquid

Effective in a wide range of types of orchard

Sprayers are simple, reliable low cost of purchase and operation

The efficiency depends on species, variety, rootstock, location, site, planting system, age, management, etc.

Spray losses on the ground can range from less than 2–39%

Use in mango, apple orchards

Effective in a wide range of types of orchard

Sprayers are simple, reliable low cost of purchase and operation

The efficiency depends on species, variety, rootstock, location, site, planting system, age, management, etc.

Spray losses on the ground can range from less than 2–39%

Use in mango, apple orchards

Axial fan orchard sprayerAxial fan orchard sprayer

Spray deposit and coverage in the canopy

Collection and recycling rate of the liquid sprayed in the tunnel.

It reduces pesticide input and draft in orchard

It can also used for smaller plot size

Spray deposit and coverage in the canopy

Collection and recycling rate of the liquid sprayed in the tunnel.

It reduces pesticide input and draft in orchard

It can also used for smaller plot size

Air assisted tunnel sprayerAir assisted tunnel sprayer

• Rotating impeller increases air velocity

• Air speed is converted to pressure

• Suited for high flow and forced draft services

• Efficiency >85%

• Not suited for dirty airstreams

• Instability and erosion risk

• Used in rubber plantation, field crops.

Centrifugal fan:Centrifugal fan:

Cross flow fan:Cross flow. - Air enters the impeller at one part of the outer periphery flows inward and exits at another part of the outer periphery.

Uniform discharge, high air rate

Can handle dirty air and higher pressures

More expensive

Cross flow. - Air enters the impeller at one part of the outer periphery flows inward and exits at another part of the outer periphery.

Uniform discharge, high air rate

Can handle dirty air and higher pressures

More expensive

Spray deposits and losses in different sized apple trees from an axial fan air blast sprayer

1.Effects of spray quality.

2.Effects of spray flow rate.

Spray deposits and losses in different sized apple trees from an axial fan air blast sprayer

1.Effects of spray quality.

2.Effects of spray flow rate.

Case studies

This experiment was conducted Horticulture Research International .East Malling, UK

East malling of the Varity Cox of apple was used.

A tractor mounted light detection and ranging was used to characterize the structure of trees.

A vehicle mounted meteorological mast fitted with a three –dimensional ultrasonic anemometer.

A temperature and relative humidity measuring probe was used to measure local meteorological conditions.

This experiment was conducted Horticulture Research International .East Malling, UK

East malling of the Varity Cox of apple was used.

A tractor mounted light detection and ranging was used to characterize the structure of trees.

A vehicle mounted meteorological mast fitted with a three –dimensional ultrasonic anemometer.

A temperature and relative humidity measuring probe was used to measure local meteorological conditions.

J.V.cross et al(2001)

Three treatments of very fine (VMD=156µm), fine (VMD=198µm) and medium spray (VMD=237µm) were selected from an axial fan orchard sprayer.

Each treatment was applied to different orchards each containing apple trees of different size viz, small, medium, large.

4m row spacing and 2m plant to plant spacing and volume rate 298-307l/ha were maintained.

Three treatments of very fine (VMD=156µm), fine (VMD=198µm) and medium spray (VMD=237µm) were selected from an axial fan orchard sprayer.

Each treatment was applied to different orchards each containing apple trees of different size viz, small, medium, large.

4m row spacing and 2m plant to plant spacing and volume rate 298-307l/ha were maintained.

J.V.cross et al(2001)

Table 1. TreatmentsTable 1. Treatments

Very fine Fine spray Medium spray

No. of nozzles 8 8 8

Pressure (bar) 11.9 5.5 3.2

VMD (µm) 156 198 239

Spray liquid flow rate(l/min)-1997

11.5 11.4 11.6

1998 11.7 11.9 11.7

Forward speed( -1997 5.8 5.8 5.8

1998 5.8 5.8 5.8

Spray volume (l/ha)-1997

300 298 301

1998 303 307 302

PTO speed (rpm) 500 500 500

Air volumetric flow (m³/s)

11.3 11.3 11.3

J.V.cross et al(2001)

ResultsResultsTable 2.Grand mean normalised spray deposits on composites samples of

leaves Table 2.Grand mean normalised spray deposits on composites samples of

leaves

Orchard Very fine Fine Medium Mean

15 July 1997

Small trees 0.58 0.69 0.62 0.63

Medium trees 0.51 0.57 0.68 0.59

Large trees 0.56 0.62 0.62 0.60

Mean 0.55 0.63 0.64 0.60

2 July 1998

Small trees 0.46 0.48 0.39 0.44

Medium trees 041 0.39 0.38 0.39

Large trees 0.45 0.41 0.43 0.43

Mean 0.44 0.43 0.4 0.42

J.V.cross et al(2001)

Sampling zones

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6

Small VF 0.69 0.46 0.48 0.62 0.51 0.69

Tree F 0.8 0.53 0.57 0.83 0.59 0.82

M 0.91 0.55 0.39 0.74 0.52 0.58

Medium VF 0.93 0.55 0.33 0.45 0.44 0.37

Tree F 0.92 0.50 0.29 0.69 0.61 0.40

M 1.13 0.77 0.31 0.71 0.63 0.51

Large VF 1.31 0.54 0.18 0.57 0.45 0.30

Tree F 1.20 0.48 0.23 0.82 0.63 0.35

M 1.11 0.65 0.32 0.62 0.66 0.37

mean 0.81 0.43 0.17 0.48 0.43 0.21

Table 3.Distribution of normalized spray deposits on leaves in different zones of the tree

Table 3.Distribution of normalized spray deposits on leaves in different zones of the tree

J.V.cross et al(2001)

Table 4.Normalised spray deposit on fruits Table 4.Normalised spray deposit on fruits

Table 5.percentage of the applied spray retained on the treeTable 5.percentage of the applied spray retained on the tree

Normalized deposits on samplings lines just above the groundNormalized deposits on samplings lines just above the ground

Orchard Very fine Fine Medium Mean

Small trees 0.68 0.49 0.27 0.48

Medium trees 0.51 0.35 0.22 0.36

Large trees 0.26 0.33 0.19 0.26

Mean 0.49 0.39 0.23 0.37

ConclusionConclusion

In the spray quality the overall grand mean deposits on composite leaf samples in the 1997 experiment was 50% greater than in the 1998.

The ratio of deposits on sampling zones close to the sprayer (zone 1 and 4) were greater in experiment.

The VF treatment gave significantly smaller mean deposits on composite samples leaves as well as on fruits.

Variation in spray quality did not greatly affect the efficiency or macro-distribution of deposition from the axial fan sprayer.

In the spray quality the overall grand mean deposits on composite leaf samples in the 1997 experiment was 50% greater than in the 1998.

The ratio of deposits on sampling zones close to the sprayer (zone 1 and 4) were greater in experiment.

The VF treatment gave significantly smaller mean deposits on composite samples leaves as well as on fruits.

Variation in spray quality did not greatly affect the efficiency or macro-distribution of deposition from the axial fan sprayer.