Sprawling Brazilian Urbanisation

7/31/2019 Sprawling Brazilian Urbanisation

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ulkiiìc ì B}q`wàk

K}wjfq? Bjq`rwìk Qkrn}rrmi

R}umqt`rfq? Nkq`k [}tkic L}ig Tmrwmqckkqg

I}namq fd ukcmr? 27 ukcmr

I}namq fd kuumig`zmr? 1 kuumig`zmr

Bftmq? T`ms fd B}q`wàk, dqfn wjm Wfqqm Ukifqán`bk ‒ ;:wj

Rmuwmnamq 15;; *u`bw}qm wkhmi ap wjm k}wjfq)

Wjm bfiwmiw fd wjm kqw`blm `r dqmmlp ktk`lkalm, a}w bki filp am u}al`rjmg *s`wj uqfumq ìg`bkw`fi fd rf}qbm) s`wj wjm

umqn`rr`fi fd wjm k}wjfq



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}qaki`rkw`fi fd `wr b`w`mr *@ACM, 155;) ]rìc wjm mzumq`mibmr fd B}q`wàk kig ki mzknulm fd

uqfombw sfqhmg fi g}qìc np wqkìmmrjù kw Ok`nm Lmqimq Krrfb`kwmg Kqbj`wmbwr *OLKK), @

sf}lg l`hm wf mzknìm wj`r wmigmibp fd }qaki ruqksl ì Aqk`l`ki b`w`mr, kig `gmiw`dp wjm

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b`wp bmiwqmr, jmqmap wjm qmjka`l`wkw`fi kig qmiftkw`fi fd wjm mz`rwìc }qaki rukbmr s`wjì

wjm b`wp kig `wr ìdqkrwq}bw}qmr, s`ll bfiwqà}wm wf k r}rwkìkalm kig l`tmkalm }qaki

gmtmlfunmiw, ì qmrufirm wf wjm b}qqmiw bjkllmicmr fd }qaki ruqksl Wjm kqw`blm s`ll }rm wjm

wjmfq`mr kig uqkbw`bmr fd ‚]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm‐; nmw kig kuul`mg kw wjm wqkìmmrjù r`wm,

rfnmjfs amìc ì wjm rknm gq`dw kr wjmfq`mr kig uqkbw`bmr uqmrmiw ì wjm b}qqmiw M}qfumki

kig Ifqwj Knmq`bki }qaki ulkiiìc *mc Oki Cmjl, Hmtì Lpibj, Okim Okbfar) *A}rbh,

Qkrn}rrmi, $ Rhftrjflw, 15;;) Dqfn wjm nfgmqi`rw`b nkrwmqulkir, nkgm ap `nufqwmg

M}qfumki ulkiimqr, wf b}qqmiw qmdmqmibmr nkgm wf wjm b`w`mr kig }qaki uqkbw`bmr ftmqrmkr,

Aqk`l`ki ulkiiìc j`rwfqp jkr ì cmimqkl ammi rwqficlp ìdl}mibmg ap wjm M}qfumki kig

Ifqwj Knmq`bki }qaki ulkiiìc wjmfq`mr kig wmigmib`mr *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550)

*Umqm`qk, 155:) Wjm b`w`mr wjmqm kqm bfir`gmqmg nfqm l`tmkalm kig r}rwkìkalm, kig }qaki

uqfombwr r}bj kr qmt`wkl`rkw`fi fd }qaki rukbmr, qmb}umqkw`fi kig wqkirdfqnkw`fi fd

gmcqkgmg kqmkr kqm fd ìwmqmrw *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) *Bkumllf, 15;;) Amdfqm rwkqwìc wj`r

ìtmrw`ckw`fi, `w rmmnr }rmd}l wf ufìw kw rfnm dkbwr fd }qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkiiìc ì Aqk`l,

ì fqgmq wf r`w}kwm wjm kiklpr`r ì `wr j`rwfq`bkl kig gmnfcqkuj`bkl bfiwmzw

]qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkiiìc ì Aqk`l

Wjm sfqlg wklhr kaf}w wjm q`rm fd Aqk`l fi wjm clfakl`rmg nkqhmwr? s`wj `wr mnmqcìcmbfifnp, wjm bf}iwqp klrf }igmqcfmr k gmnfcqkuj`b kig }qaki affn Amwsmmi ;0=5 kig

;0:5, ikw`fikl ufu}lkw`fi gf}almg kig Aqk`l rjfsr, rìbm ;0=5, k gmcqmm fd }qaki`rkw`fi

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}qaki kqmkr g}m wf a`qwj ìbqmkrm, wjm kgg`w`fi fd uqmt`f}r q}qkl kqmkr ì wjm bf}iwìc fd

}qaki`rmg lkig, kig wjm n`cqkw`fir wf b`w`mr *@ACM, 155;) Aq}cnkii *1550) ufìwr kw wjm

gmnfcqkuj`b rj`dw g}m wf wjm }qaki n`cqkw`fir fd wjm rmbfig jkld fd wjm 15 wj bmiw}qp? `w

qk`rmr wjm gmnkig kig uqmrr}qm fi wjm }qaki ìdqkrwq}bw}qm kig jf}rìc *Aq}cnkii, 1550)

*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Mz`rwìc rwq}bw}qmr kig cftmqikibm jktm wf mtfltm ì fqgmq wf d`w wjm

ims bjkllmicmr fd wjm b`wp *Aq}cnkii, 1550), sj`bj `r l`hmlp wf gmtmlfu ims }qaki dfqnr

kig nfqujflfc`mr Lkwmlp, “b`w`mr cqms lkqcmlp ampfig f}q bfiwqfl, ìmdd`b`miwlp kig uqfalmnkw`bkllp „ *Aq}cnkii, 1550), kr rwkhmjflgmqr dk`lmg wf }igmqrwkig, ulki kig gmr`ci

ì qmrumbw s`wj wj`r }qaki cqfswj, wf gmtmlfu sjkw jm bkllr “ wjm akr`b uqkbw`bmr fd }qaki`rn

wf t`kalp bqmkwm k B`wp s`wj lmrr uftmqwp, lmrr ìm{}kl`wp, kig lmrr mit`qfinmiwkl

gmcqkgkw`fi „ *Aq}cnkii, 1550)

;‚]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm‐ `r k bfnaìkw`fi fd }qaki ulkiiìc wjmfqp kig kib`miw Kr`ki b}qìc nmwjfgr

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wjm rknm `rr}mr fd l`tmka`l`wp, rfb`kl kig mit`qfinmiwkl r}rwkìka`l`wp, `gmiw`wp kig `nkcm fd rukbmr, ulkbm.nkhìc, kig rf fi *A}rbh, Qkrn}rrmi, $ Rhftrjflw, 15;;)



7

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ulkiiìc s`wj wjm nfgmqi`rw`b ulkiiìc, dfllfsmg ap df}q wmigmib`mr Wjm d`qrw wmigmibp, wjm

n`l`wkqp kig wmbjifbqkw`b ulkiiìc, skr wjm fim uqfnfwmg }igmq wjm n`l`wkqp qmc`nm fd wjm

d`qrw jkld fd wjm 15wj bmiw}qp @nufqwmg Dqmibj nfgmqi`rw`b }qaki`rn rmqtmg dfq mzknulm wjm

wfwkl`wkq`ki g`rbf}qrm fd wjm Mrwkgf Iftf 1 s`wj “wjm `gmk fd uqfnfwìc gmtmlfunmiw, rfb`kl

g`rbùlìm, kig fqgmq wjqf}cj }qaki gmr`ci „ *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550, uu 1.2) Wjm

mdd`b`mibp, d}ibw`fikl`rn kig wmbjifbqkbp fd nfgmqi`rn d`wwmg wjm ufsmq rwq}bw}qm fd wjm

n`l`wkqp qmc`nm, fddmqìc ki }qaki`rn fd rmcqmckwmg lkig }rm, qmnkqhkalm u}al`b sfqhr kig

b`wp ìdqkrwq}bw}qm gmr`cimg dfq uq`tkwm tmj`blmr, kr `ll}rwqkwmg ap wjm nkrwmqulki fd

Kldqmg Kckbjm dfq Q`f gm Okim`qf uqfufrmg ì ;022 *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550) A}w wjm

rfb`kl g`nmir`fi fd }qaki ulkiiìc lkbhmg?

“G}m wf k lkbh fd }igmqrwkigìc fd wjm rfb`kl g`nmir`fi fd gmtmlfunmiw, wmbjif.

qkw`fikl ikw`fikl ulkiiìc g`g ifw kbbf}iw dfq wjm ukbm fd n`cqkw`fi wf lkqcm b`w`mr kig

wjm mzukir`fi fd u`qkwm r}ag`t`r`fir kig dktmlkr ì nkofq b`w`mr„ *gml Q`f $R`mna`mgk, 1550, u ;2)

Wjm rmbfig wmigmibp fd gmnfbqkw`b ulkiiìc qmkbwr fi wjm }qaki lkig rumb}lkw`fi, rukw`kl

dqkcnmiwkw`fi kig rfb`kl rmcqmckw`fi? dfb}r `r g`qmbwmg wfskqgr nmwjfgr kig uqfbmrrmr,

s`wj rfb`kl kwwmiw`fi fi bfnn}i`w`mr kig wjm mnmqcmibm fd kqbj`wmbw}qkl kig b}lw}qkl

uqmrmqtkw`fi Ifimwjmlmrr wjm ì`w`kw`tmr qmkbj f}w filp wf k nìfq`wp fd wjm ufu}lkw`fi *gml

Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550) Wjm wj`qg wmigmibp `r bjkqkbwmq`rmg ap }qaki ìwmqtmiw`fir? wjm

bkrm fd B}q`wàk `r k cffg mzknulm fd bfiwì}f}r `nulmnmiwkw`fi fd tkq`f}r ìwmqtmiw`fir

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kqbj`wmbwr kig ulkiimqr sfqhìc dfq uq`tkwm ìtmrwfqr, u}al`b ulkiimqr fq gmtmlfumqr?

bfiwqfllmg mit`qfinmiwr, bfiwqfllmg kbbmrrà`l`wp, rmukqkw`fi fd u}al`b kig uq`tkwm qmklnr

kqm wjm bfirm{}mibmr umqbm`tkalm ì b}qqmiw Aqk`l`ki b`w`mr *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550)

*Fo`nk $ Nkqkigflk Oq, 1550) Jmqms`wj Aqk`l`ki }qaki`rn `r uqmrmiwmg kr ul}qkl`rw`b kig

n}lw`dkbmwmg, ìdl}mibmg ap uqfbmrrmr fd clfakl`rkw`fi kig gmnfbqkw`rkw`fi, kig rj`dwìc

amwsmmi ulkiiìc ukqkg`cnr?

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ukqkg`cn fd bfnn`wnmiw wf nfgmqi`rn, Aqk`l jkr nftmg wfskqg k {}mrw dfq gmnfbqkbp kig rfb`kl m{}`wp wjqf}cj b`wp a}`lgìc„ *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550, u ;)

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wjm nmwqfufl`wki dqìcmr, qm`wmqkwìc wjm wmigmibp dfq nkrwmqulkiiìc kig qmrwq}bw}qìc wjm

nmwqfufl`rmr Kbbfqgìc wf gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk *1550), wjm b`w`mr dkbm wjm q`rh fd lfrìc `wr

hmp qflm kr ujpr`bkl rukbm dfq k bfllmbw`t`wp, sjmi kbhifslmgcìc wjm lfrr fd u}al`b ulkbmr

g}m wf wjm fiìc kig rmcqmckw`fi fd b`w`mr *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550) Ifimwjmlmrr

1

Wjm Mrwkgf Iftf qmdmqr wf wjm g`bwkwfq`kl umq`fg amwsmmi ;023 kig ;07=, }igmq wjm uqmr`gmiw Cmwÿl`f Tkqckr*Aq`wkii`bk, 15;1)



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rmtmqkl k}wjfqr `gmiw`dp b`w`mr kr amìc wjm rf}qbm fd fuufqw}i`w`mr wf bf}iwmqkbw imckw`tm

mddmbwr fd }qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkiiìc *Nkqwìm, 155:)?

“Wjm rwqmmw, wjm r{}kqm, wjm r`gmsklh, wjm ukqh, kig wjm amkbj s`ll klskpr am

d}igknmiwkl ulkbmr dfq rfb`kl`kw`fi kig ul}qkl`wp, kig wj}r dfq Aqk`l`ki }qaki`rn„ *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550, u 27)

Wj`r f}wlìmr wj}r wjm mtfl}w`fi fd Aqk`l`ki }qaki`rn kig klqmkgp qmtmklr krumbwr fd }qaki

ruqksl, sj`bj wj`r kqw`blm mzulfqmr s`wj k gmukqwìc ufìw ì wjm ulkiiìc wmigmib`mr?

rmcqmckwmg ulkiiìc, gmtmlfunmiw fd cqmkw ìdqkrwq}bw}qmr, lkig }rm rumb}lkw`fi,

mnmqcmibm fd ìdfqnkl r}ag`t`r`fir kig rmwwlmnmiwr Jktìc ifs k amwwmq hifslmgcm fd wjm

ulkiiìc bfiwmzw fd Aqk`l ì cmimqkl, `w `r imbmrrkqp wf uì gfsi rfnm krumbwr fd wjm

ulkiiìc bfiwmzw kig uqfombwr ì B}q`wàk Wjm b`wp `r ki ìwmqikw`fikl qmdmqmibm ì wmqnr fd

ulkiiìc, wjf}cj `w `r dkbìc wjm rknm bjkllmicmr kr fwjmq bfiwmnufqkqp Aqk`l`ki b`w`mr

]qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkiiìc ì B}q`wàk

Wjm rwkwm fd Ukqkië *Nku ;) mzumq`mibmg `wr gmnfcqkuj`b affn kig }qaki`rkw`fi kw wjm

rknm w`nm kr wjm qmrw fd wjm bf}iwqp, klwjf}cj wjm Rf}wjmqi qmc`fir, mrumb`kllp Q`f gm

Okim`qf kig Ukqkië hmuw wjm`q gmcqmm fd }qaki`rkw`fi sj`lm fwjmq rwkwmr‐ }qaki`rkw`fi skr

rlfsìc gfsi @i 1555, `w rw`ll jkg wjm wj`qg a`ccmrw }qaki`rkw`fi qkwm fd :5,07- Wjm

nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi fd B}q`wàk `r kr smll fim fd wjfrm hmmuìc `wr }qaki cqfswj kw k qkwm fd

2- ì wjm lkrw pmkqr *@ACM, 155;) Jmqms`wj wjm }qaki cqfswj fd wjm ;035‐r `r rw`ll fuufrìc

`wr mddmbwr fi wjm b`wp, mrumb`kllp ì wmqnr fd jf}rìc gmd`b`w *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;)



4

Nku ;? Lfbkl`rkw`fi fd wjm rwkwm Ukqkië, wjm nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi kig b`wp fd B}q`wàk ‒ 1554 *@UU]B, 1550, u ;2)

@i wmqnr fd ulkiiìc j`rwfqp, wjm d`qrw ulki wqpìc wf rwq}bw}qm wjm b`wp kig `wr cqfswj `r

}r}kllp bfir`gmqmg wf am wjm nkrwmqulki gmr`cimg ap wjm Dqmibj micìmmq Kldqmg Kckbjm, ì

;072 @w k`nmg dfq bfibmiwq`b mzukir`fi fd wjm b`wp kig wjm bqmkw`fi fd k qkg`kl ìdqkrwq}bw}qm

dfq wqkirufqwkw`fi, kr rjfsi fi wjm j`rwfq`bkl nku ì D`c}qm ;



3

D`c}qm ;? Ulki Kckbjm, ;072 *@UU]B, 15;; *K))

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Wjm ulki qmrufigmg wf wjm w`nm‐r bficmrw`fi uqfalmnr kig wjm b`wp‐r immg dfq rukw`kl

fqcki`rkw`fi? wjm qmr}lw skr wjm fqcki`rkw`fi fd a}`lw kqmkr kqf}ig bmiwqkl`rmg bfnnmqb`kl

d}ibw`fir, r}bj kr ì fwjmq Aqk`l`ki b`w`mr *Bkqgfrf, 15;;) A}w }qaki `nn`cqkw`fi kig

mbfifn`b cqfswj bkllmg rffi dfq kifwjmq rfl}w`fi? g`dd`b}lw kbbmrr kig bficmrw`fi fd wjm

bmiwqm ambknm wjmi bfirm{}mibmr wf wjm bfibmiwq`b rwq}bw}qm *Bkqgfrf, 15;;) *Qftki` $

Hmqì, 15;;) Wjm nkrwmqulki fd ;044, wjm Ulkif g`qmbwfq 2 , uqfufrmg wj}r k lìmkq

gmtmlfunmiw fd wjm b`wp, klfic Ifqwj.Rf}wj kig Smrw.Mkrw kzmr ambfnìc rwq}bw}qkl

bfqq`gfqr *qmg kzmr fi Nku 1), sjmqm k AQW7 rprwmn skr gmtmlfumg klfic s`wj qmc}lkw`fir

dfq lkig }rm, kig k rumb`kl qfkg imwsfqh akrmg fi k wqìkqp qfkg rprwmn *D`c}qm 1) Wjm

bfibmiwq`b rwq}bw}qm skr hmuw kr k rprwmn fd lìhìc qìcr, sjmqm wjm @iwmqak`qqfr = q}i

*cqmmi b`qblmr fi Nku 1) *@UU]B, 15;; *A))

2Wjm d`qrw nkrwmqulki smqm mrwkal`rjmg ì ;044, qmt`rmg ì 1557 *@UU]B, 15;; *A))

7AQW rwkigr dfq A}r Qku`g Wqkirufqwkw`fi, kig jktm ammi `nulmnmiwmg ì B}q`wàk d`qrw ì ;037, wjmi ì fwjmq

gmtmlfuìc b`w`mr r}bj kr Afcfwk @w qmdmqr wf k a}r wqkirufqwkw`fi rprwmn s`wj j`cjmq bkukb`wp fd ukrrmicmqwqkirufqwkw`fi, fdwmi bfnukqmg wf k ‚nmwqf.a}r‐8 `wr cqmkwmq rummg `r uqft`gmg ap wjm rumb`kl `nulmnmiwkw`fi fd

uq`fq`wp lkimr, ukpnmiw amdfqm afkqgìc, a`.kqw`b}lkwmg tmj`blmr, mwb *@UU]B, 15;; *A)) =Wjm @iwmqak`qqfr kqm wjm a}rmr q}iiìc amwsmmi wjm im`cjaf}qjffgr, b`qblìc wjm b`wp bmiwqm



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Nku 1? Qfkg imwsfqh dqfn wjm Ulkif G`qmwfq ‒ ;004 *@UU]B, 15;; *K))



0

D`c}qm 1? Wqìkqp qfkg rprwmn ì B}q`wàk *@UU]B, 15;; *A), u ;5)

Jmqms`wj B}q`wàk tklfq`rmg kbbmrr wf wjm b`wp bmiwqm dfq wjfrm l`tìc imzw wf wjm

wqkirufqwkw`fi kzmr kig dfq n`gglm kig sfqhìc blkrrmr l`tìc imzw wf wjm umqùjmqklwmqnìklr Wjmqms`wj `w kbbfnul`rjmg ki ìwmcqkwmg dfb}r fi wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl g`nmir`fi fd

wjm }qaki ulkiiìc, ì k umq`fg sj`bj rw`ll skr cmimqkllp ìdl}mibmg ap wfwkl`wkq`ki kig

nfgmqi ulkiiìc Wj`r wqkirufqwkw`fi uqfombw `r wjm nfrw dknf}r fd wjfrm `nulmnmiwmg ì

B}q`wàk, ambk}rm `w ìwmcqkwmg nkip }qaki`rkw`fi `rr}mr ì fim nfgml *gml Q`f $

R`mna`mgk, 1550)?

“B}q`wàk w`mg b`wp cqfswj, fiìc, kig j`cjmq gmir`w`mr wf ki ìwmcqkwmg u}al`b

wqkirufqwkw`fi rprwmn kig rwq}bw}qkl kzmr„ *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550, u 1;)

D}qwjmqnfqm, wjm kzmr smqm gmr`cimg ì k clfakl umqrumbw`tm, ìwmcqkwìc kr smll }qaki

dmkw}qmr r}bj kr wjm ukqhr, wjm ìg}rwq`kl b`wp kig bfnn}i`wp bmiwqmr *Bkqgfrf, 15;;)

Dìkllp }qaki ìwmqtmiw`fir fbb}qqmg amwsmmi ;035 kig ;005, ì qmlkw`fi wf wjm wmqn fd

Ok`nm Lmqimq kw wjm B`wp Uqmdmbw}qm4, kig wf wjm bqmkw`fi fd @UU]B3 ì ;047 Uqfombwr r}bj

kr wjm bqmkw`fi fd umgmrwq`ki kqmkr ì wjm b`wp bmiwqm *`m Q}k ZT gm Iftmnaqf kig Lkqcf

4Wjm B`wp Uqmdmbw}qm `r wjm Aqk`l`ki m{}`tklmiw fd wjm N}i`bùkl`wp ì M}qfum kig qmdmqr wf wjm

ufl`w`bkl kig kgnì`rwqkw`tm ufsmq ì wjm b`wp3

@UU]B *@irw`w}wf gm Umr{}`rk m Ulkimoknmiwf ]qakif gm B}q`wàk ) `r wjm u}al`b fqcki fd }qakiqmrmkqbj kig ulkiiìc ì B}q`wàk, ìrw`ckwmg ap k wmkn fd uqfdmrr`fiklr *mc kqbj`wmbwr, }qakiulkiimqr, rfb`flfc`rwr, kiwjqfuflfc`rwr, mbfifn`rwr) ì ;047 @w bfnuqmjmigr wjqmm rmbw`fir?

cmfgkwk, }qaki`rn kig kqbj`wmbw}qm @wr qflm `r wf nkikcm, gmtmlfu kig mzmb}wm wjm ulkiiìc ìB}q`wàk, k}wfifnf}rlp dqfn ufl`w`bkl nkwwmqr *Bkqgfrf, 15;;) *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;)



;5

gk Fqgmn ), wjm gqkìkcm kig dlffgìc bfiwqfl wjqf}cj wjm bqmkw`fi fd ukqhr kqf}ig wjm b`wp

q`tmqr, wjm ìbqmkrm fd cqmmi rukbm umq bku`wk wjqf}cj wjm tklfq`rkw`fir fd ulkiwmg u}al`b

r{}kqmr kig rwqmmwr, wjm skrwm nkikcmnmiw kig tkq`f}r rfb`f.b}lw}qkl }qaki uqfombwr

dfb}rìc fi }qaki kig b}lw}qkl jmq`wkcm kig `gmiw`wp, bfnulmwm wjm ìwmcqkwmg kuuqfkbj wf

wjm ulkiiìc kig nkikcmnmiw fd B}q`wàk *Bkqgfrf, 15;;) *Lmqimq, 15;; *K)) L`wmqkw}qm fi

wjm b`wp `gmiw`d`mr wjm cmimqkl rwqkwmcp dfq B}q`wàk kr sfqhìc, s`wjì k clfakl umqrumbw`tm,

fi wjm mz`rwìc ufwmiw`klr kig hmmuìc bjmku kig lfs.wmbj rfl}w`fir *NbHàami, ;00=) Wjm

clfakl umqrumbw`tm `r ifwkalm kr smll ì wjm ìwmcqkw`fi fd nkip }qaki rwkhmjflgmqr? wjm

gmtmlfunmiw wmkn fd Ok`nm Lmqimq kbwmg ì bfllkafqkw`fi s`wj ìrw`w}w`fikl fqckir r}bj kr

@UU]B, ]QAR: kig fwjmq N}i`bùkl Rmbqmwkq`kwr *Lmqimq, 15;; *K)) Wjm r}bbmrr kig

qmu}wkw`fi fd wjm uqfombwr ì B}q`wàk kbw`tkwm wjm b}q`fr`wp kaf}w sjkw wjmfq`mr kig nmwjfgr

kqm amjìg wjm uqkbw`bmr, uqfnfwmg akbh wjmi Hifsìc wjm bfiwqà}w`fi fd Ok`nm Lmqimq

kig j`r wmkn wf wjfrm uqfombwr, kig ìdl}mibmg ap np sfqh kw OLKK, wjm kqw`blm s`ll lffh

blfrmq kw wjm ulkiiìc kuuqfkbj kuul`mg jmqm Wjm }qaki uqkbw`bm farmqtmg ì B}q`wàk ì

wjm ukrw `r jmqm kqc}mg wf jktm ufwmiw`klr kig dfb}rmr, sj`bj wjm d}w}qm ulkiiìc fd wjm b`wp

immgr wf qmbfci`rm ‒ kckì Kdwmq kll, wjfrm uqfombwr wffh ulkbm kw k w`nm sjmqm wjm

}qaki`rkw`fi fd B}q`wàk skr wjqmm w`nmr j`cjmq wjki wjm sfqlgs`gm }qaki`rkw`fi qkwm kig

wjm b`wp cqfswj a`ccmq wjki kipsjmqm ì Aqk`l *Aq}cnkii, 1550) Amdfqm uqfbmmgìc, wjm

dfllfsìc rmbw`fi s`ll gmrbqàm wjm nmwjfgflfc`bkl rwmur fd wjm kiklpr`r

G@RB]RR@IC NMWJFGR KIG RF]QBMR

Wf ìtmrw`ckwm wjm qmkl`wp fd ulkiiìc ì Aqk`l `r k j}cm wkrh, afwj c`tmi wjm r`m fd wjm

bf}iwqp, kig c`tmi wjm bfnulmz`wp fd `wr }qaki cftmqikibm *A}qgmww $ Ifskh, 155:) Wjm

kqw`blm wkhmr wj}r k gmukqwìc ufìw ì wjm Aqk`l`ki bfiwmzw fd }qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkiiìc,qmt`msìc l`wmqkw}qm fi wjm cmimqkl Aqk`l`ki }qaki ulkiiìc wmigmib`mr kig `rr}mr, amdfqm

w}qiìc `wr dfb}r wf B}q`wàk Wjm kiklpr`r s`ll ìtmrw`ckwm wsf f}wlffhr?

; R}bj kr fwjmq Aqk`l`ki nmwqfufl`rmr, B}q`wàk, kr k nfgml fd r}rwkìkalm ulkiiìc

kig ìwmcqkwmg rfb`f.rukw`kl gmtmlfunmiw, `r r}aombw wf }ibfiwqfllmg cqfswj kig

rmcqmckw`fi, jmqmap mzumq`mibìc wjm bjkllmicm fd ruqkslìc }qaki`rkw`fi kig `r

r}ddmqìc dqfn wjm lkbh fd bfiwì}f}r dfb}r fi `wr mz`rwìc ìdqkrwq}bw}qmr *r}bj kr

uqkbw`rmg ì wjm ;045.;005‐r)

1 B}q`wàk immgr wf dfb}r kckì fi wjm bmiwqkl rukbmr kig d}ibw`fir fd wjm b`wp, jmqmap

kbw`tkwìc `wr bmiwqkl u}al`b ulkbmr kig `wr }qaki l`dm, kig c`tìc wjm hmp dfq nkikcìcbfiwì}f}rlp `wr }qaki`rkw`fi kig cqfswj

D`qrwlp wjm ìtmrw`ckw`fi s`ll wj}r `gmiw`dp kig gmdìm wjm ruqkslìc wmigmibp farmqtmg ì

B}q`wàk, jmlumg ap qmt`msmg wjmfq`mr fi }qaki ruqksl Wjmi `w s`ll g`rb}rr wjm rmbfig ufìw

akrmg fi wjmfq`mr fd ‚]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm‐ kig l`tmka`l`wp fd u}al`b ulkbmr, j`cjl`cjwìc

uqkbw`bmr wjkw jktm rjfsi qmnkqhkalm qmr}lwr ì wjm ukrw Wjm kqw`blm k`nr wf qmtmkl wjm

ufwmiw`klr s`wjì wjm b`wp bmiwqm, ì fuufr`w`fi wf g`rumqrmg kig }ibfiwqfllmg }qaki`rkw`fi

:]QAR *]qaki`kãâf gm B}q`wàk ) `r wjm uq`tkwm.u}al`b fqcki fd wqkirufqwkw`fi ulkiiìc ì B}q`wàk

Bfibqmwmlp `w wkhmr bkqm fd rwqkwmc`b }qaki ìwmqtmiw`fir kig nkikcmnmiw fd wqkirufqw rmqt`bmr fdwjm b`wp *]QAR, 15;;)



;;

Dfb}r `r jmlg fi wjm ujpr`bkl ulkiiìc fd B}q`wàk, a}w `w `r fat`f}r wjkw ufl`w`bkl, mbfifn`b

kig rfb`kl qmkl`w`mr kqm ìwmqwsìmg ì wjm b`wp ulkiiìc, ìdl}mibìc `w rwqficlp *Umqm`qk,

155:) *A}qgmww $ Ifskh, 155:)? umqrumbw`tmr kaf}w sjmqm wf r}rwkì wj`r dfb}r fi b`wp

bmiwqm qmtklfq`rkw`fi s`ll wj}r bfibl}gm wjm ìtmrw`ckw`fi

Wjqf}cjf}w wjm kiklpr`r, l`wmqkw}qm sj`bj jkr gmu`bwmg wjm mtfl}w`fi fd wjm b`wp‐r ulkiiìc `r

bfidqfiwmg s`wj ìdfqnkw`fi fi wjm bfiwmnufqkqp ulkiiìc? gkwk kig qmufqwr dqfn @ACM0,

@UU]B kig U]BUQ;5 kqm bqfrrmg s`wj wjm fuì`fir fd u}al`b ulkiimqr *@UU]B), uq`tkwm

ulkiimqr *OLKK), kig wqkirufqwkw`fi bfir}lwkiwr *@OL;;), kig cmimqkl l`wmqkw}qm kaf}w

B}q`wàk Ki mzknulm fd uqfombw dqfn wjm wqkìmmrjù r`wm s`ll am }rmg wf lìh wjm qmkl`wp fd

B}q`wàk s`wj ulkiiìc ì fwjmq ulkbmr fd Aqk`l, wf ufìw kw wjm g`ddmqmibmr kig r`n`lkq`w`mr

D}qwjmqnfqm, kr wj`r kqw`blm blfrmr k wjqmm nfiwj wqkìmmrjù kw OLKK, r`wm t`r`wr kig

nmmwìcr *mc Dktmlk t`r`w s`wj ki }qaki ulkiimq kig rfb`kl krr`rwkiw dqfn BFJKA ;1),

mzumq`mibmr kig bfitmqrkw`fir s`wj bfllmkc}mr jktm ammi tkl}kalm dfq wjm }igmqrwkigìc

fd ulkiiìc `rr}mr ì B}q`wàk mrumb`kllp, kig Aqk`l cmimqkllp Wjmp jktm wj}r ammi wkhmiìwf bfir`gmqkw`fi ì wjm kqc}nmiwr Dìkllp `w `r `nufqwkiw wf hmmu ki mpm fi wjm r}aombw`t`wp

fd ìdfqnkw`fi bfnìc dqfn wjm ìwmqt`msmmr Nk}qf Nkcikafrbf, }qaki ulkiimq kw @UU]B,

skr ìwmqt`msmg ì fqgmq wf }igmqrwkig amwwmq wjm b}qqmiw r`w}kw`fi fd B}q`wàk kig wjm

b}qqmiw dfb}r fd u}al`b ulkiimqr sfqhìc kw @UU]B *rmm Kuumig`z K) Jm `r wjf}cj af}ig wf

wjm mz`rwmiw ufl`w`bkl kcmigk kig rwkibm? klwjf}cj jm qmdmqqmg mzul`b`wlp wf j`r fsi fuì`fir

}igmq wjm ìwmqt`ms, j`r t`ms fi ulkiiìc ì B}q`wàk `r cmimqkllp ufr`w`tm Wjm uq`tkwm

ulkiiìc wmkn fd Ok`nm Lmqimq, ìwmqt`msmg ap wjm qmrmkqbj cqf}u dqfn U]BUQ ì 15;;,

kig wjm wsf wqkirufqwkw`fi bfir}lwkiwr dqfn @OL *rmm Kuumig`z A ;2), rjfsr r`n`lkqlp wjm`q

lfpklwp wf wjm }qaki ufl`w`br lmkg akbh ì wjm pmkqr ;045.;005;7, kig wf wjm }qaki uqkbw`bm fd

wjm fdd`bm Ifimwjmlmrr wjm ìwmqt`msr rw`ll aqìc ki ìr`cjw ì wjm ulkiiìc fd B}q`wàk kig

qmtmkl wjm gqmknr fd wjm ìwmqt`msmg ulkiimqr kaf}w d}w}qm }qaki ìwmqtmiw`fir kig

ìtmrwnmiwr

WJMFQMW@BKL QMT@MS

Kr nmiw`fimg uqmt`f}rlp, nkip b}qqmiw }qaki bjkllmicmr *mc rfb`kl ìm{}kl`wp, nfa`l`wp,

rkdmwp kig ufll}w`fi) kqm krrfb`kwmg s`wj g`rumqrìc }qaki`rkw`fi? ì j`r kqw`blm kaf}w wjm

0@ACM *@irw`w}wf Aqkr`lm`qf gm Cmfcqkd`k m Mrwkwîrw`bk ) `r wjm ìrw`w}w`fi dfq rwkw`rw`bkl kig cmfcqkuj`bkl gkwk

kaf}w Aqk`l;5 U]BUQ *Ufiw`dîb`k ]i`tmqr`gkgm Bkwòl`bk gf Ukqkië ) `r wjm rwkwm bkwjfl`b }i`tmqr`wp, lfbkwmg ì B}q`wàk,bfnuqmjmigìc k dkb}lwp fd kqbj`wmbw}qm kig }qaki ulkiiìc kig k uqfcqkn fd ufrw.cqkg}kw`fi ì }qakinkikcmnmiw;;

@OL *@irw`w}wf Ok`nm Lmqimq ) `r wjm bfir}lwkibp fdd`bm sfqhìc ì ukqkllml s`wj OLKK, mrumb`kllp kbwìc ìnkwwmqr fd wqkirufqwkw`fi kig nfa`l`wp;1

BFJKA *Bfnukij`k gm Jka`wkãâf Ufu}lkq gm B}q`wàk ) `r wjm u}al`b.uq`tkwm fqcki, bqmkwmg ì ;047,qmrufiràlm dfq wjm mzmb}w`fi fd wjm rfb`kl jf}rìc ufl`w`b ì B}q`wàk @wr qflm ruqmkgr dqfn wjm nkikcmnmiw fdwjm n}i`bùkl jf}rìc d}ig *kr dìkib`kl kcmiw) wf wjm qmkl`rkw`fir fd ulkir kig uqfombwr *kr mzmb}w`fi kcmiw)lìhmg wf jf}rìc uqfcqknr, r}bj kr wjm }qaki`rkw`fi fd dktmlkr , wjm qmlfbkw`fi fd mzufrmg dkn`l`mr kig wjmqmc}lkq`rkw`fi fd `qqmc}lkq lkig fbb}ukw`fir *BFJKA, 15;; *K));2

Wj`r ìwmqt`ms skr d`qrwlp bkqq`mg f}w wf dmmg np fsi mzumq`mibm kig }igmqrwkigìc fd wqkirufqwkw`fiulkiiìc kig j`rwfqp ì B}q`wàk Wjm ìwmqmrw dfq wjm kqw`blm fbb}qqmg klfic wjm ìwmqt`ms kig o}rw`d`mr `wr }rmkr rf}qbm ì wj`r ìtmrw`ckw`fi;7

Wj`r umq`fg qmdmq wf wjm umq`fg sjmqm Ok`nm Lmqimq kig j`r wmkn jkg k g`rwìbw u}al`b kig ufl`w`bkl ufsmq fi

wjm }qaki ìwmqtmiw`fir }igmqwkhmi ì B}q`wàk @w qmdmqr wf wjm bqmkw`fi fd @UU]B kig wjm nkigkwm fd Ok`nmLmqimq kr Uqmdmbw fd B}q`wàk kig Rwkwm Cftmqifq fd Ukqkië



;1

g`nmir`fir fd }qaki ruqksl, Fo`nk *1553) }igmqlìmr wjkw jmktp gmnfcqkuj`b cqfswj s`ll

lmkg wf }qaki mzukir`fi, wkhìc g`ddmqmiw dfqnr s`wj tkqpìc rfb`kl kig mit`qfinmiwkl

`nukbwr *Fo`nk, 1553) Wjm gmdì`w`fi `r g`dd`b}lw kr kip g`rumqrmg }qaki`rkw`fi gfmr ifw

imbmrrkq`lp jktm wf am bfir`gmqmg kr ruqksl *Nkqwìm, 155:)? sjkw `r ruqksl wjmi6

Gmdììc kig `gmiw`dpìc }qaki ruqksl

Gmdì`w`fir fd ‚}qaki ruqksl‐ g`ddmq gmumigìc fi wjm dfb}r wjm k}wjfq jkg ì nìg Rf dkq,

kiklprmr ì Aqk`l kig Lkwì Knmq`bk jktm nfrwlp hmuw wjm dfb}r fi rfb`kl, mbfifn`b kig

ufl`w`bkl krumbwr fd wjm ujmifnmifi *Fo`nk, 1553) Fwjmq qmrmkqbjmr jktm dfb}rrmg fi wjm

ufl`b`mr fd }qaki cqfswj kig cmfcqkuj`bkl mbfifn`br, ìtmrw`ckwìc wjm qmlkw`fir amwsmmi

wjm mbfifn`mr fd wjm bmiwqkl b`wp bfqm kig wjm nmwqfufl`wki b`wp dqìcm *Rkrrmi, 155:)

‚Ruqksl‐ `r wjmi klrf g`dd`b}lw wf {}kiw`dp kr `w uqmrmiwr n}lwùlm bjkqkbwmq`rw`br, kig kr mkbj

b`wp n`cjw uqmrmiw wjmn wf tkq`f}r gmcqmmr *Ofjirfi, 155;) Wj`r wjmfqp qmt`ms fi }qaki

ruqksl f}wlìmr rfnm mlmnmiwr wjkw s`ll kllfs }r wf `gmiw`dp wjm mz`rwmibm fd }qaki ruqksl ì

B}q`wàk ì wjm dfllfsìc rmbw`fir

@i qmufqwr dqfn ]qaki Kcm Rf}wj Knmq`bk Bfidmqmibm ì Râf Uk}lf, `rr}mr fd rkdmwp,

rmb}q`wp, nfa`l`wp kig rfb`kl m{}`wp kqm ufìwmg kr nkì bjkllmicmr fd Rf}wj Knmq`bki

b`w`mr Wjfrm `rr}mr kqm nmiw`fimg kr bfirm{}mibmr fd }ibfiwqfllmg kig ifi.g`qmbwmg

}qaki cqfswj, g}m wf lkbh fd ulkiiìc, ufl`bp kig r}rwkìkalm }qaki nkikcmnmiw *Qfgm $

A}qgmww, 1550) *A}qgmww $ Ifskh, 155:) Omqfmi Hlìh gmrbqàmr? “X․^ ì uqkbw`bm, wjm a}lh

fd Aqk`l`ki nmwqfufl`wki lkig nkqhmwr `r c}`gmg ap k ukwbjsfqh fd nkrwmqulkir wjkw jktm

ammi mlkafqkwmg fi wjm akr`r fd g`ddmqmiw bq`wmq`k kig nmwjfgflfc`mr, s`wjf}w ìbfqufqkwìc

k nfqm rwqkwmc`b t`ms fi wjm r}rwkìkalm gmtmlfunmiw fd wjm nmwqfufl`wki kqmkr „ *A}qgmww $

Ifskh, 155:, u :) Qmdmqqìc wf Fo`nk *1553), wjm wmqn ‚}qaki ruqksl‐ kuumkqmg ì wjm

]RK kig kuul`mr wf wjm “}ibfiwqfllmg mzukir`fi fd }qaki kcclfnmqkw`fir ì wjm n`g fd wjm

;045‐r, mrumb`kllp wjm g`rumqr`fi fd wjm r}a}qaki ukwwmqi fd }qaki`rkw`fi „/ *Fo`nk, 1553, u

13:) Um`rmq *;0:0) gmdìmr ‚ruqksl‐ kr ìmdd`b`miw kig g`rbfiwì}f}r }qaki mzukir`fi,

bjkqkbwmq`rmg ap k lfs.gmir`wp lkig fbb}ukw`fi *Um`rmq, ;0:0) Nkqwìm *155:) rumkhr kr

smll fd wjm wpu`bkl lfs.gmir`wp fd ruqkslìc rmwwlmnmiwr, lìhìc `w wf fim knfic nkip rukbm

bfir}nìc ukwwmqir *Nkqwìm, 155:) Fwwmirnkii *;033) bjkqkbwmq`rmr }qaki ruqksl kr k

ims rbkwwmqmg kig `rflkwmg qmr`gmiw`kl gmtmlfunmiw, rmukqkwmg dqfn wjm nmwqfufl`wki bfqm

ap tkbkiw lkig @w `r bfir`gmqmg kr k imckw`tm bfirm{}mibm fd }qaki`rkw`fi, s`wj imckw`tm

`nukbwr dfq wjm }qaki kig q}qkl mit`qfinmiw, r}bj kr ìbqmkrmg wqktmllìc, mimqcp }rm kig

ufll}w`fi Fwwmirnkii *;033) gfmr ifw qmbfci`m kip gmdìmg ujpr`bkl dfqn dfq }qaki

ruqksl, fwjmq wjki k g`ddmqmibm ì gmir`wp kw wjm b`wp dqìcm Jm j`cjl`cjwr wjm dqkcnmiwkw`fi

fd kbw`t`w`mr kig ìbqmkrmg g`rwkibmr wf rmqt`bmr kw wjm nmwqfufl`wki umqùjmqp, sj`bj

bfiwqà}wmr wf wjm akg mit`qfinmiwkl `nukbw fd ruqksl, kr smll kr wjm mbfifn`b kig rfb`kl

`nul`bkw`fir *Fwwmirnkii, ;033) @w rjfsr qku`glp wjkw }qaki ruqksl `r qkwjmq gmdìmg ap

rfnm farmqtkalm bjkqkbwmq`rw`b mlmnmiwr, kig wjkw wjm k}wjfqr nftm fi rs`dwlp wf gmu`bw kll

wjm imckw`tm mddmbwr fd wjm ujmifnmifi Wjm bjkqkbwmq`rw`br fd ruqkslìc }qaki`rkw`fi

sf}lg wj}r am lfs.gmir`wp, rmcqmckwmg, rbkwwmqmg kig g`rbfiwì}f}r }qaki rmwwlmnmiwr, bkq

gmumigmiw kig qmr`gmiw`kl kcclfnmqkw`fir, lfbkwmg kw wjm nmwqfufl`wki dqìcm Wjm



;2

bfirm{}mibmr kqm rfb`f.rukw`kl, mbfifn`b kig mit`qfinmiwkl, kig wjfrm kqm cmimqkllp wjm

fimr bq`w`b`rmg kr smll ap ulkiimqr;=?

“]qaki mzukir`fi ru}qqmg ap ufu}lkw`fi cqfswj nkp wkhm g`ddmqmiw dfqnr, s`wj

g`rwìbw bfirm{}mibmr dfq {}kl`wp fd l`dm, dfq wjm mit`qfinmiw kig dfq }qaki cftmqikibm„ *Kicml *1554) ì Nkqwìm, 155:, u 152)

A}w sjkw kqm wjfrm dfqnr kig sjkw cmimqkwmr }qaki ruqksl6 G`rb}rrìc s`wj np bfllmkc}mr

kw wjm wqkìmmrjù r`wm, @ umqbm`tmg wjkw }qaki ruqksl, ì wjm Aqk`l`ki lkic}kcm, `r fdwmi

qmdmqqmg wf kr }ibfiwqfllmg }qaki gmtmlfunmiw, ì fuufr`w`fi wf wjm bfiwqfllmg kig ulkiimg

b`wp8 wj`r kuumkqr kr smll ì wjm sfqh fd Fo`nk *1553) kaf}w wjm dfqnr fd ims Aqk`l`ki

}qaki kcclfnmqkw`fir *Fo`nk, 1553) Dms kqw`blmr jktm wj`r rukw`kl krumbw ì wjm`q

umqrumbw`tm r}bj kr Fo`nk *1553), sjf ìtmrw`ckwmr wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl krumbwr fd wjm

Aqk`l`ki ruqkslìc b`wp, kig bfnukqmr dfqnr fd }qaki g`rumqr`fi Jm r}ccmrwr ki ìgmz fd

ims Aqk`l`ki }qaki kcclfnmqkw`fi wpumr, bkwmcfq`rìc wjmn ì df}q wpumr fd g`rumqr`fi? wjmgmirm, wjm dqkcnmiwmg, wjm lìmkq kig wjm bmiwqkl kcclfnmqkw`fi, rjfsi ì D`c}qm 2 *Fo`nk,

1553) Gmir`wp *G`kcqknr ; kig 1, D`c}qm 2), kr k qmb}qqmiw ukqknmwmq wf `gmiw`dp ruqkslìc

kcclfnmqkw`fir, qmtmklr wjm wqkir`w`fi amwsmmi wjm gmirm }qaki bfqm kig wjm lfs.gmir`wp

umqùjmqp Dqkcnmiwkw`fi *G`kcqknr 2, = kig 4, D`c}qm 2) ìg`bkwmr k rf.bkllmg lmkudqfc

gmtmlfunmiw, fq g`rbfiwì}f}r }qaki`rkw`fi, ì gmbmiwqkl`rmg }qaki i}blm` bfnuqfn`rìc dfq

ìrwkibm wjm kcq`b}lw}qkl qmc`fir Lìmkq gmtmlfunmiw *G`kcqkn 7, D`c}qm 2) kuumkqr

cmimqkllp s`wj wjm uqmrmibm fd k ikw}qkl fq ìdqkrwq}bw}qkl mlmnmiw ì wjm lkigrbkum *mc

q`tmq fq qfkg) Bmiwqkl`wp qmdmqr wf bfnn}wìc ukwwmqir s`wjì wjm nmwqfufl`wki kqmk? k uflm

fd gmtmlfunmiw mz`rwr rmmnìclp sjmqm nfrw gmrwìkw`fir kqm lfbkwmg @w `r wj}r k

bfnaìkw`fi fd bmiwqkl`w`mr cmimqkwìc k uflpbmiwq`b }qaki gmtmlfunmiw, fdwmi kw wjm mgcmfd wjm b`wp *Imbjpak $ Sklrj, 1557) Wjm bfibmuw fd }qaki uflpbmiwq`rn `r ìwmqmrwìc wf

bfir`gmq dfq mzknulm ì bkrm fd g`rbfiwì}f}r nkrwmqulkiimg kcclfnmqkw`fir, sj`bj kqm

qmbqmkwìc k rnkll u`mbm fd }qaki`wp, kw k g`rwkibm dqfn wjm mz`rwìc }qaki bfqm;4 Wjfrm df}q

wpumr bfqqmrufig wf bjkqkbwmq`rw`br dfq `gmiw`dpìc }qaki ruqksl, kig nfrw fd bkrmr sf}lg

bfnuqmjmig k bfnaìkw`fi fd wjfrm g`rumqr`fi wpumr

;=]qaki ruqksl jkr `wr gmdmigmqr *Fwwmirnkii, ;033) kr smll, rwkwìc wjkw {}kl`wp fd l`dm `r cqkiwmg ap nfqm

ikw}qm, lmrr rwqmrr @gmkr fd lmktìc `w kll wf wjm nkqhmw‐r mbfifnp, kig wjkw mtmi wj`r skp, ruqksl bkirfnmjfs bk}rm k nfqm gmirm }qaki`rkw`fi ì wjm bmiwqm, ap lmkgìc “wjm lkig nkqhmw rmmh `wr ikw}qkl lmtml fd

gmir`wp „ *Um`rmq, ;0:0, u ;07);4Ki mzknulm fd r}bj uqfombwr s`ll am c`tmi ì wjm kiklpr`r



;7

D`c}qm 2? @ll}rwqkw`tm g`kcqkn fd g`rwìbw dfqnr fd }qaki fbb}ukw`fi *Fo`nk, 1553, u 1:5)

S`wj wj`r hifslmgcm kaf}w dfqnr fd }qaki g`rumqr`fi, `w `r ìwmqmrwìc wf mtkl}kwm rfnm

mddmbwr fd ruqksl kig `wr klwmqikw`tmr Qmdlmbwìc fi wjm rf.bkllmg ‚akwwlmcqf}igr‐ fd wjm b`wp,

Lkigqp *1554) ufìwr kw tkq`f}r g`bjfwfn`mr, knfic sj`bj kqm ‚rfb`kl m{}`wp tmqr}r

g`rukq`wp‐ kig ‚bfnukbw`fi tmqr}r g`rumqrkl‐ Jm qmbfci`rmr wjkw gmir`wp r}rwkìr amwwmq wjm



;=

}qaki dkaq`b kig t`ka`l`wp, dqfn ki mbfifn`b ufìw fd t`ms *mc mdd `b`mibp kig t`wkl`wp qmlkwmg

wf wjm uqmrmibm fd bfnnmqbm kig rmqt`bmr) *Lkigqp, 1554) Jm dfqcmwr wjf}cj wjm rfb`f.

rukw`kl {}kl`w`mr fd gmirm }qaki kcclfnmqkw`fir, sj`bj kqm nmiw`fimg ap Fo`nk *1553) Kr

bf}iwmqukqw wf ruqksl, bmiwqkl`wp kig bfnukb`wp kqm wqmkwmg ì wjm l`wmqkw}qm kr mlmnmiwr wjkw

uqft`gm }qaki {}kl`w`mr r}bj kr kbbmrrà`l`wp, sklhka`l`wp, bfrnfufl`wki l`dmrwplm bfnaìmg

s`wj ìw`nkbp Lkigqp *1554) qmdlmbwr jmqms`wj fi wjm mz`rwmibm fd ki `gmkl rbklm? ì wjfrm

nkwwmqr, b`w`mr fd 1 n`ll`fi ìjka`wkiwr kqm }r}kllp wjm qmdmqmibm *Lkigqp, 1554) Aq}cnkii

*1550) qmdmqr kr smll wf wjm fuufqw}i`w`mr fd bfibmiwqkw`fi, kllfsìc kbw`t`w`mr wf r}uufqw

wjmnrmltmr n}w}kllp kig kbw`tkwm rfnm hìg fd rpimqcp amwsmmi wjmn? ‚wjm mbfifn`br fd

bfllkafqkw`fi‐ *Aq}cnkii, 1550) @i wmqn fd dqkcnmiwkw`fi, Fo`nk $ Nkqkigflk Oq *1550)

rumkh kaf}w k imw fd uqfalmnr *mc ckwmg bfnn}i`w`mr) Wjmp `gmiw`dp bjkllmicmr fd

nfa`l`wp, dmmlìc fd rmb}q`wp kig mit`qfinmiwkl `rr}mr g}m wf wjm `nukbw fd g`rbfiwì}f}r

}qaki`rkw`fi, klrf iknmg uflpi}blmkq`wp Wjm qmg}bw`fi fd u}al`b rukbm ì dktf}q fd

uqfwmbwmg kig blfrmg }qaki bfqmr ‒ }r}kllp qmr`gmiw`kl ‒ kig wjm g`rbfiimbw`fi fd rfb`kl

kbw`fi kig rmqt`bmr kqm jmqm rmmi kr qmr}lw fd r}bj }qaki`rkw`fi *Fo`nk $ Nkqkigflk Oq,

1550)

Wj`r kqw`blm s`ll r}arbqàm wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl fuw`b fi }qaki ruqksl, kig jmqms`wj mzulfqm `wr

dfqnr kig mddmbw fi }qaki rukbmr, sj`lm bfir`gmqìc `wr rfb`kl mddmbwr fi wjm }rm kig

umqbmuw`fi fd }qaki rukbmr? wj`r mibfnukrrmr bfir`gmqkw`fir fi l`tmka`l`wp, kwwqkbw`t`wp kig

{}kl`wp fd }qaki rukbmr kig l`dm Wjm ìtmrw`ckw`fi s`ll mzknìm wjm }qaki mzukir`fi kig

ulkiiìc fd B}q`wàk, kig fuufrm wf `w wjm {}mrw`fi fd wjm dfqrkhmi bmiwqm Jmqm wjm kqw`blm

s`ll wkhm ìru`qkw`fi ì wjm wjmfq`mr kaf}w }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm, sj`bj Ok`nm Lmqimq uqfnfwmr

wjqf}cj j`r sfqh kig sj`bj @ jktm ammi ìwqfg}bmg wf }igmq np wqkìmmrjù

]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm

‚]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm‐ `r k wjmfqp kig k uqkbw`bm fd }qaki gmr`ci kig ulkiiìc Wjm wjmfqp

gmtmlfumg ap Ok`nm Lmqimq, mzuqmrrmg ì j`r affh ‚Kb}u}iw}qk }qakik ‐, `r ki mnu`q`bkl

wjmfqp, akrmg fi j`r farmqtkw`fi kig mzumq`mibmr wjqf}cj j`r l`dm kig sfqh kr kqbj`wmbw

kig }qaki ulkiimq *Lmqimq, 1552) @w kdd`qnr wjkw wjm b`wp bfiwkìr wjm rfl}w`fi wf `wr fsi

uqfalmnr kig qmbfci`rmr wjm }qaki uqfombw kr k bfllmbw`tm fim, s`wj k rjkqmg f}wbfnm

]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm r}rwkìr wj}r k uqkbw`bm gmukqwìc ì wjm ufwmiw`klr fd wjm b`wp kig wjm

bfllkafqkw`fi fd wjm }qaki rwkhmjflgmqr *Lmqimq, 15;; *A)) *NbHàami, ;00=) Kr wjm iknm

klqmkgp r}ccmrwr, wjm uqkbw`bm fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm `r wf bkqqp f}w rwqkwmc`b ìwmqtmiw`fi ì

wjm }qaki rukbm, sj`bj rjf}lg aqìc fq bfibmiwqkwm mimqcp kig wjmi ruqmkg `w wf wjm

im`cjaf}q kqmkr, wjmqmap qmt`wkl`rìc wjm }qaki rukbmr kig l`dm Bfibqmwmlp, wjm uqkbw`bm

dfb}rmr fi wjqmm hmp krumbwr bfir`gmqmg wf mijkibm wjm l`tmka`l`wp fd wjm }qaki rukbmr?

r}rwkìka`l`wp, nfa`l`wp kig rfb`fg`tmqr`wp R}rwkìka`l`wp kggqmrrmr krumbwr fd bfnn}wìc

kig wqkirufqw, skrwm nkikcmnmiw, bfirwq}bwìc nkwmq`klr, mit`qfinmiwkl tklfq`rkw`fi kig

rfb`kl t`ka`l`wp Nfa`l`wp dfb}rrmr fi wjm `nulmnmiwkw`fi fd u}al`b wqkirufqwkw`fi kig wjm }rm

fd rfdw wqkirufqwkw`fi nfgmr Dìkllp rfb`fg`tmqr`wp mibfnukrrmr bfir`gmqkw`fir fi `gmiw`wp,

rfb`kl kig b}lw}qkl jmq`wkcm kig bfnn}i`wp ìwmcqkw`fi *Lmqimq, 15;; *A)) Wf ìwmcqkwm

wjfrm hmp krumbwr ìwf k clfakl umqrumbw`tm, Lmqimq k`nr dfq bqmkw`t`wp wf `nulmnmiw uqfombwr

kw lfs bfrwr dfq wjm b`wp *NbHàami, ;00=)



;:

rmwwlmnmiwr) Mz`rwìc cftmqinmiwkl uqfcqknr kggqmrr wjm jf}rìc gmd`b`w fd wjfrm uffq

bfnn}i`w`mr, sj`lm }igmqwkhìc k qmrwq}bw}qkw`fi kig rki`wkw`fi ìwmqtmiw`fi ì wjm kqmk

*BFJKA, 15;;*B)) @d g`rlfbkw`fi `r immgmg ì wjfrm uqfombwr, wjm ims jf}rìcr kqm lfbkwmg

kr smll kw wjm dqìcm fd wjm b`wp, sjmqm rukbm `r ktk`lkalm kig sjmqm lkig `r kw k dk`q uq`bm dfq

wjm B`wp Uqmdmbw}qm wf a}p *BFJKA, 15;;*B)) *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Nku 2 rjfsr wjm

mtfl}w`fi fd bfirwq}bwmg lkig ì B}q`wàk dfq wjm lkrw gmbkgmr? wjm Rf}wj.Mkrw dqìcm `r wjm

fim cqfsìc wjm nfrw ftmq wjm ukrw pmkqr C`tmi wjm wpum fd g`rumqr`fi uqfufrmg ap Fo`nk

*1553), d`qrw k gmbqmkrìc gmir`wp `r farmqtkalm wfskqgr wjm umqùjmqp, dfllfsmg ap k

dqkcnmiwmg cqfswj kig k j`cjmq gmir`wp kuumkqìc mrumb`kllp ì wjm Rf}wj.Mkrw umqùjmqp

Wj}r wjm nkur rjfs blmkqlp wjm ruqmkgìc fd wjm im`cjaf}qjffgr dqfn wjm bmiwqm *g`rwq`bw

s`wjì wjm qmg b`qblm) wf wjm umqùjmqp

Nku 2? Mtfl}w`fi fd bfirwq}bwmg lkig ì B}q`wàk, umq im`cjaf}qjffg kig gmbkgm *@UU]B, 1550, u 152)Bflf}q bfgm? wjm gkqhmq, wjm nfqm bfirwq}bw`fir kqm l`rwmg

Uqmrmiwmg gmbkgmr dqfn lmdw wf q`cjw, d` qrw qfs? ;0=;.;045, ;04;.;035, ;03;.;0:5 ‒ rmbfig qfs ;0: ;.;005, ;00;.1555, 155;. 155:

Fwjmq ulkiiìc wfflr kuul`mg ap wjm B`wp jktm k wmigmibp wf r}uufqw bfirwq}bw`fir fi

umqùjmqkl lkig? wjm ‚bqmkwmg bfirwq}bw`tm ufwmiw`kl‐ ìbmiw`tmr dfq mzknulm R}bj a}`lgìc

ìbmiw`tmr smqm bqmkwmg wf uqmrmqtm b}lw}qkl jmq`wkcm a}`lgìc, fddmq kddfqgkalm jf}rìc dfq



;0

lfsmq ìbfnm blkrrmr fq ktf`g fbb}ukw`fi fd cqmmi kqmkr Wjm uqìbùlm bfir`rwr ì

qmlfbkwìc wjm a}`lgìc bkukb`wp *kllfsmg ì wjm fiìc qmc}lkw`fi) fd k lfw, sjmqm

bfirwq}bw`fi rjf}lg am ktf`gmg dfq fim fd wjm wjqmm nmiw`fimg qmkrfir, wf kifwjmq lkig

qmlmkrmg ap wjm B`wp, kr rjfsi ì D`c}qm 7 Bfibqmwmlp, lkig sj`bj `r cqkiwmg ufwmiw`kl fq

tkl}m bki m`wjmq am gmtmlfumg wf `wr a}`lgìc ufwmiw`kl, qmrwq`bwmg ap wjm fiìc qmc}lkw`fi

*`m lfsmq r}qdkbm kllfsmg, wj}r }iìwmqmrwìc dfq wjm gmtmlfumq), fq am lmdw }iwf}bjmg,

sj`lm kifwjmq u`mbm fd lkig `r cqkiwmg wf wjm gmtmlfumq s`wj kllfskibm fd a}`lgìc wjm mzwqk

dlffqr bfqqmrufigìc wf wjm r{}kqm nmwmqr wqkirdmqqmg dqfn wjm d`qrw lfw Sjkw gmwmqnìmr

wjm ufwmiw`kl fq tkl}m fd lkig `r wjm uqmrmibm fd k j`rwfq`bkl fq rfb`kl jmq`wkcm a}`lgìc, wjm

ufrrà`l`wp wf bqmkwm u}al`b qmbqmkw`fi g`rwq`bwr s`wj rumb`kl rfb`kl f}wbfnm, wjm uqmrmibm fd

k rumb`kl kqmk fd a`flfc`bkl

fq mit`qfinmiwkl ìwmqmrw

*fq q`rh ì bkrm fd dlffgkalm

kqmkr) fq wjm uqmrmqtkw`fi

fd ukqh }i`wr *`m cqmmi

rukbm bku`wkl) *rmm D`c}qm

7) Wjmrm ìbmiw`tmr rjf}lg

`nuqftm wjm {}kl`wp fd l`dm,

ap uqmrmqtìc {}kl`wkw`tm

rukbmr s`wjì wjm b`wp, sj`lm

rw`ll hmmuìc gmtmlfumqr

ìwmqmrwmg ì ìtmrwìc ì

fwjmqs`rm lmrr

mbfifn`bkllp kwwqkbw`tm lfwrWjm B`wp bqmkwmr wj}r

r}uufrmglp k sì.sì

r`w}kw`fi Jfsmtmq, wj`r

g`rlfbkw`fi `r fdwmi g`qmbwmg

wfskqgr wjm }qaki dqìcm

*@UU]B, 15;; *A))

*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;)

D`c}qm 7? Lkig fbb}ukw`fi kig}qaki nkikcmnmiw wfflr *@UU]B,

1550, u ;0:)

Wqkirlkw`fi fd wjm `ll}rwqkw`fiwmzwr? D`c}qk 5:5;? Lmcklfbb}ukw`fi ìbmiw`tmr ‒ bqmkwmgbfirwq}bw`tm ufwmiw`kl? }igmq}rmga}`lgìcr, m`wjmq dfllfsìc wjmukqknmwmqr fd wjm fiìc qmc}lkw`fifq wqkirdmqqìc gm bfirwq}bw`tmufwmiw`kl, dfq amwwmq l`dm {}kl`wpD`c}qk 5:51? Ims ìrwq}nmiwr fd}qaki nkikcmnmiw? J`rwfq`bkljmq`wkcm, bqmkw`fi fd u}al`b rukbmr,mit`qfinmiwkl uqmrmqtkw`fi kqmkr fqims }i`wr fd ukqh uqmrmqtkw`fi bki o}r w`d p wjm uqfufr` w`f i fd wqkir dmq qìcwjm bfirwq}bw`tm ufwmiw`kl wf mlmtkwm

a}`lgìcr ì fwjmq }qaki kqmkr



15

@i wmqnr fd wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh, wsf dkbwr kuumkq bjqfiflfc`bkllp wjkw bki am lìhmg wf k

ruqkslìc }qaki`rkw`fi Wjm gmtmlfunmiw fd wjm wqkirufqwkw`fi kzmr, sj`bj rwkqwmg ì ;037

kig r}uufqwmg wjm lìmkq gmtmlfunmiw fd wjm b`wp, jkuumimg ì bfqqmlkw`fi s`wj wjm

}qaki`rkw`fi fd wjm umqùjmqkl g`rwq`bwr *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;) *@UU]B, 1550)? ìgmmg kr

Nkcikafrbf *15;;) ufìwmg, rwqfic umqùjmqkl cqfswj jkr mijkibmg bfnn}wìc kig wqkir`w

ì wjm b`wp *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Qftki` *15;;) `ll}rwqkwmr uqf}glp wjm `nuqftmnmiw nkgm ap

wjm `nulmnmiwkw`fi fd wjm Q@W rprwmn1; ì B}q`wàk? k gsmllmq dqfn wjm umqùjmqp bf}lg ifs

qmkbj wjm bmiwqm ì wsf a}r q`gmr *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;) Wjmi rìbm 155=, ìtmrwnmiwr ì

u}al`b wqkirufqwkw`fi kig ìdqkrwq}bw}qmr jktm gmbqmkrmg *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;)? wjm

gmcqkgkw`fi fd wjm mz`rwìc ìdqkrwq}bw}qm kig k wmigmibp wf lmw wjm a}r klwmqikw`tm kr`gm ì

dktf}q dfq wjm bkq *Ikhkn}qk, 15;;) bf}lg am rmmi jmqm kr bfirm{}mibmr Wjfrm dkbwr kig

gmtmlfunmiwr kqm blfrmlp qmlkwmg s`wj bjkllmicmr fd }qaki`rkw`fi kig imckw`tm

bfirm{}mibmr, `gmiw`d`mg ap wjmfq`rwr fd }qaki ruqksl *Fwwmirnkii, ;033) *Fo`nk $

Nkqkigflk Oq, 1550) Nkcikafrbf *15;;) rmmr wjm Q@W kr k skp wf ìwmcqkwm kig lìh wjm

}qaki rukbmr kig kbw`t`w`mr, kig jmqms`wj kii}llìc kip bfir`gmqkw`fir fi k ruqkslìc b`wp

*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) A}w wjm mddmbwr fd g`rumqrmg }qaki`rkw`fi kig ìbqmkrmg bfnn}wìc ì

B}q`wàk qmr}lw, fq kw lmkrw aqìc wjm`q rjkqm, ì rfnm imckw`tm f}wbfnmr? cqmkwmq wqkir`w

sj`bj rmwr uqmrr}qm fi wjm b`wp‐r qfkg imwsfqh, ìbqmkrmg bkq fsimqrjù kig wqkdd`b, rfb`kl

rmcqmckw`fi kig ìm{}`wkalm kbbmrr wf wjm b`wp bmiwqm *mc ukqhr, bfnnmqb`kl kig b}lw}qkl

kbw`t`w`mr) *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;) *@UU]B, 1550) *Qfgm $ A}qgmww, 1550)

Wjfrm bjkllmicmr fd umqùjmqkl cqfswj smqm rfnmjfs kggqmrrmg ap wjm nkrwmqulki fd

;044, wjm Ulkif G`qmwfq , sjmqm lkig }rm, qfkg imwsfqh kig u}al`b wqkirufqwkw`fi kqm

bfnaìmg ìwf wjm rf.bkllmg r}rwkìkalm nfgml fd ulkiiìc B}q`wàk *@UU]B, 15;; *A))

Nfqm rumb`d`bkllp, wjm b`wp bmiwqm qmbm`tmg lkig }rm qmc}lkw`fi wjkw qmg}bmg `wr bfibmiwq`b

cqfswj, ì fqgmq wf ktf`g bficmrwìc wjm bmiwqm, kbbmrrà`l`wp kig lìh amwsmmi wjm tkq`f}r

im`cjaf}qjffgr skr gmtmlfumg *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;) Wjm bfirm{}mibm `r wjm r}uufqwmg

gmtmlfunmiw fd B}q`wàk klfic wjm wqkirufqwkw`fi kzmr, sj`bj kqm kbwìc kr rwq}bw}qkl

bfqq`gfqr *@UU]B, 15;; *A)), r}bj kr wjm bfnukqkw`tm farmqtkw`fi fd Nkur 7 kig = rjfs

Wjm gkqh rklnfi bflf}q fi Nku 7 rjfsr wjm }qaki fbb}ukw`fi amwsmmi ;020 kig ;044,

kig wjm l`cjwmq rklnfi bflf}q rjfsr wjm }qaki fbb}ukw`fi amwsmmi ;043 kig ;0:=, kdwmq

wjm `nulmnmiwkw`fi fd wjm d`tm kzmr fd wjm AQW11 Nku = rjfsr wjm fbb}ukw`fi gmcqmm

mzumbwmg ì wjm b`wp, s`wj k j`cjmq qkwm klfic wjm wqkirufqwkw`fi kzmr *`m wjm AQW kzmr kig

wjm Mkrwmqi fal`{}m kz`r fd Lìjk Tmqgm ) Wjm lìmkq`wp dkbwfq `gmiw`d`mg ap Fo`nk *1553)

o}rw`d`mr wjm wjf}cjwr fd ruqkslìc gmtmlfunmiw fd B}q`wàk, klwjf}cj `w `r rw`l l k bfiwqfllmg

kig ìwmigmg gmtmlfunmiw

1;Wjm Q@W rprwmn *Qmgm @iwmcqkgk gm Wqkirufqwm , fq @iwmcqkwmg Wqkirufqw Imwsfqh) bfnuqmjmigr wjm AQW

*`m qku`g a}rmr) kig fwjmq a}r lìmr r}bj kr wjm @iwmqak`qqfr , lìhìc im`cjaf}qjffgr ì b`qblmr kqf}ig wjmb`wp bmiwqm, wjm Lìjk G`qmwk , lìhìc filp wjm wmqnìklr, wjm ‚dmmgmqr‐, lìhìc im`cjaf}qjffgr wf wjm wmqnìklr,fq ‚nmwqfufl`wki dmmgmqr‐, lìhìc wjm nmwqfufl`wki kqmk wf wjm wmqnìklr, kig nfqm Q@W qmdmqr wf wjm wfwkl`wp fdwjm wqkirufqwkw`fi rprwmn *@UU]B, 1550)11

@i ;037 `r `nulmnmiwmg wjm Ifqwj.Rf}wj kz`r, ì ;033 wjm Af{}m`qâf kz`r *Rf}wj.Mkrw), ì ;0:5 wjm Mkrwmqikz`r kig ì ;0:1 wjm Smrwmqi kz`r *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;)



12

wjm immg fd cfìc wf wjm bmiwqm `r kafl`rjmg ap wjm gmbmiwqkl`rmg rmqt`bmr kig d}ibw`fir

Wj`r uflpi}blmkq`wp fq uflpbmiwq`rn `r kr smll fim fd wjm dkbwfqr *Fo`nk, 1553) kllfsìc wf

rumkh fd }qaki ruqksl

D`c}qm =? Q}k gk B`gkgki`k ì Ak`qf Iftf, B}q`wàk *@UU]B, 15;; *K))

Wjm uflpbmiwq`b bjkqkbwmq fd }qaki ruqksl jkr wf am bfir`gmqmg bkqmd}llp wjf}cj Wkhìc wjm

kqc}nmiw fd Nkcikafrbf *15;;) }ufi wjm lìhìc qflm fd wjm wqkirufqwkw`fi rprwmn kig wjm

bfir`gmqkw`fi wjkw wjfrm n}lwùlm }qaki uflmr kqm lfbkwmg s`wjì wjm Q@W imwsfqh *@UU]B,

1550), @ sf}lg l`hm wf fumi }u dfq k bfir`gmqkw`fi fi bfiwqfllmg g`rumqr`fi, sj`bj `r ifwd`wwìc wjm gmdì`w`fi fd ruqksl ambk}rm r}arbqàìc k gmir`wp, k n`zw}qm fd d}ibw`fir, ki

kbbmrrà`l`wp wf }qaki rukbmr kig rmqt`bmr, sj`bj `r j`cjmq wjki ì wjm lfs.gmir`wp dqìcm

kcclfnmqkw`fir *r}bj kr wjm fimr wpu`bkllp farmqtkalm ì ]RK) Wf r}uufqw wjm kqc}nmiw,

wjm bfiimbw`t`wp amwsmmi wjfrm bmiwqmr rjf}lg am ìtmrw`ckwmg ì fqgmq wf kdd`qn wjm`q

{}kl`w`mr fd kbbmrrà`l`wp kig bfiwì}`wp s`wj wjm fwjmq }qaki`rmg kqmkr @igmmg sjmi lffhìc

kw wjm bmiwqkl`wp dkbwfq *Fo`nk, 1553), wjm uqkbw`bm fd }qaki ulkiiìc, ì Aqk`l kw lmkrw,

rjfsr wsf wpumr fd uflpbmiwq`rn? wjm g`rumqrmg nkrwmqulkiimg kcclfnmqkw`fir

g`rbfiimbwmg dqfn wjm }qaki bfqm, kig wjm }qaki uflmr mz`rwìc s`wjì wjm nmwqfufl`wki

kqmk17 Wjm rmbfig sf}lg am wjm wpum uflpbmiwq`rn wf am df}ig ì B}q`wàk, sj`lm wjm d`qrw

bki am `ll}rwqkwmg ap wjm dfllfsìc uqfombw, gmtmlfumg kw wjm wqkìmmrjù r`wm @igmmg wjmwmkn gmtmlfumg rw}g`mr kig uqfufr`w`fir dfq rmtmqkl uqfombwr, bfir`rwìc ì nkrwmqulkir

gmtmlfumg kr b`wp mzwmir`fir, lfbkwmg kw k g`rwkibm fd wjm fq`cìkl }qaki bfqm, kr D`c}qm A

rjfsr `w mzul`b`wlp dfq wjm mzknulm fd B`gkgm Z Wjm j`cjmq gkrjmg b`qblm qmuqmrmiwr wjm

lfbkw`fi fd wjm mz`rwìc }qaki bfqm kig sjmqm wjm a}r wqkirufqwkw`fi lìmr s`ll bfitmqcm *`m

a}r wmqnìkl), sj`lm wjm lfsmq fim rjfsr wjm rknm dfq wjm ìg}rwq`kl bfnulmz }igmq

gmtmlfunmiw, kig wjm n`gglm fim qmuqmrmiwr wjm ìwmcqkw`fi fd B`gkgm Z wf wjm imwsfqh

17Bqfrrìc wjm n}i`bùkl afqgmqr, fwjmq b`w`mr jktm mzukigmg wf r}bj ki mzwmiw wjkw wjmp almig s`wj wjm

ruqkslìc }qaki`rkw`fi fd B}q`wàk n}i`bùkl`wp, ìwf k bfi}qakw`fi sjmqm wjm Q@W jkr klqmkgp ammi mzwmigmgftmq wjm n}i`bùkl afqgmqr *@UU]B, 1550) Klwjf}cj wjm kqw`blm kbhifslmgcmr wjm`q uqmrmibm kig wjm

ufrrà`l`wp wf bfir`gmq wjmn kr }qaki uflmr fd uflpbmiwq`rn mzwmq`fq wf wjm nmwqfufl`wki kqmk, wjmp kqm ifwbfir`gmqmg jmqm



17

B`gkgm Z , ì wjm n}i`bùkl`wp fd Râf Ofâf gk Akqqk

Lfbkw`fi? Ifqwj Mkrw dqfn Q`f gm Okim`qf, Rwkwm fd Q`f gm Okim`qf

Uqfombw gmrbqùw`fi? Gmtmlfuìc k ims b`wp g`rwq`bw fd 05 555 }i`wr fd jka`wkw`fi, ì qmlkw`fi s`wj wjm

gmtmlfunmiw fd wjm ìg}rwq`kl kig jkqaf}q g`rwq`bw fd Râf Ofâf gk Akqqk Wjm uqfufr`w`fi s`ll wj}r

kllfs 135 555 ìjka`wkiwr wf nftm wf wjm lfbkw`fi, ambfnìc jmqmap k ims mbfifn`b uflm

Uqfufr`w`fi? Gmr`ciìc kig ulkiiìc k b`wp kqf}ig skwmq bkiklr *rmm D`c}qm K) Gmr`ci s`wj skwmq `r

wjm qmrufirm wf wjm lkig‐r ujpr`bkl kig mit`qfinmiwkl bjkqkbwmq`rw`br *`m lfs lkig s`wj j`cj q`rh fd

dlffgìc) Wjm }rm fd skwmq kr bmiwqkl gmr`ci mlmnmiw r}uufqwr wjm bqmkw`fi fd g`ddmqmiw`kwmg rukbmr

s`wjì wjm b`wp, sfqhìc jmqmap fi gmir`wp kig umqnmka`l`wp fd wjm rmwwlmnmiw, rwqmmw umqrumbw`tmr,

g`ddmqmiw`kwmg rwqmmw rmbw`fir, ik}w`bkl wqkirufqw nfgm ìwmcqkwmg s`wjì wjm wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh,

mwb Wjm lkig }rm mibfnukrrmr jf}rìc *dfq kll ìbfnm qkicmr), bfnnmqbm, rmqt`bmr, bfnn}i`wp

m{}ùnmiw, b}lw}qkl kig qmbqmkw`fikl }i`wr, ukqhr kig r{}kqmr, kig rumb`kl m{}ùnmiw dfq

mg}bkw`fikl, nmg`bkl kig b}lw}qkl u}qufrm

Rf}qbm? *OLKK, 15;;)

@ll}rwqkw`fir?

D`c}qm K? Umqrumbw`tm fd B`gkgm Z *OLKK, 15;;)



1=

D`c}qm A? Akr`b imwsfqh ‒ a}rmr *OLKK, 15;;)

Ifimwjmlmrr, kr uqmrmiwmg uqmt`f}rlp, Ok`nm Lmqimq `r klrf wjm ulkiimq hifsi, kr ì`w`kwfq

kig r}uufqwmq, fd tkq`f}r uqfombwr ì wjm b`wp fd B}q`wàk, nfrwlp qmbfci`rmg dfq wjm`q

ìwmcqkwmg bjkqkbwmq s`wj wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl, mit`qfinmiwkl kig dìkib`kl qmkl`wp fd wjm b`wp

Kr gmrbqàmg, rwqkwmc`mr smqm cqf}igmg ì mz`rwìc ìdqkrwq}bw}qmr, klwmqikw`tm }rmr kig

`gmiw`d`mg ufwmiw`klr, kig uq`fq`w`mr c`tmi wf qmbpblìc, qm}rìc kig c`tìc ims d}ibw`fir wf

mz`rwìc }qaki dmkw}qmr kig rukbmr *Lmqimq, 15;; *K)) *NbHàami, ;00=) Wj`r rjfsr k

g`ddmqmiw dfb}r ì wmqnr fd }qaki ulkiiìc? klwjf}cj wjm wmkn wq`mr wf kuulp kr n}bj wjfrmuqìbùlmr, wjm bfiwmzw fd wjm uqfombw r}bj kr wjm fim uqmrmiwmg uqmt`f}rlp bfnul`bkwmr wjm

kuuqfkbj kr if mz`rwìc `gmiw`wp fq b}lw}qm mz`rwr pmw Fwjmq rwqkwmc`mr kqm wj}r immgmg wf

kbw`tkwm wjm rukbmr kig `nulmnmiw wjm wjmfqp fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm Rfnm mzknulmr smqm

c`tmi mkql`mq fi jfs wjm wmkn dfb}rrmr fi bjkqkbwmq`rw`br dqfn wjm qmc`fi *mc wmqqkbfwwk

jkigbqkdw) kig qmlkwmg uflmr *mc lfc`rw`bkl uflm) wf o}rw`dp wjm`q rumb`kl ìwmqtmiw`fir ì wjm

ulkir Wj`r rjfsr wj}r wjm bfnulmz`wp fd kuulpìc }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm, sj`bj klqmkgp skr

nmiw`fimg mkql`mq, kig qmtmklr `wr l`n`wr kbbfqgìc wf wjm wpum fd ruqksl mibf}iwmqmg

@w `r ifs blmkq wjkw B}q`wàk `r }igmqcfìc wjm mddmbwr fd }qaki ruqksl, klwjf}cj wjm dkbw

gfmr ifw rmmn wf j`w wjm bfirb`f}rimrr fd ulkiimqr, }ilmrr `w o}rw `r imclmbwmg @i rfnm



14

gmcqmm, wjm df}q wpumr fd g`rumqr`fi uqmrmiwmg ap Fo`nk *1553) kqm uqmrmiw ì wjm }qaki

mzukir`fi fd B}q`wàk? gmblììc gmir`wp wfskqgr wjm umqùjmqkl kqmkr, dqkcnmiwkw`fi fd wjm

}qaki bfqm kig kbw`t`w`mr, lìmkq gmtmlfunmiw klfic wqkirufqwkw`fi kzmr kig g`rukwbjmg

bmiwqkl`w`mr @w `r wj}r qmlmtkiw wf jktm k lffh kw wjm mddmbwr fd ruqksl fi wjm b`wp bmiwqm kig

wjm l`tmka`l`wp fd u}al`b rukbmr, ì fqgmq wf gmwmbw wjm ufwmiw`klr dfq bf}iwmqkbwìc wjm

imckw`tm bfirm{}mibmr

Bfiwmnufqkqp `rr}mr kig d}w}qm ufwmiw`klr

Kbbfqgìc wf Nkcikafrbf *15;;) wjm b`wp bmiwqm `r ifw k gmcqkgmg kqmk kig wj}r gf ifw

rmm k bfiimbw`fi s`wj kip ruqksl *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Jfsmtmq jm qmbfci`rmr wjkw, s`wj

wjm dfb}r fi gmklìc s`wj wjm cqfswj fd wjm b`wp kig wjm rwq`bw qmc}lkw`fi fi wjm fbb}ukw`fi

fd wjm bmiwqm, `wr rukbmr kig kbw`t`w`mr jktm ammi imclmbwmg ap @UU]B, kig jm kgn`wr wjkw

wjm dfb}r jkr wf am qmg`qmbwmg fi wjm b`wp bmiwqm Jm qmbfci`rmr wjm g`ddmqmibm ì gpikn`br

amwsmmi wjm bmiwqm kig wjm umqùjmqkl kqmkr *mc Râf Ofrà gkr Uìjk`r kig Kqk}bkq`k)

sjmqm sfqh fuufqw}i`w`mr kwwqkbw gsmllmqr kig sfqhmqr Jmibm B}q`wàk rw`ll uqmrmiwr k

rmbwfqmg fbb}ukw`fi fd wjm b`wp *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Wjm @ig}rwq`kl B`wp dfq ìrwkibm `r

gmtmlfumg kr k b`wp s`wj tkq`f}r }qaki d}ibw`fir kig rmqt`bmr8 uflpbmiwq`b uflmr, r}bj kr

Uìjk`r, Bjknukcikw, Ufqwâf fq Akwml, gmtmlfumg s`wj kr smll wjm`q fsi }qaki kbw`t`w`mr

kig l`dm, qmg}bìc wjm bmiwqm ìwf k ulkbm wf t`r`w *Lmqimq, 1550) @w bki am rwkwmg wj}r wjkw

wjfrm uflpbmiwq`b im`cjaf}qjffgr fddmq fuufqw}i`w`mr dfq }qaki kbw`t`w`mr kig l`dm ì k

gmbmiwqkl`rmg gmtmlfunmiw uflm, a}w klrf rmcqmckwm rfb`kllp wjm`q ìjka`wkiwr R}bj

rmcqmckw`fi bfnuqfn`rmr wjm cffg u}al`b mit`qfinmiw kig {}kl`wp fd }qaki l`dm, ap

g`rqmckqgìc wjm immg dfq uqfz`n`wp kig n`zw}qm fd d}ibw`fir kig kbw`t`w`mr *Nkcikafrbf,

15;;) Rìbm uqfz`n`wp kig n`zw}qm mz`rw ì wjm b`wp bmiwqm, Nkcikafrbf *15;;) `gmiw`d`mrwjm bjkllmicm fd l`tmka`l`wp jmqm nfqm kr k {}mrw`fi fd w`nìc kig fumiìc jf}qr

*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Ifimwjmlmrr dkbwr kaf}w wjm kgtkiwkcmf}r cqfswj fd umqùjmqkl

g`rwq`bwr *;2-) bfnukqmg wf wjm bmiwqm *1,2-) rjfs kr smll wjm g`ddmqmibm ì gmnfcqkuj`b

gpikn`br *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;), kig bqfrrmg s`wj dkbwr fi gmrwìkw`fi wqùr wf wjm bmiwqm,

gmbqmkrìc dqfn 01- wf 2=- amwsmmi ;032 kig 155: *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;), r}ru`b`fi

kuumkqr kaf}w wjm kwwqkbw`t`wp fd wjm bmiwqkl rukbmr Ifs lffhìc kw wjm b}lw}qkl rukbmr kig

bmiwqmr ufr`w`fimg wjqf}cjf}w wjm b`wp *rmm Nku 4), ki ìwmqmrwìc krumbw `r wjm qkwjmq

bl}rwmqmg wmigmibp kqf}ig wjm b`wp bmiwqm, krr}nìc wjkw klwjf}cj wjm b`wp n`cjw jktm

gmtmlfumg fwjmq bmiwqkl`w`mr, wjm j`rwfq`bkl bmiwqm qmnkìr wjm nfrw t`t`g ì wmqnr fd b}lw}qkl

`gmiw`wp fd B}q`wàk Kgg`w`fikllp `w `r ifwkalm wjkw wjm Rf}wjmqi ukqw fd B}q`wàk, sj`bj skr`gmiw`d`mg wf jktm k cqmkwmq cqfswj kig bfirwq}bw`fi qkwm, `r wjm fim s`wj lmkrw b}lw}qkl

rukbmr *bfnukqìc Nkur 2 kig 4) Wjmrm bl}mr bfnaìmg c`tm k u`bw}qm wj}r fd tkq`f}r

}qaki r}a.uflmr wjkw n`cjw mtkl}kwm ì k j`mqkqbjp fd bmiwqkl`w`mr Hifsìc l`wwlm kaf}w

uqfombwr ì wjm gmbmiwqkl`rmg uflmr, kig jktìc df}ig l`wwlm ìdfqnkw`fi fi mtmiw}kl uqfombwr

ì wjfrm g`rwq`bwr, wjm kqw`blm s`ll dfb}r fi wjm b}qqmiw uqfombwr ì wjm b`wp bmiwqm, jmqmap

qmtmklìc wjm b}qqmiw dfb}r kig `gmiw`d`mg ufwmiw`klr



13

Nku 4? B}lw}qkl rukbmr ì B}q`wàk ‒ 155: *@UU]B, 1550, u 104)

Uqfombwr kw @UU]B r}bj kr ‚Bfqmr gk b`gkgm‐ , fq ‚Iftf bmiwqf ‐, kqm dfb}rrìc fi wjm qm.

{}kl`dpìc fd }qaki rukbmr, d}ibw`fir kig kbw`t`w`mr Ifw o}rw wjm l`tmka`l`wp fd rukbm `r

bfir`gmqmg jmqm a}w klrf `rr}mr r}bj kr }qaki jmklwj *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) @i qmufqwr fi

b}qqmiw uqfombwr dqfn @UU]B, wjm b`wp bmiwqm fd B}q`wàk `r {}kl`d`mg kr ki kqmk ktk`lkalm dfq

‚rumb`kl ìwmqtmiw`fir‐ *@UU]B, ;00:)? gfmr `w nmki wjkw wjm b`wp bmiwqm rjf}lg bfnuqmjmig

mzwqkfqgìkqp d}ibw`fir, fq gfmr `w r}ccmrw wjkw kgg`w`fikl mddfqwr rjf}lg fbb}q ì wjm }qaki

nkikcmnmiw fd wj`r g`rwq`bw6 Klwjf}cj `w `r ifw blmkq, wjm }rm fd wjm wmqn ‚rumb`kl‐ r}ccmrwr

k ufwmiw`kl, ki fuufqw}i`wp, kig `w `r wjkw fuufqw}i`wp sj`bj bf}lg am `gmiw`d`mg kr rumb`kl dfq

bqmkwìc l`tmka`l`wp @i cmimqkl, @UU]B tklfq`rmr u}ibw}kl uqfombwr wjkw nkwbj wjm wjmfq`mr

kaf}w }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm uqfnfwmg ap Lmqimq, uqfnfwìc l`dm {}kl`wp kig cffg }qaki `nkcm



1:

*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) @i qmufqwr fd @UU]B kaf}w wjm b}qqmiw r`w}kw`fi ì wjm bmiwqm, wjm

`gmiw`d`mg uqfalmnr bfibmqi wjm akg nkìwmikibm fd wjm j`rwfq`bkl a}`lgìcr, wjm lfrr fd

rpnafl`b qmdmqmibmr, wjm lkbh fd kwwqkbw`t`wp fd wjm nkì umgmrwq`ki rwqmmw Q}k ZT gm

Iftmnaqf , wjm lkbh fd }i`dfqn`wp ì wjm }qaki d}qi`w}qm kig m{}ùnmiw, wjm lkbh fd

nkqhmwìc dfq wjm b`wp bmiwqm, wjm akg bfig`w`fir dfq l`tìc ì wjm bmiwqm, wjm lkbh fd rfb`kl

kbw`fir dfq gsmllmqr, wjm lfrr fd mbfifn`b t`wkl`wp, wjm ìbqmkrm fd ukqhìc lfwr, wjm lkbh fd

rmb}q`wp kig mit`qfinmiwkl rki`wkw`fi *@UU]B, ;00:) Jmqmap `w bki am rwkwmg wjkw @UU]B

dfb}rrmr fi wjm bmiwqkl }qaki rukbmr kig wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl g`nmir`fi fd wjm uqfombwr Wjm

ìwmqtmiw`fir bfibmqi ì cmimqkl nfrwlp wjm u}al`b mit`qfinmiw kig lkigrbkum

*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;), rjfsìc jmqm kr smll wjm l`n`w fd kbw`fi fd @UU]B ì `wr uqfombwr

Klwjf}cj ì wj`r qmufqw, wjm kirsmqr wf wjm rwkwmg bjkllmicmr r}ccmrw ìwmqtmiw`fir fi wjm

}qaki kig kqbj`wmbw}qkl jmq`wkcm, kig rwkwmr wjkw nfqm wjki dfb}rrìc fi mbfifn`b kig

rfb`kl krumbwr, `w s`ll uqfnfwm k nkqhmwìc akrmg fi u}al`b.uq`tkwm bfllkafqkw`fi *@UU]B,

;00:) K cmimqkl gmr`qm kig dfb}r fd @UU]B `r wjm nkìwkììc kig nkikcmnmiw fd mz`rwìc

rwq}bw}qmr, kig wjm bqmkw`fi fd rukbmr dktf}qkalm dfq umfulm‐r g`ci`wp, bfndfqw, rmb}q`wp kig

jmklwj @w `r ìwmqmrwìc wf farmqtm wjkw wjm uqmt`f}rlp uqmrmiwmg dfb}r kqmkr bfnaìm s`wj

wjm qmdlmbw`fi fd Lkigqp *1554) fi wjm gq`tmqr fd bjkicm s`wjì k b`wp? jmklwj kig }qaki

gmr`ci8 rkdmwp r}qtm`llkibm kig u}al`b qmkln8 w`nm kig rumbwkb}lkq *Lkigqp, 1554) Wj`r

lmktmr ki fuw`n`rw`b umqrumbw`tm kaf}w wjm b}qqmiw dfb}r fd ulkiiìc ì B}q`wàk, cqkaaìc

wjm q`cjw fuufqw}i`w`mr knfic wjm tkq`f}r }qaki `rr}mr, ì fqgmq wf qmt`wkl`rm kig nkikcm

wjm }qaki rukbmr, `d wjmp r}bbmmg kuulpìc wjm mtfhmg bfir`gmqkw`fir bfibqmwmlp ìwf wjm`q

uqfombwr

@i wmqnr fd wqkirufqwkw`fi uqfombwr, uqfombwr mz`rw r}bj kr wjm ‚Lìjk Tmqgm ‐ kig wjm

`nulmnmiwkw`fi fd wjm nmwqf lìm, r}uufrmg wf lìh qmr`gmiw`kl kqmkr wf wjm bmiwqm kig fwjmq

im`cjaf}qjffg, jmqmap mijkibìc bfnn}wìc ì wjm b`wp, s`wj k cqmkwmq rummg kig bkukb`wp

fd wjm tmj`blmr R}bj ulkir fuufrm wjm `gmk fd qmg}bìc wjm ufu}lkw`fi‐r bfnn}wìc jka`wr,

mtmi wjf}cj wjmp kqm gmtmlfumg ì wjm rknm ìwmcqkwmg kuuqfkbj, s`wj lkig }rm kig qfkg

imwsfqh *@UU]B, 15;; *A)) *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Mtmi wjf}cj a`hm lkimr kqm fi wjm

kcmigk fd wjm B`wp ì wjfrm uqfombwr, wjm nmwqf uqfombw rw`ll qmuqmrmiwr k dìkib`kl kig rfb`kl

bfrw? s`wj wjkw nfimp rl`cjw `nuqftmnmiwr bf}lg am nkgm fi wjm AQW, nkhìc `w qku`glp

nfqm mdd`b`miw *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;) sj`lm ìbqmkrmg rfb`kl rmcqmckw`fi kig bfnn}wìc

kww`w}gmr bf}lg am ktf`gmg Sj`lm @UU]B mzuqmrrmr wjm gmr`qm wf mzwmig ulkiiìc ìdl}mibm

wf wjm nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi, kig d}qwjmq *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;), wjm nmwqf n`cjw kbw}kllp jmlu `w

fi wjm skp @w `r blmkq ifs wjkw }qaki ruqksl ì B}q`wàk cmimqkllp kddmbwr wjm l`tmka`l`wp kig

kwwqkbw`t`wp fd `wr bmiwqm, kig rmmnìclp g`rlfbkwmr wjm kwwqkbw`t`wp wf fwjmq bmiwqkl`w`mr,

klwjf}cj b}lw}qkl jmq`wkcm rw`ll `r bmiwqkl`rmg ì wjm j`rwfq`bkl bfqm fd wjm b`wp Wjm {}mrw`fi `r

wj}r kaf}w wjm l`tmka`l`wp fd wjfrm gmbmiwqkl`rmg u}al`b rukbmr, kig kaf}w wjm r}dd`b`miw

dfb}r fd ulkiimqr fi wjfrm rukbmr D}qwjmqnfqm g`rlfbkw`fi fd umfulm, bfnn}wìc kig

gmtmlfunmiw fd wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh bki am qmlkwmg blfrmlp wf }qaki ruqksl, mtmi wjf}cj

wjm uqfombwr jmqm jktm jkg ki `nukbw fi wjm `nkcm fd wjm b`wp, kig wj}r fi `wr bfnumw`w`t`wp

kig kwwqkbw`t`wp qmckqgìc fwjmq n}i`bùkl`w`mr *A}rbh, Qkrn}rrmi, $ Rhftrjflw, 15;;)

Jmqms`wj wjm bjkllmicmr kig ufwmiw`klr fd B}q`wàk kuumkqr nfqm blmkqlp ì wmqnr fd `wr

j`rwfq`bkl bmiwqm, `wr gmbmiwqkl`rmg }qaki uflmr kig `wr wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh, klwjf}cj



10

mkbj mlmnmiw uqmrmiwr afwj fuufqw}i`w`mr kig q`rhr kbbfqgìc wf wjm rwkibm gmtmlfumg ap

wjm b}qqmiw uqfombwr Kr mddmbwr fd }qaki ruqksl fi B}q`wàk jktm ammi iknmg kig tkq`f}r

bfir`gmqkw`fir nkgm fi wjm b}qqmiw }qaki uqfombwr kig d}w}qm ufwmiw`klr, `w `r mrrmiw`kl wf

lffh kw jfs wf dfb}r wjm ulkiiìc mddfqwr ì wjm bfiwì}`wp fd wjm mz`rwìc uqfombwr kig ukrw

ìwmqtmiw`fir, mrumb`kllp ì fqgmq wf qmkbw`tkwm wjm bmiwqkl }qaki rukbmr ì bf}iwmqaklkibm

wf wjm ruqkslìc ujmifnmifi

Qmkbw`tkwìc wjm bmiwqkl u}al`b rukbmr

Kbbfqgìc wf wjm jpufwjmr`r fd wjm kqw`blm, qmjka`l`wkw`fi kig qmiftkw`fi fd mz`rwìc }qaki

rukbmr s`wjì wjm b`wp `r ki ìtmrwnmiw s`wj cqmkwmq f}wbfnm ì wmqnr fd l`tmka`l`wp dfq wjm

b`wp Wjm ìru`qkw`fi ì wjm uqìbùlmr fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm jmqm kqm o}rw`d`mg kr wjm wjmfqp

rwkigr kr fim skp wf kbj`mtm wjm qmt`wkl`rkw`fi fd }qaki rukbmr ì k r}rwkìkalm

umqrumbw`tm *Lmqimq, 15;; *A)) Nmkisj`lm, `w rmmnr `nufqwkiw wf kbhifslmgcm fim krumbw

g}m wf wjm rwqfic gmnfcqkuj`bkl cqfswj fd b`w`mr, kig klqmkgp nmiw`fimg ì qmlkw`fi wf wjm

`gmiw`d`bkw`fi fd }qaki g`rumqr`fi S`wj ruqksl amìc fim ikw}qkl bfirm{}mibm fd qku`g

}qaki`rkw`fi, ulkiimqr n}rw dkbm wjm g`dd`b}lwp ‒ fq mtmi `nufrrà`l`wp ‒ wf uqmtmiw wjm

ujmifnmifi ì qku`g cqfsìc b`w`mr Miw`qmlp bfiwqfllmg }qaki ulkiiìc, ì bkrmr r}bj kr

B}q`wàk, Râf Uk}lf fq fwjmq Aqk`l`ki nmwqfufl`rmr, `r wj}r ifw bfibm`tkalm Sjmi

kirsmqìc wjm gmnkig fd wjm cqfsìc ufu}lkw`fi dfq kbbmrrà`l`wp wf }qaki d}ibw`fir,

rmqt`bmr kig u}al`b rukbmr, wjm bfir`gmqkw`fir kaf}w uflpbmiwq`rn mnmqcm kckì? lmrr kr k

ruqkslìc kig imckw`tm bfirm{}mibm fd g`rumqrmg }qaki`rkw`fi, `w bki qkwjmq am ki

fuufqw}i`wp dfq rjkqìc wjm ulkiiìc mddfqw kig nkikcìc nfqm kgm{}kwmlp wjm }qaki

rukbmr, ì uqfz`n`wp wf wjm`qr }rmqr Wjm ruqmkgìc qmr`gmiw`kl kqmkr s`ll fd bf}qrm ifw cqfs

rnkllmq ambk}rm fd rwqkwmc`b ìwmqtmiw`fir, a}w wjm kwwqkbw`t`wp fd wjm bmiwqkl`w`mr sf}lg amcqkiwmg wjm ka`l`wp wf bfibmiwqkwm gmtmlfunmiw kqf}ig rukbmr, a}`lgìcr kig mtmiwr Wj`r

kqc}nmiw `r akrmg fi wjm wjmfqp kig mzumq`mibmr fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm, kig fi M}qfumki

kig Kiclf.Rkzfi wjmfq`mr Wjmi dfb}r sf}lg am immgmg fi wjm `nuqftmnmiw fd wjm b}qqmiw

wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh, sj`bj `r nftìc nkrrmr wjqf}cj wjm b`wp, a}w sj`bj `r klrf,

kbbfqgìc wf wj`r `gmk fd dktf}qkalm uflpbmiwq`rn, ulkpìc ki `nufqwkiw qflm ì lìhìc wjm

tkq`f}r bmiwqkl`w`mr Kbbfqgìc wf Qftki` *15;;) kig wf Ikhkn}qk *15;;), wjm Q@W rprwmn `r

rw`ll kalm wf kirsmq wjm j`cj gmnkig fd bfnn}wmqr wfgkp, kr lfic kr rfnm knml`fqkw`fi `r

gfim, sj`bj sf}lg am nfqm r`nulm kig mbfifn`bkl wf `nulmnmiw wjki k nmwqf lìm dfq

ìrwkibm *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;) *Ikhkn}qk, 15;;) @i wj`r rmirm, wjm uqfufr`w`fi `r wf sfqh

fi ìwmcqkwmg kwwqkbw`tm bmiwqmr, smll ìwmqbfiimbwmg kig qmlkwmg wf wjm b`wp bmiwqm Jmqms`wjwjm `gmk fd k uflpbmiwq`b b`wp, lìhmg ap cffg d}ibw`fiìc wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh, bf}lg

mnmqcm kr wjm ims gmtmlfunmiw nfgml fd B}q`wàk

Sj`lm bfir`gmqkw`fir kqm nkgm jmqm fi wjm b`wp bmiwqm kig wjm tkq`f}r bmiwqkl`w`mr fd

B}q`wàk, `w rmmnr wj}r bfitmi`miw wf j`cjl`cjw wjkw wjm gmbmiwqkl`rmg uflmr immg wf dfb}r fi

uqfombwr fd qmt`wkl`rkw`fi kig kbw`tkw`fi fd wjm`q u}al`b rukbmr kig a}`lgìcr wf gmtmlfu wjm`q

kwwqkbw`t`wp, kr n}bj kr wjm b`wp bmiwqm @igmmg wjm b`wp bmiwqm `r b}qqmiwlp jktìc uqfombwr

gmtmlfumg dfq qmimskl kig qmjka`l`wkw`fi fd j`rwfq`bkl a}`lgìcr kig rwqmmwr s`wj rumb`kl

ìwmqmrw *mc Q`kbj}mlf , wjm b}lw}qkl rwqmmw s`wj kll wjm wjmkwqmr), k`nìc wjmqmap dfq qm.

{}kl`dpìc }qaki rukbmr *@UU]B, ;00:) Wjfrm uqfombwr rw`ll lkbh rfnm bfibqmwmimrr



25

wjf}cj, bfnukqmg wf uqfombwr r}bj kr wjm nmwqf lìm Sj`lm sklhìc ì wjm b`wp, nkip

ufwmiw`kl r`wmr kuumkq kr fuufqw}i`w`mr dfq bfirwq}bwìc ims u}al`b krrmwr, dfq qmiftkwìc

flg d}ibw`fir kig kbw`t`w`mr U}ibw}kl ìwmqtmiw`fir fi wjfrm r`wmr, smll bfiimbwmg wf wjm

u}al`b rukbmr bki cmimqkwm nfqm {}kl`wp fd wjm }qaki rukbm kig l`dm Kr @UU]B klqmkgp `r

r}ccmrwìc wjm }rm fd wjm }uumq dlffq fd wjm mz`rwìc a}`lgìcr, dfq jfrwìc tkq`f}r jf}rìc

wpumr *mc rw}gmiwr, jfrwmlr, uf}rkgkr 1= , kig jka`wkw`fir) ìwmcqkwmg s`wj b}lw}qkl, bqmkw`tm,

mg}bkw`fikl fq bfnnmqb`kl d}ibw`fir sf}lg qmr}lw ì k n`zmg fbb}ukw`fi kqmk K g`tmqr`wp ì

wjm fbb}ukw`fir, kig k qmc}lkw`fi wjkw nkhmr `w nfqm kig nfqm mzumir`tm wf ukqh k bkq ì

wjm b`wp bmiwqm *Qftki` $ Hmqì, 15;;), n`cjw qmkrfikalp bfibl}gm ì nfqm sklhìc, bpblìc

fq a}r wqùr, kig wj}r nfqm umfulm ì wjm rwqmmwr R}bj kwwmiw`fi bf}lg am c`tmi wf wjm

r}qqf}igìc uflmr kr smll, dfq mzknulm, nkhìc wjm ‚Q}kr gk b`gkgki`k ‐ ifw filp ìwmcqkwmg

s`wj wjm a}r lìmr, a}w klrf s`wj wjm im`cjaf}qjffg‐r ukqw`b}lkq`w`mr, kig jmqmap mijkibìc

wjm mzumq`mibm wf nfqm wjki ki kgnì`rwqkw`tm t`r`w

D}qwjmqnfqm sjmi rumkhìc fd wjm b`wp bmiwqm‐r kgtkiwkcmr, Nkcikafrbf *15;;) qmdmqr wfwjm uqfz`n`wp fd rmqt`bmr kig kbw`t`w`mr, wjm n`zw}qm fd d}ibw`fir kig umfulm, a}w sjmi

rumkhìc fd uqfombwr ì wjm bmiwqm, jm qmdmqr wf ims a}`lgìcr ìwmcqkwìc wjm d}ibw`fir fd

jfwml, kukqwnmiw.jfwml kig jf}rìc, uqfakalp k bfigfnì`f sj`bj sf}lg filp am kbbmrràlm

dfq k ukqw fd wjm ufu}lkw`fi Wjm kqc}nmiw krr}nmr wjkw r}bj gmtmlfunmiw s`ll uqft`gm ofa

fuufqw}i`w`mr dfq wjm sfqhìc blkrr, kig wjmqms`wj r}rwkì rfb`kl g`tmqr`wp kig dlfs,

mrumb`kllp kw a}r rwkw`fir *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Mtmi wjf}cj wjm t`ms fi rufiwkimf}r

}qaki g`tmqr`wp rmmnr ufr`w`tm, wjm qmkl`wp uqfakalp s`ll ifw bfqqmrufig wf r}bj cmimqkw`fi

fd rfb`f.rukw`kl rpimqcp, a}w qkwjmq kifwjmq rfb`f.mbfifn`b rmcqmckw`fi amwsmmi wjm

umfulm l`tìc ì wjm bmiwqkl g`rwq`bwr kig wjfrm bfnn}wìc ì fqgmq wf sfqh wjmqm Nmiw`fiìc

wjm krumbw fd bfnn}wìc, wj`r sf}lg o}rw mijkibm wjm wqkir`w fd umfulm wjqf}cj wjm b`wp kig

gfmr ifw bfqqmrufig s`wj wjm uqmt`f}rlp nmiw`fimg faombw`tm fd qmg}bìc bfnn}wmq wqùr ì

B}q`wàk *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Wf mijkibm rfb`fg`tmqr`wp kig mbfifn`b t`ka`l`wp, ìru`qkw`fi

bki am wkhmi dqfn rfb`f.b}lw}qkl mtmiwr r}bj kr wjm Bfqqmiwm B}lw}qkl *Bfqqmiwm B}lw}qkl,

15;;)? dfq wjqmm gkpr, wjm b`wp skr d`llmg s`wj umfulm cfìc wf wjm rjfsr kig kqw

ìrwkllkw`fir, jmqms`wj ìbqmkrìc rfb`kl ìwmqkbw`fi kig dmmlìc fd rmb}q`wp R}bj b}lw}qkl

mtmiw `r ì wjm rknm lìm kr rmtmqkl b}lw}qkl kig mg}bkw`fikl ìwmqtmiw`fir nkgm ì wjm

;005‐r *mc Bfnaf`f B}lw}qkl ) kig `r fim dfqn fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm *Lmqimq, 15;; *K))

Kgg`w`fikllp `w qmrufigr wf Nkcikafrbf‐r bkll dfq nfqm gkp.qf}ig kbw`t`w`mr, kifwjmq krumbw

fd l`tmkalm }qaki rukbmr *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;)

Dìkllp kr Rj`gki $ [`ki *15;;) nmiw`fi ì wjm`q sfqh kig kbbfqgìc wf wjm mzumq`mibmr

dqfn wjm wqkìmmrjù r`wm, wjmqm kqm rbklmr fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm *Rj`gki $ [`ki, 15;;) Kr

wjm kqw`blm jkr uqfnfwmg ìwmqtmiw`fir ì wjm bmiwqkl rukbmr fd wjm b`wp, `w `r rw`ll `nufqwkiw wf

bfibm`tm wjmn ì k clfakl kig ìwmcqkwmg umqrumbw`tm s`wj wjm nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi fd

B}q`wàk @d }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm kig qmt`wkl`rmg }qaki rukbmr rjf}lg aqìc l`dm {}kl`wp wf wjm

}rmqr kig bf}iwmqaklkibm ruqksl, wjm t`r`fi s`ll jktm wf qmkbj f}w dfq wjm b`wp dqìcmr kr

smll, kig wjm bfiimbwmg nmwqfufl`wki n}i`bùkl`w`mr, o}rw kr wjm Q@W rprwmn klqmkgp

bfiimbwr wjm tkq`f}r n}i`bùkl`w`mr *@UU]B, 1550)

1=K uf}rkgk `r rfnm hìg fd kbbfnnfgkw`fi amwsmmi k jfrwml kig k amg kig aqmkhdkrw



2;

BFIBL]R@FI KIG UMQRUMBW@TM

Kw ki mkqlp rwkcm fd np wqkìmmrjù, k bfllmkc}m krhmg nm kaf}w np t`r`fi fd imzw rwmu dfq

B}q`wàk wf r}bbmmg ì wjm qmt`wkl`rìc `wr ulkiiìc? wj`r kqw`blm j`cjl`cjwr wjm ufwmiw`klr dfq

wj`r qmt`wkl`rkw`fi, ì wjm b}qqmiw bfiwmzw fd }qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkiiìc ì B}q`wàk G`ccìcamjìg wjm qmu}wkw`fi fd B}q`wàk kig `wr }qaki ulkiiìc j`rwfqp, wjm kqw`blm mtkl}kwmr wjm

r`w}kw`fi wfgkp, kr ki mzknulm fd wjm bjkllmicmr kig `rr}mr, sj`bj kip Aqk`l`ki b`wp jkr wf

gmkl s`wj b}qqmiwlp Sj`lm B}q`wàk `r rfnmjfs filp qmbmiwlp gmklìc s`wj ruqksl, ambk}rm fd

k bfiwì}f}r ulkiiìc mddfqw wf kirsmq wjm jf}rìc gmd`b`w kig tkq`f}r }qaki bjkllmicmr,

wjm wfu`b `r rw`ll qmlmtkiw dfq nfrw fd dkrw cqfsìc Wj`qg Sfqlg b`w`mr Dqfn gmrbqàìc wjm

bfiwmzw fd }qaki`rn ì Aqk`l kig ì B}q`wàk, `w `r klqmkgp umqbm`tkalm jfs Aqk`l`ki }qaki

ulkiiìc `r fat`f}rlp ìdl}mibmg ap ftmqrmkr wjmfq`mr kig uqkbw`bmr? dqfn nfgmqi`rw`b

ulkiiìc, wjqf}cj wjm mzulfqkw`fi fd gmnfbqkw`b kuuqfkbjmr kig wf }qaki ìwmqtmiw`fir kig

k n}lwùlm kuuqfkbj }qaki`rn, qmdlmbwìc rfnmjfs k rmkqbj dfq gmdììc `wr rwkibm ì

wfgkp‐r clfakl`rmg b`w`mr kig wfskqgr ujmifnmifi r}bj kr }qaki ruqksl Kr gmrbqàmg wjmlkwwmq qmr}lwr dqfn wjm j`cj cqfswj kig }qaki`rkw`fi wjm lkig mzumq`mibmg wjqf}cj wjm ukrw

gmbkgmr

Wjm gmdì`w`fi fd ruqksl qmtmklr wjm tkq`f}r umqrumbw`tmr wjkw wjmfq`rwr kig uqkbw`w`fimqr

}igmqwkhm? ì wj`r kqw`blm, wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl `r bjfrmi wf mzulfqm wjm qmlkw`fir amwsmmi wjm

rukw`kl bjkqkbwmq`rw`br fd ruqksl kig {}kl`w`mr fd }qaki rukbmr kig l`dm Df}q ujpr`bkl

bjkqkbwmq`rw`br, gmtmlfumg ap Fo`nk *1553), jmlumg wf gmdìm sjp B}q`wàk bki am

bfir`gmqmg kr k ruqkslìc b`wp? gmir`wp, dqkcnmiwkw`fi, lìmkq`wp kig bmiwqkl`wp *Fo`nk,

1553) @igmmg dms ìwmqt`msmmr fq dms bfitmqrkw`fir @ jkg, kgn`wwmg wj`r qmkl`wp fd

ruqkslìc }qaki`rkw`fi ì B}q`wàk Nmkisj`lm, farmqtìc wjm mtfl}w`fi fd }qaki`rmg kqmkrbqfrrmg s`wj wjm j`rwfqp fd `wr ulkiiìc kig wjm kqc}nmiwr fd wjm ìwmqt`msmmr, wjm mt`gmibm

rjfsmg r`cir fd }qaki ruqksl jmqm kr smll Wjm ulkiiìc fd wjm b`wp fumir }u wjf}cj dfq k

umqrumbw`tm fd }qaki uflpbmiwq`rn, ifw o}rw amìc ki mddmbw fd ruqksl a}w klrf ki fuufqw}i`wp

dfq dfb}rrìc mddfqwr fi qmt`wkl`rkw`fi fd }qaki rukbmr kig l`dm @i wj`r wkrh, wjm wjmfq`mr fd

}qaki kb}u}ibw}qm bki am }rmg kr ki ìru`qkw`fi wf lffh kw skpr wf {}kl`dp kig kbw`tkwm l`dm

kig }rmr ì wjm b`wp‐r bmiwqkl }qaki rukbmr Wjm qmt`wkl`rkw`fi sf}lg fbb}q wjqf}cj rìclm

ìwmqtmiw`fir fi mz`rwìc lfwr kig }qaki rukbmr, fddmqìc fuufqw}i`w`mr dfq wjm qmjka`l`wkw`fi

fd ims d}ibw`fir wf cmimqkwm k d}ibw`fikl kig rfb`kl g`tmqr`wp ì wjm bmiwqm, a}w kr smll ap

nmkir fd rfb`f.b}lw}qkl mtmiwr, kddmbwìc wjm w`nìc fd ì wjm }rm fd }qaki rukbmr Dìkllp

bfiimbw`t`wp kig kbbmrrà`l`wp sf}lg am cqkiwmg ap kwwmiw`fi fi wjm mz`rwìc Q@W rprwmn,

krr}qìc wjm lìh amwsmmi bmiwqkl`w`mr, im`cjaf}qjffgr kig wjm nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi Wjmqm

lkpr wjm ufwmiw`klr dfq rfb`kl kig mbfifn`b qmt`wkl`rkw`fi fd }qaki rukbmr, kig wjm

fuufqw}i`wp fd bfibmiwqkwìc wjm ruqmkg b`wp kqf}ig rfnm kwwqkbw`tm }qaki uflmr

Blmkqlp wjm r`ci`d`bkiw g`nmir`fir fd wjm wfu`b, r}bj kr ufl`w`bkl s`ll, mbfifn`b ìbmiw`tmr,

}qaki rfb`flfcp, rw}gp fd n`cqkw`fi kww`w}gmr kig lfc`b fd bjf`bmr, jktm ifw ammi wf}bjmg ì

wj`r mzulfqkw`fi fd wjm ujmifnmifi fd ruqkslìc }qaki`rkw`fi Kbhifslmgcmnmiw `r wjf}cj

nkgm jmqm kaf}w wjm bku`wkl `nufqwkibm fd wjfrm krumbwr, ì fqgmq wf }igmqrwkig amwwmq wjm

rfb`f.mbfifn`b krumbwr fd ruqksl, jmqms`wj klrf mzulkììc wjfqf}cjlp wjm imckw`tm

krumbwr fd `w, sj`bj smqm o}rw mi}nmqkwmg ì wj`r kqw`blm D}qwjmqnfqm }qaki cftmqikibm `r k



21

hmp.mlmnmiw wf krr}qm ki mddmbw`tm `nulmnmiwkw`fi fd wjm `gmkr uqmrmiwmg fi qmt`wkl`rkw`fi

fd bmiwqkl rukbmr ì qmrufirm wf ruqksl, mrumb`kllp c`tmi wjm ufl`w`bkl kig dìkib`kl bfiwmzw

fd wjm uqfombwr ì Aqk`l, fq ì kip gmtmlfuìc bf}iwqp Wjfrm g`nmir`fir immg wf am

ìwmcqkwmg amdfqm wjm }qaki umqrumbw`tm bki am bfir`gmqmg kr clfakl kig d}llp ìwmcqkwmg?

wj`r bfibmqir dfq ìrwkibm wjm qflm fd wjm B`wp Uqmdmbw}qm, wjm tkq`f}r u}al`b fqckir, wjm

`rr}mr }igmqwkhmi ap wjm Rwkwm Wjm bfnulmz`wp fd r}bj ìwmcqkw`fi `r `ll}rwqkwmg ap Kl

Cfqm‐r bfnnmiw?

“Sm kqm ì ki }i}r}kl uqmg`bknmiw kr k clfakl b`t`l`kw`fi Wjm nkz`n}n wjkw `r

ufl`w`bkllp dmkràlm, mtmi wjm nkz`n}n wjkw `r ufl`w`bkllp ‚`nkcìkalm‐ q`cjw ifs, rw`ll

dkllr rjfqw fd wjm nì`n}n wjkw `r rb`miw`d`bkllp kig mbflfc`bkllp imbmrrkqp„

*NbHàami, ;00=, u ;)

C`tìc wjm j`rwfqp kig qmu}wkw`fi fd B}q`wàk, gmrbqàmg kr k lfic.w`nm ulkiimg kig

r}rwkìkalm b`wp nfgml, wjm ufl`w`bkllp gmr`qkalm q`cjw ifs rmmnr wf k`n dfq hmmuìc wjm b`wpfi wjm sfqlg nku fd qmdmqmibmr Wj`r bfnaìmr kr smll s`wj wjm kwwmiw`fi fi }qaki

nkqhmwìc kig bfnumw`w`t`wp mnmqcìc s`wj wjm Dffwakll Sfqlg B}u 15;7 bfnìc wf Aqk`l

A}w gfmr wjm gmr`qm d`w wjm ufl`w`bkllp `nkcìkalm , bf}lg am wjm imzw {}mrw`fi

SFQHR B@WMG

Kiki`ki, U *1550 *K), Dmaq}kqp) Miom}z bfiwmnufqkìr mi ]qaki`rnm? bf}qr 7 . Lmr gàd`r gmr

nàcklfuflmr g} W`mqr.Nfigm *@@) Aq}zmllmr

Kiki`ki, U *1550 *A), Dmaq}kqp) Miom}z bfiwmnufqkìr mi ]qaki`rnm? bf}qr = . Lmr miom}z gm lk

bqf`rrkibm }qakìm? Uk}tqmwà, bq`nìkl`wà mw mit`qfiimnmiw . Lm bkr gm Râf Uk}lf Aq}zmllmr

Aq`wkii`bk, M *15;1) Mrwkgf Iftf Qmwq`mtmg Oki}kqp 7, 15;1, dqfn Mibpblfuäg`k Aq`wkii`bk

Filìm? jwwu?&&sssaq`wkii`bkbfn&MAbjmbhmg&wfu`b&;02145&Mrwkgf.Iftf

Aq}cnkii, O *1550) Rwqkwmcp dfq ki ]qaki Ulkimw @i O Aq}cnkii, Smlbfnm wf wjm ]qaki

Qmtfl}w`fi . Jfs B`w`mr Kqm Bjkicìc Wjm Sfqlg *uu ;00.1:7) Ims Pfqh? Alffnra}qp Uqmrr

A}qgmww, Q, $ Ifskh, S *155:) Rf}wj Knmq`bki B`w`mr? Rmb}qìc ki }qaki d}w}qm ]qaki Kcm Râf

Uk}lf Lfigfi? ]qaki Kcm Uqfcqknnm

A}rbh, N, Qkrn}rrmi, B, $ Rhftrjflw, R *15;;) L`tmkalm U}al`b Rukbmr . Rjkuìc ki kiklpw`bkl

dqknmsfqh wf mtkl}kwm wjm l`tmka`l`wp fd u}al`b rukbmr ì aqfsid`mlg qmcmimqkw`fi uqfombwr Kklafqc]i`tmqr`wp, Ulkiläciìc fc Cmfcqkd`, Kklafqc

Bkumllf, C *15;;, Fbwfamq) B`gkgmr qmiftkgkr Kq{}`wmw}qk $ bfirwq}ãâf , u 71

Bkqgfrf, K B *15;;) Gk `gm`k å b`gkgm, gf ulkif kf uqfomwf? cïimrm gf uqfbmrrf gm

wqkirdfqnkãâf }qakik mn B}q`wàk k ukqw`q gf Ulkif Uqml`nìkq gm ]qaki`rnf Ufiw`dîb`k

]i`tmqr`gkgm Bkwòl`bk gf Ukqkië, Bmiwqf gm B`ïib`kr mzkwkr m gm wmbiflfc`k . Uqfcqknk gm Uòr.

cqkg}kãâf mn cmrwâf }qakik B}q`wàk, UQ? U]BUQ

Bkrkcqkigm, N *15;;) ]qaki Kb}u}ibw}qm Qmwq`mtmg Oki}kqp 7, 15;1, dqfn ]qaki Kb}u}ibw}qm .

Bkrkcqkigm Lkafqkwfqp? jwwu?&&jmlrìh`kb}u}ibw}qmalfcrufwbfn&



22

BFJKA *15;; *K)) Kuqmrmiwkãâf Qmwq`mtmg Oki}kqp 4, 15;1, dqfn Bfnukij`k gm Jka`wkãâf

Ufu}lkq gm B}q`wàk? jwwu?&&sssbfjkabwbfnaq&bfiwm}gfkruz6rmbkf>1=

BFJKA *15;;*A)) Uqfcqknk Nìjk Bkrk, Nìjk T`gk mn B}q`wàk Qmwq`mtmg Oki}kqp 2, 15;1,

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Sprawling Brazilian Urbanisation

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