Sport Presentation

By Scott Cadmore

Skeleton System

The skeleton provides a framework that supports your muscles and skins and protects internal organs.

It is made up of 206 bones

Skeletal system is made out of bones, cartilage and joints

Skeleton functions

Support-The bones give your body shape and provides a supporting framework for the soft tissue of the body

Protection-The bones surround and protect vital tissues and organs in your body. The skull protects the brain, your thorax protects your heart and lungs , the vertebral column protects your spinal cord and your pelvis protects your abdominal and reproductive organs

Skeletal functions continued

Attachment for skeletal muscle- Parts of your skeleton provides a surface for your skeletal muscles to attach to allowing you to move, tendons attach muscle to bone . Muscles pulling on bones cause movement at the joints.

Source of blood production- Blood vessels feed the centre of the bones and stored within are bone marrow, marrow in long bones is continually producing red and white blood cells.

Store of minerals- Bone is a reservoir for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus which are essential for bone growth and healthy bones.

Axial Skelelton

Axial skeleton forms main core of the skeletal system

Axial skeleton has 80 bones in the head and the trunk of the body.

Has 3 parts, the human skull, thorax, vertebral column

Appendicular Skeleton

The Appendicular Skeleton consists of 126 bones in the human body is broken down into six major regions

1) Pectoral Girdles (4 bones)

2) Arm and Forearm (6 bones)

3) Hands (58 bones)

4) Pelvis (2 bones)

5) Thigh and leg (8 bones)

6) Feet (56 bones)

Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

Picture on right shows the axial skeleton in green and the appendicular skeleton in purple

The Vertebral column The vertebral column is made up of 5 sections

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Type of bones

There are five types of bones they are:

Long bone- are found in the limbs

Short bone-are small light and strong

Flat bones-are thin flattened and slightly curved

Irregualar bones- complex shape

Sesamoid bone- have a specialised function

Long bones

A bone that is categorised as a lone bone has to be longer than it is wide.

The long bones have a shaft known as the diaphysis and two expanded ends known as the epiphysis

Long bones include the femur, tibia and fibia in the leg and in the arm the humorous, radius and ulna.

Pictures of Long bones

Short bones

Short bones are small ,light, strong, cube shaped bones consisting of cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.

Examples of short bones are carpals and tarsals of the wrist and ankles

Pictures of Short bones

Flat bones Flat bones are thin , flattened and slightly curved

and have a large surface area.

Examples of a flat bone are scapula, sternum and cranium

Irregular bones

Irregular bones have complex shapes

Examples include the bones of the spine

Sesamoid boneSeasamoid bone have a specialised function

Are found within a tendon such as the patella in the knee

Major Joints

Joints allow movement to occur, this happens when two bones meet this is known as articulation.

There are 3 Major types of joints these are:

Fibrous

Cartilagenous

Synovial

Fibrous

Fibrous joint also know as a fixed joint

A fibrous joint by only held together by a bands of tough fibrous tissues

The most common joint is in the skull.

Cartilaginous

These joints occur where the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage for example between vertebrae in the spine.

A Cartilaginous joint allow slight movement joint

Synovial Joint

Synovial joints the most common type of joint within the human body. They are highly moveable and all have synovial capsule surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluids and cartilage known as hyaline cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones,

There are 6 types of synovial joints which are classified by the shape of the joint and the movement available.

Features of a Synovial joint All synovial joints have :

An outer sleeve or joint capsule to help hold bones in place and protect joint

A synovial membrane which produces a liquid call synovial fluid to lubricate the joint

A joint cavity which is a gap between the articulating bones

Articular cartilage on the ends of the bones to stop bones knocking or grinding

Ligaments to hold bones together and keep in place.

Hinge joint

A hinge joint allows flexion and extension movement which is the decrease or increase of an angle.

Hinge joints are found within the elbow and the knee

A hinge joint is used in sport when pulling the leg back before striking a football

Pivot Joint

A pivot joint allows rotation around a bone around another bone and allows rotation movement

Pivot joint is found in the neck in the axis and atlas

A pivot joint would be used to make a glancing header in football

Ball and SocketMovement around a ball and socket joint is Flexion,

Extension, Adduction, Abduction

Ball and socket joint can be found in the hip and the shoulder

Ball and socket is used when throwing, hurdling and during a golf swing.

Condyloid joint• Similar to ball and socket joint

• Where one bone sits in a hollow formed by another

• Movement is backwards and forwards and side to side

• This is found in the wrist

• A sporting example is when cricketer puts leg spin on a ball

Saddle

Similar to Condyloid but surfaces are concave convex

Movement occurs backwards forwards and side to side

This is found in the thumb

A sporting example is in gymnastics

Gliding

Gliding joint allows movement over a flat surface in all directions but is restricted by ligaments

Found in carpals and tarsals

A sporting example is in football striking a ball

Movement of the skeletonMovement of the skeleton is allowed due to joints and

muscles

There are different types of movement which are :-

Adduction, Abduction, Flexion, Extension ,Rotation, Circumduction, Hyper Extension ,Plantar flexion, Dorsiflexion , Pronation, Supination

Adduction and Abduction Adduction is the movement of taking a limb towards

the midline of the body

A sporting example for adduction is when lowering a weight

Abduction is movement of taking a limb away from the midline of the body

A sporting example for Abduction is performing a kick in martial arts

Flexion and Extension

Flexion is the decrease of an angle at a joint

Flexion is used to pitch a baseball

Extension is the increase of an angle at a joint

Extension is used to execute kicking a football

Rotation and Circumduction

Rotation is the circular movement along a long axis

Rotation is used to header a football

Circumduction is the movement to make a circular shape at the end of a limb

Circumduction is used in sport when fencing.

Plantar and Dorsi flexion

Plantar Flexion is the movement that points the toes downwards by straightening the ankle

A sporting example is jumping to shoot in basketball

Dorsi flexion is the upwards movement of the toes

Pronation and Suspination Pronation is an inward rotation of the forearm so

the palm of the hand is facing backwards

Pronation occurs at the wrist joint when playing a forehand shot in table tennis.

Suspination is the outward movement so palm is facing forwards and radius and ulna are parrallell

Suspination is used when playing a backhand shot in table tennis

Hyper extension

Hyper extension is the movement beyond the normal anatomical position

Hyper extension occurs at the spine of a cricketer when they arch their back when approaching the crease to bowl

Biceps and Triceps

Biceps

Triceps

Muscle Exercise activity

Bicep Arm curl or chin up

Tricep Press ups

Deltoids and PectorialsPectorials

Deltoids

Deltoids

Muscle Exercise Activity

Deltoids Overhead lifting

Pectorals All pressing movements

Rectus Femoris

Vastus laterils

Vastus intermedius ( sits under Rectus Femoris)

Vastus medialis

Vastus medialis

Muscle Exerise Activity

Quadriceps:Recrus femorisVastus lateralisVastus medialsVastus intermedius

Front Squat

Hamstrings

Semitendinsus

Semimembranosus

Bicep Femoris

Muscle Exercise Activity

Hamstring:Semimem branosusSemitendinosusBicep femmoris

Extending leg and flexing knee, running

Rectus Abdominis

Muscle Exercise Activitys

Rectus Abdominis Sit-ups

Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Gastrocnemius

soleus

Gastrocnemius

soleus

Muscle Exercise Activity

Gasatrocnemius Running,jumping and standing on tip-toes

Soleus Running and jumpong

Tibialis anterior

Muscle Exercise Activity

Tibialis anterior Running and jumping exercise

Back muscles

Erector spinae

Latissimus dorsi

Teres Major

Muscle Exercise Activity

Erector Spinae Back extension

Teres major Rowing and pulling movements

Latissimus dorsi Rowing movements

Trapezius

Muscle Exercise Activity

Trapezius Overhead Lifting

Obliques and Glueteus maximus

Muscle Exercise Activity

Oblique Oblique curls

Gluteus Maximus Knee-bending movements, Cycling

References

Used resources:

www.wikipedia.org

www.google.com

http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/joints.php

http://www.golfdigest.com

http://e-radiography.net/ibase8/index.htm

Sport level 3 book 1 by Adams , Barker, Gledhill, Lydon, Mulligan, Phillippo and Sutton