FROND

ADVENTITOUS ROOTSNODE

SPOROPHYLL

MATURE

SPOROPHYTE

RHIZOME

ALTERNATE

PHYLLOTAXY

IMMATURE FROND

“FIDDLEHEAD”

C

“FIDDLEHEAD”

CROZIER

CV

“FIDDLEHEAD”

CROZIER

CIRCINATE VERNATION

^

MORPHOLOGY

^

FROND

MORPHOLOGY

TYPES

L

FROND MORPHOLOGY

TYPES

COMPOUND FROND

FROND MORPHOLOGY

TYPES

FROND MORPHOLOGY

TYPES

COMPOUND FROND

SIMPLE FROND

FROND MORPHOLOGY

TYPES

^

COMPOUND

FROND

C

COMPOUND

FROND

FROND MORPHOLOGY

COMPOUND FROND

PINNAE PRESENT

FROND MORPHOLOGY

COMPOUND FROND

COMPOUND

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

P

COMPOUND

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

^

PINNAE

PRESENT

COMPOUND

FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

STIPE

COMPOUND

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

S

STIPE

COMPOUND

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

STIPE

LAMINA

COMPOUND

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

L

STIPE

LAMINA

COMPOUND

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

STIPE

LAMINA

RACHIS

COMPOUND

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

R

STIPE

LAMINA

RACHIS

COMPOUND

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

STIPE

LAMINA

RACHIS

PINNAE?

P

STIPE

LAMINA

RACHIS

PINNAE

+

PINNA ?

SUBRACHIS?

PINNA S

SUBRACHIS

PINNA ?

SUBRACHIS

PINNULES?

PINNA P

SUBRACHIS

PINNULES

PINNA S

COMPOUND

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

^

COMPOUND

FROND

TYPES

L

COMPOUND FROND

TYPES

ONCE PINNATE

COMPOUND FROND

TYPES

COMPOUND FROND

TYPES

ONCE PINNATE

TWICE PINNATE

COMPOUND FROND

TYPES

O

ONCE PINNATE

COMPOUND

FROND

COMPOUND FROND

ONCE PINNATE

BEARS

PINNAE ONLY

COMPOUND FROND

ONCE PINNATE

ONCE PINNATE

COMPOUND

FROND

POLYPODIUM

P

PINNAEONCE PINNATE

COMPOUND

FROND

POLYPODIUM

T

TWICE PINNATE

COMPOUND

FROND

COMPOUND FROND

TWICE PINNATE

BEARS

PINNAE & PINNULES

COMPOUND FROND

TWICE PINNATE

OSMUNDA

TWICE PINNATE

COMPOUND

FROND

P

OSMUNDAPINNA

TWICE PINNATE

COMPOUND

FROND

P

OSMUNDA PINNULESPINNAE

TWICE PINNATE

COMPOUND

FROND

^

SIMPLE FROND

S

SIMPLE FROND

FROND MORPHOLOGY

SIMPLE FROND

PINNAE ASBSENT

FROND MORPHOLOGY

SIMPLE FROND

SIMPLE

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

A

SIMPLE

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

PINNAE

ABSENT

^

SIMPLE FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

STIPE

SIMPLE

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

S

STIPE

SIMPLE

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

STIPE

LAMINA

SIMPLE

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

?

L

STIPE

LAMINA

SIMPLE

FERN FROND

MORPHOLOGY

^

SORUS

S

SORUS

PTERALES

SORUS

SPORANGIA

CLUSTER

PTERALES

SORUS

SORUS

FROND / SPOROPHYLL

SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM

SORUS

L.S.

?

INDUSIUM

SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM

SORUS

L.S.

?

I

INDUSIUM

SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM

SORUS

L.S.

I

INDUSIUM

PTERALES

INDUSIUM

MODIFIED PLT HAIR

PTERALES

INDUSIUM

+

PTERALES

INDUSIUM

MODIFIED PLT HAIR

---

PROTECTS SPORANGIA

PTERALES

INDUSIUM

+

PTERALES

INDUSIUM

MODIFIED PLT HAIR

---

PROTECT SPORANGIA

---

PRESENT OR ABSENT

PTERALES

INDUSIUM

INDUSIUM

PRESENT

FROND / SPOROPHYLL

INDUSIUM

SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM

SORUS

L.S.

^

INDUSIUM

ABSENT

FROND / SPOROPHYLL

POLYPODIUM

SPORANGIUM

SORUS

L.S.INDUSIUM ABSENT

^

SPORANGIUM

“A

“ADVANCED FERNS”

T“T

“TRUE FERNS”

CELL INITIAL

SPORANGIUM

WALL

SPORANGIUM

STALK

SPOROCYTES

STOMIUM

TAPETUM

STALK

ANNULUS

FEW SPORES

L.S.

SMALL SIZE

THIN WALL

L

CELL INITIAL

SPORANGIUM

WALL

SPORANGIUM

STALK

SPOROCYTES

STOMIUM

TAPETUM

STALK

ANNULUS

FEW SPORES

L.S.LEPTOSPORANGIUM

SMALL SIZE

THIN WALL

^

SPORANGIUM

POSITION

SORUS

?

SPOROPHYLL

L.S.

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

?SORUS

S

SPOROPHYLL

L.S.

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

SORUS

F

FOLIAR

L.S.

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

SORUS

A

SPOROPHYLL

L.S.

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

ABAXIAL

SURFACE

SORUS

^

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

STRUCTURE

L.S.

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

?

L.S.

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

??

S

L.S.

STALK

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

S

STALK

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

STALK

BEARS

SPORANGIUM

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

STALK

L.S.

STALK

SPORANGIUM

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

?

L.S.

STALK

ANNULUS

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

?

A

L.S.

STALK

ANNULUS

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

A

ANNULUS

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

ANNULUS

SPORANGIUM

WALL

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

ANNULUS

L.S.

STALK

ANNULUS

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

?

ANNULUS

STALK

L.S.

STOMIUM

LEPTOSPORANGIUM?

S

ANNULUS

STALK

L.S.

STOMIUM

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

S

STOMIUM

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

STOMIUM

MODIFIED

ANNULUS CELLS

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

STOMIUM

+

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

STOMIUM

MODIFIED

ANNULUS CELLS

---

DEHISCENCE POINT

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

STOMIUM

ANNULUS

STALK

L.S.

STOMIUM

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

+

ANNULUS

STALK

L.S.

STOMIUM

MODIFIED

ANNULUS CELLSLEPTOSPORANGIUM

S

ANNULUS

STALK

L.S.

LEPTOSPORANGIUMSTOMIUM

DEHISCENCE

POINT

^

SPORE

DISPERSAL

S

SPORE

DISPERSAL

CATAPULT-LIKE

START

POSITION

ANNULUS STOMIUM

LEPTOSPORANGIUM D

STOMIUM

LEPTOSPORANGIUM

DRY

CONDITIONS

ANNULUS

W