Sponge: List the five Moon phases. What are waxing and waning?
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Transcript of Sponge: List the five Moon phases. What are waxing and waning?
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Sponge: List the five Moon phases. What are waxing and waning?
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Ancient Astronomy
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The scientific method involves theory and experimentation.
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Prior to the acceptance of the scientific method, what scientists "thought" was accepted without being tested.
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This held back the development of newer more correct theories for centuries.
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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) demonstrated one of the earliest uses of the scientific method.
He noticed that all lunar eclipses showed a curved shadow.
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He concluded that since the shadow was always curved, then the Earth must be round. (A sphere is the only object whose shadow is always circular.)
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He also argued that distant stars would appear at different positions to observers at different locations on the Earth if the Earth were round.
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We use this difference in appearance to find the distance to stars. The method is called triangulation.
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PARALLAX - the apparent shift of an object as seen from two different points of observation.
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Closer objects form a "fatter" imaginary triangle.
Farther objects form a "thinner" imaginary triangle.
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The amount of parallax is inversely proportional to an object's distance.
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COSMOLOGY - the study of the workings of the universe on a large scale.
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The ancient Greeks believed the universe to be comprised of the stars (which were attached to the celestial sphere), and the known components of the solar system: the Sun, Earth, Moon, and the five then known planets.
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The parts of the solar system were obviously not part of the celestial sphere because they did not move like the stars.
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They added additional spheres for the Sun and the Moon.
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The Sun and Moon each move steadily and keep the same brightness.
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Their location and appearance are easy to predict.
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The explanation was not as easy for the other members of the solar system.
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The planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are not consistent in their movement and brightness. The name "planet" means "wanderer".
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From night to night the planets generally move from west to east (as does the Moon); this is called direct motion.
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However, the planets seem to speed up and slow down.
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Three of the planets: Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn loop back and move east to west for a few months (retrograde motion).
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Also, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are brightest during this retrograde motion.
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These observations did not fit the simple cosmology offered by the ancient Greeks; however, few people questioned that this cosmology was correct.
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THE GEOCENTRIC SOLAR SYSTEM
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
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The Earth must be stationary because:1. The Earth doesn't feel like it's moving.2. We feel no strong wind from the motion.3. Why is there no parallax visible in the position of the stars?
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The early models employed circles (the perfect curve, what else would God use?).
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This cosmology was largely unchallenged until the 16th century.
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Circles around the Earth worked well for the Sun and the Moon, but not for the planets.
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For the planets, they added the epicycle to the deferent.
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The best geocentric model of all time was constructed by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy around 140 A.D.
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It was made of approximately 80 different circles.
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The Ptolemaic cosmology was the accepted system for over 1000 years.
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Aristarchus (310-230 B.C.) was one Greek who did question what was accepted by most others.
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He suggested that a rotating Earth which orbited the Sun would explain the observations.
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But Aristotle's influence was too great and his ideas persisted.
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ANCIENT ASTRONOMY
Ancient astronomy was practical in nature.
Sailors and farmers.
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Ancient astronomical sites
Stonehenge (England) - construction spanned 2000 years from 2800 B.C.
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Carucol Temple (Mexico) - built by the Mayans around 1000 A.D.
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Big Horn Medicine Wheel (Wyoming) – built by the Plains Indians.
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Other cultures have great astronomical traditions: the Chinese and the Arabs are prominent figures.
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