Spm 2/17/07 GREEN ENGINEERING & ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AT VIRGINIA TECH Dr. Sean McGinnis...
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spm 2/17/07 GREEN ENGINEERING & ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AT GREEN ENGINEERING & ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AT VIRGINIA TECH VIRGINIA TECH Dr. Sean McGinnis Dr. Sean McGinnis Director – Green Engineering Program Director – Green Engineering Program VT College of Engineering VT College of Engineering www.eng.vt.edu www.eng.vt.edu Aerospace & Ocean Engineering Biological Systems Engineering Computer Science Electrical & Computer Engineering Civil & Environmental Engineering Engineering Education Materials Science & Engineering Mechanical Engineering Mining & Mineral Engineering Engineering Science & Mechanics LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS (LCA): A method based on scientific data for analyzing and quantifying environmental impacts of products, processes, and systems over their entire life cycle LCA provides objective environmental data for decision-making on issues that cross political, economic, social, technological, and environmental boundaries GREEN ENGINEERING: • Green Engineering is the design of materials, processes, devices, and systems with the objective of minimizing overall environmental impact across the entire life cycle. • Green Engineering considers life-cycle environmental impacts as initial design constraints. It recognizes that environmental impacts are more effectively minimized the further upstream they are considered. • Green Engineering focuses at the interface between the environment, technology, economics, and society. Chemical Engineering Industrial System Engineering 4. Data Interpretation (ISO 14043) − How should different impact categories be weighted? − How accurate and sensitive are results to the data? − LCA provides the data/analysis, not the decision Environment Economics Society Technology Hydrosphere Eutrophication Acidification Aquifer depletion Ecotoxicity Human Health Extractio n Manufacturi ng Use Disposal 1. Define the project scope, boundaries, and assumptions (ISO 14040) −What system boundaries? Which impact categories? Which data sources? 2. Compile a detailed inventory of all inputs and outputs (ISO 14041) − Confirm mass balance (inputs = outputs) within system boundaries 3. Translate inventory outputs to potential environmental impacts across categories (ISO 14042) − Use scientifically derived characterization factors for comparison Biosphere Soil depletion Deforestation Resource Depletion Ecotoxicity Human Health Atmosphere Climate Change Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Acidification Human Health compost reuse recycle Example: Biodiesel Production From Soybeans “An Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles” http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24772.pdf NREL LCI Database http://www.nrel.gov/lci Extraction Manufacturin g Us e Disposal GREEN ENGINEERING DESIGN PRINCIPLES: 1. Consider the entire life cycle Environmental impacts occur across multiple life cycle phases for products/processes and are most effectively minimized by good design 2. Materials Selection The mass and production energy of materials used are key factors for determining life cycle environmental impact 3. Consider waste as a design flaw Waste from all life cycle phases should be minimized through the use of materials which either return to nature or can be recycled indefinitely 4. Look to nature for sustainable designs Nature designs materials and systems with high performance, efficient energy use, and no waste VIRGINIA TECH GREEN ENGINEERING PROGRAM MISSION: (1) To increase students’ awareness of the environmental impact of engineering practice (2) To provide students with courses and other educational experiences in which they learn skills to minimize environmental impacts and to design for sustainability (3) To facilitate interdisciplinary research and collaboration in areas of green engineering and sustainability among faculty (4) To engage the university, local, and global communities in discussions focused on engineering approaches to sustainability. • Since green engineering is multidisciplinary, the program searches for opportunities in education, outreach, and research across all VT colleges and departments. INPUTS PER 1000 KG SOYBEAN OUTPUT (1 acre) Agrochemicals kg 0.41 Diesel (Farm Tractor) gal 4.5 Electricity MJ 19 Gasoline (Farm Tractor) gal 2.1 Lime (quick, CaO) kg 83 Liquified Petroleum Gas (fuel) MJ 19 Natural Gas (fuel) MJ 19 Nitrogen Fertilizer (NH 4 NO 3 as N) kg 1.1 Phosphorous Fertilizer (TSP as P 2 O 5 ) kg 3.8 Potash Fertilizer (K2O) kg 7.7 Transport: Rail (kg.km) tkm 46 Transport: Road (diesel oil, liter) gal 0.27 Cropland (Conservation Tillage) m 2 2278 Cropland (Conventional Tillage) m 2 956 Water Used (total) gal 10897 Water: River gal 6887 Water: Well gal 4010 OUTPUTS PER 1000 KG SOYBEAN OUTPUT Air Water Solid 2,4 - D (C 8 H 6 Cl 2 O 3 ) kg 0.0021 0.0001 Alachlor (C 14 H 2 OClNO 2 ) kg 0.0015 0.0001 Bentazon (C 10 H 12 N 2 O 3 S) kg 0.0013 0.0001 Bromoxynil (C 7 H 3 Br 2 NO) kg 0.0017 Chlorpyrifos (C 9 H 11 Cl 3 NO 3 PS) kg 0.00056 0.00002 Clomazone (C 12 H 14 ClNO 2 ) kg 0.00029 0.00001 Glyphosate (C 3 H 8 NO 5 P) kg 0.10 0.0043 Metolachlor (C 15 H 22 ClNO 2 ) kg 0.0029 0.0001 Metribuzin (C 8 H 14 N 4 OS) kg 0.0007 0.00003 Pendimethalin (C 13 H 19 N 3 O 4 ) kg 0.016 0.0007 Sulfosate (C 12 H 32 NO 5 PS 3 ) kg 0.008 0.0004 Trifluralin (C 13 H 16 F 3 N 3 O 4 ) kg 0.016 0.0004 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) (biomass uptake) kg -1559 Hydrocarbons (unspecified) kg 0.25 Nitrogen Oxides (NO x as NO 2 ) kg 0.19 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) kg 2.47 Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as N) kg 0.14 Phosphorous Matter (unspecified, as P) 0.02 Suspended Matter (unspecified) kg 2812 Soybean Residues kg 2097 NREL LCI Database http://www.nrel.gov/lci Life Cycle Air Emissions for B20 and B100 Compared to Petroleum Diesel Comparison of Net CO 2 Life Cycle Emissions for Biodiesel Blends and Petroleum Diesel Comparison of Total Wastewater Flows for Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles Life Cycle Total and Fossil Fuel Production Energies (including feedstock) for Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel SOYBEAN OIL CONVERSION - PROCESS INPUTS Soybean Oil (degummed) kg 1040 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) catalyst kg 2.3 Methanol (CH 3 OH) kg 96 Sodium Methoxide (CH 3 ONa) kg 24 Electricity MJ 230 Steam kg 1030 Process Water lite r 360 SOYBEAN OIL CONVERSION - PROCESS OUTPUTS Biodiesel (neat) kg 1000 Crude Glycerin kg 150 Soap stock kg 0.54 Process Water (chemically polluted) lit er 380 Waste (other) kg 12 Air Emissions (various) see graphs 1.08 0.066 0.003 0.007 0.151 0.311 0.004 0.08 1.24 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 E nergy (M J/M J Fuel) Biodiesel Fossil Energy Biodiesel Total Energy Petrodiesel Fossil Energy Petrodiesel Total Energy
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Transcript of Spm 2/17/07 GREEN ENGINEERING & ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AT VIRGINIA TECH Dr. Sean McGinnis...
spm 2/17/07
GREEN ENGINEERING & ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS GREEN ENGINEERING & ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AT VIRGINIA TECHAT VIRGINIA TECH
Dr. Sean McGinnisDr. Sean McGinnisDirector – Green Engineering ProgramDirector – Green Engineering Program
VT College of EngineeringVT College of Engineeringwww.eng.vt.eduwww.eng.vt.edu
Aerospace & Ocean Engineering Biological Systems EngineeringC
om
pu
ter Scien
ceE
lectrical & C
om
pu
ter En
gin
eering
Civil &
En
viron
men
tal E
ng
ineerin
g
Engineering Education
Materials S
cience &
En
gin
eering
Mech
anical E
ng
ineerin
gM
inin
g &
Min
eral En
gin
eering
Engineering Science & Mechanics
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS (LCA): A method based on scientific data for analyzing and quantifying environmental impacts of products, processes, and systems over their entire life cycle
LCA provides objective environmental data for decision-making on issues that cross political, economic, social, technological, and environmental boundaries
GREEN ENGINEERING:
• Green Engineering is the design of materials, processes, devices, and systems with the objective of minimizing overall environmental impact across the entire life cycle.
• Green Engineering considers life-cycle environmental impacts as initial design constraints. It recognizes that environmental impacts are more effectively minimized the further upstream they are considered.
• Green Engineering focuses at the interface between the environment, technology, economics, and society.
Chemical Engineering
Industrial System Engineering
4. Data Interpretation (ISO 14043)− How should different impact categories be weighted?− How accurate and sensitive are results to the data?− LCA provides the data/analysis, not the decision
Environment
EconomicsSociety
Technology
HydrosphereEutrophicationAcidification
Aquifer depletion Ecotoxicity
Human Health
Extraction
Manufacturing
Use
Disposal
1. Define the project scope, boundaries, and assumptions (ISO 14040)
−What system boundaries? Which impact categories? Which data sources?
2. Compile a detailed inventory of all inputs and outputs (ISO 14041)− Confirm mass balance (inputs = outputs)
within system boundaries
3. Translate inventory outputs to potential environmental impacts across categories (ISO 14042)
− Use scientifically derived characterization factors for comparison
BiosphereSoil depletion Deforestation
Resource DepletionEcotoxicity
Human Health
AtmosphereClimate ChangeOzone DepletionSmog Formation
AcidificationHuman Health
compost
reuse
recycle
Example: Biodiesel Production From Soybeans
“An Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles”http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24772.pdf
NREL LCI Databasehttp://www.nrel.gov/lci
Extra
ctio
n
Manufacturing
Use
Disposal
GREEN ENGINEERING DESIGN PRINCIPLES:
1. Consider the entire life cycle Environmental impacts occur across multiple life cycle phases for
products/processes and are most effectively minimized by good design
2. Materials Selection The mass and production energy of materials used are key factors for
determining life cycle environmental impact
3. Consider waste as a design flaw Waste from all life cycle phases should be minimized through the use of
materials which either return to nature or can be recycled indefinitely
4. Look to nature for sustainable designs Nature designs materials and systems with high performance, efficient
energy use, and no waste
VIRGINIA TECH GREEN ENGINEERING PROGRAM MISSION:
(1) To increase students’ awareness of the environmental impact of engineering practice
(2) To provide students with courses and other educational experiences in which they learn skills to minimize environmental impacts and to design for sustainability
(3) To facilitate interdisciplinary research and collaboration in areas of green engineering and sustainability among faculty
(4) To engage the university, local, and global communities in discussions focused on engineering approaches to sustainability.
• Since green engineering is multidisciplinary, the program searches for opportunities in education, outreach, and research across all VT colleges and departments.
INPUTS PER 1000 KG SOYBEAN OUTPUT (1 acre)
Agrochemicals kg 0.41
Diesel (Farm Tractor) gal 4.5
Electricity MJ 19
Gasoline (Farm Tractor) gal 2.1
Lime (quick, CaO) kg 83
Liquified Petroleum Gas (fuel) MJ 19
Natural Gas (fuel) MJ 19
Nitrogen Fertilizer (NH4NO3 as N) kg 1.1
Phosphorous Fertilizer (TSP as P2O5) kg 3.8
Potash Fertilizer (K2O) kg 7.7
Transport: Rail (kg.km) tkm 46
Transport: Road (diesel oil, liter) gal 0.27
Cropland (Conservation Tillage) m2 2278
Cropland (Conventional Tillage) m2 956
Cropland (Reduced Tillage) m2 813
Water Used (total) gal 10897
Water: River gal 6887
Water: Well gal 4010
OUTPUTS PER 1000 KG SOYBEAN OUTPUT Air Water Solid
2,4 - D (C8H6Cl2O3) kg 0.0021 0.0001
Alachlor (C14H2OClNO2) kg 0.0015 0.0001
Bentazon (C10H12N2O3S) kg 0.0013 0.0001
Bromoxynil (C7H3Br2NO) kg 0.0017
Chlorpyrifos (C9H11Cl3NO3PS) kg 0.00056 0.00002
Clomazone (C12H14ClNO2) kg 0.00029 0.00001
Glyphosate (C3H8NO5P) kg 0.10 0.0043
Metolachlor (C15H22ClNO2) kg 0.0029 0.0001
Metribuzin (C8H14N4OS) kg 0.0007 0.00003
Pendimethalin (C13H19N3O4) kg 0.016 0.0007
Sulfosate (C12H32NO5PS3) kg 0.008 0.0004
Trifluralin (C13H16F3N3O4) kg 0.016 0.0004
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (biomass uptake) kg -1559
Hydrocarbons (unspecified) kg 0.25
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) kg 0.19
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) kg 2.47
Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as N) kg 0.14
Phosphorous Matter (unspecified, as P) kg 0.02
Suspended Matter (unspecified) kg 2812
Soybean Residues kg 2097
NREL LCI Databasehttp://www.nrel.gov/lci
Life Cycle Air Emissions for B20 and B100 Compared to Petroleum Diesel
Comparison of Net CO2 Life Cycle Emissions for Biodiesel Blends and Petroleum Diesel
Comparison of Total Wastewater Flows for Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles
Life Cycle Total and Fossil Fuel Production Energies (including feedstock) for Biodiesel and Petroleum
Diesel
SOYBEAN OIL CONVERSION - PROCESS INPUTS
Soybean Oil (degummed) kg 1040
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) catalyst kg 2.3
Methanol (CH3OH) kg 96
Sodium Methoxide (CH3ONa) kg 24
Electricity MJ 230
Steam kg 1030
Process Water liter 360
SOYBEAN OIL CONVERSION - PROCESS OUTPUTS
Biodiesel (neat) kg 1000
Crude Glycerin kg 150
Soap stock kg 0.54
Process Water (chemically polluted) liter 380
Waste (other) kg 12
Air Emissions (various) see graphs
1.08
0.066 0.003 0.007
0.1510.311
0.0040.08
1.241.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
En
erg
y (M
J/M
J F
uel)
Biodiesel Fossil Energy
Biodiesel Total Energy
Petrodiesel Fossil Energy
Petrodiesel Total Energy
