Spinal Tuberculosis in a Patient with Low Back Pain
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Spinal Tuberculosis in a Patient with Low Back Pain
Dr Chee Yong ChooDept of Anaesthesia, CGHSingapore
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. History and Physical Examination
3. Diagnosis and Intervention
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
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History
Mdm L - 74 year old Chinese ladyIndependent in terms of activities of daily livingPast medical history• Bilateral total hip replacements• Right total knee replacement• Cataracts surgery• Non ulcer dyspepsia• Hypertension• Lichen amyloidosis
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History
Admitted in March 2010Low back pain of 3 months durationRadiated to the right hipNot much relief with oral analgesicsLoss of appetiteOccasional night painNo other systemic complaints
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Psychosocial history
No history of psychiatric disordersStayed with her daughter (only child) and her family but relations were strainedDevoted her free time to mainly church activitiesNo recent travel history
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Physical Examination
AfebrileKyphoscolioticSpinal tenderness at L1 upon palpationNo other focal neurological deficitsAble to weight-bear briefly with assistance
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Investigations - X rays of the thoracolumbar spine
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Investigations
WBC 6.5 x 103 /uLESR 60CRP 34.3 mg/L
BMD - osteoporosis
Coagulation, Liver and Renal Function Tests normal
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Subsequent clinical history
Pain thought to be due to osteoporotic compression fracture
Declined further imaging this admissionResponded poorly to analgesics
Discussion with patient and surgical teamIn view of lumbar radicular pain → trial of ESI
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ESI performed 26 Mar 2010
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Subsequent clinical history
Had improvement in pain symptomsUnderwent physiotherapyDischarged from hospital 1 week later
Meds• Paracetamol 1gm qds• Gabapentin 300mg tds• Nortriptyline 10mg nocte
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Re-presentation
Seen in the Pain Clinic 2 months later
Complained of right sided paraumbilical painSignificant loss of appetite and weight, constipatedUnable to sleep at night, very depressedNo abdominal masses on examination
Patient counselled for further imaging to rule out malignancy – agreed somewhat reluctantly
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CT Abdomen/Pelvis showed evidence of perivertebral thickening but no malignancy
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MRI Thoracolumbar Spine showed likely perivertebral abscess T12/L1…
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CT guided Biopsy T12/L1
No fluid was aspiratedMultiple core biopsies performed and sent for histopathology and microbiologies
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Histology – TB???
Granuloma with caseating necrosisAggregates of epithelioid histiocytes with giant cell formation amidst a collagenous background with a few scattered lymphocytes and neutrophils
Further staining with Ziehl-Neelsen, GMS and PAS/PASD stains did not reveal any AFB or fungiSpecimen sent for TB PCR
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More tests…
Referral to ID Physician:
AFB smear for sputum – positiveAFB smear for urine – positiveTB serology quantiferon – positiveCT Thorax – patchy consolidation of the right lower lobe with post
obstructive mucus plugging likely suggestive of PTB
Diagnosed with disseminated TB
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Treatment
Empirical TB treatment started:Isoniazid 200mg mane, Rifampicin 450mg mane, Ethambutol 800mg mane, Pyridoxine 20mg mane
Analgesics:Paracetamol 1gm qdsPregabalin 75mg bd → 150mg bdNortriptyline 10mg nocteOxycontin 20mg bd, OxyNorm 5mg 4h/prn
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Interdisciplinary Management
• Infectious diseases physician• Pain medicine specialist• Orthopaedic surgeon• Psychiatrist• Rehabilitation physician• Medical Social Worker• Physiotherapist• Pharmacist
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Low Back Pain was still a problem
Underwent T9 to L4 decompression laminectomy, stabilisation, correction of kyphosis with bone grafting on 29/7/2010
Postop:Referral to rehab teamHad thrombosis of the deep vein of the soleus muscle
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Back surgery
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Discharge and follow up
Finally discharged after 74 days of hosp stay
Discharge meds:Anti TB drugsParacetamol, Pregabalin, OxyNormEnoxaparinFluvoxamine, ZolpidemAmlodipine
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Discussion
1. Red flags in Low Back Pain2. Role of ESI3. High index of suspicion for TB infection4. Natural history of TB spine5. Role of surgery6. Multidisciplinary management
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Red Flags in LBP
• “Red flags” are important in screening cases of low back pain
• Even during re-presentation• New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide
(New Zealand Guidelines Group)www.nzgg.org.nz
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Red Flags (highlighted in red for our patient)
Red Flags help identify potentially serious conditions:
• Features of Cauda Equina Syndrome• Severe worsening pain, especially at night• Significant trauma• Weight loss, history of cancer, fever• Use of intravenous drugs or steroids• Age over 50 years old
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Evidence for ESI
• Useful for lumbar radicular pain• Level II - III evidenceo NNT for short term relief up to 2 months is 7.3o NNT for long-term relief from 3 months to 1 year is 13o Lack of well designed, placebo-controlled studies to conclusively define
specific indications and techniques
FPM Professional Documents PM3 2010
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Evidence for ESI
• Transforaminal approach seems slightly better and safer than interlaminar, but is more difficult to perform in our patient
Schaufele MK et al. Interlaminar versus transforaminal epidural injections for the treatment of symptomatic lumbar intervertebral disc herniations. Pain Physician 2006 Oct; 9(4):361-6
Parr et al. Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic low back and lower extremity pain: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2009 Jan-Feb; 12(1):163-88
McGrath JM et al. Incidence and Characteristics of Complications from Epidural Steroid Injections. Pain Med. 2011 Mar 10 [Epub ahead of print]
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ESI not without risks!
• It can lead to discitis and abscess formationKnight JW et al. Epidural abscess following epidural steroid and local anaesthetic injection.
Anaesthesia 1997, 52(6): 576-8 Hooten WM et al. Discitis after lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection. Pain Med 2006,
7(1): 46-51Simopoulos TT et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis: a potentially catastrophic outcome after lumbar
epidural steroid injection. Pain Physician 2008, 11(5): 693-7
• It may have potentially worsened the TB spine infection in our patient
Onal SA & Ozer B. Pott disease in the differential diagnosis of low back pain. Agri 2004 16(1): 55-7 (Article in Turkish)
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High index of suspicion for TB Spine
• Rare, only a few case reports so far.Onal SA & Ozer B. Pott’s disease in the differential diagnosis of low back pain. Agri 2004 16(1):
55-7 (Article in Turkish)Rajab TK & Barre LJ. Back pain from spinal tuberculosis. J Am Coll Surg 2008 207(3): 453
Maron et al. Two cases of Pott’s disease associated with bilateral psoas abscesses. Spine 2006, 31(16): E561-4
• The wrong diagnosis can be fatal…Ringshausen at el. A fatal case of spinal tuberculosis mistaken for metastatic lung cancer:
recalling ancient Pott’s disease. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2009 20(8): 32
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Spinal tuberculosis
• Insidious onset, variable presentation, slow development of radiological features, non specific constitutional symptoms
• Back pain resistant to medical therapy• Early diagnosis improves outcomes
Kotevoglu N & Tasbasi I. Diagnosing tuberculous spondylitis: patients with back pain referred to a rheumatology outpatient department. Rheumatol Int 2004,
24(1):9-13Le Page L et al. Spinal tuberculosis: a longtitudinal study with clinical, laboratory and
imaging outcomes. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006 36(2):124-9
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Radiological Features
• Spinal TB is probably the most important extrapulmonary form of the disease
o Haematogenous spread, direct implantation, spread from contiguous focus
• MRI is better than CT in demonstrating the extent of soft tissue disease esp epidural abscess
o Findings include bone destruction, intervertebral disc destruction, paravertebral mass/abscess
Jevtic V. Vertebral infection. Eur Radiol 2004 14 Supp 3: E43-52Sinan T et al. Spinal tuberculosis: CT and MRI features. Ann Saudi Med 2004 24(6):
437-41
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Surgical Intervention
• Is rarely needed• May be indicated in patients with persistent
instability (like our patient), radiculopathy or neurological compromise
Nene A. Results of nonsurgical treatment of thoracic spinal tuberculosis in adults. Spine J 2005 5(1): 79-84
Kotil K et al. Medical management of Pott disease in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a prospective clinical study. J Neurosurg Spine 2007 6(3): 222-8
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Multidisciplinary Intervention
• Multidisciplinary management was essential for a good outcome
• She continued to function well after surgery• Relatively pain free 6 months post discharge
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Conclusion
• Rare but important disease• Early diagnosis is likely to improve the clinical
outcome• The vigilant pain medicine specialist can make a
difference!
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