SPERM BANK IN ISLAM.doc
Transcript of SPERM BANK IN ISLAM.doc
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/0102 &2%!24 &25 C"6!846
5esire to leave genetic footprints in this world has been a long chrished
dream of manind. The concept of sperm baning has fulfilled these dreams partly
, by being able to preserve gametes and genetials tissues.
The baning of the male gametes involves initial exposure of spermatooa
to the cryoprotectant and gradually cooling them subero temperatures as per
desired cooling curve. 9Pares &/, *#:;<
/emen sample in suitable container is then thawed, gradually warmed to the
room tempreature and diluted with suitable buffered media. Cryoprotectant is
washed away and the thawed sample evaluated and used for insamination,
intrasitoplasmid sperm injection or for research purposes.The male gamet must maintain its macro and micro architectural structure
along with genomic integrity during the whole procedure and recover its
physicological function completely after the procedure. 9/herman =%, *#;3<
>actors nown to effect outcome of this delicate procedure depend upon the
?uality of the semen specimen, developmental, stage at wich sperms are being
froen, type of cryoprotectant being used and the freeing protocols.
9'ammerstedt "', *##@<
&C%4"$25 > /P0"1 &2%!24
>reeing and thawing techni?ues have been used to cryopreserve semen
since *77A. &dvecements in the e?uipments, disposable and awareness about
strerility have also helped the cryobiologist and embriologist to futher enchance
the freee thaw cycle results. The approach of cryoreserving human semen has
become an acceptable in assited reproductive technology 9&"T< laboratoristacross the world. 9/pallanani 8, *77A<
>ew of the developmental milestones are worth mentioning B 91ontegaa =,
*AA<
*. *77A D bservations by /pallanani on the effects of freeing on human
sperm and subse?uence recovery of motility on warming.-. *AA D 1ontegaa proposed semen baning for veterany practice and
for soldiers going to battle field.
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3. *#3@ D /eatlles and =ahnels / observed that sperm survives at
tempreature as low as -AoC.:. *#:# D Polge, /mith, and ParesEaccidental discovery of cryprotective
properties of glycerol.;. *#A3 D /herman reported birth of *st child born after insemenation by
sperms wich had been froen by using li?uid nitrogen.
T'0 P"!2C!P80/ > C"6!846
Cryopreservation is a process which maintain cellular live for an extended
period of time at subero temperatures. The aim of any cryopreservation protocol
is to minimie cell membrane damage assosiated with exposure to low
temperature, regulate cell volume during the procedure and prevent lethal intra
cellular as crystal formation. This can be achived by controlling intracelluler and
extracelluler movement of solutes and water. 91erymam 'T, *#;A<
The outcome of crystal cycle depends on various factors B
*. The cryoproectant 9extended< in which the cells are suspended during
cooling and worming.-. The rate at which the cells are cooled.3. The temperature at which the sample is plunged into li?uid nitrogen.:. The warming rate.;. Cryoprotectant removal after thawing.&t least half of the motile sperm will sustain cryoinjury when subjected to
cryoreservetion and thawing.The typical effect observed in froen thawed spermatooa derived from the
uni? nature of the cell. 'uman spermatooa are relatively simple cells with a large
surface areaFvolume ratio and have high permeability to water. This ensures rapid
e?uilirium in the presence of cryoprotectant. Th genetic material is highly
condensed and is less prone to injury by cryoprotectant unlie embryoes.Cell membranes of mammalian species are composed a phospholipid bilayer
and associated membrane proteins 9receptors, enymes, etc
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decreased fluidity. & decrease in temperature causes a thermotropic phase
transition in the membrane phospholipids from a li?uidEcrystalline to a gel phase,
resulting in more rigid membrane structure. The occurrence of cold shoc can be
prevented by controlling the rate of cooling and by adding protective compounds
to semen diluents. 9/mith &$, *#;*<
Changes in Golume of /perm +hen 0xposed to Cryoprotectants
/permatooa undergo several volume changes as they undergo
cryopreservation and thawing. The sperms undergo rapid shrinage as
intracellular water leaves the cell in response to return to its original volume as the
cryoprotective agent 9CP&< permeates the cells. The CP&)s presence in the
intracellular and extracellular water lowers the freeing points of the cell and thesolutes, allowing them to remain in super cooled state.
!ce formation is initiated in the extracellular medium. &s more water leaves
the cryopreservation medium to contribute to crystal formation, the concentration
of particles in the remaining lipid increases, resulting in a continuous drop in
remaining lipid and an increase in extracellular osmotic pressure. +ith rising
hyperosmolarity of the extracellular fluid more intracelluler water is drawn out of
the spermatooa leaving the cell dehydrated and reducing the ris of lethalintracellular ice formation.
!25!C&T!2/ > /0102 C"6P"0/0"G&T!2
/perm baning is the process of semen cryopreservation using wellE
documented protocols for the use of the same at a later date. /emen can be
preserved for the use by the individual himself. The sample can be used by him at
a later date and is termed as autologous sperm baning or client despositor semencryofreeing. !t can be also baned from fertile donors after screening for the
purpose of third party reproduction Table *. &de?uate care is taen to do
phenotypic and blood group matching in theses cases. 1atching physical
charateristics and race of the partner, hair color, texture, and eye color are
mandatory. The indications of semen baning are ever increasing in this modern
area. The common indications are enumerated in Table -. 9ordson 8, *#A<
Tabel *. Terminologist used in semen baning
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Terminologist Description
Croperser!ation The subEbranche of cryobiology that deals with the reversive
suspantion of life in the froen state at sub ero temperature using
cryoprotectant."uarantine Temporary storageFisolation of semen in a sparate cryocans till the
donor is proved negative for the comunicable dissease agent.#per$ Bank & fasility that collect, freees, storage and distribute semen semple.C%ient Depositor Patient who cryopreserved his semen for insamination of a partner at
latter date.Donor ne who provide his own semen for cryobaning for artificial
insemination of a resipien other than his wife or partner.Directed Donor & sperm donor who may now the recipient and direct the laboratory
to free his semen for use by specific individual who are not his partner Anon$ous Donor & semen donor whose identify is not revealed to the recipient.
Ta&e% '. Current approaches to semen baning
Clinical presentation
of the male requiring
semen banking
Method of sperm
harvesting
Method of sperm banking
(a%e )ith nor$a%*or
%o) se$en count and
desires auto%ogous
se$en &anking
/emen obtained by
masturbationFelectroeja
culation
"awFprepared semen
freeing
A+oosper$ic $a%es in reproducti!e age group ,
O&structi!e
-H/ 0#H )ithin
nor$a% %i$its1
/ample extracted
from the epididymisB
Percutaneous
epididymal sperm
aspiration 9P0/&<
>reeing of the epididymal
aspirate either unprepared or
after gentle wash and swim
up.
Nono&structi!e
-0#H $a &e raised1
10/& B
1icrosurgical
epididymal sperm
aspiration
T0/0 B Testicular
sperm extraction
>reeing of the testicular
tissue is don after gentle
teasing in a sterile dish
using fine needles
Tissue is froen either
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T0/& B Testicular
sperm aspiration
unprepared or after density
gradient wash
Cancer patient prior che$otherap or radiotherap ,Prepu&erta% &os
Pu&erta%
Testicular tissue 9multiple
sample<
1asturbation
>reeing of the testicular
tissue
/emen baning
$T8!20 > C"6P"T0CT&2T/
iochemical and Physical &spects of /perm Cryopreservation
/perm subjected to cryopreservation and thawing have reduced viability,
motility and fecundity. 1orphological damage to the membranes and acrosom is
well documened. 8oss of the superoxide dismutase enyme from the plasma
membranes permeability are just a few of the cell altering or damaging events
which are associated with cryopreservation and thawing.
&ll the cryopreservation protocols are based on the theory that cell
membrane damage can be minimied through addition of suitable
cryopreservation agents, buffer agents, controlling the osmolality and p' of
crypreservation medium and controlling freeing rate during the procedure. 9Ganden erg 8, *#A#<
& variety of extenders 9cryoprotective media< exist for the cooling and
cryopreservation of the semen 9Table 3
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properties, depression of freeing point, alteration of cell membran properties by
inducting changes in lipid pacing structure and the conse?uent lowering of
electrolyte consentrations in the unfroen fraction at any given temperature, which
will have to counter the harmful (solution effect) imposed during the freeing
process. !n order to improve crosurvival rates, more complex diluents containing
other mainly nonEpermeable cryoprotective agents, such as glycine, witterions,
citrate and eggyol were development. &mong the earliest and best nown
extenders for human semen is glycerol eggEyol 9406C
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Mechanism of action Names
Per$eating Permeating cryoprotectants
are compunds that readily
permeate the plasmamembranes of cells.
Their movements across the
membranes follow the
osmolatiry gradient.
This molecules form hydrogen
bonds with water molecules
and prevent ice crystalliation.
5imethil sulfoxide
951/ >"00L0ET'&+ C6C80
5ecision of /emen Pacaging Protocol before the Procedure and its !mportance to
the "eproductive iologist
/emen parameters should be thoroughly assessed using +' criteria. +e should
decide the outcome of the procedure which will further guide the freeing
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protocol. !f the sample is satisfactory with good count and motility, we may freee
raw sample with aim to carry out !$! at later date. n the other hand, an
oligospermic sample with round cells and debris should be prepared and pacaged
for !C/!. >inally, the methodology depends upon the experience of the
reproductive biologist and the laboratory protocols.
/pecimen 4lyceroliation
4lycerol is added directly or indirectly as a component of a cryopreservation
medium to neat semenFprepared semen 9swim up< in drop by drop fashion slowly
over a period of - to 3 minutes with continuous mixing of both. This step is
essential to reduce toxicity of the cryoprotectant as it can cause sudden osmotic
shoc to the sperms. The glycerol is metabolied during the procedure withformation of neutral lipid. !t is suggested that the metabolied glycerol may
contribute to the plasma membrane of the sperm increasing its stability which may
lead to improved postEthaw motility. 9Table :< 91aur P, *#7:<
Table : B 4uidelines for better recovery
Pre!enti!es
strategies
3uide%ines
4. >reeing initation To avoid sytotoxic effects 9reactive oxygen species<
release from immotileFdead spermatooa, it is
suggested that the semen sample is prepared and
froen soon after collection.'. &ccidental thawing The sperms plasma membrane is very sensitive.
Careless handling of the froen semen straw will
injure the spermatooal plasma and acrosomal
membranes resulting in alow sperm survival rate after
thawing.2. Cryoprotectant
removal after
thawing
4lycerol as a cryptoprotectant is toxic for sperms if
exposed for long period at room or higher
temperatures thus postEthaaw survival should ?uicly
be assessed and the sperm sample washed to remove
all traces of glycerol.
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Pacaging of /emen after &ddition of Cryopreservative
4lycerated or extended semen can be cryopreserved in various containers.
>actors, which influence the decisions, include the volume of sample to be
cryopreserved, ease of container labeling, handling, storage and recovery as well
as biocompatibility of the pacaging material 9Table ;
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necessarily follows that ice
crystals occupy a greater
volume than does the li?uid
water from which they were
formed
&s adjacent volumes of
li?iud water a cell solidify,
their expansion into ice
causes pressure and
shearing forces on
intracellular organelles,
which can suffer
considerable damageOs$otic shock &s water transitions from
li?uid to ice, any solutes in
the li?uid phase are
excluded from the solid
component
This lowers the freeing
point of the remaining
unfroen solution
&s the temperature drops
and the solid from
proliferates, the
concentration of
electrolytes and other
solutes can reach very high
levels
smotic shoc should be
avoided at every step of semen
freeing
5isturbance of the osmolarity
gradient may damage the cell
and release reactive oxygen
species
Recrsta%%i+ation
and so%ution
effects
5uring rewarming, the solid
ice melts and releases free
water, resulting in
decreasing osmolarity of
the surrounding solution
"ewarming may be slow or
rapid depending upon the
freeing curve
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+ith rapid rewarming,
there is possibility of water
molecules thawing and
recrystalliig. These ice
crystals may damage the
cells
+ith rapid rewarning rate,
suden reduction in
extracellular osmolarity
may lead to rapid shifts of
free water across and intothe cells
This can cause cellular
danage by cellular swelling
and sudden osmotic
changes.
>reeing
/perm cryopreservation is accomplished by using li?uid nitrogen vapors for
noncontrolled rate or a programmable freeer for controlled rate cooling 9>igs *
and -
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identifying information can be read without completely withdrawing the straw
from the goblet. &luminum canes are placed in predetermined locations within the
cryostorage vessel. &ll storage containers should be stored in a secured room in
locedFchained containers. 8i?uid nitrogen dewars and storage tans are available
in a variety of sies. 5ewars re?uire manual filling while most storage tans have
an automatic filling feature. 8i?uid nitrogen levels in storage units should be
monitored regularly at all times. !t is important to appreciate the length of time
cryopreserved sperm may be stored for. &t D*#AMC, storage of sperms, even for a
lengthy period of time, does not affect the survival rates. 8i?uid nitrogen holds
specimens at a temperature 9D*#AMC< at which there is virtually no movement of
atoms or molecules. &t temperatures above D*3@MC, atoms and molecules are ableto move. Temperatures of D#@MC and above allow ice crystal growth and even
short periods of exposure to such temperatures can cause lethal damage to cells.
&s long as the cells are maintained at D*#AMC, the only nown potential for cell
damage is degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid 952&< caused by bacground
radiation. ased on normal bacground radiation of @.* radsFyear, it has been
predicted that the male gametes should maintain its genetic integrity for over -@@
years when stored at D*#AMCThawing
Practical approach to semen thawing would be to wash the vials straws in
running water. They should be cleaned externally till the sweating disappears over
a period of few minutes 9>ig. :
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purpose. !n the case of the death of the donor, the semen would become the
property of the legal heir or the nominee of the donor at the time the donor gives
the sample for storage to the ban. !n the $nited %ingdom, the semen is not
normally stored for longer than *@ years or beyond the age of ;; years for donorsN
generally it is not stored in >rance, for more than ; years. 5onors may express a
wish to further limit the period of storage or thw number of pregnancies that can
be obtained from one donor. This is restricted to *@ children by he same donor.
Confidentiality remains a primary consideration in most cointries.
52" /C"002!24 P"!" T /0102
>resh donor insemination is not recomended for the fear of transmission of common infective diseases. 5onors should be tested for '!G ! and !! antibodies,
hepatitis surface antigen, hepatitis core antibody, hepatitis C, "P", TPEP&,
cytomegalovirus antibodies, chlamydia and gonorrhea. /ome agents and diseases
that can be ttransmitted by the seminal fluid include '!G, hepatitis , hepatitis C
and syphilis.
Table 7 B 1ethods of semen freeing
(ethods Princip%es #torage6apor5phase coo%ing *. The procedure is
carried out manually-. 82- is always
vaproing due to its
low boiling point and
thus vapor phase that
naturally exists around
li?uid nitrogen tan is
utulied for desired
cooling3. The cryovialsFstraws
are placed at
predetermined heights
above li?uid phase for
predetermined periods
/ample is stored either in
the vapor phase in the
82- container or dipped
in the 82- after gradual
cooling.
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so the desired cooling
curve is attainedProgra$$a&%e free+ing
$achine
*. 2ot essential for
human spermsryopreservation
probably because
freeing machine such
automated device isnot needed for sperm
freeing.-. /ample is loaded in the
straw or the vialThese are than cooled
using programmable
machine and then
dipped in li?uid
nitrogen
/ample is stored in the
li?uid
Table B /perm freeing stepEbyEstep
#per$
cropreser!ation
$ethod
#a$p%e preparation ,
4. Ensure &oth the sa$p%e and sper$ cropreser!ation
&uffer -75#I#C1 are at roo$ te$perature
'. (i8 t)o !o%u$es of sper$ cropreser!ation &uffer
to 4 !o%u$e of the sa$p%e
2. ea!e $i8ture for 49 $inutes at roo$ te$perature
:. a&e% stra)s )ith re%e!ant infor$ation
;. oad the sa$p%e into a free+ing stra) or cro!ia%
and sea% according to $anufacture
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throughly screened for common genetic and communicable diseases and those
specific to their geographic location before their enrollment in the program.
C"//E!2>0CT!2 !2 T'0 /0102 &2%/
There is a potential danger of crossEinfection within the ban, thus the
samples must be handled and stored with paramount care. Cryopreserved semen
may be spilled in the cryocan, and the infectious organism 9hepatitis virus< may
survive in the li?uid nitrogen with the possibility of crossEinfection of other stored
samples. !t is recommended that samples be stored in isolation cryocans till the
?urantine period of '!G, 'bs&g and 'CG. $/0 > cbs 9Cryoio/ystem, Paris,
>rance< ionomeric straws which have been hermetically sealed offers protection
against crossEinfection. 1en wtih maligancy often need to ban their semen atshort notice as to preclude complete prefreee infective screening. These men)s
semen could be resposited in a ?uarantine tan until the re?uisite screening had
been completed. Client depositorFautologous who has the comfort of time, e.g.
men considering a vasectomy, a cryoban must insist upon screening for invective
pathogens as a safety precaution for the security of other men)s semen stored in
the same canister. +hen the samples are cryopreserved for patients who are
nown to carry an infective infection, e.g. '!GF'bs&g, these can be stored inseparate (contaminated) tans. There must be saIarate tan for each of recognied
pathogenic organisms. !n the $nited /tates and $nited %ingdoms, guidelines have
been published. The '0>& is moving toeards a position where by laboratories will
be compelled to screen donors in this way.
/0C$"!T6 > T'0 /0102 &2%
The straws or vials must be clearly labeled. !nventory control is of utmostimportance. 0very precaution must be made to ensure that each straw or vial can
be lined to the sperm source, date of cryopreservation and specimen. /ome
example of vial or straw identification mechanisms currently emplyoed by sperm
bans includeB coputeried or manual bar coding system, color coding with
cryomaers, vial caps or straw plugs or use of adhesive labels.
/ecure cryopreservation of semen re?uires regular maintenance of the e?uipment
and refilling of li?uid nitrogen in the cryocans. 8i?uid nitrogen evaporates very
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?uicly or the cans can lea thus causing loss of precious samples. The loss of
stored semen from cancer or other patinets, lie those having spinal cord injuries
and in whom semen has been retrieved with electroejaculation is not only difficult
to ?uantify but also is of immense emotional value to the ownerFcouple. &ll the
details and records must be stored confidentially and country specific guidelines
adhered to when carrying out customary by various accreditation authorities B
*. The levels of li?uid nitroen 982-< in cryocans that are filled manually
should be monitored on a regular basis, using a cryoscale.-. !n large cryiobiorepository, cans may be attached to automated cryo
manifold with (autoEfill) controller 3. 8owElevel and the temperature sensors should be installed in all cryogenic
storage tans and connected to an alarm that will alert biologist to
unwarranted problems.
T'0 >$T$"0 > /0102 C"6P"0/0"G&T!2
Cryoreservation of human gametes expose them to numerous stresses,
including mechanical, thermal and chemicoEphysiological, which can lead to
compromised function of the gametes. +e have come a long way since accidental
discovery of glycerol as cryoprotectant would be the holy grail of the modern
cryobiology. The applications of semen cryopreservation which had humble origin
in vaterinary practice now entails cryopreservation of stem cell derived male
sperms, though in experimental stages using vitrification. The introduction of
clinical intracytoplamic sperm injection 9!C/!< !2 *##-, &T russels opened a
new ea in the field of assisted reproductive techni?ues, allowing couples with
severe male factor infertility to hope for a child of their own genetic origin.
2early - years later, it was established that pregnancy was possible by carryingout !C/! on sperms extracted by surgical sperm retrieval techni?ues. 2agy et al
showed that comparable result in terms of pregnancy rates can be obtained by
performing !C/! with ejaculated, epididymal or testicular spermatooa, although
fertiliation rates were significantly highher with the ejaculated sperm.
0pipidymal spermatooa can be retrieved either by microsurgery or by
percutaneous needle puncture. These can be subse?uently cryofreeed. The
fre?uent indication for epididymal aspiration is obstructive aoospermia and thus
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it is not uncommon for relatively large ?uantities of sperm to be obtained and
subse?uently used for !G> or even intrauterine insemination 9!$!or the latter, testicular tissues in
supportive culture medium is macerated using glass cover slips until a fine slurry
of dissociated tissues is produced, and the resulting suspension can then be processed for therapeutic use. 9ates "5, *##A<
0xcess testicular spermatooa obtained in this manner can be froen for
future use in order to avoid further surgeries. Testicular spermatooa can also a
small amount of tissue is usually retrieved and the resulting sperm yield is
proportionately low. ¬her method is cryopreservation of single human
spermatooa in empty human ona shell, which is established by =ac?ues Cohen.
&hollow sphere remains when celluar material is removed from the ona. ecauseit can Nbe seen and handled microscopically both before and after
cryopreservation, it is an ideal capsule for freeing individual, and small groups of
sperm cells. "ecently vitrification has been applied to semen freeing. "ecovery
of sperms for !G> has been poor for severely oligospermia males in conventional
semen freeing techni?ues. Thus the concept of cryoprotectant free vitrification of
semen samples was mooted. &d?uate number of sperms were recivered by
ultrafast freeing of the prepared sample and then warming them to 37C usingcopper loops as carrier device. /emen baning is going to encompass testicular
tissue baning in greater number of patients in the years to come. 9!sacheno G,
-@@:<
010"4!24 "80 > /0102 &2%!24 !2 2CE&"T
1alignancy is one of the common disease with approximately ;@H of men
facing this diagnosis during the course of their lifetime. Till, date the focus of
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clinicians has been on timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the patients.
+ith increasing favorable outcome, the focus is shifting to fertility preservation.
This, in turn has provided many patients with the oppurtunity to live complete
lives, allowing them to reflect on life subse?uent to treatment. >ertility issues,
such as postEtreatment marriage and parenthood, are considered as important by
many parents and young patients. &t the time of cancer diagnosis, patients and
clinicians alie are often weighed down by the large number of urgent tests and
procedures that must be carried out in a timely manner. !n the present scenario
proactivity is desired from the oncology and the assisted reproductive team alie.
There is no specific consideration for semen baning in such cases except the
time factor and stress they are facing. /ample may be collected as in normalhealthy mmales. +e encounter difficulty in young boysFteenagers who are bought
by the parents for semen baning. This is a psychologically traumatiing scenario
for the parents, child and the clinicians, such delicate situations may re?uaire
psychological counseling. ¬her problem we face is in young males who are not
permitted to masturbate as per the religious guidelines. /uch males are advised
testicular tissue extraction and baing. /imiliar protocol is being followed for
young cancer patients who do not masturbate. !t is recommended to ban multiplevialsFstraws of the samples as the recovery may not be very good especially in
postchemotheraphy andFor radiotherapy patients. !ntracytoplasmic sperm injection
is the recommended treatment for such patients. 1ajority of the cancer patients do
have sufficient time when they visit us. +e should start the procedure on the day
of referral itself, if possible. 1inimum six straws should be froen from - to 3
samples collected -: hours apart. The patient and the parents should be counseled
about the subse?uent modality of treatment. The chances of offering !C/! should be discussed at length. /emen baning is commonly carried out in patients with
testicular cancers, 'odhinNs disease nd leuimias. 9/chmidp %8, -@@7
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CHAPTER III
0ina% Hpothesis,
*. !n !slamic law is debatable depending on the purpose and process.
-. /perm an is still needed in !ndonesia.
3. /perm an has been no official law in !ndonesia.
Concepts
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CHAPTER I6
DI#CU##ION
7e)ords
/perm an is a fasility that collect, freees, storage and distribute semen semple.
5onor is a ne who provide his own semen for cryobaning for artificial
insemination of a resipien other than his wife or partner.
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Bank #per$ And (arriage
1arriage in !slam is a noble thing, a man and a woman as husband
and wife. husband and wife have a relationship that is both legitimate and
lawful for one another. ThatOs why the marriage contract is said to be an
agreement to legalie sexual intercourse between a man and a woman,
who was previously banned.
R./. &l 'ujuraat B *3 B
hi people, Verily we created you from a male and a female and
made you a nation and tribes so that you know each other. Verily,
the most honorable of you with Allah is the most pious among you.
Indeed, Allah is Knower, Aware.
R./ &l Riyaamah B 3# B
Then Allah made a pair of male and female.
'owever, the marriage relationship is not merely to get sexual
satisfaction, but it is one notch to preserve human ancestry legally.
!n order to create a happy home and a prosperous, &llah and 'is
1essenger gives instructions so before marriage choosing a good
candidate. &mong the happiness and wellEbeing of households is the
presence of children as coveted as the next generation of his family.
Therefore, children born of a legitimate marriage is a legitimatechild well under !slamic law or the law in !ndonesia. The child has nasab
9legitimate lineage< are valid in terms of !slamic law, in contrast to the
child of adultery, which should not be attributed to nasab 9legitimate
lineage
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/perm ban has a huge influence on a husband and wife or also on
a girl who does not want to get married but want to have children. this
occurs because the current technological advances such as the sperm
ban .islam had given strict rules and an explanation as described above
that between men and women were different for each pair, therefore any
advice for married .!n a marriage of a person who has been married even
decades old, but did not have the baby does not have the next generation
and descendants, because marriage is in addition to the satisfaction of sex
and halal to relate the body between a man and a woman, also have
children .
many alternatives that will be selected as
*. surrender to fate-. the adoption3. divorce:. polygamy;. the artificial insemination with sperm ban buying spema.
The last alternative is a very big problem for the determination of
!slamic law, especially in matters of marriage and should respond seriouslyconsidering the rapid technological advances in medicine.
>urther confirmed that this biological technology development and
implementation of control techni?ues of this ind can lead to unimaginable
destructive conse?uences for society. &s well as artificial insemination
with donor sperm purchased from a ban degrading human nature
essentially parallel to the inseminated animals, but humans were not the
same as other creatures as described in
R./. &tETin :B
Verily We created man in the best possible shape.
'uman beings are created different from the others do not lie
animals and so forth, therefore, to obtain offspring have also been enjoined
by the way that justifies marriage is not the same as sexual intercourse
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!bn &bi ar Ta?iyuddin &lE'usainy also argued ability masturbation
performed by the wife because it is a pleasureB
V k U k[kV q U[]V V]
A man was allowed to seek pleasure through the hands of the wife or
harem because there (one of a pleasure.
/tages second after collecting sperm from the sperm ban donor
&re /ome sperm ban will sell it to a buyer at a price depending on the
?uality of sperm. after the buyer sperm can have children then have to go
through a process called artificial insemination described above. 8aw and
opinion of artificial insemination in the opinion of scholars when sperm
from the husband and wife own ova from then injected into the vagina or
uterus wife, home state of conjugal condition in ?uestion really needs a
way of artificial insemination to have children, because of the way natural
conception, spouses fail to secure the child. This is in accordance with the
law aidh !slamic fi?hB
VZ]V z {ZW[\]VW {ZW[\]V |]}k ~} |U]V
!a"at (#ery important needs it is treated as in a state of forced
(emergency. Whereas emergency $ forced it allows melakukkan things
forbidden.
&mong jurists who allow F justify artificial insemination seedlings
coming from the husband and wife is /hayh 1ahmud /altut, /heih
6usuf alERardhawy, &hmad alE"ibashy, and Laaria &hmad alEarry. !n
organiations, which justifies this type of artificial insemination and
'ealth &dvisory Council /yara 5epartment of 'ealth, &ssembly $lamaS
5%! =aarta, and !slamic institutions !slamic cooperation organiation
based in jeddah.
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>or the husbandEwife and implanted in another person or others in
addition to the above for the sae of prudence, the scholars in this case is
forbidden. &mong them are the !nstitute of !slamic jurisprudence !C
9rganiation of !slamic Cooperation
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Needs #per$ Bank in 3%o&a% #ociet,
*. !n general, the social aspect is allowed for the global community minded
individual.
-. !n the ethical aspect is not appropriate.
2eeds a sperm ban in !ndonesia,
2ot in accordance with the ethics/ not in accordance also with the customs of the
people of !ndonesia.
#torage $ethods )ith cro&anking,
E sperm put in a tube, then sprayed li?uid nitrogen, the concentration of € gtN -@
million 9 depending screening
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& G
C8/!24
Conclusion
/perm baning has become a widely accepted mode of infertility treatment,
and in recent times mooted as having new role as fertility insurance. nce looed
upon with improbability, this practice has estbilished to be a succesful techni?ue
of eeping the anticipation of family alive for countless families. The motives for
storage are as diverse as humans themselves. /o far, no limit has been established
for how long human semen can be froen when maintained and stored in
appropriate li?uid nitrogen storage. /cientific literature shows conslusively thatsperm mortility, viability and morphology are not affected by proper longEterm
cryopreservation. CryoEthaw semen pregnancies have been reported after - to 3
decades of semen baning. &ppropriate screening should be carried out before
semen baning as per available guidelines. Currently acceptable guidelines
include those by the ritish &ndrology /ociety and the practice Committe of the
&merican /ociety for reproductive medicines.
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/perm ban help to develop technology of reproduction, but in indonesia
has not been official there are laws on the ban of sperm.&nd in islamic law can
diharaman and allowed hanging from the objectives and the process.
"ecommendation
!n maing this paper adds to the literature should have been more us
comparition with the results of the discussion. To see religius law from a reliable
source
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8!8!4"&P'6
orton 8, "icie, 5icy "P, 5unway ', Taylor /n, Curole 5w. Comperisson of
>ecundability +ith >riends and >roen /emen !n Terapeutic 5onor !nsemmation.
>ertil /teril *#AB:AAEA#
'amid 5g, +aler 5l, +illam /ons "a. Consentration of 4liserol "e?uired for
ptimal /urviven on in vitro >ertisation Capasity on >roen /perm is 5ipendent
n Cryoperservation 1edium. >ertil /teril *#N:#BA@E7
'ammerstedt "', 4raham =%, 2olan =P. Cryopreservation of 1ammalian /perm.
+hat we us them to survive = &ndrol *##@N**B73E
1eryman 'T. 1echanic of >reeing in 8iving Cell and Tissues. /cience *#;A N
*-:B;*;E-*
Pares, &/. "eservation of 'uman /permatooa et 8ow Temperataures. "!T1=
*#:; N -B-B*-E*3
/chmidt %l, Carlsen 0, &ndersen &2. >ertility treatment in mel cancer survivers.
!mt = &ndro -@@7N3@9:B:*3E*#<
/herman =%, uge "4. bservations on Preservation of 'uman /permatooa et
8ow Temperatures. Proc /oc 0xp iol 1ed *#;3 B- BAAE
/pallanani 8, pus Colli 5i visca, &mimale, 0 Gegetgabile, pus Collo !!.
sservaioni, 0 /perimce !notrno &i Germicelli spermatesi 5ell ($omo 0 5egli
&mimali. 1odena *77A