Speech disorders

SPEECH DISORDERS

TYPES OF SPEECH DISORDERS

APHASIADYSPHONIADYSARTHRIAFUNCTIONAL/PSYCHOGENICMISCELLANEOUS

PROCESS OF SPEECH

ABNORMALITIES

HEARING

UNDERSTANDING

THOUGHT & WORD PROCESSING

VOICE PRODUCTION

ARTICULATION

DEAFNESS

APHASIA

APHASIA

DYSPHONIA

DYSARTHRIA

APHASIA

• Aphasia is defined as an acquired impairment in the use of language due to damage to certain parts of the brain

• This damage could be caused by injury, stroke, or seizures

• The language deficits include difficulties in language comprehension and execution

MAJOR DIVISIONS OF APHASIA

• Fluent aphasias/Receptive aphasia– The inability to understand the language of others

and the production of less meaningful speech then normal. eg; wernicke”s, transcortical sensory,conduction,anomic

• Non-fluent aphasias/expressive aphasia – Difficulty producing fluent, articulated, or self-

initiated speech.eg; Broca”s, transcortical motor,global

• Pure aphasia– are selective impairments in reading, writing, or

the recognition of words. These disorders may be quite selective. For example, a person is able to read but not write, or is able to write but not read. Examples of pure aphasias are

– : Pure Alexia, Agraphia,Pure word deafness

Types of Fluent Aphasias

• Wernicke’s aphasia– People with this type of aphasia- JARGON

APHASIA, have difficulty or inability understanding others speech, and produce meaningless speech

– FLUENT,VOLUMINOUS SPEECH– NEOLOGISMS– SYMANTIC-”sister for mother”– Insight is ABSENT– produced by damage to Wernicke’s area

of the brain-division of middle cerebral artery

WERNICKE”S APHASIA

More Types of Fluent Aphasia

• Conduction aphasia – The main symptom of this type of

aphasia is difficulty repeating something someone has just said

– FLUENT SPEECH, but paraphasic– COMPREHENSION INTACT..– REPETITION,NAMING,WRITING

IMPAIRED– FILLED PAUSES-Aaaa….Aaaaa– damage to the ARCUATE FASICULUS

More Types of Fluent Aphasia

• Anomic aphasia/minimal dysfunction syndrome/nominal aphasia– This aphasia is characterized by

difficulty finding names and difficulty substituting indefinite nouns and pronouns with substantive words. For instance, people with this affliction will use words like, thing, stuff, or it instead of automobiles, groceries, or furniture.

– Primary deficit is WORD FINDING AND NAMING

– SINGLE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE DISTURBANCE IN HEAD TRAUMA AND ALZHEIMER”S D/S

FLUENT TRANSCORTICAL/TRANSCORTICAL SENSORY

APHASIA

• Similar to WERNICKE”S APHASIA but REPETITION IS INTACT

• They can repeat but cant understand it

Non-Fluent Aphasias

• Broca’s aphasia– This type of aphasia manifests with difficulties

initiating well-articulated conversational speech

– NON FLUENT, EFFORTFUL,slow, labored, and agrammatical speech, which means words like a, an, or the and verb tense is left out of their speech…incomplete speech

– Insight is PRESENT– Additional defects?– damage to Broca’s area of the brain..superior

div. of middle cerebral artery

BROCA”S APHASIA

More Types of Non-Fluent Aphasia’s

– Transcortical motor aphasia– Similar to BROCA”S APHASIA but

REPETITION is INTACT– People with this aphasia do not

speak unless they are strongly encouraged to do so and when they do speak it is labored and non-fluent

– damage to the premotor cortex anterior and superior to Broca’s area… anterior cerebral artery

More Types of Non-Fluent Aphasia’s

• Global aphasia – As the name suggests, this type of

aphasia is characterized by a severe depression of all language functioning

– NON FLUENT, naming, repetition, comprehension all impaired

– damage around and to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas of the brain …entire middle cerebral artery

Other Interesting Facts About Aphasia

The handwriting of a person with an aphasia reflects their speech

impediment.

There was an experiment done where people with Broca’s and Wernicke’s

aphasias were presented with a picture and then asked to write down a description of what they say in the

picture.

This is the picture

A patient with Broca’s aphasia wrote this

Notice the use of very few words, but the words do make some sense

A patient with Wernicke’s aphasia wrote this

Notice here that there are many, less forced, words, but they don’t make much sense. Also because they’re not struggling to find their words, the handwriting is better

Type of aphasia

Repetition

Naming

Auditory comprehen

sion

Fluency

Wernicke’s aphaia mild–

modmild–

severedefective

fluent parapha

sic

Conduction aphasia

poor poorrelatively

goodfluent

Nominal or Anomic aphasia

mildmod–

severemild fluent

Broca’s aphasia

mod–severe

mod–severe

mild difficulty

non-fluent,

effortful, slow

Global aphasia poor poor poor

non-fluent

DYSARTHRIA

• Is due to defect IN ARTICULATION.• LANGUAGE CONTENT IS NORMAL• TYPES- 4

TYPES OF DYSARTHRIA

TYPE SITE CHARACTERISTICS

MYOPATHIC MUSCLES OF SPEECH

MYASTHENIC MOTOR ENDPLATE

BULBAR BRAINSTEM{LMN} INDISTINCT,NASAL

SCANNING CEREBELLUMSLURRING,SING-SONG

QUALITY

SPASTIC/PSEUDOBULBAR

PYRAMIDAL TRACTS{UMN}

INDISTINCT/BREATHY,MUMBLING

PARKINSONIAN BASAL GANGLIA STAMMERING

DYSTONIC BASAL GANGLIA

DYSPHONIA

• Is due to defect in the production of sound

CAUSES

1) Laryngeal diseases-eg;laryngitis

2) Vocal cord lesions

3) Xth cranial nerve palsy

4) hysterical

OTHERS

1) Cluttering

2) Stammering

3) Dysprosody-in parkinsonian disease

4) Scanning

5) Staccato-each syllable is uttered seperately

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia






THANK YOU!!!!

Speech disorders

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Speech disorders