Spectroscopic methods in inorganic chemistry Part 1: IR
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Transcript of Spectroscopic methods in inorganic chemistry Part 1: IR
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Spectroscopic Methods in Inorganic Chemistry
Dr.Chris UP July 2016
Part 1: IR Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry
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Interactions light - moleculesWe need to understand the different interactions dependent on the wavelenght or energy of light:
① ② ③ ④ ⑤
Wha
t are
the
spec
tros
copi
c m
etho
ds 1
- 4
?
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Interaction light - matter
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod3.html
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https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/molecules-and-light
Check out the behaviour in all 4 lights:--> water vs CO2 vs OzoneWhat are the differences ?
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(I) IR SPECTROSCOPY
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Animationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RqEIr8NtMI
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Polarity and Dipole momentsDipole moment can be calculated as the product of the charge (abbreviated Q) times the distance (abbreviated r) between the charges.
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Why do CO2 and CCl4 do not have a dipole moment ?
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calculate dipole moment
H(+) Cl(-) ionic
μ = Q * r
1.60 10-19 C 127 pm
unit: 1 debye D = 3.335 × 10−30 C·m
Compare the dipole moment for completely ionic with the measured value of 1.03 D
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Interaction light - dipoles
The change in electric dipole induced by change in electric field - but only at a resonance frequency
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Absorption of energy
uv/vis
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Raman vs. IR
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• no sample preparation• non-destructive• can be used with a microscope
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WHAT INFLUENCES THE WAVENUMBER OF A BOND ?
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(1) Bond energy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HfJNnoRMPA
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(2) Multiple bonds
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(3) Atom weights
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VIBRATION MODES FROM SYMMETRY
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Normal modes of vibration
Triatomic molecules
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Character tables – c2v
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Vibration modes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnnAInt4mlM
=>2 A1 + B1
Both IR active-> 3 peaks
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Examplesbendingstretch stretch
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Which peaks belong to stretching or bending ?
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Planar BF3 molecules
How many degrees of freedom ?(bond vibrations without rotation and translation)
1
2
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3
4
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5
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Answers
1
2
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3
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4
5
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Final result for BF3
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E’ A2’’ E’
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Examples
Identify stretching and bending modes !
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Unknown anion
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IR / Raman Simulationwww.molwave.com
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ORGANO-METAL COMPOUNDSM(CO)X
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CO bonding modes
https://books.google.co.th/books?id=oZeFG6QDNekC&pg=PA382&lpg=PA382&dq=M(CO)2L4&source=bl&ots=u9uyncbsDi&sig=Qr5CRFxT1cPpud5vnjs5PWgkkzc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp84-n5eXKAhVSkY4KHQ5QAiUQ6AEIIDAC#v=onepage&q&f=false
Try to explain why ?
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The C–O stretching wavenumbers are shifted to lower values when there are changes in the extent of backbonding in the compound. Removing positive charge from the metal causes the shift of electrons from the metal to the CO π orbitals causes the CO ∗wavenumber values to decrease. The highest excess of negative charge on the metal occurs in the [V(CO)6 ]− complex and so more backbonding occurs than in the other complexes. The next highest excess of electron density is in Cr(CO)6 , and then [Mn(CO)6 ]+.
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Character of the M-CO bond
Slightly antibonding HOMO
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Electron density on the metal
Higher C-O strength
Lower C-O strengthM=C=O character
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Ligand donation effects
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CO IR vibrationsWe compare cis- and trans-ML2(CO)2 complexes in IR:
What are the point groups ?
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Tetrahedral Td Octahedral OhLinear: D∞h for A-B-A ( i )
C ∞h for A-B
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Physics/N_body_problem_in_quantum_mechanics/Molecules
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Character Tables for cis and trans
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Representations of 2 C-O groups
Which contains the irreducible representations :
Which contains the irreducible representations :
Conclusion: Number of IR peaks for cis and trans complex:
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Metal-carbonyl compounds
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M(II)hexamine complexes
N-H stretch
N-H bend
M-NH3 bend
M-NH3 rock
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The spectra presented in Figure 5.6 show a trend in the wavenumber shifts for the three hexamine complexes; the N–H bands shift to lower wavenumbers from Co to Cr to Ni. This indicates that the N–H bond order (bond strength) decreases as the metal–N bond order increases in the stability order mentioned
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
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Find functional groupshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItW6Mj2CQKc
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HfJNnoRMPA
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Inorganic Compounds
Still of actual interest
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Spectra Database:sdbs.db.aist.go.jp
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http://www.chemicalbook.com/SpectrumEN_144-55-8_IR1.htm
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Fe(CN)6 complexes
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How can we explain the difference to Fe(III) ?
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Raman
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IR Spectrum of “Rennie”
Example: identify products in Antacidshttp://www.ptfarm.pl/pub/File/Acta_Poloniae/2000/2/083.p
df(1) Carbonate Compound
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Ref. spectra
Mg CO3
Ca CO3
O-HCa-O
Mg-O
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(2) Hydroxy Compounds
IR of “Maalox (an)”
IR of “Alusal”
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Ref. spectra
Al(OH)3
Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
Mg(OH)2
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SUPPLEMENTS
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Overview
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AM1 calculation“ArgusLab” Freeware
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The dipole moment of HCl is 1.03 D, and the bond length is 127 pm. What is the percent ionic character of the HCl bond?
First we will assume that this molecule is 100% ionic. In this case, the charges are separated by the bond length, and we can calculate the dipole moment in this extreme case.
The actual dipole moment measured for this molecule is 1.03 D, so the molecule is not completely ionic.
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/4678/4791085/ch10_01.htm
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Types of motions
Stretch:
symmetric asymmetric
wagging twisting scissoring rocking
Bending:
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared%3A_Theory
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How do you distinguish whether the structure of transition metal complex molecule M(CO)4L2 is cis or trans by inspection of the CO stretching region of the IR spectra?
-> determine the symmetry group:
CO substitution pattern
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-> Check the character tables:
c2v
d4h
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Reducing stretching motions
4 stretching vectors
4 0 0 2
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0
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Experimental
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ATR Method – attenuated total reflection
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RAMAN
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMLnUmbLwUI
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Figliola, et. al. Organometallics 2014, 33, 4449
Compound 1A = S
20612021197619551878
Compound 2A = Se
20542014197019501875
We should decide which structure is more likely based on IR:5 peaks, higher frequencies for A = Sulfur
① or ② ?
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Find the point group of both molecules:
①
②
(Practise with: http://symmetry.otterbein.edu/challenge)
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C2v E C (z) s(xz) s(yz) Linear f, rotations
Quadratic f
A1 1 1 1 1 z x, y, zA2 1 1 -1 -1 R xyB1 1 -1 1 -1 x, R xzB2 1 -1 -1 1 y, R yz
G 8 0 4 0
Molecule ① : 8 CO groups
Reduce G: ¼ (8x1x1 + 0x1x1 + 4x1x1 + 0x1x1) = 3 A1
¼ (8x1x1 + 0x1x1 + 4x-1x1 + 0x-1x1) = 1 A2
¼ (8x1x1 + 0x-1x1 + 4x1x1 + 0x-1x1) = 3 B1
¼ (8x1x1 + 0x-1x1 + 4x-1x1 + 0x1x1) = 1 B2
The A2 can be ignored since it does not contain x, y or z and is therefore not IR active.This gives 7 IR active CO vibrations.
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C2v E C (z) s(xz) s(yz)G 6 0 2 0
Molecule ②: also Point Group C2v
Reduce G: ¼ (6x1x1 + 0x1x1 + 2x1x1 + 0x1x1) = 2 A1
¼ (6x1x1 + 0x1x1 + 2x-1x1 + 0x-1x1) = 1 A2
¼ (6x1x1 + 0x-1x1 + 2x1x1 + 0x-1x1) = 2 B1
¼ (6x1x1 + 0x-1x1 + 2x-1x1 + 0x1x1) = 1 B2
The A2 can be ignored since it does not contain x, y or z and is therefore not IR active.This gives 5 IR active CO vibrations.
A1 1 1 1 1 z x, y, zA2 1 1 -1 -1 R xyB1 1 -1 1 -1 x, R xzB2 1 -1 -1 1 y, R yz