Species Interactions & Population Control. Five Major Interactions Interspecific Competition...
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Transcript of Species Interactions & Population Control. Five Major Interactions Interspecific Competition...
![Page 1: Species Interactions & Population Control. Five Major Interactions Interspecific Competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649eb35503460f94bbaa64/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Species Interactions & Population Control
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Five Major Interactions• Interspecific Competition• Predation • Parasitism• Mutualism• Commensalism
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Interspecific Competition Different species competing for the same
resources
• Niche overlap– Greater overlap = more intense competition
• Outcomes:– Resource partitioning
• Evolution/speciation
– Competitive exclusion• Local Extinction
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Resource Partitioning When species divide a niche to avoid
competition for resources
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Competitive Exclusiontwo species competing for the same resource cannot
coexist at constant population values, if other ecological factors remain constant
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Predation
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SymbiosisClose long term associations between
two or more species
* Three types:1.Mutualism2.Commensalism3.Parasitism
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Brood ParasitismThe manipulation and use of a host to raise the young of the brood parasite
*Nest hypothesis *Mafia hypothesis
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PopulationA group of interbreeding individuals of
the same species
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Population Characteristics
• Size• Density• Dispersion• Age distribution
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Population SizeFour variables determine population size:
1. Births2. Deaths3. Immigration4. Emigration
=(Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)
Population
Change
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DispersionClumps -most popular
1. Cluster near resources2. Groups increase chance
of finding resources3. Protection4. Hunting
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Dispersal Examples
Clumped(elephants)
Uniform(creosote bush)
Random(dandelions)
Territorial Solitary
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Age Structure• Distribution of individuals among
various ages• Dictates how rapidly a population • Three groups:1. Pre-reproductive stage
not mature enough to reproduce2. Reproductive stage
capable of reproduction3. Post-reproductive stage
too old to reproduce
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Life table
Life Tables Shows life expectancies for age
groups Demography: Study of a populations vital
statistics and how they change over time
females males
What adaptations have led to this difference in male vs. femalemortality?
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Survivorship curvesGeneralized life strategies
What do these graphs tell about survival & strategy of a species?
0 25
1000
100
Human(type I)
Hydra(type II)
Oyster(type III)10
150
Percent of maximum life span
10075
Su
rviv
al p
er th
ousa
nd
I. High death rate in post-reproductive years
II. Constant mortality rate throughout life span
III. Very high early mortality but the few survivors then live long (stay reproductive)
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Reproductive strategies K-selected
late reproductionfew offspringinvest a lot in raising
offspring primates coconut
r-selectedearly reproductionmany offspringlittle parental care
insects many plants
K-selected
r-selected
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Exponential Growth• Constant growth of a
population–Birth rate exceeds the death rate
• J shaped curve
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Conditions for Exponential Growth
• Unlimited resources–Abundant space–Abundant food–Shelter –Decrease in predators–Decrease in disease–Reproduction
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Rule of 70
• How long does it take to double? – Resource use– Population size– Money in a savings account
• Rule of 70 – 70 divided by the percentage growth rate
= doubling time in years– 70 / 7% means it takes ten years to
double
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Human Population
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Logistic Growth• Growth of a population slows
or stops as resources become less available
• S curve
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Carrying Capacity The largest number of individuals that
a given environment can support at a given time
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Regulation of population size
marking territory= competition
competition for nesting sites
Limiting factorsdensity dependent
competition: food, mates, nesting sites
predators, parasites, pathogensdensity independent
abiotic factors sunlight (energy) temperature rainfall
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Ecological SuccessionPredictable changes that occur in a
community over time• Two types:
– Primary– Secondary
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Primary SuccessionBegins in a place without any soil
• Examples:– Volcanos– Glacier retreats
• Process begins with pioneer species– lichens or cyanobacteria
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Primary Succession• Moss move in bringing insects• Ferns & grasses• Shrubs & Trees
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Secondary SuccessionOrganisms evades an ecosystem
that already existed before
• Usually a result of disturbance–Human disturbance–Natural catastrophes
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Steps in Secondary Succession
• Major disturbance – weeds come in
• Grasses • Pines begin to grow
–Grasses are shaded out
• Old pines die – hardwoods begin to replace
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Climax CommunityA stable group of plants and/or animals
that colonize an area after a succession event
Ex: Old Growth Forest
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Climax Community• Climax communities are not always
BIG trees!– Grasses in prairies– Cacti in deserts
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Aquatic SuccessionTransition of aquatic habitats
(mainly ponds) filling with sediments & the eventually
becoming a terrestrial ecosystem