Speaking skill presentation

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Speaking Definition

description

 

Transcript of Speaking skill presentation

Page 1: Speaking skill presentation

Speaking

Definition

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What is Speaking?

• Speech is the vocalized form of human communication

• Speech production takes places in real time and it is linear, i.e. utterance by utterance.

• Planning is severly limited, therefore, it is the hardest of all four skills.

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Coceptualization and Formulation

Conceptualization

Discourse type

Topic

Purpose

Formulation

Making strategic choices: syntax,

vocabulary

Beginning, middle and end

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! Note that:

• In English, utterances tend to have a two-part structure:

Topic + comment

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Articulation

• It involves the use of the organs of speech to produce sounds.

• Sounds are produced in a continuous stream, some sounds merge with others. Handbag, baked beans

• Continual changes in loudness, pitch direction, tempo and pausing serve to organize the sounds into meaninful words and utterances.

• Proficients speakers produce 15 phonemes a second.

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Self-monitoring & repair

• It is a process that happens concurrently with the stages of conceptualization, formulation and articulation.

• Self-monitoring may result in a slowing down, pausing and backtracking or rephrasing of an utterance.

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Automaticity

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Use of prefabricated

chunks

Add-on strategies (chaining together of short phrases)

Fluency

Mean that a speaker’s attentional resources are thinly streched

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! Note that:

Being under pressure or tired will affect a speaker’s performance

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! Note that:

• Speaking is like any other skill such as driving or playing a musical instrument: the more you practice, the more likely you are to be able to chunk small units into larger ones.

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Fluency

• Is fluency the ability to speak fast?• It’s not only about speed, but pausing is

equally important.• However, frequent pausing is a sure sign of a

struggling speaker. • Natural sounding pauses| are those that occur

at the ontersection of clauses, | or after groups of words that form a meaningful unit.|

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Fluency

Another factor in the perception of fluency is the

lenght of the run (number of syllables between pauses)

Race-callers and auctioners rather than constructing

from scratch,use prefabricated chunks

Pause fillers: uh, um, erRepeats

• Long runs

• Use of prefabricated chunks

• Production strategies

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Interaction and turn-taking

• Sometimes, a face-to-face dialogue is involved in speaking.

• Turn-taking is negotiated because speakers are familiar with the rules and skills of turn-taking. Two rules are to be followed:

Long silences are to be avoided Listen when other speakers are speaking

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Discourse markers

• That reminds me. (I’m continuing with the same topic)

• By the way… (I’m indicating a topic change)

• Well, anyway.. (I’m returning to the topic)

• Like I say… (I’m repeating what I said before)

• Yes, but.. (I’m indicating a difference of opinion)

• Yes, no I know.. (I’m indicating agreement with a negative idea)

• Uh-huh… (I’m listening)

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Paralinguistics and sociocultural knowledge

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Genre knowledge

By its purpose:• Transactional: for the purpose of conveying or exchanging

specific information• Interpersonal: For the purpose of maintaining social

relationships

By its interaction:• Non-inteactive or interactive

By its planning:• Planned or unplanned

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Genre knowledgePURPOSE PARTICIPATION PLANNING

Airport anouncements

Transactional non-interactive planned

Sports commentary

Transactional non-interactive Unplanned

Job interview Transactional Interactive (partly) planned

Service encounter

Transactional Interactive Unplanned

Joke telling Interpersonal (partly) interactive

(partly) planned

Leaving a voice-mail message

Transactional or interpersonal

non-interactive Unplanned

Casual conversation

interpersonal interactive Unplanned

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The difference between written and spoken discourse

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Dell Hymes:

Speaking Proficiency

Grammatical competence

Sociolinguistic competence

Discourse competence

Strategic competence