Speaking for yourself
-
Upload
daniel-rooy -
Category
Documents
-
view
228 -
download
0
Transcript of Speaking for yourself
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
1/35
SPEAKING FOR YOURSELF
Good commincation are needed for everybody, many
students entering higher education are unable to express
their
thoughts clearly and effectly in their own language, after
more than
twelve years at school.Good communication skills are
needed in
everyday life, in study at colledge or university, and such
studies
are based on any career. People need to improve their
writing and they
need to develop their ability to converse, to discuss, to
argue
persuasively, and to speak in public. Many students
applying for
employment still have poor communication skills,
employers complain
that after a further three years in colledge or university.
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
2/35
All courses in further and higher education are intended to
facilitate
both learning and personal development. You must be
recognized that
many school leavers need to improve their communication
skills. You
will receive comments and advice on your written work to
help you to
improve your written, as a student, and you will have
opportunities to
discuss your work and to give short talks or persentations.
You will
be encouraged to develop your ability to express your
thoughts
effectively.
People must have the first impressions to be good. First
impressions
is very important. For example, if you have a good first
impression,
people may happy and you havent people may sad. That
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
3/35
is why, our
first impression is that much important. Most people
probably take for
granted their ability to speak, not thinking much about it
until they
have to address an audience or attend an important
interview. But just
as your first impressions of other people are based on how
they look
and how they speak- os are their impressions of you. What
time you
speak, you are both conveying information relevant to the
subject
being discussed and presenting yourself,not just when
giving a talk or
being interviewed.
When you meet people for the first time their immediate
feelings about
you is based in your apperance and behaviour, so that is
very
important, you must take care for it. Because you have not
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
4/35
second
opportunity to make a good first impression, and that
people are not
easily forgotten or revised.
Some skills needed in studying any subject and in any
carrer: There are:
1.Self management, 2.Money management, 3.Time
management,
4.Summarising, 5.Finding information, 6.Processing
information,
7.Problem solving, 8.Thinking and creativity,
9.Communicating.
1.Self management
Management is not just for managers, just as leadership is
not just
for leaders.
We all manage, and we all lead; these are not actions
reserved for
only those people who happen to hold these positions in
a company. I
personally think of management and leadership as
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
5/35
callings, and we all
get these callings to manage and lead at different times,
and to
different degrees.
Considered another way, I believe we can all learn to be
more
self-governing through the disciplines of great
management and great
leadership; these are concepts that can give us wonderful
tenets to
live and work by.
For instance, these are what Ive come to think of as
Twelve Rules for
Self-Management. Show me a business where everyone
lives and works by
self-managing, and Ill bet its a business destined for
greatness.
1. Live by your values, whatever they are. You confuse
people when you
dont, because they cant predict how youll behave.
2. Speak up! No one can hear what youre thinking
without you be
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
6/35
willing to stand up for it. Mind-reading is something most
people
cant do.
3. Honor your own good word, and keep the promises you
make. If not,
people eventually stop believing most of what you say,
and your words
will no longer work for you.
4. When you ask for more responsibility, expect to be held
fully
accountable. This is what seizing ownership of something
is all about;
its usually an all or nothing kind of thing, and so youve
got to
treat it that way.
5. Dont expect people to trust you if you arent willing to
be
trustworthy for them first and foremost. Trust is an
outcome of
fulfilled expectations.
6. Be more productive by creating good habits and
rejecting bad ones.
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
7/35
Good habits corral your energies into a momentum-
building rhythm for
you; bad habits sap your energies and drain you.
7. Have a good work ethic, for it seems to be getting rare
today.
Curious, for those old-fashioned values like
dependability,
timeliness, professionalism and diligence are prized more
than ever
before. Be action-oriented. Seek to make things work. Be
willing to do
what it takes.
8. Be interesting. Read voraciously, and listen to learn,
then teach
and share everything you know. No one owes you their
attention; you
have to earn it and keep attracting it.
9. Be nice. Be courteous, polite and respectful. Be
considerate.
Manners still count for an awful lot in life, and thank
goodness they
do.
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
8/35
10. Be self-disciplined. Thats what adults are supposed to
grow up to be.
11. Dont be a victim or a martyr. You always have a
choice, so dont
shy from it: Choose and choose without regret. Look
forward and be
enthusiastic.
12. Keep healthy and take care of yourself. Exercise your
mind, body
and spirit so you can be someone people count on, and so
you can live
expansively and with abundance.
Managers will tell you that they dont really need to
manage people
who live by these rules; instead, they can devote their
attentions to
managing the businesses in which they all thrive. Chances
are it will
also be a place where great leaders are found.
2.Money management
Make a personal budget. The first step in properly
managing money is
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
9/35
making a budget that tracks how much money you earn
and spend each
month. This will help you keep track of where all your
money goes and
allow you to make decisions to lessen spending in certain
areas in
order to have extra money in more important areas.
Create financial goals and make your budget work with
your goals.
Almost everyone knows it is a good idea to save money,
but far fewer
are able to save when they have money sitting in their
pocket ready to
be spent. Creating some more long-term financial goals,
such as saving
for an emergency cash fund that can cover six month's
expenses, is a
great way to practice money-managing discipline while
working toward
something positive. By setting aside part of your budget
toward your
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
10/35
goal, you can make a habit of saving or investing first, and
spending
second. Forming good habits is one of the most important
aspects of
good money management.
3.Time management
Each day has only 24 hours. This is something that you
have to accept
because it will not change. Time can not be changed, but
the way you
approach it can. This is the secret of effective time
management. You
must train yourself to focus on the things that really
matter to you
and spend your time on these things only. Everything else
should be
eliminated from your life.
Making the changes necessary to manage your time
effectively can be
rewarding and fun, but some of these changes will take a
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
11/35
leap of faith
on your part. However, there is no need to rush, you can
make the
necessary changes at your own pace. If you bite off more
than you can
chew at the beginning there is a chance you may fail.
This is why you need a clear time plan for every day. You
need to have
a very clear idea of what needs to be done, how long it will
take, and
when it is going to be done. At the beginning it can be
difficult to
know how long each task will take so it may be a good
idea to keep a
time log for a week before starting to keep a time plan. In
your time
log you need to write down what you do every day and
how long it
takes. This will show you exactly how long different tasks
and
activities take. When you know how long each task will
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
12/35
take, you can
plan your day much more accurately.
4.Summarising is inability to distinguish important points
from the
supporting detail, and to make good notes.
5.Finding information is not making good use of libraries
and other
sources of ideas and information.
6.Processing information is not bringing together relevant
information
and ideas form lectures, tutorials, seminars, practical
work,
background reading and other sources.
7.Problem solving is not thinking things to a satisfactory
conclusion.
8.Thinking and creativity is midless repetition of other
peoples
thoughts: unwillingness to consider new approaches or
different points
of view.
9.Communicating is not expressing thoughts clearly,
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
13/35
concisely and
persuasively when speaking or in writing.
Between you and the people you meet, your appearance
and speech may
create barriers, or may help them to feel at ease in your
presence.
People make assumptions from your speech,which may or
may not be
correct, about your place of birth and social class, about
you
education, about your interests and opinions, and about
your
intelligence.When you speak, you know what you are
thinking and how
you feel about it; and other people make judgements
about your
character and assumptions about what you are
thinking.Eye Contact and
Facial Expressions, Position Posture Gestures are very very
important.
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
14/35
How you speak
We also notice other characteristics of the way people
speak. We are
remarkably sensitive to the vocal characteristics of
speech, as
indicated by our ability to recognise the voices of many
people whom
we hear only in telephone conversations or on the radio. If
they are
considerate, in any serious conversation or discussion we
expect
brevity, clarity, sincerity and politeness. That is why,when
we
speaking on the telephone or listening to the radio, we
may from an
impression of a persons character- which may or may not
be correct.
In face-to-face conversations we are more confident in our
ability to
judge people from the way they speak. Control your
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
15/35
thought or else it
will control you.
Be polite
Be polite but dont be weak. When meeting someone the
usual greeting
for the first time is to say How do you do, less formally,
Hello.
Then, to end this first conversation, if appropriate you
could say It
has been a pleasure to meet you. More important, you
should look as
if your meeting has been a pleasure. Someone whom you
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
16/35
know well when
you meet you can greet How are you?. This greeting is
not an
invitation to recite your medical history or to provide an up
date on
your state of health. Being polite doesn't cost you a penny.
It's just
common sense; manner and making others feel
appreciated. If you're
lacking in manners, or struggling to be polite at all times,
this
guide is for you. You are most likely to persuade others, in
any
conversation, or to obtain their agreement, co-operation
and support,
if you are obviously interested and considerate:(a) If your
manner is
friendly; (b) if you address individuals by name; (c) if you
smile
when you meet; (d) if you consult them at least on
occasions when they
should be consulted; and (e) if you agree with them when
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
17/35
you can. When
you speak on the phone special care is needed, unless it is
a video
call, because there is no non-verbal communication. So,
whatever you
say , always start your conversation with your name; and
use the name
of person who you are calling; and end, if appropriate, by
saying
Thank you for your help.
The etiquette include of their manners, fashions and how
to say and
so on. Etiquette is dependent on culture; what is excellent
etiquette
in one society may shock another. Etiquette evolves within
culture.
Etiquette can vary widely between different cultures and
nations. In
such rigid hierarchal cultures as Korea and Japan, alcohol
helps to
break down the strict social barrier between classes. It
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
18/35
allows for a
hint of informality to creep in. It is traditional for host and
guest
to take turns filling each other's cups and encouraging
each other to
gulp it down. Etiquette, Which may be taught as a set of
rules, is a
guide to acceptable behavior in polite society-helping
those in Rome
to do as Romans do. Good manners in conversation, as in
any other
social interaction, are no more than common sense:
showing ones
respect, interest and pleasure or, at least, ensuring that
one does
not give offence. The Japanese are very formal. Moments
of silence are
far from awkward. Smiling doesnt always mean that the
individual is
expressing pleasure. Business cards are to be handed out
formally
following this procedure: Hand card with writing facing
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
19/35
upwards; bow
when giving and receiving the card; grasp it with both
hands; read it
carefully; and put it in a prominent place. The Japanese
feel a Giri
an obligation to reciprocate a gesture of kindness. They
also rely on
an innate sense of right and wrong.
Today many of us worry about etiquette: we need to know
what to say
and how to behave in a particular situation. Our language
and our
manners must be appropriate to the situation. Nowadays
etiquette
doesn't include so many rigid rules, but is more about
"everyday
living." Its "goal is to help all people of all lifestyles get
along
with each other." It is more about "common sense and
consideration".
There are rules which have changed during the centuries,
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
20/35
for example,
"how men and women interact" has changed considerably
since the
1950's. Each culture has its own system of etiquette and
they are
sometimes very different. Behavior that is proper in one
culture may
be improper in another. What is considered proper in a
city, could be
considered improper in a small town.
Charm cannot exist without good manners-meaning by
this, not so much
manners that precisely follow particular rules, as manners
that have
been made smooth and polished by the continuous
practice of kind
impulses. And certainly the greatest asset can have is
charm. Charm is
the art of having an attractive personality. This
characteristic can
be achieved only over a period of time. While everyone is
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
21/35
born with
differing amounts of natural charm, much can be acquired
and honed
through practice and patience. As with dancing, the more
you practice,
the better you will become. During the first few minutes of
my How to
Be Charming, our instructor asked us to list qualities that
we found
charming. Most people said the same thing: funny, warm,
memorable. But
ultimately, it was very difficult to define charm.
Try to know what u should the right things at the right
time as on
knowing what you should not say. That including an
awareness of topics
that are best avoided. There are socially accepted notions
as to what
is and what is and what is not appropriate in particular
circumstances, when speaking, as with other aspects of
behavior. For
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
22/35
example, you might be expected: firstly to respond to a
greeting with
a similar greeting and smile; and secondly to be co-
operative,
responding to a request either by greeting to help or by
explaining
why you are unable to help; or thirdly when you asked
Would you
like..? to reply, with a smile, either Yes please or No
thank
you. You must listen carefully in any conversation or
discussion to
the contributions of others and have the confidence to
contribute
yourself. This is you should listen without being
submissive.
Normally, you should be assertive, ensuring that your
message is
clearly expressed and understood, but you should not be
aggressive,
you should not attempt to dominate by speaking loudly or
by using
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
23/35
language intended to ridicule the views of others. People
who differs
from the speaker in age, appearance, race, religion or
sexual
orientation, are to be avoided in all conversations,
discussions,
talks or presentations- as a student and, after graduation,
in any
profession. False and defamatory is one should never say
anything.
What you say and what to do is important. Everything can
be possible,
if you have right time, right place and right situation. In
conversation, the socially acceptable will depend on who
is present,
and on the place, the time and the occation.Not only in
ensure care is
necessary that you own conduct and use of words are
appropriate ate
but also in observing and interpreting non-verbal clues to
feelings of
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
24/35
others. Psychological research into happiness has, for the
most part,
focused on facial expressions. Its no wonder: most of our
communication-both verbal and nonverbal-comes from our
face. As a
smile may be misunderstood by people whom you know
well: it is not
necessarily a spontaneous expression of pleasure; and
laughter may
indicate amusement, discomfort, embarrassment,
surprise, wonder
orThere are also cultural differences in expectations
relating, as an
example, it is the need for personal space and it is the use
or
avoidance of eye contact which if you not understood can
easily cause
discomfort or annoyance. Eye contact is very important
when we talk.
In human beings, eye contact is a form of nonverbal
communication and
is thought to have a large influence on social behavior.
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
25/35
What you say
Be accurate
When we talk we must be accurate. It is very important. If
your way of
talk are flexible, people dont like you and people dont
tension on
you. There is a game that you may know is in which
people sit in a
circle, and one whispers a message to a neighbor, and
then says Pass
it on. You has to do is listen carefully and pass on the
massage. If
people listened carefully, there would be nothing of
interest in this
game, thats so remembered the message exactly, and
whispered
clearly-repeating it word for word. The more people there
are in the
circle, the more it is likely to differ from the original. In
other
situations, the person who to pass on messages
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
26/35
accurately is likely to
have serious and even serious consequences. On
communication skills,
this game can be used in courses as the basis for the class
exercise.
So, this game is one of the interested games. Every
people can happy.
There have one of the complex things that is
communication. People can
communicate speaking to someone directly, face to face
or on the
phone, or sending a written message. It is not easy to
ensure that you
have meaning adequately or that you will be understood.
There are two
types of communication, verbal and nonverbal. Verbal
communication is
communication that uses words, either written or spoken.
In othe situations, failure to pass on messages accurately
is likely to have serious and even fatal consequences ( for
example , inaccurate messages may result in a waste of
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
27/35
time in any business, in a loss of production in industry, of
in a failture to respond appropriately when first aid is
required urgently immediately after an accident). This
game can therefore be used in courses on communication
skills as the basis for a class exercise. It can also be used
when training first aid workers, for example, to emphasize
the care needed to ensure clarity and accuracy when
passing messages by word of mouth.
Communication is complex, even when speaking to
someone directly, face to face or on the telephone, or
when sending a written message. It is not easy to ensure
that we have expressed our meaning adequately or that
we will be understood. For example of communication is,
thought of speaker give composing message and thought
of listener recieve understanding massage. Accurate
communication, using words alone, is not easy, that is so
difficult. Verbal communication involves our choosing
words and using them to convey our thoughts accurately
as an unambiguous massage in an attempt to evoke
identical thoughts in the minds of listeners or readers, so
that they understand our massage correctly.
In verbal communication, when transferring information
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
28/35
using words alone, as in a letter or an e-mail, or when
speaking on the telephone to someone we cannot see , we
put our thoughts into words so that they can be sent as a
message- in an attempt ot provoke indentical thoughts in
the mind of a reader or listener. This involves care on the
part of the sender who must: consider what the receiver
needs to know and why this information is needed; convey
just this information as a message , with enough
suppporting detail; choose words the reciever is expected
to know and understand; and use these words correctly in
well-constructed unambiguous sentences.
Care is also necessary on the part of the receiver, who
must pay attention both to the words used and, in speech
especially, to the way they are expressed. So we must be
care for choosing words. Then the interpretation of the
massage is influenced by the recievers prior knowledge,
likes and dislikes, opinions and beliefs, and in face to face
converations, discussions and talks, by the accompanying
non-verbal signals. If we are listener we must give a
comment, question and answer.
Whether or not people are actually speaking,
information transfer is facilitated by unspoken clues to
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
29/35
their thoughts and feelings. This non-verbal
communication (involving position, posture, eye contact
=, facial expression and other gestures) is aptly called
body language. Absolutely, we must have a good body
language that is so accordingly important for a person.it
rein- forces the words used but is more fundamental than
speech and sometimes makes words unnecessary. For
example, if in conversation our eyebrows do not move
they reveal nothing of our thoughts; if raised slightly they
indicate surprise; if raised fully, disbelief; if lowered
slightly, puzzlement; if lowered fully anger. So , although
we learn to control the out ward expression of our
emotions to some extent, in face to face conversatons and
discussions we cannot always avoid revealing unspoken
thoughts and feelings htaht we might prefer th keep to
ourselves.
Be approraite
What we say and how we say to capture and hold
attention, it must be appropriate to our purpose, to our
subject, to the needs of our audience, and to the occasion.
So always chech, If we can, that any assumptions we
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
30/35
make about these things are correct. Our purpose in
speaking may be, for example, to inform, to convince, to
consult, to provide feedback, to review, to agree a course
of action, to instruct , to introduce a discussion, to
question, to find fault , or to praise. Our purpose will
influence our choice of words, our use of eye contact, our
facial expressions and gestures, the position we adopt in
relation to our audience, and perhaps also the way we
dress and where we choose to speak. As to the subject, to
the needs of our audience and to the occasion, if we were
talking to people who had invited our to speak about
flowers we would talk only about flower. However, we
might talk, for example; to students of biology about
flowers structure and the fucntions of its parts; to flower
growers about methods of cultivation.
What you do
What we do admire most in others( for example , that they
are able, concerned, conscientious, considerate,
enthusiastic, fair minded, flexible, genuinem, honest,
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
31/35
open, sincere, trustworthy)? Whose advice would we seek
to help us make balanced judgements?
As to credibility, persuasion is achieved first by the
speakers personal character; second by the effect of the
words used when they stir the emotions; and third by
persuasive arguments suitable to the case in question.
When we promise to do something, do we remember to
do it? Those who come to know we will respect respect us
for what we say, and how we say it, only if they find that
we are consistent; that our do say what we mean, and that
we ours actions do support our words.
Improve your perfomance
Use Standard English _ a world language
The standardisation of English
A political journalist considered knowledge of grammar as
a weapon in struggle of the working classes againt their
oppressors and hoped that Grammar of the English
Language would help the common people. If we are more
understand Standard English our performance will be
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
32/35
improve. Personal performance improvement is oftentreated like a project. our identify goals; our plan change;
our manifest change; our test change; our review change;
job done. For most personal improvements, this works just
fine.
We can do on a weekly basis, instead or in addition to our
performance project. The first is we must be Introduce
ourself to at least one new person in our class, each week,
and tell them about ourself. Who knows, we may just find
someone who can help us or give us a fresh outlook on our
challenges.
The merits of Standard English
In spite of this recognition of the importance of clear
speech, there has been a change in many peoples
attitude to standard spoken English.in any career much
more time is spent in speaking than in writing; and those
who speak fluently are lidely also to write fluently. yet
speech is learnt by example , in the home, and those who
learn to speak English badly at home may not be
corrected in schools; perhaps some parents who
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
33/35
themselves speak badly consider there to be nothing
wrong with their childrens speech, and would resent any
attempt to correct it as adverse criticism of their own
speech. So we need to learn standard English to be a good
speaker.
However, the development of Standard English is not
something. On the contrary; the conventions of English
grammar have been accepted and adhered to by most
educated English speaker.
English as a world language
When communication between people in different regions
was difficult it was natural that isolated speech
communities, subject to different influences, should
develop in different directions. Now that most educatedpeople have access to books and newspapers, radio and
television, mobile phones and the Internet, all educated
English-speaking people are familiar with standard
English. English has become a world language. There are
many acceptable varieties of spoken English, but to
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
34/35
facilitate international communication anyone learning it
as a foreign language needs to know how to pronounce
each new word correctly. Each speakers pronunciation of
English words must be understood by other speakers of
English. As a result, many people who have learned
English as a second language can be more widely
understood than many who have been taught English.
So if we want to use standard English we must be think
clearly to speak clearly.
Reflect on the importance of good oral communication
skills
They are_
(a)To use the vocabulary and grammar of standard
English, which they should understand can be expressed
in a variety of accents; (b) to formulate ideas clearly; (c) tospeak fluently;(d) to adapt their speech to a widening
range of circumstances and demands; and (e) to listen,
understand and respond appropriately in conversations.
-
7/30/2019 Speaking for yourself
35/35