Spatial & Temporal Planning Approach to Tourism Planning in Cities

ByAshani Thomas

ObjectivesTo identify what is Planning?Understanding spatial approach

to planningTemporal approach to planning Success areas of focus

(marketing, transportation and amenities etc) in Kingston.

What is Planning?

A basic management function involving

formulation of one or more detailed plans to

achieve optimum balance of needs or demands

with the available resources (Online Business

Dictionary). The planning process identifies the

goals or objectives to be achieved, formulates

strategies to achieve them, arranges or creates

the means required, and implements, directs, and

monitors all steps in their proper sequence

(Goeldner, 2000).

What is Spatial Approach to Planning

 Is the use of the public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales (Goeldner, 2000). This approach involve  land use, urban regional, transport and environmental planning. Other vital areas include

 economic  community planning.

Spatial Approach to Planning cont…

Spatial planning takes place on local,

regional, national and inter-national

levels and often result in the creation

of a spatial plan. Regional/spatial

planning gives geographical expression

to the economic, social, cultural and

ecological policies of society.

Spatial Approach to Planning cont…

It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an

administrative technique and a policy developed

as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive

approach directed towards a balanced regional

development and the physical organization of

space according to an overall strategy

(Goeldner, 2000).

Spatial Approach to planning

Advantages Contributes to

the reduction of traffic congestion.

Clean and healthy environment as it relates to transportation

Promotes accessibility

Disadvantages Costly Time consuming

Temporal Approach to PlanningTemporal planning pertains to

time which may includes duration of a journey, a set of activities, or temporal order of activities. Each activity has a duration (Time Span), an activity type and a spatial assignment.

Temporal Approach to Planning

AdvantagesSaves timeEasier flow of people Reduces the likelihood

of minors getting injured in the case of a crowd

Give detailed timing from one location to the next (clock, kilometer, meters or clock-minutes or hours)

DisadvantagesInefficiency due to

natural causes Cites can become

overcrowded, suddenly contributing to the inadequacy of a plan to become insufficient (hence allotted time to get from one location to next become longer)

Cont’dTemporal planning may focus on

the following elements:Making sure activities do not

overlap with each other in time, The sum of durations of activities

together with temporal costs required to overcome distances between spatial assignments should not exceed a given temporal scope of a journey.

Factors to consider when planning for spatial temporal approach in cities

Environmental Concern

Transportation

Sanitation & Health

Maintaining safety in public areas

Environmental concernsNatural resources and environment; The built environment TransportationHospitality and Cultural resources. The basic elements of natural resources

and environment that should be protected include: Air and climate,lands forms, and terrainFlora and fauna, beaches, natural beauty

and water supply.

Cont’dThe built environment includes

both the basic infrastructure water supply systems, roads, communication networks -

and the superstructure - which includes facilities built specifically for tourism such as airports, parks, marinas, hotels and motels.

TransportationTransportation includes items

such as ships, airplanes, buses, taxis, etc.

Hospitality and cultural resources include the nature of the people and the culture of the area that make tourism successful.

The history, literature, friendliness, courtesy and welcoming spirit of the people as these must be incorporated in the planning process.

Cont’dRoads should be designed in such

a way that it can accommodate the heavy flow of traffic, facilitate pedestrians, bicyclists, transit users, and motor vehicle drivers.

Streets layout accommodate people of all ages and physical abilities

Map of Kingston

Effective spatial street policyStreets is a vital component in

Spatial approach to planning in cities which requires coordination of transportation planning processes. As accurate planning must aid in the improvement of efficiency in urban areas.

Sample images of effective spatial street policies

Sample images of effective spatial street policies cont’d

Effective spatial street policy cont’dFor example, checklists provide a

simple method to track implementation of Streets through various stages of the planning and design processes.

It also enable a destination to control the flow of people

Special Environmental Features Urban Planning must take into

consideration Adaptation to frequently and heavy extreme precipitation events

Reducing the degree of impervious surfaces in urban areas

Measures of decentralized rain water management

Protection of urban areas, housing and infrastructure from impacts through heavy rainfall events

RecommendationsDevelop accurate street design Accurate Signage and at the same

time promoting pedestrian friendly environments

Transparency-Temporal plan must gives a detailed outline of the flow of people.

Developed user friendly maps that of how people can get themselves in and around the city

Recommendation cont’dSafety and Security- street lights,

surveillances, stop sign, policing.Laws and policies- these must be

enacted to serve as a policing towards the environment, for example NEPA

Spatial PlanningSee videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=6nyBVKbgEQ4

ReferencesBusiness Dictionary. Planning Retrieved

from http://www.businessdictionary.com/defin

ition/planning.html#ixzz3HqRyGQtdGoeldner, C. R., J. R. B. Ritchie and R. W.

McIntosh. (2000). Tourism Components and Supply. In Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.: 362-393