SPATIAL ECONOMY AND DEMOGRAPHICS. USSR Population USSR Population (Lost 15 mil to civil war/Stalin...
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Transcript of SPATIAL ECONOMY AND DEMOGRAPHICS. USSR Population USSR Population (Lost 15 mil to civil war/Stalin...
SPATIAL ECONOMYSPATIAL ECONOMYAND DEMOGRAPHICS AND DEMOGRAPHICS
USSR PopulationUSSR Population(Lost 15 mil to civil war/Stalin and 14 mil to WWII;
Male shortage one reason for women in both workforce & home)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1939 1950 1991
Millions
Population would have been 440 million in 1991 without wars
DespiteAnnexations!
““State Socialism”State Socialism” • Central planning of “Command Economy”
• Guaranteed job, low rents, health care, daycare, etc.
• Heavy industrialization to catch up to West
• Forced collectivization of private farmlands
• Ukraine (Donbass)
• Urals
• Siberia (Kuzbass)
Industrial regionsIndustrial regions
UkraineUkraine(Donbass)(Donbass)
UralsUrals
SiberiaSiberia(Kuzbass)(Kuzbass)
Mutually dependent/ Mutually dependent/ not self-sufficientnot self-sufficient
Donbass & KuzbassDonbass & Kuzbass
Donbass coalfields, E. Ukraine/
Russia bank of Don.Coal/steel region
since 1870s
Kuzbass coalfields, W. Siberia
Russian urban populationRussian urban population
• Soviets favored large industry over farms & cities– Moscow 30% industrial; Paris only 5%
• Urbanization but without urban services/transit/life
• Prefab worker apartment blocs / housing shortages
Soviet bloc citySoviet bloc cityBudapest,Hungary
Russian urban populationRussian urban populationOverwhelmingly in largest cities
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1917 1939 1959 1989
Percentage ofpopulation in cities
Russian migrationRussian migration
• Soviet controls over movement, travel
• Encouraged moves to big cities, labor shortage areas, frontier zones
• Skilled Russians move to other republics, frontier
• 3 mil. Russians moved back to Russia, 1990s
Soviet ruralSoviet ruraleconomyeconomy
• At first divided aristocrats’/ church estates for peasants
• Stalin forced collectivization of private farms
• Consolidated farmland into Kolkhoz (Cooperative Farm) and Sovkhoz (State Farm), like large estates
• Same in E. Europe 1950s (except Poland, Yugo.)
Drawbacks of Soviet agricultureDrawbacks of Soviet agriculture
• Stalin murdered Kulaks (well-off peasants), 1930s
• Peasants had low status, little incentive
• Command agriculture irrational, favored larger towns; Ended up importing food by 1980s
Gorbachev’s rural changesGorbachev’s rural changes
• Broke state land monopoly, allowed private leases and withdrawals from state farms
• Sell the land? Losing Mir (rural commune) tradition
• Fears of food insecurity, new rural elite, lack of training
Results ofResults ofrural changesrural changes
• Millions of private farms (esp. in south)
• But state farms/coops keep 75% of land, with more democracy, shareholding, efficiency
• Interdependence of old state farms, new private
• Some old estates revived in E. Europe; and some corporate agribusiness
““Shock therapy”Shock therapy” • Close command industries
• Reduce or end subsidies
• Pass burden to renters
• Privatize industrial economy;
benefit new entrepeneurs
• High unemployment,
inflation, inequality
• Hub regions - Government/transportation centers. High-tech industries
- Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Urals
• Gateway regions- Outward looking/ trade-oriented
- Vladivostok, Murmansk, Kaliningrad
Winning regionsWinning regions
• Command military-industrial / coal regions
• State agricultural regions
• Remote natural resource (non-oil)
• Ethnic minority regions in conflict
Losing regionsLosing regions Huge gaps in prices, income, roads
Favorable regions of RussiaFavorable regions of Russia
Unfavorable regions of RussiaUnfavorable regions of Russia
Russian agricultural employmentRussian agricultural employment
Communist vote in 1995 Duma electionCommunist vote in 1995 Duma election
Agricultural zone; older population.Nationalist zones bordering
Muslims, East Asians
Russian industrial employmentRussian industrial employment
Reform party vote in 1995 Duma electionReform party vote in 1995 Duma election
Educated urban areas;Mixed industry-agriculture;
North, east less serfdom history
Russia’s demographics, 1990-2006Russia’s demographics, 1990-2006
Male Female
Effects of war, poor male health
Russian birth rateRussian birth rate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1985 1991 1996
Birth rate per 1000
Russian death rateRussian death rate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1985 1994 1996
Death rate per 1000
U.S. Baby BoomU.S. Baby Boom USSR instead had “echo busts” slowing growth in 1960s, 1980s
Baby Bust (1965-1980)
Baby Boom (1946-1964)
EchoBoom
Russian life expectancyRussian life expectancyMen dying from alcohol, drugs, accidents, crime;
Male life expectancy now like parts of Third World
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1986 1995
MaleFemale
Russia’s population declinePopulation decline for first time since WWII;
Worries about aging population, labor shortages;Larger families in Muslim regions but not as many industrial workers