Spatial and temporal variability of perfluoroalkyl substances in ...1,2103 3 33,580 ± 9,5603 N/A...

1

Electronic Supplementary Information for

Spatial and temporal variability of perfluoroalkyl

substances in the Laurentian Great Lakes

Christina K. Remucal1,2*

1Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program

University of Wisconsin – Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of Wisconsin – Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Submitted to: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, May 31, 2019. Contents (18 pages): Figures: S1 – S16, Tables: S1 – S2 * Corresponding author address: 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706; e-mail:

[email protected]; telephone: (608) 262-1820; fax: (608) 262-0454; Twitter: @remucal.

Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019

2

Aqueous Concentrations

Figure S1. Mean surface (<10 m depth) concentrations of (a) PFBS and (b) PFHxS in the Great Lakes. Points represent the average value and error bars represent the standard deviation of concentrations within each study. Data is compiled from Furdui et al. 2008,1 Scott et al. 2010,2 and De Silva et al. 2011.3

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Figure S2. Mean surface (<10 m depth) concentrations of (a) PFHxA, (b) PFHpA, (c) PFNA, and (d) PFDA in the Great Lakes. Points represent the average value and error bars represent the standard deviation of concentrations within each study. Data is compiled from Simcik et al. 2005,4 Scott et al. 2006,5 Furdui et al. 2008,1 Scott et al. 2010,2 De Silva et al. 2011,3 and Myers et al. 2012.6

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Surface Sediment Concentrations

Figure S3. Mean surface sediment concentrations of (a) PFBS, (b) PFHxS, and (c) PFDS in the Great Lakes. Points represent the average value and error bars represent the reported range of concentrations within each study. Data is compiled from Yeung et al. 2013,7 Codling et al. 2014,8 Guo et al. 2016,9 Codling et al. 2018a,10 and Codling et al. 2018b.11

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Figure S4. Mean surface sediment concentrations of (a) PFBA, (b) PFPeA, (c) PFHxA, and (d) PFHpA in the Great Lakes. Points represent the average value and error bars represent the reported range of concentrations within each study. Data is compiled from Yeung et al. 2013,7 Codling et al. 2014,8 Guo et al. 2016,9 Codling et al. 2018a,10 and Codling et al. 2018b.11

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Figure S5. Mean surface sediment concentrations of (a) PFNA, (b) PFDA, (c) PFUnA, and (d) PFDoA in the Great Lakes. Points represent the average value and error bars represent the reported range of concentrations within each study. Data is compiled from De Silva et al. 2009,12 Yeung et al. 2013,7 Guo et al. 2016,9 Codling et al. 2018a,10 and Codling et al. 2018b.11

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PFAS in Great Lakes Fish Table S1. Reported KBAF (L/kg) for fish in the Great Lakes and nearby waters (mean ± standard deviation when reported). All values are based on the PFAS concentration in the specified fish tissue divided by the PFAS concentration in the water.

Lake Organism PFOA PFNA PFDA PFUnA PFHxS PFOS Superior Lake trout,

whole 41 ± 41,3 1,99513

8,170 ± 1,870,3 5,00013

5,760 ± 2,410,3 7,940 ± 2,00013

N/A 32013 9,040 ± 2,210,3 19,95013

Michigan Lake trout, whole

2,51013 N/A N/A N/A N/A 6,31013

Huron Lake trout, whole

3,9803 4,400 ± 1,540,3 3,98013

3,310 ± 1,593,3 5,01013

120,900 ± 48,6003

2,180 ± 1,200,3 2,00013

7,690 ± 2,550,3 10,00013

Erie Lake trout, whole

10 ± 7,3 79013

8,900 ± 2,530,3 6,31013

56,600 ± 17,500,3 19,95013

N/A 1,710 ± 820,3 6013

33,700 ± 4,730,3 25,10013

Ontario Lake trout, whole

200 ± 80,3 40013

1,840 ± 240,3 1,26013

11,750 ± 2,860,3 5,00013

156,400 ± 42,1003

750 ± 126,3 1,00013

9,400 ± 1,600,3 7,90013

Erie Walleye, whole

90 ± 203 4,160 ± 1,2103

33,580 ± 9,5603

N/A N/A 18,970 ± 2,6503

Figure S6. Biomagnification factors calculated for lake trout in Lake Ontario versus chain length for (a) PFCAs14 and (b) PFSAs.14, 15 BMF was calculated based on the fish concentration measured in whole fish divided by the concentration measured in their prey. The PFCA values and the highest PFOS value (2.9) are weighted according to different fish species consumed by lake trout,14 whereas the other PFOS values are lake trout concentrations compared directly to alewife (1.6), smelt (0.8), and sculpin (0.2).15

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Figure S7. Trophic magnification factors calculated for four species (i.e., Mysis, alewife, smelt, and lake trout) in Lake Ontario versus chain length for (a) PFCAs and (b) PFSAs.14, 15

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Figure S8. Mean concentrations of (a) PFHxS, (b) PFDS, (c) PFBA, and (d) PFHpA in fish in the Great Lakes. Points represent the average value and error bars represent the reported range of concentrations within each study. Data is presented for whole lake trout,3, 13, 16, 17 skin on lake trout fillets,18 skin off lake trout fillets,19 and whole walleye.3

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Figure S9. Mean concentrations of (a) PFNA, (b) PFDA, (c) PFUnA, (d) PFDoA, (e) PFTrA, and (f) PFTeA in fish in the Great Lakes. Points represent the average value and error bars represent the reported range of concentrations within each study. Data is presented for whole lake trout,3, 13-

17 skin on lake trout fillets,18 combined concentrations for whole lake trout and walleye,16 skin off lake trout fillets,19 whole alewife,14, 15 and whole walleye.3

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PFAS in Herring Gulls and Other Terrestrial Biota Table S2. Reported concentrations of PFAS in less frequently studied biota in or near Lakes Superior (SU), Michigan (MI), Huron (HU), Erie (ER), or Ontario (ON). Values in parentheses are the range of concentrations. Values outside of parentheses correspond to study means ± the standard deviation when available.

Compound Invertebrates Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals PFSAs PFHxS N/A Frog liver

(HU): <LOD20

Snapping turtle plasma (HU): <LOD20

Bald eagle plasma (SU): 2.0 (<LOD – 8.6) ng/mL;21 tree swallow plasma (SU): <LOD22

Mink liver (HU): (6.3 – 40) ng/g20

PFOS Mysis (ON): (1.8 – 13) ng/g;12, 14 23 Diporeia (ON): (21 – 280) ng/g;14,

15, 23 zooplankton (ON): (1.4 – 6.5) ng/g15, 23

Frog liver (HU): (<LOD – 285) ng/g20

Snapping turtle plasma (HU): (<LOD – 169) ng/mL20

Bald eagle liver (MI): 394 (27 – 1,740) ng/g;20 bald eagle muscle (MI): 32 (<LOD – 96) ng/g;20 bald eagle plasma (SU): 345 (71 – 830) ng/mL;21 cormorant plasma (HU): 215 (1 – 430) ng/mL;24 tree swallow plasma (SU): 13.1 (5.6 – 30) ng/g22

Mink liver (HU): (64 – 4,870) ng/g20

PFDS N/A N/A N/A Bald eagle plasma (SU): 13.7 (<LOD – 100) ng/mL21

N/A

PFCAs PFBA N/A N/A N/A Bald eagle plasma

(SU): 0.4 (<LOD – 22) ng/mL21

N/A

PFOA Mysis (ON): (2.5 – 3.9) ng/g;12, 14 Diporeia (ON): (67 – 90) ng/g;14 12 zooplankton (ON): 1.3 ng/g12

Frog liver (HU): <LOD20

Snapping turtle plasma (HU): <LOD20

Bald eagle plasma (SU): 0.8 (<LOD – 14) ng/mL;21 tree swallow plasma (SU): 11.9 (1.9 – 31.7) ng/g22

Mink liver (HU): (<LOD – 12) ng/g20

PFNA Mysis (ON): (2.7 – 2.8) ng/g;12, 14 Diporeia (ON): (37 – 57) ng/g;12,

14 zooplankton (ON): 0.4 ng/g12

N/A N/A Bald eagle plasma (SU): 6.5 (4.9 – 160) ng/mL;21 tree swallow plasma (SU): 9.1 (2.2 – 20.8) ng/g22

N/A

PFDA Mysis (ON): (1.2 – 1.3) ng/g;12, 14 Diporeia (ON): (16 – 32) ng/g;12,

14 zooplankton (ON): 0.4 ng/g12

N/A N/A Bald eagle plasma (SU): 12 (0.1 – 77) ng/mL;21 tree swallow plasma (SU): 1.7 (0.5 – 2.9) ng/g22

N/A

12

PFUnA Mysis (ON): (0.8 – 1.3) ng/g;12, 14 Diporeia (ON): (18 – 41) ng/g;12,

14 zooplankton (ON): (0.2 – 0.8) ng/g12

N/A N/A Bald eagle plasma (SU): 14.7 (10.9 – 110) ng/mL;21 tree swallow plasma (SU): 3.4 (1.3 – 5.5) ng/g22

N/A

PFDoA Mysis (ON): (0.4 – 1.8) ng/g;12, 14 Diporeia (ON): (5 – 14) ng/g;12, 14 zooplankton (ON): 0.3 ng/g12

N/A N/A Bald eagle plasma (SU): 6.4 (2.0 – 27) ng/mL; 21 tree swallow plasma (SU): (<LOD – 0.9) ng/g22

N/A

PFTrDA Mysis (ON): 1.5 ± 0.2 ng/g;14 Diporeia (ON): 15 ± 0.8 ng/g14

N/A N/A Bald eagle plasma (SU): 3.5 (3.0 – 63) ng/mL21

N/A

PFTeDA Mysis (ON): <LOD;14 Diporeia (ON): 7.3 ± 0.6 ng/g14

N/A N/A Bald eagle plasma (SU): 1.4 (0.4 – 19) ng/mL21

N/A

Figure S10. (a) Concentration and (b) percent distribution of commonly studied PFAS in female herring gull eggs and tissues collected in 2010 from Chantry Island, Lake Huron.25

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Figure S11. (a) Concentration and (b) percent distribution of commonly studied PFAS in herring gull eggs collected from colonies in the Great Lakes determined based on mean concentrations calculated across all studies shown in Figures 9, S12, and S13.26-29 Colonies are arranged from west to east and include three riverine colonies (i.e., Detroit River, Niagara River, and Strachan Island).

Figure S12. Mean concentrations of (a) PFHxS and (b) PFDS in herring gull eggs collected from 17 colonies in the Great Lakes. Points represent the average value and error bars represent the reported range of concentrations within each study.27, 28 Data is compiled from Gebbink et al. 201127 and Letcher et al. 2015.28

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Figure S13. Mean concentrations of (a) PFNA, (b) PFDA, (c) PFUnA, (d) PFDoA, (e), PFTrA, and (f) PFTeA in herring gull eggs collected from 17 colonies in the Great Lakes. Points represent the average value and error bars represent the reported range of concentrations27, 28 or standard deviation29 within each study. Data is compiled from Gebbink et al. 2009,29 Gebbink et al. 2011,27 and Letcher et al. 2015.28

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Temporal Trends in PFAS

Figure S14. Temporal variability in the average surface concentrations of (a) PFOS and (b) PFOA in Lake Erie. Error bars correspond to reported standard deviations and are not available for all data points.1, 3, 30

Figure S15. Temporal variability in the average surface concentrations of (a) PFOS and (b) PFOA in Lake Ontario. Error bars correspond to reported standard deviations and are not available for all data points.1, 3, 6, 15, 30

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Figure S16. Percentage of total PFAS present at PFOS in whole lake trout collected in Lake Ontario. Data from Furdui (hollow)31 was estimated from figures. All other data was summarized from tabulated data.3, 13, 16, 17 Note that the 2010 data point was averaged for samples collected in 2008 – 2012.16 References 1. Furdui, V. I.; Crozier, P. W.; Reiner, E. J.; Mabury, S. A., Trace level determination of

perfluorinated compounds in water by direct injection. Chemosphere 2008, 73, (1), S24-S30.

2. Scott, B. F.; De Silva, A. O.; Spencer, C.; Lopez, E.; Backus, S. M.; Muir, D. C. G., Perfluoroalkyl acids in Lake Superior water: Trends and sources. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36, (2), 277-284.

3. De Silva, A. O.; Spencer, C.; Scott, B. F.; Backus, S.; Muir, D. C. G., Detection of a cyclic perfluorinated acid, perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate, in the Great Lakes of North America. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, (19), 8060-8066.

4. Simcik, M. F.; Dorweiler, K. J., Ratio of perfluorochemical concentrations as a tracer of atmospheric deposition to surface waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, (22), 8678-8683.

5. Scott, B. F.; Moody, C. A.; Spencer, C.; Small, J. M.; Muir, D. C. G.; Mabury, S. A., Analysis for perfluorocarboxylic acids/anions in surface waters and precipitation using GC-MS and analysis of PFOA from large-volume samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, (20), 6405-6410.

6. Myers, A. L.; Crozier, P. W.; Helm, P. A.; Brimacombe, C.; Furdui, V. I.; Reiner, E. J.; Burniston, D.; Marvin, C. H., Fate, distribution, and contrasting temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Lake Ontario, Canada. Environ. Int. 2012, 44, 92-99.

7. Yeung, L. W. Y.; De Silva, A. O.; Loi, E. I. H.; Marvin, C. H.; Taniyasu, S.; Yamashita, N.; Mabury, S. A.; Muir, D. C. G.; Lam, P. K. S., Perfluoroalkyl substances and extractable

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All other dataFurdui 2008

0

50

100

150

200

250 PFOS

PFOS Furdui

PFOS Martin

PFAS total

TOtal Fur

extra

1980 1990 2000 2010

[PFO

S] o

r [To

tal P

FAS]

(ng/

g)

Year

All other dataFurdui 2008Martin 2004

0

50

100

150

200

250 PFOS

PFOS Furdui

PFOS Martin

PFAS total

TOtal Fur

extra

1980 1990 2000 2010

[PFO

S] o

r [To

tal P

FAS]

(ng/

g)

Year

All other dataFurdui 2008Martin 2004

(a)

0

20

40

60

80

100

PFOS distPFOS dist Furdui

extra

1980 1990 2000 2010

PFO

S D

istr

ibut

ion

(%)

Year

All other dataFurdui 2008

(b)

(e) (f)

17

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Spatial and temporal variability of perfluoroalkyl substances in ...1,2103 3 33,580 ± 9,5603 N/A...

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