Spanish Vowel SoundsThe 5 vowel sounds are very important to learn!

a – sounds like the “a” when you sing “la-la-la”e – sounds like the “a” in the word “chaos”i – sounds like the “e” in “tee”o – sounds like the “o” in “nose”, but short & crispu – sounds like the “oo” in “soon”, again short & crisp

1

Interrogatives(Question Words)

¿Quién? / ¿Quiénes? - who?

¿Qué? - what?

¿Cuándo? - when?

¿Dónde? - where?

¿Por qué? - why?

¿Cómo? – how?

¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles? - Which? / What?

¿Cuánto? / ¿Cuánta? - How much?

¿Cuántos? / ¿Cuántas? - How many?

¿Adónde? - To where?

¿De dónde? - From where?

¿Para qué? - For what reason?

2

Conjunctions(words that join 2+ words, phrases, or clauses)

“y” = and (sometimes “e”)

“ni” = nor, neither“pero” = but (in the negative = sino)

“o” = or, either (sometimes “u”)

3

Back of Conjunctions• libros y revistas - books and magazines• Ni Juan ni su padre lo superion hasta ayer. - Neither John

nor his father found out until yesterday.• O me dices la verdad o vas a sentirlo. - Either you tell me

the truth or you're going to regret it.• Juan no bebe café pero bebe leche. - John does not drink

coffee, but he drinks milk.• Juan no bebe café sino leche.-John does not drink coffee,

but milk.

Prepositions

• a = at, to• antes de = before• con = with• sin = without• de = of, from• después de = after

• en = in, on• hasta = until• para = in order to,

by, for• por = through, by

means of, for

4

Por v. Para

• Por– in exchange for– measures a duration of

time– expresses rate (%, mph)– movement through space,

by means of

• Para– indicates a destination– means “intended for”– indicates a deadline, a time

by which something will be completed

– before an infinitive it means “in order to”

5

Other Helpful Words• allí - there• aquí - here• antes - before• después - after• hoy - today• mañana - tomorrow• ayer - yesterday• bien - fine• mal - poorly

• mucho - a lot• muy - very• siempre - always• nunca - never• poco - a little• pronto - soon• también - also• tan - so• tanto - so much• tarde - late• temprano - early

6

Common Negative Words

nada = nothingnadie = no oneni = neither, nor

no = no, notnunca = never

7

Back of card #7

Affirmative Words• algo something

• alguien someone

• algún/alguno(a) some, any

• o… o either… or

• siempre always

• también also

Negative Words• nada nothing

• nadie no one, nobody

• ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any

• ni… ni neither… nor

• nunca never

• tampoco neither, not either

Numbers (0-19)

0 = cero1 = uno2 = dos3 = tres4 = cuatro5 = cinco6 = seis7 = siete8 = ocho9 = nueve

10 = diez11 = once12 = doce13 = trece14 = catorce15 = quince16 = dieciséis17 = diecisiete18 = dieciocho19 = diecinueve

8

Numbers (20-39)

20 = veinte21 = veintiuno22 = veintidós23 = veintitrés24 = veinticuatro25 = veinticinco26 = veintiséis27 = veintisiete28 = veintiocho29 = veintinueve

30 = treinta31 = treinta y uno32 = treinta y dos33 = treinta y tres34 = treinta y cuatro35 = treinta y cinco36 = treinta y seis37 = treinta y siete38 = treinta y ocho39 = treinta y nueve

9

Benchmark Numbers40 = cuarenta50 = cincuenta60 = sesenta70 = setenta80 = ochenta90 = noventa100 = cien101 = ciento uno115 = ciento quince171 = ciento setenta y uno

200 = doscientos300 = trescientos400 = cuatrocientos500 = quinientos600 = seiscientos700 = setecientos800 = ochocientos900 = novecientos1,000 = mil2,000 = dos mil500,000 = quinientos mil1,000,000 = millón1,000,000,000 = billón

10

Ordinal Numbers

1st - primero2nd - segundo3rd - tercero4th - cuarto5th - quinto

6th - sexto7th - séptimo8th - octavo9th - noveno10th - décimo

11

Days of the Week

Monday = lunesTuesday = martesWednesday = miércolesThursday = juevesFriday = viernesSaturday = sábadoSunday = domingo

• To say that you do something “on Monday”, you say “el lunes”

• To say that you do something “on every Monday”, you say “los lunes”

12

Months of the Year

January = eneroFebruary = febreroMarch = marzoApril = abrilMay = mayoJune = junio

July = julioAugust = agostoSeptember = septiembreOctober = octubreNovember = noviembreDecember = diciembre

13

Saying Dates

December 25 = el veinticinco de diciembreJanuary 1 = el primero de eneroApril 15 = el quince de abrilJune 4, 2015 = el cuatro de junio de dos mil quince

1986 = mil novecientos ochenta y seis1504 = mil quinientos cuatro

14

Adjectives

• is a word that describes a noun• comes after the noun in Spanish• matches the noun in # & gender

• a good book = un libro bueno• the tall girl = la chica alta• three new cars = tres carros nuevos

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Subject PronounsWho or what does the action of the verb

I we______ and I

you (informal) y’all (Spain ONLY: informal plural)

______ and youhesheitname nounyou (formal)

they----

namesnouns

you all (informal & formal plural)

_____ and ______

yo nosotrosnosotras

______ y yotú vosotros

vosotras______ y tú

élella--nombresustantivousted

ellosellas

--nombres

sustantivosustedes

_____ y ______

English Spanish

1

2

3

3

2

14

4

5

6 5

6

16

Verbs

• words that narrate the action; they tell you what is going on

• INFINITIVE = verb in its simplest form • (end in -ar/-er/-ir)

• ending lets you know who is doing the action

17

Present Tense action happens now

o amosas áisa an

1

2

3

4

5

6

o emoses éise en6

o imoses íse en6

55

4 41 1

2 2

3 3

-ar -er -ir

Meanings in English (example = to eat)Yo como el desayuno. =I eat breakfast.I do eat breakfast.I am eating breakfast.

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Irregular Present Tense(DIVES)

action happens now

doy damosdas daisda dan

1

2

3

4

5

6

voy vamosvas vaisva van6

veo vemosves veisve ven6

55

44

11

22

33

dar ir ver

estoy estamosestás estáisestá están

soy somoseres soises son

11

22

3 3

44

5 5

6 6

estar ser

19

ser v. estar(to be)

• ser– descriptions– origin– time or date– possession– profession, nationality, religion, political affiliation– where an event is taking place– what something is made of– math calculations

• estar– conditions or feelings– locations (but not of an event)– identify a change from the norm or emphasize the special state or

nature of something– certain weather conditions

20

examples of ser v. estar• ser

– Los ojos de mi hijo son azules. - My son’s eyes are blue.– Ella es de Colombia. - She is from Colombia.– Hoy es el dos de febrero. - Today is February 2nd.– La guitarra es de Shakira. - The guitar is Shakira’s.– Mi abuelo es peruano. - My grandfather is Peruvian.– La fiesta de Año Nuevo es en Times Square. - The New Year’s party is in

Times Square.– Mi casa es de madera. - My house is made out of wood.– Tres y uno son cuatro. (3 + 1 = 4)

• estar– Estoy enfermo y voy al hospital. - I’m sick, and I’m going to the hospital.– Mis amigos están en la cocina ahora. - My friends are in the kitchen now.– ¡Estás muy guapo hoy! - You look great today!– Está soleado esta tarde en la playa. - It’s sunny this afternoon on the beach.

21

saber v. conocer(to know)

• saber – facts or giving information– to say that someone knows

how to do something

• conocer– to be familiar with a place– to be acquainted with a

person

22

sé sabemossabes sabéissabe saben

conozco conocemosconoces conocéisconoce conocen

Simple Future Tense action is going to happen

voy vamosvas vaisva van

6

5

41

2

3

ir a infinitive-ar-er-ir

All 3 words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.

Los estudiantes van a estudiar mucho.

23

Present Progressive Tense action is happening right now

estoy estamosestás estáisestá están

6

5

41

2

3

estar present participle-ar = ando-er -ir

Note: 1. If a word is an “-ir” stem changing verb in the presenttense, there is a single letter stem change in the presentparticiple: e = i; o = u

dormir = durmiendo; vestir = vistiendo2. If there are 3 vowels together and the middle one is an

unaccented “i”, that “i” changes to “y”: leer = leyendo; destruir = destruyendo

= iendo

24

Simple Past Tense action has just happened

acabo acabamosacabas acabáisacaba acaban

6

5

41

2

3

acabar de infinitive-ar-er-ir

All 3 words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.

Acabamos de comer el almuerzo.

25

Preterite Tense action happened at a specific time in the past and is completed

é amosaste asteisó aron

1

2

3

4

5

6 í imosiste isteisió ieron6

5

41

2

3

-ar

-er/ -ir

26

Preterite (back side)

Some indicators of specific times in the pastayer yesterdayanteayer day before yesterdayla semana pasada last weekel mes pasado last monthel año pasado last yearanoche last night

Irregular Preterite Tense action happened at a specific time in the past and is completed

fui fuimosfuiste fuisteisfue fueron

1

2

3

4

5

6

di dimosdiste disteisdio dieron6

vi vimosviste visteisvio vieron6

5

5

4

4

1

1

2

2

3

3

ser/ir

dar

ver

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Irregular Preterite (back side)

Examples:

No fui muy inteligente. I wasn’t very smart.

No fui al cine ayer. I didn’t go to the movies yesterday.

Le diste demasiado dinero. You gave him too much money.

Vimos al gobernador la semana pasada. We saw the governor last week.

i-stem Preterite Verbs HQDV (He Quit Doing Verbs)

hice hicimoshiciste hicisteishizo hicieron

1

2

3

4

5

6

quise quisimosquisiste quisisteisquiso quisieron6

5

41

2

3

hacer querer

dije dijimosdijiste dijisteisdijo dijeron

vine vinimosviniste vinisteisvino vinieron

1 12

23

3

44

5 5

66

decir venir

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i-Stem Preterite (back side)These verbs have slightly different meanings in the preterite:

querer – to try (without necessarily succeeding)

no querer – to refuse

pude pudimospudiste pudisteispudo pudieron

u-stem Preterite VerbsEAT SPP (EAT Sweet Potato Pie)

estuve estuvimos

estuviste estuvisteis

estuvo estuvieron

1

2

3

4

5

6

anduve anduvimos

anduviste anduvisteis

anduvo anduvieron6

puse pusimos

pusiste pusisteis

puso pusieron

6

5

5

4

4

1

2

1

2

3

3

estar andar

poder

tuve tuvimos

tuviste tuvisteis

tuvo tuvieron

supe supimos

supiste supisteis

supo supieron

11

223

3

44

556

6

tener saber poner1

2

3

45

6

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u-Stem Preterite (back side)These verbs have slightly different meanings in the preterite:

tener – to get; to receive

saber – to find out; to discover

poder – to manage to do; to succeed in doing

no poder – to be unable to (and not do)

j-stem Preterite Verbs TCDT (Tom Conjugates During Track)

traje trajimostrajiste trajisteistrajo trajeron

1

23

4

5

6

conduje condujimoscondujiste condujisteiscondujo condujeron6

5

41

2

3

traer conducir

dije dijimosdijiste dijisteisdijo dijeron

traduje tradujimostradujiste tradujisteistradujo tradujeron

1 12

23

3

44

5 5

66

decir traducir

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Preterite v. Imperfect

• single, completed event• beginning or ending of

an action• when you tell how long

an action has lasted

• incomplete, ongoing event

• descriptions• telling time in the past• habitual actions

31

Preterite Imperfect

Imperfect Tense action was happening; action used to happen; ongoing, recurring or

incomplete action in the past

aba ábamosabas abaisaba aban

1

2

3

4

5

6

ía íamosías íaisía ían6

5

41

2

3

-ar -er/-ir

iba íbamosibas ibaisiba iban

veía veíamosveías veíaisveía veían

1 1

2 23

3

44

5 5

6 6

ir verera éramos

eras eraisera eran

1 4

2

ser

32

Imperfect (back side)This verb tense has specific applications: 1. It indicates the continuance of a past action or event or to describe a situation in the past. Neither the beginning nor the end is indicated.2. It is used to describe persons or things in the past.3. It describes a state of mind in the past with verbs like: creer,

pensar, querer and saber4. It expresses the time of day in the past.5. When used with “hacía + expression of time + que + the imperfect

tense”, it describes an action or event that began in the past and continued in the past.

6. It is used with the preterite to describe a situation that was going on (imperfect) when an action/event occurred (it was begun or ended)

Pronouns (PN)

me noste oslo, la los, las

1

2

3

4

5

6

me noste osle les6

5

41

2

3

Direct Object DOP Indirect Object IOP

mi,mis nuestro(s)nuestra(s)

tu, tus vuestro(s)vuestra(s)

su, sus su, sus

mí conmigo

nosotrosnosotras

ti contigo vosotrosvosotras

élellausted

ellosellas

ustedes

11

2 2

3 3

445 5

6 6

Possessive AdjectivePrepositional PN

me nos

te osse se

1 4

2

Reflexive PN

33

Reflexive VerbsReflexive verbs are indicated by the reflexive pronoun “se” attached to the infinitive. (ie: despertarse, ducharse, divertirse, etc. 1. To conjugate, remove the –se and place it in front of the conjugated verb. 2. Change the –se to match the subject (boxes MUST match!!!!)3. Conjugate the infinitive as normal.4. Remember, all boxes must agree: Subject/Reflexive Pronoun/Verb

ending – all must come from the SAME box. 5. Once the –se is removed, look at your infinitive, that is what

determines which group of endings to use!6. If the reflexive verb is part of a two verb tense (Simple Future,

Simple Past, etc.), you can leave it on the infinitive, but it still MUST match the box of the subject.

34

Stem Changing Verbs – Present tenseStem – changing verbs in the present tense (aka: Boot Verbs) 1. Have one of four possible stem changes:

e – ieo - uee – i

o – u2. Changes occur only in Boxes 1, 2, 3, and 6 (yo, tú, él/ella/usted

and ellos/ellas/ustedes)3. Stem change the next to the last vowel4. Stem changing verbs CAN also be Irregular verbs (spelling change in Box 1). When this is the case, make the spelling change in Box 1 and then stem change in Boxes 2, 3, and 6 as usual

35

Stem Changing Verbs – Preterit tenseStem – changing verbs in the preterite tense (aka: sandal Verbs) 1. Have one of two possible stem changes:

e – i o – u2. Changes occur only in Boxes 3, and 6 (él/ella/usted and

ellos/ellas/ustedes)3. Stem change the next to the last vowel4. Stem changing verbs in the preterite are only –ir verbs that stem changed in the present tense

36

Irregular Verbs 1. Irregular verbs have a spelling change in Box 1 only.2. If a word is stem changing, the stem changes occur in the Present tense, Boxes 2, 3, and 6.3. There are Irregular verbs in Present, Preterite and Present Subjunctive. Spelling changes occur due to sound needs:

g + a/o/u has a hard g sound (like ‘g’ in ‘guy’)g + i/e has a soft h sound (like ‘h’ in ‘hairy’)c + a/o/u has a hard k sound (like ‘c’ in ‘cat’)c + i/e has a soft s sound (like ‘s’ in ‘sister’)

4. Every attempt is made to retain the original sound of the verb in the infinitive. So, when conjugation changes the sound of the original. Sometimes they completely change the sound (think –go verbs: hacer, tener, venir, salir, traer, oír, decir, etc.) Other times they add a ‘u’ after the ‘g’ to keep the hard sound, or a ‘z’ in front of a ‘c’ to keep the ‘s’ sound.

37

Present Subjunctive Mood*action in subjunctive clause may or may not occur or be true

*speaker/writer is expressing uncertainty, doubt, emotion, desire, hope, recommendation, denial, or disbelief

e emoses éise en

1

2

3

4

5

6

a amosas áisa an6

5

41

2

3

-ar -er/ -ir

38

The SubjunctiveTo use:1. You must have 2 clauses.2. Each clause has a different Subject (doer of the action)3. Clauses are usually separated by “que”4. Verb in the 1st clause is a WEIRDO verb.

To form:5. Use the “yo” form of the verb (This includes the stem-change

form and the Irregular form, i.e. “quiero” or “tengo”)6. Drop the “o” and add “opposite” endings:

e emoses éise en

a amosas áisa an

-ar -er/-ir

39

Commands --- Tú forms1. Commands have implied lead-in “I want you to . . .” even though

it is not explicitly stated. Therefore the subjunctive is use for most forms of command.

2. There are two types of commands: Positive (do NOT contain the word “No”) and Negative (DO contain the word “No”)

3. Positive Tú commands use the BOX 3 present tense form of the verb: ¡Camina! ¡Corre! ¡Escribe!1. There are some exceptions: hacer - ¡Haz!, decir - ¡Di!, salir -

¡Sal!, tener- ¡Ten!, ir - ¡ve!, poner - ¡pon!, venir - ¡ven!, ser - ¡sé!

4. Negative Tú commands use the BOX 2 form of the Subjunctive ¡No camines! ¡No corras! ¡No escribas! 1. There are four irregular forms: dar - ¡No des!, estar - ¡No

estés!, ir - ¡No vayas!, ser - ¡No seas!

40

Commands --- Ud. & Uds. forms

1. Commands have implied lead-in “I want you to . . .” even though it is not explicitly stated. Therefore the subjunctive is used for most forms of command.

2. There are two types of commands: Positive (do NOT contain the word “No”) and Negative (DO contain the word “No”)

3. Positive Ud./Uds. commands use the BOX 3 or BOX 6 present subjunctive form of the verb: ¡Camine(n)! ¡Corra(n)! ¡Escriba(n)!1. There are some exceptions: saber - ¡sepa(n)!, ser - ¡sea(n)!, ir -

¡vaya(n)!, estar - ¡esté(n)!

4. Negative Ud./Uds. commands use the BOX 3 or Box 6 form of the Subjunctive with the Word “no” in front of it.

¡No camine(n)! ¡No corra(n)! ¡No escriba(n)! 1. There are the same four exceptions listed above.

41

Future Tense action will happen

é emosás éisá án

1

2

3

4

5

6

Infinitive + endings

Infinitive +

Exceptions:haber habr- poner pondr- decir dir-poder podr- salir saldr- hacer har-querer querr- tener tendr-saber sabr- venir vendr-

42

Conditional Tense action would happen

ía íamosías íaisía ían

1

2

3

4

5

6

Infinitive + endings

Infinitive +

Exceptions:haber habr- poner pondr- decir dir-poder podr- salir saldr- hacer har-querer querr- tener tendr-saber sabr- venir vendr-

42

Present Perfect Tense action has happened

he hemoshas habéisha han

6

5

41

2

3

haber Past participle-ar = ado-er = ido-ir = ido

Both words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.

Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito

Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto

43

Past Perfect Tense action had happened

había habíamoshabías habíaishabía habían

6

5

41

2

3

haber Past participle-ar = ado-er = ido-ir = ido

Both words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.

Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito

Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto

44

Future Perfect Tense action will have happened

Habré habremoshabrás habráishabrá habrán

6

5

41

2

3

haber Past participle-ar = ado-er = ido-ir = ido

Both words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.

Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito

Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto

44

Conditional Perfect Tense action would have happened

Habría habríamosHabrías habríaishabría habrían

6

5

41

2

3

haber Past participle-ar = ado-er = ido-ir = ido

Both words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.

Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito

Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto

45

Idiomatic Expressions and Proverbs

• dar las gracias - to thank• de repente - suddenly• de hoy en adelante - from

now on• echar al correo - to mail• estar de acuerdo (con) - to

agree (with)• extrañar el nido - to be

homesick• sano y salvo - safe and

sound• volverse loco - to go crazy

• tener cuidado - to be careful• tener en cuenta - to keep in

mind

• La práctica hace al maestro. - Practice makes perfect.

• Más vale tarde que nunca. - Better late than never.

• llover a cántaros - to rain a lot• No hay mal que por bien no

venga. - Every cloud has a silver lining.

46